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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gr%C4%81mata" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gr%C4%81mata" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gr%C4%81mata" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gr%C4%81mata" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jēdziena_izcelsme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jēdziena_izcelsme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jēdziena izcelsme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jēdziena_izcelsme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grāmatu_veidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grāmatu_veidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grāmatu veidi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grāmatu_veidi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Grāmatu veidi apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grāmatu_veidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iespiedtehnikas_veidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iespiedtehnikas_veidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iespiedtehnikas veidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iespiedtehnikas_veidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grāmatu_satura_veidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grāmatu_satura_veidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grāmatu satura veidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grāmatu_satura_veidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grāmatu_vēsture_Latvijā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grāmatu_vēsture_Latvijā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grāmatu vēsture Latvijā</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grāmatu_vēsture_Latvijā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skatīt_arī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skatīt_arī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Skatīt arī</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skatīt_arī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grāmata</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 203 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%90%E1%8D%8D" title="መጽሐፍ – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መጽሐፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codad" title="Codad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Codad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ) – aramiešu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="কিতাপ – asamiešu" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কিতাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibru" title="Llibru – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikan" title="Masinahikan – atikameku" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikameku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panka" title="Panka – aimaru" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab" title="Kitab – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کیتاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیتاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – baškīru" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškīru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buach" title="Buach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kninga" title="Kninga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kninga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="किताब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="किताब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaf%C9%9B" title="Gafɛ – bambaru" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gafɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="বই – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr" title="Levr – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B3)" title="Ном (бэшэг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ном (бэшэг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre" title="Llibre – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жайна – čečenu" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жайна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎪᏪᎵ – čiroku" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏪᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="čiroku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="کتێب – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – Krimas tatāru" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krimas tatāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Кĕнеке – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕнеке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr" title="Llyfr – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1tab" title="Kıtab – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kıtab" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%CC%A0uuk" title="B̠uuk – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="B̠uuk" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Βιβλίο – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburu" title="Liburu – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liburu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libru" title="Libru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Libru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirja" title="Kirja – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivola" title="Ivola – fidžiešu" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ivola" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_(document)" title="Livre (document) – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre (document)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vro" title="Lévro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lévro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – ziemeļfrīzu" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ziemeļfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(dokouman)" title="Liv (dokouman) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Liv (dokouman)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – skotu gēlu" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotu gēlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranduka" title="Aranduka – gvaranu" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aranduka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 – gotu" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalo%27uta" title="Karalo'uta – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Karalo'uta" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioar" title="Lioar – meniešu" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lioar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="meniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littafi" title="Littafi – hausu" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Littafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB" title="Sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="ספר – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaab" title="Kitaab – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kitaab" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(pou_li)" title="Liv (pou li) – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Liv (pou li)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nyv" title="Könyv – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Könyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bup" title="Bup – ibanu" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – iloku" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Дешарг – ingušu" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дешарг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3k" title="Bók – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%92%A5%E1%95%90%E1%95%88%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6/qimirruat" title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat – inuītu" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuītu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC" title="本 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cukta" title="cukta – ložbans" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cukta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložbans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წიგნი – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წიგნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlis" title="Adlis – kabilu" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adlis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya%C9%A3" title="Takayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaa%CC%B1mbwat" title="Kwaa̱mbwat – katabu" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwaa̱mbwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="katabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Кітап – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кітап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95" title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%85" title="책 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – kašmiriešu" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmiriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boch_(z_l%C3%A4%C3%A4se)" title="Boch (z lääse) – Ķelnes vācu" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Boch (z lääse)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Ķelnes vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirt%C3%BBk" title="Pirtûk – kurdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirtûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A7%D0%B3" title="Небӧг – komiešu" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Небӧг" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyver" title="Lyver – korniešu" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lyver" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Китеп – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Китеп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – luksemburgiešu" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Улуб – lezgīnu" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Улуб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – limburgiešu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAku" title="Búku – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Búku" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B6%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A1" title="ປຶ້ມ – laosiešu" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປຶ້ມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyga" title="Knyga – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – maduriešu" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="maduriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky" title="Boky – malagasu" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="പുസ്തകം – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുസ്തകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ – manipūru" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipūru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – mirandiešu" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="စာအုပ် – birmiešu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာအုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кинига – erzju" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кинига" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="نومه – mazanderāņu" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نومه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtli" title="Amoxtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbro" title="Libbro – neapoliešu" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Libbro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapoliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – lejasvācu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lejasvācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek_(literetuur)" title="Boek (literetuur) – lejassakšu" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boek (literetuur)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lejassakšu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82" title="सफू – nevaru" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सफू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8A" title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ – nko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="nko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirju" title="Kirju – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirju" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Чиныг – osetīnu" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чиныг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਕਿਤਾਬ – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਤਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82" title="पोत्थकं – pāli" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोत्थकं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pāli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka" title="Książka – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Książka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro" title="Livro – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwru" title="Liwru – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liwru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte" title="Carte – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carti" title="Carti – aromūnu" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromūnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo" title="Igitabo – kiņaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kiņaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Кинигэ – jakutu" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кинигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ – santalu" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbru" title="Libbru – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Libbru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuk" title="Beuk – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beuk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ڪتاب – sindhu" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪتاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girji" title="Girji – ziemeļsāmu" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Girji" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ziemeļsāmu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="පොත් – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuku" title="Bhuku – šonu" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhuku" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafad_(Buug)" title="Shafad (Buug) – somāļu" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shafad (Buug)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri" title="Libri – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Књига – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dncwadz%C3%AD" title="Íncwadzí – svatu" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Íncwadzí" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svatu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cudad" title="cudad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cudad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு) – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/biru" title="biru – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="biru" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పుస్తకం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పుస్తకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Китоб – tadžiku" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="หนังสือ – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – turkmēņu" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat" title="Aklat – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka" title="Buka – cvanu" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Buka" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="cvanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – tokpisins" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tokpisins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – tatāru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – tuviešu" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitob" title="Kitob – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kitob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ibro" title="Łibro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łibro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirj" title="Kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch" title="Sách – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – volapiks" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(po_l%C3%A9re)" title="Live (po lére) – valoņu" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Live (po lére)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – khosu" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="khosu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კჷრბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კჷრბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9A" title="בוך – jidišs" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בוך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidišs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9" title="Ìwé – jorubu" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw" title="Saw – džuanu" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="džuanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ – standarta tamazigtu (Maroka)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standarta tamazigtu (Maroka)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheh" title="Chheh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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title="Visas Vikipēdijas lapas, kurās ir saites uz šejieni [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Norādes uz šo rakstu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gr%C4%81mata" rel="nofollow" title="Izmaiņas, kas nesen izdarītas lapās, kurās ir saites uz šo lapu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Saistītās izmaiņas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="Visu īpašo lapu uzskaitījums [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Īpašās lapas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&oldid=4166982" title="Paliekoša saite uz šo lapas versiju"><span>Pastāvīgā saite</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=info" title="Vairāk informācijas par šo lapu"><span>Lapas informācija</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gr%C4%81mata&id=4166982&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Kā pareizi atsaukties uz šo rakstu"><span>Atsauce uz šo lapu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Flv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGr%25C4%2581mata"><span>Iegūt saīsinātu URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Flv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGr%25C4%2581mata"><span>Lejupielādēt QR kodu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukāt/eksportēt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Gr%C4%81mata"><span>Izveidot grāmatu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gr%C4%81mata&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lejupielādēt kā PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&printable=yes" title="Drukājama lapas versija [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukājama versija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Citos projektos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Book" hreflang="en"><span>Vikikrātuve</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q571" title="Saistītais Vikidatu ieraksts [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ieraksts Vikidatos</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lapas rīki"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izskats</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Alte_Buecher.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alte_Buecher.JPG/220px-Alte_Buecher.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alte_Buecher.JPG/330px-Alte_Buecher.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alte_Buecher.JPG/440px-Alte_Buecher.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Grāmatas</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Grāmata</b> ir neperiodisks iespieddarbs <a href="/wiki/Kodekss" title="Kodekss">kodeksa</a> formā ar muguriņā sastiprinātām lapām. Lapu daudzums ir ne mazāks par 3 iespiedloksnēm, tas ir 48 lappuses. Mūsdienās grāmatu lapas izgatavo no <a href="/wiki/Pap%C4%ABrs" title="Papīrs">papīra</a>. Parasti grāmata ir pabeigts <a href="/wiki/Teksts" title="Teksts">teksts</a>, kas izteikts ar rakstu zīmēm vai <a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls" title="Attēls">attēliem</a>. </p><p>Mūsdienās bez grāmatām pastāv arī elektroniski informācijas nesēji — <a href="/wiki/Elektronisk%C4%81_gr%C4%81mata" title="Elektroniskā grāmata">elektroniskās grāmatas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jēdziena_izcelsme"><span id="J.C4.93dziena_izcelsme"></span>Jēdziena izcelsme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Jēdziena izcelsme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Jēdziena izcelsme"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93dziens" title="Jēdziens">Jēdziens</a> <i>grāmata</i> cēlies no <a href="/wiki/Sengrie%C4%B7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sengrieķi">sengrieķu</a> <a href="/wiki/Valoda" title="Valoda">valodas</a>, bet Latvijas teritorijā ieviests līdz ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%ABg%C4%81_misija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristīgā misija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kristīgo misiju</a> <a href="/wiki/13._gadsimts" title="13. gadsimts">13. gadsimtā</a> ar <a href="/wiki/Sl%C4%81vi" title="Slāvi">slāvu</a> valodas starpniecību. (Jau sen tikusi izteikta doma, ka kristīgo misiju izplatīja arī no tagadējās <a href="/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija">Krievijas</a> puses). Sākotnēji par <i>grāmatu</i> tika uzskatīti tikai un vienīgi <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%93tie_raksti" title="Svētie raksti">svētie raksti</a>, lai gan senslāviem vārds <i>grāmata</i> nozīmēja mācēšanu rakstīt, lasītprasmi un zināšanas kopumā. </p><p>Termins <i>grāmata</i> ir saistīts arī ar lapu tīstokli, vārdu <i>grāmata</i> var attiecināt arī uz dažiem senajā pasaulē tapušajiem literārajiem darbiem, piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Sen%C4%81_%C4%92%C4%A3ipte" title="Senā Ēģipte">seno ēģiptiešu</a> <i>Mirušo grāmatu</i> un <i><a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABbele" title="Bībele">Bībeli</a></i>. </p><p>Jau no <a href="/wiki/15._gadsimts" title="15. gadsimts">15. gadsimta</a> jēdzienu <i>grāmata</i> uztver tāpat kā mūsdienās, kā iespieddarbu kopumu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grāmatu_veidi"><span id="Gr.C4.81matu_veidi"></span>Grāmatu veidi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Grāmatu veidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Grāmatu veidi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iespiedtehnikas_veidi">Iespiedtehnikas veidi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Iespiedtehnikas veidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Iespiedtehnikas veidi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:British.Library.MS.Add.3324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/British.Library.MS.Add.3324.jpg/220px-British.Library.MS.Add.3324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/British.Library.MS.Add.3324.jpg/330px-British.Library.MS.Add.3324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/British.Library.MS.Add.3324.jpg/440px-British.Library.MS.Add.3324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuskripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuskripts">Manuskripts</a>, kas glabājas Britu bibliotēkā</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>Manuskripti</b></i> jeb rokraksta grāmatas bija pirmās, kas parādījās. Tās pastāvēja vēl ilgi vienlaikus ar iespiestajām grāmatām. Vairums <a href="/wiki/Viduslaiki" title="Viduslaiki">viduslaiku</a> rokraksta grāmatu ir tapušas <a href="/wiki/Klosteris" title="Klosteris">klosteros</a> un visbiežāk tās bija dažādi noraksti, klosteros tika izveidotas pat īpašas telpas pārrakstīšanai — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skriptorijs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skriptorijs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">skriptoriji</a>. Grāmatu tapšanā bija iesaistīti daudzi cilvēki, no kuriem galvenie bija <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skriptors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skriptors (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">skriptors</a> — galvenā teksta pārrakstītājs, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubrikators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubrikators (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">rubrikators</a> — iniciāļu un svarīgāko tekstu iezīmētājs un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminators (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">iluminators</a> — iniciāļu izzīmētājs un ilustrators. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Escribano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Escribano.jpg/220px-Escribano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Escribano.jpg/330px-Escribano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Escribano.jpg/440px-Escribano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Bugundiešu skriptors 15. gadsimtā</figcaption></figure>Ļoti svarīga bija arī lapu — <a href="/wiki/Pergaments" title="Pergaments">pergamenta</a> izveide. Tā kā lapas veidoja no teļu ādām, kam bija samērā līdzīgs izmērs, bet kuras bija dārgas, svarīgi bija aizņemt pēc iespējas vairāk vietas. Izveidojās standarta izmērs — pilnu formātu sauca par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foliants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foliants (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">foliantu</a>, vienreiz locītu par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folio (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">folio</a>, nākamo — oktāvu. Lapas izmēri veidojās pēc <a href="/wiki/Zelta_griezums" title="Zelta griezums">zelta griezuma</a> proporcijas.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Inkunabel.Breyden.Peregrin.kol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inkunabel.Breyden.Peregrin.kol.jpg/200px-Inkunabel.Breyden.Peregrin.kol.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inkunabel.Breyden.Peregrin.kol.jpg/300px-Inkunabel.Breyden.Peregrin.kol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inkunabel.Breyden.Peregrin.kol.jpg/400px-Inkunabel.Breyden.Peregrin.kol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="3452" /></a><figcaption>Inkunābulas lappuse, Bernhard von Breydenbach, sanctae peregrinationes Mainz: Erhard Reuwich 11. Februar 1486</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>Inkunābulas </b></i> — grāmatas, kas izdotas grāmatu iespiešanas pirmajā posmā, līdz <a href="/wiki/1500" class="mw-redirect" title="1500">1500</a>. gadam. Tās sākumā ļoti atgādināja rokraksta grāmatas, iniciāļus un sākumā arī ilustrācijas iezīmēja ar roku, vēlāk kokgriezuma ilustrācijas tiek tikai iekrāsotas ar roku. Burtu formas un teksta iekārtojums vēl ilgi saglabāja rokraksta tekstu <a href="/wiki/Trad%C4%ABcija" title="Tradīcija">tradīcijas</a>. Taču līdz pat <a href="/wiki/19._gadsimts" title="19. gadsimts">19. gadsimtam</a> grāmatu iespiešana un iesiešana bija nošķirtas darbības, grāmatas pārdeva neiesietas un grāmatas jaunā īpašnieka pienākums bija rūpēties, lai tās tiktu iesietas. Pastāvēja arī noteikti noteikumi, kā iesiet inkunābulas — ar ādu apsisti koka vāki, ar apkalumiem, slēdzenēm un ķēdi, kas saista grāmatu pie plaukta vai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Las%C4%81mpults&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasāmpults (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">lasāmpults</a>, kas pierāda, ka vēl arvien grāmatas mantiskā vērtība bijusi ievērojama.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Geyler.Narrenschyff.B%C3%BCchernarr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Geyler.Narrenschyff.B%C3%BCchernarr.jpg/200px-Geyler.Narrenschyff.B%C3%BCchernarr.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Geyler.Narrenschyff.B%C3%BCchernarr.jpg/300px-Geyler.Narrenschyff.B%C3%BCchernarr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Geyler.Narrenschyff.B%C3%BCchernarr.jpg/400px-Geyler.Narrenschyff.B%C3%BCchernarr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Paleotipa lappuse — Johannes Geiler von Kaysersberg: Navicula sive Speculum fatuorum. Straßburg, 1510</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>Paleotipi</b></i> — grāmatas, kas izdotas laikposmā no <a href="/wiki/1501" class="mw-redirect" title="1501">1501</a>.— <a href="/wiki/1550" class="mw-redirect" title="1550">1550</a>. g. Pamazām grāmatnieki sāka iet citus ceļus, tomēr tas notika reti. Viens no šādiem piemēriem ir atkāpšanās no iesējuma tradīcijām — zuda masīvie apkalumi un ķēdes, radās daži īpatnēji iesējumi. Veidojās arī jauni izdevumu tipi — polemiskas ievirzes raksti, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamflets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamflets (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">pamfleti</a>. Tomēr grāmatas vēl arvien saglabāja savu krāšņumu, to bagātīgās ilustrācijas bija mākslas darbi, lai arī tie tapa iespiežot, kokgrebuma tehnikā.</li> <li><i><b>Iespieddarbi</b></i> — pastāv vairāki mūsdienu iespieddtehnikas veidi, tos vieno iespēja ātri pavairot tekstu lielos daudzumos.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:David_Copperfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/David_Copperfield.jpg/200px-David_Copperfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/David_Copperfield.jpg/300px-David_Copperfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/David_Copperfield.jpg/400px-David_Copperfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Č. Dikensa romāns "Deivids Koperfīlds"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grāmatu_satura_veidi"><span id="Gr.C4.81matu_satura_veidi"></span>Grāmatu satura veidi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Grāmatu satura veidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Grāmatu satura veidi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pastāv vairāki veidi, kā klasificēt grāmatas pēc to satura. Vienkāršākais dalījums ir dalījums <a href="/wiki/Dai%C4%BCliterat%C5%ABra" title="Daiļliteratūra">daiļliteratūrā</a> un specializētā literatūrā. Taču tas ir pārāk izplūdis un neizsakošs dalījums. Tālāk grāmatas tiek iedalītas, sadalot abus galvenos tipus apakštipos. </p><p>Daiļliteratūru iedalīt ir visvienkāršāk, tās apakštipi ir epika jeb <a href="/wiki/Proza" title="Proza">proza</a>, lirika jeb <a href="/wiki/Dzeja" title="Dzeja">dzeja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dramatur%C4%A3ija" title="Dramaturģija">dramaturģija</a> un <a href="/wiki/Liroepika" title="Liroepika">liroepika</a>. Tie savukārt iedalās katrs savos apakštipos. Pie prozas pieder <a href="/wiki/Rom%C4%81ns" title="Romāns">romāni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novele" title="Novele">noveles</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C4%81sts" title="Stāsts">stāsti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garst%C4%81sts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garstāsts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">garstāsti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eseja" title="Eseja">esejas</a>, arī <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liter%C4%81r%C4%81_pasaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literārā pasaka (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">literārā pasakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniat%C5%ABra" title="Miniatūra">miniatūras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humoreska" title="Humoreska">humoreskas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%93lojumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tēlojumi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">tēlojumi</a>. Pie dzejas savukārt pieder <a href="/wiki/El%C4%93%C4%A3ija" title="Elēģija">elēģija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idille" title="Idille">idille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oda" title="Oda">oda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himna" title="Himna">himna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigramma" title="Epigramma">epigramma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonets" title="Sonets">sonets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo_(dzeja)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rondo (dzeja) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">rondo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rondele (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">rondele</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioleta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trioleta (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">trioleta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glosa (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">glosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a>. Dramaturģiju iedala <a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%81ma" title="Drāma">drāmā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tra%C4%A3%C4%93dija" title="Traģēdija">traģēdijā</a> un <a href="/wiki/Kom%C4%93dija" title="Komēdija">komēdijā</a>. Liroepikas iedalījums ir <a href="/wiki/Eposs" title="Eposs">eposs</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81ga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāga">sāga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%81de" title="Balāde">balāde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po%C4%93ma" title="Poēma">poēma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabula" title="Fabula">fabula</a>. </p><p>Taču tikpat labi daiļliteratūru var iedalīt arī pēc mērķorientētās grupas — bērnu, pusaudžu un pieaugušo literatūra. </p><p>Specializētā literatūra ir ļoti daudzveidīga un to nav viegli klasificēt viennozīmīgi. Nosacīti varētu iedalīt reliģiskā, dažādu zinātņu nozaru, populārzinātniskā literatūrā. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grāmatu_vēsture_Latvijā"><span id="Gr.C4.81matu_v.C4.93sture_Latvij.C4.81"></span>Grāmatu vēsture Latvijā</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Grāmatu vēsture Latvijā" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Grāmatu vēsture Latvijā"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1203" class="mw-redirect" title="1203">1203</a>. g. — pirmā droši zināmā grāmata Latvijas teritorijā. <a href="/wiki/Kaupo" title="Kaupo">Kaupo</a> ar <a href="/wiki/Turaida_(zeme)" title="Turaida (zeme)">Turaidas</a> priesteri <a href="/wiki/Teoderihs_no_Turaidas" title="Teoderihs no Turaidas">Teoderihu</a> viesojoties pie <a href="/wiki/Romas_p%C4%81vests" title="Romas pāvests">pāvesta</a> Inocenta III, <a href="/wiki/Alberts_fon_Buksh%C4%93vdens" title="Alberts fon Bukshēvdens">bīskapam Albertam</a> tika nosūtīta Bībele.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1225" class="mw-redirect" title="1225">1225</a>. — <a href="/wiki/1227" class="mw-redirect" title="1227">1227</a>. g. tiek sarakstīta pirmā grāmata Latvijas teritorijā — <a href="/wiki/Indri%C4%B7a_hronika" title="Indriķa hronika">Indriķa hronika</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1524" class="mw-redirect" title="1524">1524</a>. g. — 6. martā pēc <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81te&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rāte (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">rātes</a> locekļa Paula Dreilinga norādījumiem mācītājam Nikolajam Rammam tika nodotas pirmās grāmatas, lai tās <i>tiktu lietotas un kalpotu vispārīgam labumam un Rīgā tiek izveidota pirmā <a href="/wiki/Jaunpils_bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Jaunpils bibliotēka">publiskā</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Bibliotēka">bibliotēka</a> Latvijā. </i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585" class="mw-redirect" title="1585">1585</a>. g. — tiek izdots Pētera Kanīzija <a href="/wiki/Katolicisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolicisms">katoļu</a> <a href="/wiki/Katehisms" title="Katehisms">katehisma</a> tulkojums latviešu valodā, pirmā droši zināmā grāmata latviešu valodā.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1588" class="mw-redirect" title="1588">1588</a>. g. — tiek izveidota pirmā grāmatu spiestuve Latvijas teritorijā, <a href="/wiki/Nikolajs_Moll%C4%ABns" title="Nikolajs Mollīns">N. Mollīna</a> <a href="/wiki/Tipogr%C4%81fija" title="Tipogrāfija">tipogrāfija</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga">Rīgā</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1615" class="mw-redirect" title="1615">1615</a>. g. — tiek izdota pirmā Latvijas teritorijā latviešu valodā iespiestā grāmata — <a href="/wiki/Krist%C4%ABg%C4%81_bazn%C4%ABca" title="Kristīgā baznīca">baznīcas</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokasgr%C4%81mta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokasgrāmta (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">rokasgrāmta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1638" class="mw-redirect" title="1638">1638</a>. g. — tiek izdota pirmā latviešu valodas <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81rdn%C4%ABca" title="Vārdnīca">vārdnīca</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgs_Mancelis" title="Georgs Mancelis">G. Manceļa</a> "Lettus".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1649" class="mw-redirect" title="1649">1649</a>. g. — tiek izdota pirmā <a href="/wiki/V%C4%93sture" title="Vēsture">vēstures</a> grāmata par latviešiem — <a href="/wiki/Einhorns" title="Einhorns">P. Einhorna</a> "<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Lettica" title="Historia Lettica">Historia Lettica</a></i>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1685" class="mw-redirect" title="1685">1685</a>. — <a href="/wiki/1691" class="mw-redirect" title="1691">1691</a>. g. — <a href="/wiki/Ernests_Gliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernests Gliks">Ernests Gliks</a> pirmo reizi iztulko pilnā apjomā latviešu valodā Bībeli.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782" class="mw-redirect" title="1782">1782</a>. g. — tiek izdota pirmā laicīgā latviešu <a href="/wiki/%C4%80bece" title="Ābece">ābece</a>, kuru sastādīja <a href="/wiki/Gothards_Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Stenders" title="Gothards Frīdrihs Stenders">G. F. Stenders</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807" class="mw-redirect" title="1807">1807</a>. — <a href="/wiki/1808" class="mw-redirect" title="1808">1808</a>. g. — tiek izdoti pirmie <a href="/wiki/Latvie%C5%A1u_tautasdziesmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Latviešu tautasdziesmas">latviešu tautasdziesmu</a> krājumi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skatīt_arī"><span id="Skat.C4.ABt_ar.C4.AB"></span>Skatīt arī</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Skatīt arī" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Skatīt arī"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Bibliotēka">Bibliotēka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johans_G%C5%ABtenbergs" title="Johans Gūtenbergs">Johans Gūtenbergs</a> — metāla burtu iespiešanas tehnoloģijas izveidotājs Eiropā</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abinia">ABINIA</a> — Latīņamerikas valstu asociācija grāmatu apzināšanai un saglabāšanai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDurn%C4%81ls" title="Žurnāls">Žurnāls</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?r=1&q=gr%C4%81mata&id=940567&g=1%7CLetonika">http://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?r=1&q=gr%C4%81mata&id=940567&g=1%7CLetonika</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%81mata&action=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. 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