CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Eigen Vectors</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Eigen Vectors"> <meta name="keywords" content="Eigen Vectors"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Eigen Vectors" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Eigen Vectors"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 223</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Eigen Vectors</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Robust Face Recognition Using Eigen Faces and Karhunen-Loeve Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Parvinder%20S.%20Sandhu">Parvinder S. Sandhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Iqbaldeep%20Kaur"> Iqbaldeep Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amit%20Verma"> Amit Verma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Prateek%20Gupta"> Prateek Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current research paper is an implementation of Eigen Faces and Karhunen-Loeve Algorithm for face recognition. The designed program works in a manner where a unique identification number is given to each face under trial. These faces are kept in a database from where any particular face can be matched and found out of the available test faces. The Karhunen 鈥揕oeve Algorithm has been implemented to find out the appropriate right face (with same features) with respect to given input image as test data image having unique identification number. The procedure involves usage of Eigen faces for the recognition of faces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20Faces" title="Eigen Faces">Eigen Faces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Karhunen-Loeve%20Algorithm" title=" Karhunen-Loeve Algorithm"> Karhunen-Loeve Algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=FaceRecognition." title=" FaceRecognition."> FaceRecognition.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/robust-face-recognition-using-eigen-faces-and-karhunen-loeve-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1738</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> A Contribution to the Polynomial Eigen Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Malika%20Yaici">Malika Yaici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kamel%20Hariche"> Kamel Hariche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tim%20Clarke"> Tim Clarke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The relationship between eigenstructure (eigenvalues and eigenvectors) and latent structure (latent roots and latent vectors) is established. In control theory eigenstructure is associated with the state space description of a dynamic multi-variable system and a latent structure is associated with its matrix fraction description. Beginning with block controller and block observer state space forms and moving on to any general state space form, we develop the identities that relate eigenvectors and latent vectors in either direction. Numerical examples illustrate this result. A brief discussion of the potential of these identities in linear control system design follows. Additionally, we present a consequent result: a quick and easy method to solve the polynomial eigenvalue problem for regular matrix polynomials.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigenvalues%2FEigenvectors" title="Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors">Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Latent%20values%2Fvectors" title=" Latent values/vectors"> Latent values/vectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Matrix%20fraction%20description" title=" Matrix fraction description"> Matrix fraction description</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=State%20space%20description." title=" State space description."> State space description.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/a-contribution-to-the-polynomial-eigen-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1889</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> System Reduction by Eigen Permutation Algorithm and Improved Pade Approximations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jay%20Singh">Jay Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kalyan%20Chatterjee"> Kalyan Chatterjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20B.%20Vishwakarma"> C. B. Vishwakarma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>A mixed method by combining a Eigen algorithm and improved pade approximations is proposed for reducing the order of the large-scale dynamic systems. The most dominant Eigen value of both original and reduced order systems remain same in this method. The proposed method guarantees stability of the reduced model if the original high-order system is stable and is comparable in quality with the other well known existing order reduction methods. The superiority of the proposed method is shown through examples taken from the literature.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20algorithm" title="Eigen algorithm">Eigen algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Order%20reduction" title=" Order reduction"> Order reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=improved%20pade%20approximations" title=" improved pade approximations"> improved pade approximations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Stability" title=" Stability"> Stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Transfer%20function." title=" Transfer function."> Transfer function.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/system-reduction-by-eigen-permutation-algorithm-and-improved-pade-approximations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997666.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2095</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> Some Applications of Transition Matrices via Eigen Values </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Adil%20AL-Rammahi">Adil AL-Rammahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this short paper, new properties of transition matrix were introduced. Eigen values for small order transition matrices are calculated in flexible method. For benefit of these properties applications of these properties were studied in the solution of Markov's chain via steady state vector, and information theory via channel entropy. The implemented test examples were promised for usages.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20value%20problem" title="Eigen value problem">Eigen value problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=transition%20matrix" title=" transition matrix"> transition matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=state%20vector" title=" state vector"> state vector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=information%20theory." title=" information theory."> information theory.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/some-applications-of-transition-matrices-via-eigen-values" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2669</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Face Recognition Using Eigen face Coefficients and Principal Component Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Parvinder%20S.%20Sandhu">Parvinder S. Sandhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Iqbaldeep%20Kaur"> Iqbaldeep Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amit%20Verma"> Amit Verma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Samriti%20Jindal"> Samriti Jindal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Inderpreet%20Kaur"> Inderpreet Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shilpi%20Kumari"> Shilpi Kumari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Face Recognition is a field of multidimensional applications. A lot of work has been done, extensively on the most of details related to face recognition. This idea of face recognition using PCA is one of them. In this paper the PCA features for Feature extraction are used and matching is done for the face under consideration with the test image using Eigen face coefficients. The crux of the work lies in optimizing Euclidean distance and paving the way to test the same algorithm using Matlab which is an efficient tool having powerful user interface along with simplicity in representing complex images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20Face" title="Eigen Face">Eigen Face</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multidimensional" title=" Multidimensional"> Multidimensional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Matching" title=" Matching"> Matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PCA." title=" PCA."> PCA.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/face-recognition-using-eigen-face-coefficients-and-principal-component-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3288.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2870</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> Medical Image Segmentation Based On Vigorous Smoothing and Edge Detection Ideology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jagadish%20H.%20Pujar">Jagadish H. Pujar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pallavi%20S.%20Gurjal"> Pallavi S. Gurjal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shambhavi%20D.%20S"> Shambhavi D. S</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kiran%20S.%20Kunnur"> Kiran S. Kunnur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Medical image segmentation based on image smoothing followed by edge detection assumes a great degree of importance in the field of Image Processing. In this regard, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for medical image segmentation based on vigorous smoothening by identifying the type of noise and edge diction ideology which seems to be a boom in medical image diagnosis. The main objective of this algorithm is to consider a particular medical image as input and make the preprocessing to remove the noise content by employing suitable filter after identifying the type of noise and finally carrying out edge detection for image segmentation. The algorithm consists of three parts. First, identifying the type of noise present in the medical image as additive, multiplicative or impulsive by analysis of local histograms and denoising it by employing Median, Gaussian or Frost filter. Second, edge detection of the filtered medical image is carried out using Canny edge detection technique. And third part is about the segmentation of edge detected medical image by the method of Normalized Cut Eigen Vectors. The method is validated through experiments on real images. The proposed algorithm has been simulated on MATLAB platform. The results obtained by the simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is very effective which can deal with low quality or marginal vague images which has high spatial redundancy, low contrast and biggish noise, and has a potential of certain practical use of medical image diagnosis.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20Segmentation" title="Image Segmentation">Image Segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20smoothing" title=" Image smoothing"> Image smoothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Edge%20Detection" title=" Edge Detection"> Edge Detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Impulsive%20noise" title=" Impulsive noise"> Impulsive noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise" title=" Gaussian noise"> Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Median%20filter" title=" Median filter"> Median filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Canny%20edge" title=" Canny edge"> Canny edge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20values" title=" Eigen values"> Eigen values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20vector." title=" Eigen vector."> Eigen vector.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/medical-image-segmentation-based-on-vigorous-smoothing-and-edge-detection-ideology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1915</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> Bisymmetric, Persymmetric Matrices and Its Applications in Eigen-decomposition of Adjacency and Laplacian Matrices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahdi%20Nouri">Mahdi Nouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we introduce an efficient solution method for the Eigen-decomposition of bisymmetric and per symmetric matrices of symmetric structures. Here we decompose adjacency and Laplacian matrices of symmetric structures to submatrices with low dimension for fast and easy calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Examples are included to show the efficiency of the method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Graphs%20theory" title="Graphs theory">Graphs theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigensolution" title=" Eigensolution"> Eigensolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=adjacency%20and%0ALaplacian%20matrix" title=" adjacency and Laplacian matrix"> adjacency and Laplacian matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Canonical%20forms" title=" Canonical forms"> Canonical forms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bisymmetric" title=" bisymmetric"> bisymmetric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=per%20symmetric." title=" per symmetric."> per symmetric.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/bisymmetric-persymmetric-matrices-and-its-applications-in-eigen-decomposition-of-adjacency-and-laplacian-matrices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> Initialization Method of Reference Vectors for Improvement of Recognition Accuracy in LVQ</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yuji%20Mizuno">Yuji Mizuno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hiroshi%20Mabuchi"> Hiroshi Mabuchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Initial values of reference vectors have significant influence on recognition accuracy in LVQ. There are several existing techniques, such as SOM and k-means, for setting initial values of reference vectors, each of which has provided some positive results. However, those results are not sufficient for the improvement of recognition accuracy. This study proposes an ACO-used method for initializing reference vectors with an aim to achieve recognition accuracy higher than those obtained through conventional methods. Moreover, we will demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by applying it to the wine data and English vowel data and comparing its results with those of conventional methods.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Clustering" title="Clustering">Clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=LVQ" title=" LVQ"> LVQ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ACO" title=" ACO"> ACO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SOM" title=" SOM"> SOM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=k-means." title=" k-means."> k-means.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/initialization-method-of-reference-vectors-for-improvement-of-recognition-accuracy-in-lvq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> Elliptical Features Extraction Using Eigen Values of Covariance Matrices, Hough Transform and Raster Scan Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20Prakash">J. Prakash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Rajesh"> K. Rajesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we introduce a new method for elliptical object identification. The proposed method adopts a hybrid scheme which consists of Eigen values of covariance matrices, Circular Hough transform and Bresenham-s raster scan algorithms. In this approach we use the fact that the large Eigen values and small Eigen values of covariance matrices are associated with the major and minor axial lengths of the ellipse. The centre location of the ellipse can be identified using circular Hough transform (CHT). Sparse matrix technique is used to perform CHT. Since sparse matrices squeeze zero elements and contain a small number of nonzero elements they provide an advantage of matrix storage space and computational time. Neighborhood suppression scheme is used to find the valid Hough peaks. The accurate position of circumference pixels is identified using raster scan algorithm which uses the geometrical symmetry property. This method does not require the evaluation of tangents or curvature of edge contours, which are generally very sensitive to noise working conditions. The proposed method has the advantages of small storage, high speed and accuracy in identifying the feature. The new method has been tested on both synthetic and real images. Several experiments have been conducted on various images with considerable background noise to reveal the efficacy and robustness. Experimental results about the accuracy of the proposed method, comparisons with Hough transform and its variants and other tangential based methods are reported. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Circular%20Hough%20transform" title="Circular Hough transform">Circular Hough transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=covariance%20matrix" title=" covariance matrix"> covariance matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0Avalues" title=" Eigen values"> Eigen values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ellipse%20detection" title=" ellipse detection"> ellipse detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=raster%20scan%20algorithm." title=" raster scan algorithm."> raster scan algorithm.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/elliptical-features-extraction-using-eigen-values-of-covariance-matrices-hough-transform-and-raster-scan-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2641</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> Reduced Order Modelling of Linear Dynamic Systems using Particle Swarm Optimized Eigen Spectrum Analysis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Parmar">G. Parmar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Mukherjee"> S. Mukherjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20Prasad">R. Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The authors present an algorithm for order reduction of linear time invariant dynamic systems using the combined advantages of the eigen spectrum analysis and the error minimization by particle swarm optimization technique. Pole centroid and system stiffness of both original and reduced order systems remain same in this method to determine the poles, whereas zeros are synthesized by minimizing the integral square error in between the transient responses of original and reduced order models using particle swarm optimization technique, pertaining to a unit step input. It is shown that the algorithm has several advantages, e.g. the reduced order models retain the steady-state value and stability of the original system. The algorithm is illustrated with the help of two numerical examples and the results are compared with the other existing techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20spectrum" title="Eigen spectrum">Eigen spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Integral%20square%20error" title=" Integral square error"> Integral square error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Orderreduction" title=" Orderreduction"> Orderreduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Particle%20swarm%20optimization" title=" Particle swarm optimization"> Particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Stability." title=" Stability."> Stability.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/reduced-order-modelling-of-linear-dynamic-systems-using-particle-swarm-optimized-eigen-spectrum-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1663</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> An Efficient Hamiltonian for Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sukrit%20Shankar">Sukrit Shankar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pardha%20Saradhi%20K."> Pardha Saradhi K.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chetana%20Shanta%20Patsa"> Chetana Shanta Patsa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jaydev%20Sharma"> Jaydev Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fractional Fourier Transform, which is a generalization of the classical Fourier Transform, is a powerful tool for the analysis of transient signals. The discrete Fractional Fourier Transform Hamiltonians have been proposed in the past with varying degrees of correlation between their eigenvectors and Hermite Gaussian functions. In this paper, we propose a new Hamiltonian for the discrete Fractional Fourier Transform and show that the eigenvectors of the proposed matrix has a higher degree of correlation with the Hermite Gaussian functions. Also, the proposed matrix is shown to give better Fractional Fourier responses with various transform orders for different signals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fractional%20Fourier%20Transform" title="Fractional Fourier Transform">Fractional Fourier Transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hamiltonian" title=" Hamiltonian"> Hamiltonian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors" title=" Eigen Vectors"> Eigen Vectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Discrete%20Hermite%20Gaussians." title=" Discrete Hermite Gaussians."> Discrete Hermite Gaussians.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/an-efficient-hamiltonian-for-discrete-fractional-fourier-transform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1531</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> Extracting Single Trial Visual Evoked Potentials using Selective Eigen-Rate Principal Components</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Samraj%20Andrews">Samraj Andrews</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ramaswamy%20Palaniappan"> Ramaswamy Palaniappan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nidal%20Kamel"> Nidal Kamel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In single trial analysis, when using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) signals, the selection of principal components (PCs) is an important issue. We propose a new method here that selects only the appropriate PCs. We denote the method as selective eigen-rate (SER). In the method, the VEP is reconstructed based on the rate of the eigen-values of the PCs. When this technique is applied on emulated VEP signals added with background electroencephalogram (EEG), with a focus on extracting the evoked P3 parameter, it is found to be feasible. The improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) is superior to two other existing methods of PC selection: Kaiser (KSR) and Residual Power (RP). Though another PC selection method, Spectral Power Ratio (SPR) gives a comparable SNR with high noise factors (i.e. EEGs), SER give more impressive results in such cases. Next, we applied SER method to real VEP signals to analyse the P3 responses for matched and non-matched stimuli. The P3 parameters extracted through our proposed SER method showed higher P3 response for matched stimulus, which confirms to the existing neuroscience knowledge. Single trial PCA using KSR and RP methods failed to indicate any difference for the stimuli. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Electroencephalogram" title="Electroencephalogram">Electroencephalogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P3" title=" P3"> P3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Single%20trial%20VEP." title=" Single trial VEP."> Single trial VEP.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/extracting-single-trial-visual-evoked-potentials-using-selective-eigen-rate-principal-components" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7179.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1641</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> An Eigen-Approach for Estimating the Direction-of Arrival of Unknown Number of Signals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dia%20I.%20Abu-Al-Nadi">Dia I. Abu-Al-Nadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20J.%20Mismar"> M. J. Mismar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20H.%20Ismail"> T. H. Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>A technique for estimating the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of unknown number of source signals is presented using the eigen-approach. The eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of the autocorrelation matrix yields the minimum output power of the array. Also, the array polynomial with this eigenvector possesses roots on the unit circle. Therefore, the pseudo-spectrum is found by perturbing the phases of the roots one by one and calculating the corresponding array output power. The results indicate that the DOAs and the number of source signals are estimated accurately in the presence of a wide range of input noise levels.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Array%20signal%20processing" title="Array signal processing">Array signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=direction-of-arrival" title=" direction-of-arrival"> direction-of-arrival</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=antenna%20arrays" title=" antenna arrays"> antenna arrays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=eigenvalues" title=" eigenvalues"> eigenvalues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=eigenvectors." title=" eigenvectors."> eigenvectors.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/an-eigen-approach-for-estimating-the-direction-of-arrival-of-unknown-number-of-signals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005461.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">210</span> Robust Face Recognition using AAM and Gabor Features</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sanghoon%20Kim">Sanghoon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sun-Tae%20Chung"> Sun-Tae Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Souhwan%20Jung"> Souhwan Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seoungseon%20Jeon"> Seoungseon Jeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jaemin%20Kim"> Jaemin Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seongwon%20Cho"> Seongwon Cho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a face recognition algorithm using AAM and Gabor features. Gabor feature vectors which are well known to be robust with respect to small variations of shape, scaling, rotation, distortion, illumination and poses in images are popularly employed for feature vectors for many object detection and recognition algorithms. EBGM, which is prominent among face recognition algorithms employing Gabor feature vectors, requires localization of facial feature points where Gabor feature vectors are extracted. However, localization method employed in EBGM is based on Gabor jet similarity and is sensitive to initial values. Wrong localization of facial feature points affects face recognition rate. AAM is known to be successfully applied to localization of facial feature points. In this paper, we devise a facial feature point localization method which first roughly estimate facial feature points using AAM and refine facial feature points using Gabor jet similarity-based facial feature localization method with initial points set by the rough facial feature points obtained from AAM, and propose a face recognition algorithm using the devised localization method for facial feature localization and Gabor feature vectors. It is observed through experiments that such a cascaded localization method based on both AAM and Gabor jet similarity is more robust than the localization method based on only Gabor jet similarity. Also, it is shown that the proposed face recognition algorithm using this devised localization method and Gabor feature vectors performs better than the conventional face recognition algorithm using Gabor jet similarity-based localization method and Gabor feature vectors like EBGM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Face%20Recognition" title="Face Recognition">Face Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AAM" title=" AAM"> AAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gabor%20features" title=" Gabor features"> Gabor features</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=EBGM." title=" EBGM."> EBGM.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/robust-face-recognition-using-aam-and-gabor-features" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3583.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">209</span> Algebraic Riccati Matrix Equation for Eigen- Decomposition of Special Structured Matrices; Applications in Structural Mechanics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahdi%20Nouri">Mahdi Nouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper Algebraic Riccati matrix equation is used for Eigen-decomposition of special structured matrices. This is achieved by similarity transformation and then using algebraic riccati matrix equation to triangulation of matrices. The process is decomposition of matrices into small and specially structured submatrices with low dimensions for fast and easy finding of Eigenpairs. Numerical and structural examples included showing the efficiency of present method.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Riccati" title="Riccati">Riccati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=matrix%20equation" title=" matrix equation"> matrix equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=eigenvalue%20problem" title=" eigenvalue problem"> eigenvalue problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=symmetric" title=" symmetric"> symmetric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bisymmetric" title=" bisymmetric"> bisymmetric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=persymmetric" title=" persymmetric"> persymmetric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=decomposition" title=" decomposition"> decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=canonical%0D%0Aforms" title=" canonical forms"> canonical forms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Graphs%20theory" title=" Graphs theory"> Graphs theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=adjacency%20and%20Laplacian%20matrices." title=" adjacency and Laplacian matrices."> adjacency and Laplacian matrices.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/algebraic-riccati-matrix-equation-for-eigen-decomposition-of-special-structured-matrices-applications-in-structural-mechanics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1807</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">208</span> An Efficient Algorithm for Motion Detection Based Facial Expression Recognition using Optical Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ahmad%20R.%20Naghsh-Nilchi">Ahmad R. Naghsh-Nilchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammad%20Roshanzamir"> Mohammad Roshanzamir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the popular methods for recognition of facial expressions such as happiness, sadness and surprise is based on deformation of facial features. Motion vectors which show these deformations can be specified by the optical flow. In this method, for detecting emotions, the resulted set of motion vectors are compared with standard deformation template that caused by facial expressions. In this paper, a new method is introduced to compute the quantity of likeness in order to make decision based on the importance of obtained vectors from an optical flow approach. For finding the vectors, one of the efficient optical flow method developed by Gautama and VanHulle[17] is used. The suggested method has been examined over Cohn-Kanade AU-Coded Facial Expression Database, one of the most comprehensive collections of test images available. The experimental results show that our method could correctly recognize the facial expressions in 94% of case studies. The results also show that only a few number of image frames (three frames) are sufficient to detect facial expressions with rate of success of about 83.3%. This is a significant improvement over the available methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Facial%20expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Facial%20features" title=" Facial features"> Facial features</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Optical%20flow" title=" Optical flow"> Optical flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Motion%20vectors." title="Motion vectors.">Motion vectors.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/an-efficient-algorithm-for-motion-detection-based-facial-expression-recognition-using-optical-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> Codebook Generation for Vector Quantization on Orthogonal Polynomials based Transform Coding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20Krishnamoorthi">R. Krishnamoorthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Kannan"> N. Kannan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, a new algorithm for generating codebook is proposed for vector quantization (VQ) in image coding. The significant features of the training image vectors are extracted by using the proposed Orthogonal Polynomials based transformation. We propose to generate the codebook by partitioning these feature vectors into a binary tree. Each feature vector at a non-terminal node of the binary tree is directed to one of the two descendants by comparing a single feature associated with that node to a threshold. The binary tree codebook is used for encoding and decoding the feature vectors. In the decoding process the feature vectors are subjected to inverse transformation with the help of basis functions of the proposed Orthogonal Polynomials based transformation to get back the approximated input image training vectors. The results of the proposed coding are compared with the VQ using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Pairwise Nearest Neighbor (PNN) algorithm. The new algorithm results in a considerable reduction in computation time and provides better reconstructed picture quality.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Orthogonal%20Polynomials" title="Orthogonal Polynomials">Orthogonal Polynomials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20Coding" title=" Image Coding"> Image Coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vector%20Quantization" title=" Vector Quantization"> Vector Quantization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=TSVQ" title=" TSVQ"> TSVQ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Binary%20Tree%20Classifier" title=" Binary Tree Classifier"> Binary Tree Classifier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/codebook-generation-for-vector-quantization-on-orthogonal-polynomials-based-transform-coding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5503.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">206</span> Traffic Density Measurement by Automatic Detection of Vehicles Using Gradient Vectors from Aerial Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saman%20Ghaffarian">Saman Ghaffarian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ilg%C4%B1n%20G%C3%B6kasar"> Ilg谋n G枚kasar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a new automatic vehicle detection method from very high resolution aerial images to measure traffic density. The proposed method starts by extracting road regions from image using road vector data. Then, the road image is divided into equal sections considering resolution of the images. Gradient vectors of the road image are computed from edge map of the corresponding image. Gradient vectors on the each boundary of the sections are divided where the gradient vectors significantly change their directions. Finally, number of vehicles in each section is carried out by calculating the standard deviation of the gradient vectors in each group and accepting the group as vehicle that has standard deviation above predefined threshold value. The proposed method was tested in four very high resolution aerial images acquired from Istanbul, Turkey which illustrate roads and vehicles with diverse characteristics. The results show the reliability of the proposed method in detecting vehicles by producing 86% overall F1 accuracy value. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aerial%20images" title="Aerial images">Aerial images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=intelligent%20transportation%20systems" title=" intelligent transportation systems"> intelligent transportation systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=traffic%20density%20measurement" title=" traffic density measurement"> traffic density measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=vehicle%20detection." title=" vehicle detection."> vehicle detection.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/traffic-density-measurement-by-automatic-detection-of-vehicles-using-gradient-vectors-from-aerial-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2936</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">205</span> Enhanced Gram-Schmidt Process for Improving the Stability in Signal and Image Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mario%20Mastriani">Mario Mastriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Marcelo%20Naiouf"> Marcelo Naiouf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The Gram-Schmidt Process (GSP) is used to convert a non-orthogonal basis (a set of linearly independent vectors) into an orthonormal basis (a set of orthogonal, unit-length vectors). The process consists of taking each vector and then subtracting the elements in common with the previous vectors. This paper introduces an Enhanced version of the Gram-Schmidt Process (EGSP) with inverse, which is useful for signal and image processing applications.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Digital%20filters" title="Digital filters">Digital filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=digital%20signal%20and%20image%20processing" title=" digital signal and image processing"> digital signal and image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gram-Schmidt%20Process" title=" Gram-Schmidt Process"> Gram-Schmidt Process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=orthonormalization." title=" orthonormalization. "> orthonormalization. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/enhanced-gram-schmidt-process-for-improving-the-stability-in-signal-and-image-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2885</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">204</span> Determination of Optimum Length of Framesand Number of Vectors to Compress ECG Signals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rafet%20Akdeniz">Rafet Akdeniz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P%C4%B1nar%20T%C3%BCfek%C3%A7i"> P谋nar T眉fek莽i</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.S%C4%B1dd%C4%B1k%20Yarman"> B.S谋dd谋k Yarman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, to compress ECG signals, KLT (Karhunen- Loeve Transform) method has been used. The purpose of this method is to perform effective ECG coding by a correlation between the length of frames and the number of vectors of ECG signals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ECG%20Compression" title="ECG Compression">ECG Compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=EKG%20Compression." title=" EKG Compression."> EKG Compression.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/determination-of-optimum-length-of-framesand-number-of-vectors-to-compress-ecg-signals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">203</span> Determining Cluster Boundaries Using Particle Swarm Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Anurag%20Sharma">Anurag Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Christian%20W.%20Omlin"> Christian W. Omlin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Self-organizing map (SOM) is a well known data reduction technique used in data mining. Data visualization can reveal structure in data sets that is otherwise hard to detect from raw data alone. However, interpretation through visual inspection is prone to errors and can be very tedious. There are several techniques for the automatic detection of clusters of code vectors found by SOMs, but they generally do not take into account the distribution of code vectors; this may lead to unsatisfactory clustering and poor definition of cluster boundaries, particularly where the density of data points is low. In this paper, we propose the use of a generic particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for finding cluster boundaries directly from the code vectors obtained from SOMs. The application of our method to unlabeled call data for a mobile phone operator demonstrates its feasibility. PSO algorithm utilizes U-matrix of SOMs to determine cluster boundaries; the results of this novel automatic method correspond well to boundary detection through visual inspection of code vectors and k-means algorithm.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Particle%20swarm%20optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=self-organizing%20maps" title=" self-organizing maps"> self-organizing maps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=clustering" title=" clustering"> clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=data%20mining." title=" data mining."> data mining.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/determining-cluster-boundaries-using-particle-swarm-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1720</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">202</span> Yield Prediction Using Support Vectors Based Under-Sampling in Semiconductor Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sae-Rom%20Pak">Sae-Rom Pak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seung%20Hwan%20Park"> Seung Hwan Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jeong%20Ho%20Cho"> Jeong Ho Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Daewoong%20An"> Daewoong An</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cheong-Sool%20Park">Cheong-Sool Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jun%20Seok%20Kim"> Jun Seok Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jun-Geol%20Baek"> Jun-Geol Baek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>It is important to predict yield in semiconductor test process in order to increase yield. In this study, yield prediction means finding out defective die, wafer or lot effectively. Semiconductor test process consists of some test steps and each test includes various test items. In other world, test data has a big and complicated characteristic. It also is disproportionably distributed as the number of data belonging to FAIL class is extremely low. For yield prediction, general data mining techniques have a limitation without any data preprocessing due to eigen properties of test data. Therefore, this study proposes an under-sampling method using support vector machine (SVM) to eliminate an imbalanced characteristic. For evaluating a performance, randomly under-sampling method is compared with the proposed method using actual semiconductor test data. As a result, sampling method using SVM is effective in generating robust model for yield prediction.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yield%20Prediction" title="Yield Prediction">Yield Prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Semiconductor%20Test%20Process" title=" Semiconductor Test Process"> Semiconductor Test Process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Support%0D%0AVector%20Machine" title=" Support Vector Machine"> Support Vector Machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Under%20Sampling" title=" Under Sampling"> Under Sampling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/yield-prediction-using-support-vectors-based-under-sampling-in-semiconductor-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5620.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">201</span> Motion Prediction and Motion Vector Cost Reduction during Fast Block Motion Estimation in MCTF</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Karunakar%20A%20K">Karunakar A K</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Manohara%20Pai%20M%20M"> Manohara Pai M M</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 3D-wavelet video coding framework temporal filtering is done along the trajectory of motion using Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering (MCTF). Hence computationally efficient motion estimation technique is the need of MCTF. In this paper a predictive technique is proposed in order to reduce the computational complexity of the MCTF framework, by exploiting the high correlation among the frames in a Group Of Picture (GOP). The proposed technique applies coarse and fine searches of any fast block based motion estimation, only to the first pair of frames in a GOP. The generated motion vectors are supplied to the next consecutive frames, even to subsequent temporal levels and only fine search is carried out around those predicted motion vectors. Hence coarse search is skipped for all the motion estimation in a GOP except for the first pair of frames. The technique has been tested for different fast block based motion estimation algorithms over different standard test sequences using MC-EZBC, a state-of-the-art scalable video coder. The simulation result reveals substantial reduction (i.e. 20.75% to 38.24%) in the number of search points during motion estimation, without compromising the quality of the reconstructed video compared to non-predictive techniques. Since the motion vectors of all the pair of frames in a GOP except the first pair will have value 卤1 around the motion vectors of the previous pair of frames, the number of bits required for motion vectors is also reduced by 50%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Motion%20Compensated%20Temporal%20Filtering" title="Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering">Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=predictivemotion%20estimation" title=" predictivemotion estimation"> predictivemotion estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lifted%20wavelet%20transform" title=" lifted wavelet transform"> lifted wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=motion%20vector" title=" motion vector"> motion vector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/motion-prediction-and-motion-vector-cost-reduction-during-fast-block-motion-estimation-in-mctf" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1619</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">200</span> Performance Comparison of Particle Swarm Optimization with Traditional Clustering Algorithms used in Self-Organizing Map</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Anurag%20Sharma">Anurag Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Christian%20W.%20Omlin"> Christian W. Omlin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-organizing map (SOM) is a well known data reduction technique used in data mining. It can reveal structure in data sets through data visualization that is otherwise hard to detect from raw data alone. However, interpretation through visual inspection is prone to errors and can be very tedious. There are several techniques for the automatic detection of clusters of code vectors found by SOM, but they generally do not take into account the distribution of code vectors; this may lead to unsatisfactory clustering and poor definition of cluster boundaries, particularly where the density of data points is low. In this paper, we propose the use of an adaptive heuristic particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for finding cluster boundaries directly from the code vectors obtained from SOM. The application of our method to several standard data sets demonstrates its feasibility. PSO algorithm utilizes a so-called U-matrix of SOM to determine cluster boundaries; the results of this novel automatic method compare very favorably to boundary detection through traditional algorithms namely k-means and hierarchical based approach which are normally used to interpret the output of SOM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cluster%20boundaries" title="cluster boundaries">cluster boundaries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=clustering" title=" clustering"> clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=code%20vectors" title=" code vectors"> code vectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=data%0Amining" title=" data mining"> data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=particle%20swarm%20optimization" title=" particle swarm optimization"> particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=self-organizing%20maps" title=" self-organizing maps"> self-organizing maps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=U-matrix." title=" U-matrix."> U-matrix.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/performance-comparison-of-particle-swarm-optimization-with-traditional-clustering-algorithms-used-in-self-organizing-map" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1910</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">199</span> Using Spectral Vectors and M-Tree for Graph Clustering and Searching in Graph Databases of Protein Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Do%20Phuc">Do Phuc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nguyen%20Thi%20Kim%20Phung"> Nguyen Thi Kim Phung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we represent protein structure by using graph. A protein structure database will become a graph database. Each graph is represented by a spectral vector. We use Jacobi rotation algorithm to calculate the eigenvalues of the normalized Laplacian representation of adjacency matrix of graph. To measure the similarity between two graphs, we calculate the Euclidean distance between two graph spectral vectors. To cluster the graphs, we use M-tree with the Euclidean distance to cluster spectral vectors. Besides, M-tree can be used for graph searching in graph database. Our proposal method was tested with graph database of 100 graphs representing 100 protein structures downloaded from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and we compare the result with the SCOP hierarchical structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigenvalues" title="Eigenvalues">Eigenvalues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=m-tree" title=" m-tree"> m-tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=graph%20database" title=" graph database"> graph database</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=protein%0Astructure" title=" protein structure"> protein structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=spectra%20graph%20theory." title=" spectra graph theory."> spectra graph theory.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/using-spectral-vectors-and-m-tree-for-graph-clustering-and-searching-in-graph-databases-of-protein-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1657</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">198</span> Accurate Calculation of Free Frequencies of Beams and Rectangular Plates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R%20.Lassoued">R .Lassoued</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Guenfoud"> M. Guenfoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An accurate procedure to determine free vibrations of beams and plates is presented. The natural frequencies are exact solutions of governing vibration equations witch load to a nonlinear homogeny system. The bilinear and linear structures considered simulate a bridge. The dynamic behavior of this one is analyzed by using the theory of the orthotropic plate simply supported on two sides and free on the two others. The plate can be excited by a convoy of constant or harmonic loads. The determination of the dynamic response of the structures considered requires knowledge of the free frequencies and the shape modes of vibrations. Our work is in this context. Indeed, we are interested to develop a self-consistent calculation of the Eigen frequencies. The formulation is based on the determination of the solution of the differential equations of vibrations. The boundary conditions corresponding to the shape modes permit to lead to a homogeneous system. Determination of the noncommonplace solutions of this system led to a nonlinear problem in Eigen frequencies. We thus, develop a computer code for the determination of the eigenvalues. It is based on a method of bisection with interpolation whose precision reaches 10 -12. Moreover, to determine the corresponding modes, the calculation algorithm that we develop uses the method of Gauss with a partial optimization of the "pivots" combined with an inverse power procedure. The Eigen frequencies of a plate simply supported along two opposite sides while considering the two other free sides are thus analyzed. The results could be generalized with the case of a beam by regarding it as a plate with low width. We give, in this paper, some examples of treated cases. The comparison with results presented in the literature is completely satisfactory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Free%20frequencies" title="Free frequencies">Free frequencies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=beams" title=" beams"> beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=rectangular%20plates." title=" rectangular plates."> rectangular plates.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/accurate-calculation-of-free-frequencies-of-beams-and-rectangular-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12015.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">197</span> Using Cooperation Approaches at Different Levels of Artificial Bee Colony Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vahid%20Zeighami">Vahid Zeighami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohsen%20Ghasemi"> Mohsen Ghasemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Reza%20Akbari"> Reza Akbari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this work, a Multi-Level Artificial Bee Colony (called MLABC) for optimizing numerical test functions is presented. In MLABC, two species are used. The first species employs n colonies where each of them optimizes the complete solution vector. The cooperation between these colonies is carried out by exchanging information through a leader colony, which contains a set of elite bees. The second species uses a cooperative approach in which the complete solution vector is divided to k sub-vectors, and each of these sub-vectors is optimized by a colony. The cooperation between these colonies is carried out by compiling sub-vectors into the complete solution vector. Finally, the cooperation between two species is obtained by exchanging information. The proposed algorithm is tested on a set of well-known test functions. The results show that MLABC algorithm provides efficiency and robustness to solve numerical functions.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Artificial%20bee%20colony" title="Artificial bee colony">Artificial bee colony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cooperative%20artificial%20bee%0D%0Acolony" title=" cooperative artificial bee colony"> cooperative artificial bee colony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=multilevel%20cooperation." title=" multilevel cooperation."> multilevel cooperation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/using-cooperation-approaches-at-different-levels-of-artificial-bee-colony-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">196</span> The Control Vector Scheme for Design of Planar Primitive PH curves </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ching-Shoei%20Chiang">Ching-Shoei Chiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sheng-Hsin%20Tsai"> Sheng-Hsin Tsai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=James%20Chen"> James Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The PH curve can be constructed by given parameters, but the shape of the curve is not so easy to image from the value of the parameters. On the contract, B茅zier curve can be constructed by the control polygon, and from the control polygon, we can image the figure of the curve. In this paper, we want to use the hodograph of B茅zier curve to construct PH curve by selecting part of the control vectors, and produce other control vectors, so the property of PH curve exists. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PH%20curve" title="PH curve">PH curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hodograph" title=" hodograph"> hodograph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B%C3%A9zier%20curve." title=" B茅zier curve."> B茅zier curve.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/the-control-vector-scheme-for-design-of-planar-primitive-ph-curves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4406.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1494</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">195</span> Posture Recognition using Combined Statistical and Geometrical Feature Vectors based on SVM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Omer%20Rashid">Omer Rashid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ayoub%20Al-Hamadi"> Ayoub Al-Hamadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Axel%20Panning"> Axel Panning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bernd%20Michaelis"> Bernd Michaelis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is hard to percept the interaction process with machines when visual information is not available. In this paper, we have addressed this issue to provide interaction through visual techniques. Posture recognition is done for American Sign Language to recognize static alphabets and numbers. 3D information is exploited to obtain segmentation of hands and face using normal Gaussian distribution and depth information. Features for posture recognition are computed using statistical and geometrical properties which are translation, rotation and scale invariant. Hu-Moment as statistical features and; circularity and rectangularity as geometrical features are incorporated to build the feature vectors. These feature vectors are used to train SVM for classification that recognizes static alphabets and numbers. For the alphabets, curvature analysis is carried out to reduce the misclassifications. The experimental results show that proposed system recognizes posture symbols by achieving recognition rate of 98.65% and 98.6% for ASL alphabets and numbers respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Feature%20Extraction" title="Feature Extraction">Feature Extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Posture%20Recognition" title=" Posture Recognition"> Posture Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pattern%20Recognition" title=" Pattern Recognition"> Pattern Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Application." title=" Application."> Application.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/posture-recognition-using-combined-statistical-and-geometrical-feature-vectors-based-on-svm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1520</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">194</span> Physical Conserved Quantities for the Axisymmetric Liquid, Free and Wall Jets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rehana%20Naz">Rehana Naz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20P.%20Mason"> D. P. Mason</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fazal%20Mahomed"> Fazal Mahomed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>A systematic way to derive the conserved quantities for the axisymmetric liquid jet, free jet and wall jet using conservation laws is presented. The flow in axisymmetric jets is governed by Prandtl-s momentum boundary layer equation and the continuity equation. The multiplier approach is used to construct a basis of conserved vectors for the system of two partial differential equations for the two velocity components. The basis consists of two conserved vectors. By integrating the corresponding conservation laws across the jet and imposing the boundary conditions, conserved quantities are derived for the axisymmetric liquid and free jet. The multiplier approach applied to the third-order partial differential equation for the stream function yields two local conserved vectors one of which is a non-local conserved vector for the system. One of the conserved vectors gives the conserved quantity for the axisymmetric free jet but the conserved quantity for the wall jet is not obtained from the second conserved vector. The conserved quantity for the axisymmetric wall jet is derived from a non-local conserved vector of the third-order partial differential equation for the stream function. This non-local conserved vector for the third-order partial differential equation for the stream function is obtained by using the stream function as multiplier.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Axisymmetric%20jet" title="Axisymmetric jet">Axisymmetric jet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=liquid%20jet" title=" liquid jet"> liquid jet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=free%20jet" title=" free jet"> free jet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wall%20jet" title=" wall jet"> wall jet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=conservation%20laws" title=" conservation laws"> conservation laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=conserved%20quantity." title=" conserved quantity."> conserved quantity.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/physical-conserved-quantities-for-the-axisymmetric-liquid-free-and-wall-jets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1464</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%0AVectors&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>