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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yathrib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Yathrib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yathrib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taybah_and_Tabah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taybah_and_Tabah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Taybah and Tabah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taybah_and_Tabah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madinah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madinah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Madinah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madinah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history_and_Jewish_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_and_Jewish_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history and Jewish control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_and_Jewish_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_'Aws_and_Khazraj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_'Aws_and_Khazraj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Under the 'Aws and Khazraj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_'Aws_and_Khazraj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Muhammad_and_the_Rashidun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Muhammad_and_the_Rashidun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Under Muhammad and the Rashidun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Muhammad_and_the_Rashidun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Uhud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Uhud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Battle of Uhud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Uhud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Trench" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Trench"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Battle of the Trench</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Trench-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_subsequent_Islamic_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_subsequent_Islamic_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Under subsequent Islamic regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_subsequent_Islamic_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Umayyad_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umayyad_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Umayyad Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umayyad_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Abbasid Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>First Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Saudi_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Saudi_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>First Saudi insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Saudi_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Ali's_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Ali's_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Muhammad Ali's era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Ali's_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Second Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sharifate_of_Mecca_and_Saudi_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharifate_of_Mecca_and_Saudi_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Sharifate of Mecca and Saudi conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharifate_of_Mecca_and_Saudi_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Under the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_heritage_in_Medina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_heritage_in_Medina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Destruction of heritage in Medina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_heritage_in_Medina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance in Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance in Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Prophet's_Mosque_(al-Masjid_an-Nabawi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Prophet's_Mosque_(al-Masjid_an-Nabawi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Prophet's Mosque (al-Masjid an-Nabawi)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prophet's_Mosque_(al-Masjid_an-Nabawi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quba'a_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quba'a_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Quba'a Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quba'a_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masjid_al-Qiblatayn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masjid_al-Qiblatayn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Masjid al-Qiblatayn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masjid_al-Qiblatayn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masjid_al-Fath_and_the_Seven_Mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masjid_al-Fath_and_the_Seven_Mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Masjid al-Fath and the Seven Mosques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masjid_al-Fath_and_the_Seven_Mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Baqi'_Cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Baqi'_Cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Al-Baqi' Cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Baqi'_Cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islamic_eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islamic_eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In Islamic eschatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islamic_eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>End of civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_from_plague_and_ad-Dajjal_(the_False_Messiah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_from_plague_and_ad-Dajjal_(the_False_Messiah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Protection from plague and ad-Dajjal (the False Messiah)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_from_plague_and_ad-Dajjal_(the_False_Messiah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Museums and arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Human resources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human resources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_scholarly_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_scholarly_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Education and scholarly activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_scholarly_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Higher education and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_and_rapid_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_and_rapid_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bus and rapid transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_and_rapid_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%93" title="መዲና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዲና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="المدينة المنورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المدينة المنورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Մատինա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մատինա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="মদিনা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মদিনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мадина – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мадина" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99din%C9%99" title="Mədinə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədinə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="مدینه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مدینه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="মদিনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মদিনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C4%ABna" title="Madīna – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Madīna" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%99%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%99" title="Мәҙинә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙинә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мэдына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэдына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C3%ADna" title="Medína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Medína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina" title="Madina – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Madina" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A7" title="މަދީނާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަދީނާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediina" title="Mediina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mediina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μεδίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεδίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medino" title="Medino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Medino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="مدینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dine" title="Médine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_(Araabje)" title="Medina (Araabje) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Medina (Araabje)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Маддане – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Маддане" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE" title="મદીના – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદીના" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%EB%82%98" title="메디나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메디나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_(%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A2)" title="Մադինա (Յասրիբ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մադինա (Յասրիբ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मदीना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मदीना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Мединæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мединæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אל-מדינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-מדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮದೀನಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮದೀನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მედინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მედინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="مدیٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مدیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Медине – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Медине" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina" title="Madina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C3%AEne" title="Medîne – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Medîne" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мадина – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мадина" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C4%ABna" title="Medīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Medīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_(Sza%C3%BAd-Ar%C3%A1bia)" title="Medina (Szaúd-Arábia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Medina (Szaúd-Arábia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_(Arabia_Saodita)" title="Medina (Arabia Saodita) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Medina (Arabia Saodita)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8" title="മദീന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദീന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मदीना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मदीना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მედინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მედინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="المدينة المنوره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المدينة المنوره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="مدينه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مدينه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah_al-Munawwarah" title="Madinah al-Munawwarah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Madinah al-Munawwarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_(Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB)" title="Medina (Saoedi-Arabië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Medina (Saoedi-Arabië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मदिना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मदिना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="マディーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マディーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߡߊ߬ߘߌ߬ߣߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊ߬ߘߌ߬ߣߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Мадийнат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мадийнат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediina" title="Mediina – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Mediina" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina_(shahar)" title="Madina (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madina (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਦੀਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦੀਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="مدینہ منورہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مدینہ منورہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6" title="មេឌីណា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មេឌីណា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medyna_(miasto)" title="Medyna (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medyna (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina" title="Madina – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Madina" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_(Arabia_Saudit%C4%83)" title="Medina (Arabia Saudită) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medina (Arabia Saudită)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina" title="Madina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Madina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱚᱫᱤᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱫᱤᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81" title="مدینہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مدینہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="مدينو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مدينو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medyna" title="Medyna – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Medyna" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madiina_Al-munawara" title="Madiina Al-munawara – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Madiina Al-munawara" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="مەدینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەدینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="மதீனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lmadina" title="Lmadina – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lmadina" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%99" title="Мәдинә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәдинә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="మదీనా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మదీనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="อัลมะดีนะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลมะดีนะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мадина – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мадина" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medine" title="Medine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medine" title="Medine – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Medine" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Медина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="مدینہ منورہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مدینہ منورہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%DB%95" title="مەدىنە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەدىنە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medin" title="Medin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Medin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4din%C3%A4" title="Mädinä – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mädinä" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%9C%B0%E9%82%A3" title="麥地那 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="麥地那" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%9C%B0%E9%82%A3" title="麦地那 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="麦地那" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%9C%B0%E9%82%A3" title="麥地那 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麥地那" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Medina" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%9C%B0%E9%82%A3" title="麦地那 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麦地那" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah" title="Madinah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Madinah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Medina&params=24_28_12_N_39_36_36_E_region:SA_type:city(1411599)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°28′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°36′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.47000°N 39.61000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.47000; 39.61000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Medina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Medina (disambiguation)">Medina (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Saudi Arabia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Madinah</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">المدينة</span>‎</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The Prophet's City (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدينة النبي</span></span>)</li><li>The Prophetic City (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المدينة النبوية</span></span>)</li><li>The first Islamic capital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العاصمة الإسلامية الأولى</span></span>)</li><li>The Purest of Pure (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طيبة الطيبة</span></span>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah <br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المدينة المنورة</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madeena_masjid_nabavi_12122008230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Madeena_masjid_nabavi_12122008230.jpg/288px-Madeena_masjid_nabavi_12122008230.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Madeena_masjid_nabavi_12122008230.jpg/432px-Madeena_masjid_nabavi_12122008230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Madeena_masjid_nabavi_12122008230.jpg/576px-Madeena_masjid_nabavi_12122008230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque" title="Prophet's Mosque">Masjid an-Nabawī</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quba_Mosque_2013_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Quba_Mosque_2013_09.jpg/142px-Quba_Mosque_2013_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Quba_Mosque_2013_09.jpg/213px-Quba_Mosque_2013_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Quba_Mosque_2013_09.jpg/284px-Quba_Mosque_2013_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Baqi_Cemetery_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Al-Baqi_Cemetery_2021.jpg/142px-Al-Baqi_Cemetery_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Al-Baqi_Cemetery_2021.jpg/213px-Al-Baqi_Cemetery_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Al-Baqi_Cemetery_2021.jpg/284px-Al-Baqi_Cemetery_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi_Cemetery" title="Al-Baqi Cemetery">Al-Baqi Cemetery</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mount_Uhud.JPG/142px-Mount_Uhud.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mount_Uhud.JPG/213px-Mount_Uhud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mount_Uhud.JPG/284px-Mount_Uhud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Jabal Uhud</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg/142px-Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg/213px-Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg/284px-Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1491" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madinah is located in Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Madinah is located in Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.667%;left:24.817%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Madinah"><img alt="Madinah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Madinah</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Medina</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Saudi Arabia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madinah is located in Asia"><img alt="Madinah is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.104%;left:6.37%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Madinah"><img alt="Madinah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Madinah</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Madinah (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Medina&params=24_28_12_N_39_36_36_E_region:SA_type:city(1411599)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°28′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°36′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.47000°N 39.61000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.47000; 39.61000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)">Medina</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/9th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="9th century BCE">9th century BCE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijrah</a></th><td class="infobox-data">622 CE (1 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">AH</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz" title="Saudi conquest of Hejaz">Saudi conquest of Hejaz</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><b>Urban</b> <ul><li>Al Haram</li> <li>Quba'a</li> <li>Uhud</li> <li>Al 'Awali</li> <li>Al 'Uqaiq</li> <li>Al 'Uyoon</li> <li>Al Baidaa'</li></ul></li> <li><b>Suburban</b> <ul><li>Al 'Aqul</li> <li>Al Mulayleeh</li> <li>Al Mandasah</li> <li>Abyar Al Mashi</li> <li>Al Fareesh</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Madinah Regional Municipality</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fahad Al-Belaihshi<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Provincial Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Prince <a href="/wiki/Salman_bin_Sultan_Al_Saud" title="Salman bin Sultan Al Saud">Salman bin Sultan Al Saud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">589 km<sup>2</sup> (227 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,900 km<sup>2</sup> (8,800 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">620 m (2,030 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,077 m (3,533 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,411,599</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">4th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,012/km<sup>2</sup> (5,212/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,477,047 (Medina Governorate)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Madani <br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدني</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_Standard_Time" title="Saudi Arabia Standard Time">SAST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amana-md.gov.sa/">www<wbr />.amana-md<wbr />.gov<wbr />.sa</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="300" data-zoom="10" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit 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href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Medina</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially <b>Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المدينة المنورة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Luminous City', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hejazi Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="acw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[al.maˈdiːna<span class="wrap"> </span>al.mʊˈnawːara]</a></span>) and also commonly simplified as <b>Madīnah</b> or <b>Madinah</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المدينة</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Madina</i></span>), is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)">Medina Province</a> (formerly known as Yathrib) in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of western <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. It is one of the oldest and most important places in Islamic history. One of the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">most sacred cities in Islam</a>, the population as of 2022 is 1,411,599, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">fourth-most populous city in the country</a>. Around 58.5% of the population are Saudi citizens and 41.5% are foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located at the core of the Medina Province in the western reaches of the country, the city is distributed over 589 km<sup>2</sup> (227 sq mi), of which 293 km<sup>2</sup> (113 sq mi) constitutes the city's urban area, while the rest is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Hijaz_Mountains" title="Hijaz Mountains">Hejaz Mountains</a>, empty valleys, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">agricultural spaces</a> and older dormant <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>. </p><p>Medina is generally considered to be the "cradle of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> and civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is considered to be the second- serving as the holiest and third-holiest cities respectively. <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi"><i>Al-Masjid al-Nabawi</i></a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Prophet's Mosque</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is of exceptional importance in Islam and serves as burial site of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, by whom the mosque was built in 622 CE (first year of the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a>). Observant <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> usually visit his tomb, or <i>rawdhah</i>, at least once in their lifetime during a pilgrimage known as <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a>, although this is not obligatory.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original name of the city before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">advent of Islam</a> was <b>Yathrib</b> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يَثْرِب</span>), and it is referred to by this name in <a href="/wiki/Al-A%E1%B8%A5z%C4%81b" title="Al-Aḥzāb">Chapter 33</a> (<i>Al-Aḥzāb</i>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Confederates</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. It was renamed to <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Madīnat an-Nabī</i></span></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">City of the Prophet</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Prophet's City</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) after Muhammad's death and later to <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Madinah al-Munawwarah</i></span></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Enlightened City</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) before being simplified and shortened to its modern name, <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Madinah</i></span></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The City</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), from which the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> spelling of "Medina" is derived. Saudi road signage uses <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Madinah</i></span></i> and <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Madinah al-Munawwarah</i></span></i> interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city existed for over 1,500 years before Muhammad's migration from Mecca,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the <a href="/wiki/Hegira" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegira">Hijrah</a>. Medina was the capital of a rapidly increasing Muslim <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad" title="Diplomatic career of Muhammad">Muhammad's leadership</a>, serving as its base of operations and as the cradle of Islam, where Muhammad's <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">nation</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)—composed of Medinan citizens (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)"><i>Ansar</i></a>) as well as those who immigrated with Muhammad (<i><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a></i>), who were collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet"><i>Sahabah</i></a>—gained huge influence. Medina is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_mosques" title="List of the oldest mosques">three prominent mosques</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a>, with the Quba Mosque being the oldest in Islam. A larger portion of the Qur'an was <a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">revealed in Medina</a> in contrast to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan surahs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much like most of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, Medina has seen numerous exchanges of power within its comparatively short existence. The region has been controlled by <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="History of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula">Jewish-Arabian tribes</a> (up until the fifth century CE), the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">ʽAws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a> (up until Muhammad's arrival), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> (622–660), the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> (660–749), the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> (749–1254), the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks of Egypt</a> (1254–1517), the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> (1517–1805), the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">First Saudi State</a> (1805–1811), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> (1811–1840), the Ottomans for a second time (1840–1918), the <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a> (1918–1925) and finally is in the hands of the present-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1925–present).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to visiting for Ziyarah, tourists come to visit the other prominent mosques and landmarks in the city that hold religious significance such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi'">Al-Baqi'</a> cemetery and the <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Mosques" title="The Seven Mosques">Seven Mosques</a> among others. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi government">Saudi government</a> has also carried out the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">destruction of several historical structures and archaeological sites</a>, both in Medina and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yathrib">Yathrib</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yathrib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يَثْرِب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yaṯrib</i></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈjaθrɪb]</a></span>). The word <i>Yathrib</i> appears in an inscription found in Harran, belonging to the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> (6th century BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is well attested in several texts in the subsequent centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name has also been recorded in <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Āyah</a> (verse) 13 of <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> (chapter) <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahzab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ahzab">33</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>.<sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=13">33:13</a>]</sup> and is thus known to have been the name of the city up to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a>. According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad later forbade calling the city by this name.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taybah_and_Tabah">Taybah and Tabah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taybah and Tabah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_inscription_mentioning_prophet%27s_grave_in_Madinah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/An_inscription_mentioning_prophet%27s_grave_in_Madinah.jpg/220px-An_inscription_mentioning_prophet%27s_grave_in_Madinah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/An_inscription_mentioning_prophet%27s_grave_in_Madinah.jpg/330px-An_inscription_mentioning_prophet%27s_grave_in_Madinah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/An_inscription_mentioning_prophet%27s_grave_in_Madinah.jpg/440px-An_inscription_mentioning_prophet%27s_grave_in_Madinah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>8th century rock inscription discovered in Madinah, refers to the city as 'Taybah'</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometime after the battle, Muhammad renamed the city <i>Taybah</i> (the Kind or the Good) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈtˤajba]</a></span>; <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طَيْبَة</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Tabah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طَابَة</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Ibn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372–1449_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372–1449-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is of similar meaning. This name is also used to refer to the city in the popular folk song, "<i>Ya Taybah!</i>" (O Taybah!). The two names are combined in another name the city is known by, <i>Taybat at-Tabah</i> (the Kindest of the Kind). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madinah">Madinah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Madinah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has also simply been called Al-Madinah (i.e. 'The City') in some <i>ahadith</i><sup id="cite_ref-Ibn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372–1449_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372–1449-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> The names <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Madīnah an-Nabawiyyah</i></span></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمَدِيْنَة ٱلنَّبَوِيَّة</span></span>) and <i>Madīnat un-Nabī</i> (both meaning "City of the Prophet" or "The Prophet's City") and <i>al-Madīnat ul-Munawwarah</i> ("The Enlightened City") are all derivatives of this word. This is also the most commonly accepted modern name of the city, used in official documents and road signage, along with Madinah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medina is home to several distinguished sites and landmarks, most of which are mosques and hold historic significance. These include the three aforementioned mosques, Masjid al-Fath (also known as Masjid al-Khandaq), the Seven Mosques, the <a href="/wiki/Baqi_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baqi Cemetery">Baqi' Cemetery</a> where the graves of many famous Islamic figures are presumed to be located; directly to the southeast of the Prophet's Mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Uhud mountain</a>, site of the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a> and the King Fahd Glorious Qur'an Printing Complex where most modern Qur'anic <a href="/wiki/Mus%27haf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus'haf">Mus'hafs</a> are printed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_and_Jewish_control">Early history and Jewish control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history and Jewish control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medina has been inhabited at least 1500 years before the Hijra, or approximately the 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the fourth century, Arab tribes began to encroach from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and there were three prominent <a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_tribes_that_interacted_with_Muhammad" title="Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad">tribes</a> that inhabited the city around the time of Muhammad: the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> later reported that during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian Empire</a>'s domination in Hejaz, the Banu Qurayza served as <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collectors</a> for the Persian <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The situation changed after the arrival of two new <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">'Aws</a> or Banu 'Aws and the <a href="/wiki/Khazraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazraj">Khazraj</a>, also known as the Banu Khazraj. At first, these tribes were allied with the Jewish tribes who ruled the region, but they later revolted and became independent.<sup id="cite_ref-Medina_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medina-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Madinah_Sharif%27_Indian_token.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="17th century CE bronze token the inscription below reads 'Madinah Shareef' (Noble City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%27Madinah_Sharif%27_Indian_token.jpg/220px-%27Madinah_Sharif%27_Indian_token.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%27Madinah_Sharif%27_Indian_token.jpg/330px-%27Madinah_Sharif%27_Indian_token.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%27Madinah_Sharif%27_Indian_token.jpg/440px-%27Madinah_Sharif%27_Indian_token.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>17th century bronze token depicting <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">prophet's Mosque</a>, the inscription below reads 'Madinah Shareef' (Noble City)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_'Aws_and_Khazraj"><span id="Under_the_.27Aws_and_Khazraj"></span>Under the 'Aws and Khazraj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Under the 'Aws and Khazraj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toward the end of the 5th century,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Jewish rulers lost control of the city to the two Arab tribes. </p><p>Most modern historians accept the claim of the Muslim sources that after the revolt, the Jewish tribes became clients of the 'Aws and the Khazraj.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Scottish scholar, <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a>, the clientship of the Jewish tribes is not borne out by the historical accounts of the period prior to 627, and he maintained that the Jewish populace retained a measure of political independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Medina_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medina-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Muslim chronicler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> tells of an ancient conflict between the last <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemenite</a> king of the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the residents of Yathrib. When the king was passing by the oasis, the residents killed his son, and the Yemenite ruler threatened to exterminate the people and cut down the <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, he was stopped from doing so by two <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> from the Banu Qurayza tribe, who implored the king to spare the oasis because it was the place "to which a prophet of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> would migrate in time to come, and it would be his home and resting-place." The Yemenite king thus did not destroy the town and converted to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. He took the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> with him, and in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, they reportedly recognized the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a> as a temple built by <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and advised the king "to do what the people of Mecca did: to <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulate</a> the temple, to venerate and honor it, to shave his head and to behave with all humility until he had left its precincts." On approaching Yemen, tells Ibn Ishaq, the rabbis demonstrated to the local people a miracle by coming out of a fire unscathed and the Yemenites accepted Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually the Banu 'Aws and the Banu Khazraj became hostile to each other and by the time of Muhammad's <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijrah</a> (emigration) to Medina in 622, they had been fighting for 120 years and were sworn enemies<sup id="cite_ref-balagh.net_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balagh.net-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza were allied with the 'Aws, while the Banu Qaynuqa sided with the Khazraj.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fought a total of four wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Medina_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medina-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their last and bloodiest known battle was the <a href="/wiki/Yawm_al-Buath" title="Yawm al-Buath">Battle of Bu'ath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Medina_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medina-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fought a few years prior to the arrival of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome of the battle was inconclusive, and the feud continued. <a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Ubayy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy">'Abd Allah ibn Ubayy</a>, one Khazraj chief, had refused to take part in the battle, which earned him a reputation for equity and peacefulness. He was the most respected inhabitant of the city prior to Muhammad's arrival. To solve the ongoing feud, concerned residents of Yathrib <a href="/wiki/Aqaba_pledge_of_allegiance" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqaba pledge of allegiance">met secretly</a> with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in 'Aqaba, a place outside <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, inviting him and his small group of believers to come to the city, where Muhammad could serve a mediator between the factions and his community could practice its faith freely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Muhammad_and_the_Rashidun">Under Muhammad and the Rashidun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Under Muhammad and the Rashidun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medina State (page does not exist)">Medina State</a></div> <p>In 622, Muhammad and an estimated 70 Meccan <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> left Mecca over a period of a few months for sanctuary in Yathrib, an event that transformed the religious and political landscape of the city completely; the longstanding enmity between the Aus and Khazraj tribes was dampened as many of the two Arab tribes and some local Jews embraced the new religion of Islam. Muhammad, linked to the Khazraj through his great-grandmother, was agreed on as the leader of the city. The natives of Yathrib who had converted to Islam of any background—<a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pagan Arab</a> or Jewish—were called the <i><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></i> ("the Patrons" or "the Helpers"). </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, all parties in the area agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>, which committed all parties to mutual cooperation under the leadership of Muhammad. The nature of this document as recorded by Ibn Ishaq and transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> is the subject of dispute among modern Western historians, many of whom maintain that this "treaty" is possibly a collage of different agreements, oral rather than written, of different dates, and that it is not clear exactly when they were made. Other scholars, however, both Western and Muslim, argue that the text of the agreement—whether a single document originally or several—is possibly one of the oldest Islamic texts we possess.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Yemenite Jewish sources, another treaty was drafted between Muhammad and his Jewish subjects, known as <i>Kitāb Dimmat al-Nabi</i>, written in the 3rd year of the <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijra</a> (625), and which gave express liberty to Jews living in Arabia to observe the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> and to grow-out their side-locks. In return, they were to pay the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> annually for protection by their patrons, while the Muslims would pay the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> tax.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Uhud">Battle of Uhud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Uhud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mount_Uhud.JPG/300px-Mount_Uhud.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mount_Uhud.JPG/450px-Mount_Uhud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mount_Uhud.JPG/600px-Mount_Uhud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a>, with the old <i>Mosque of the Leader of Martyrs</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جامع سيد الشهداء</span></span>), named after Muhammad's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib">Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib</a>, in the foreground. The mosque was demolished in 2012 and a new, larger mosque with the same name was built in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-madainjameh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainjameh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the year 625, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan ibn Harb</a>, a senior chieftain of Mecca who later converted to Islam, led a Meccan force against Medina. Muhammad marched out to meet the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Qurayshi</a> army with an estimated 1,000 troops, but just as the army approached the battlefield, 300 men under <a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Ubayy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy">'Abd Allah ibn Ubayy</a> withdrew, dealing a severe blow to the Muslim army's <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a>. Muhammad continued marching with his now 700-strong force and ordered a group of 50 archers to climb a small hill, now called <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Romat_Mountain" title="Al Romat Mountain">Jabal ar-Rummaah</a></i> (The Archers' Hill) to keep an eye on the Meccan's <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and to provide protection to the rear of the Muslim's army. As the battle heated up, the Meccans were forced to retreat. The frontline was pushed further and further away from the archers and foreseeing the battle to be a victory for the Muslims, the archers decided to leave their posts to pursue the retreating Meccans. A small party, however, stayed behind; pleading the rest to not disobey Muhammad's orders. </p><p>Seeing that the archers were starting to descend from the hill, <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a> commanded his unit to ambush the hill and his cavalry unit pursued the descending archers were systematically slain by being caught in the plain ahead of the hill and the frontline, watched upon by their desperate comrades who stayed behind up in the hill who were shooting arrows to thwart the raiders, but with little to no effect. However, the Meccans did not capitalize on their advantage by invading Medina and returned to Mecca. The Madanis (people of Medina) suffered heavy losses, and Muhammad was injured.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Trench">Battle of the Trench</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of the Trench"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madina_trip_104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Madina_trip_104.jpg/220px-Madina_trip_104.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Madina_trip_104.jpg/330px-Madina_trip_104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Madina_trip_104.jpg/440px-Madina_trip_104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Three of the <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Mosques" title="The Seven Mosques">Seven Mosques</a> at the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a> were combined into the modern Masjid al-Fath, here pictured with Jabal Sal'aa in the background and a shop selling local goods in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 627, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan</a> led another force toward Medina. Knowing of his intentions, Muhammad asked for proposals for defending the northern flank of the city, as the east and west were protected by volcanic rocks and the south was covered with <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman al-Farsi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabi">Sahabi</a> who was familiar with Sasanian war tactics recommended digging a trench to protect the city and Muhammad accepted it. The subsequent siege came to be known as the Battle of the Trench and the Battle of the Confederates. After a month-long siege and various skirmishes, the Meccans withdrew again due to the harsh winter. </p><p>During the siege, Abu Sufyan contacted the Jewish tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> and formed an agreement with them, to attack the Muslim defenders and effectively encircle the defenders. It was however discovered by the Muslims and thwarted. This was in breach of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a> and after the Meccan withdrawal, Muhammad immediately marched against the Qurayza and laid siege to their strongholds. The Jewish forces eventually surrendered. Some members of the Aws negotiated on behalf of their old allies and Muhammad agreed to appoint one of their chiefs who had converted to Islam, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Mua%27dh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd ibn Mua'dh">Sa'd ibn Mu'adh</a>, as judge. Sa'ad judged that all male members of the tribe should be killed and the women and children enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WattProphetStatesman_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WattProphetStatesman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action was conceived of as a defensive measure to ensure that the Muslim community could be confident of its continued survival in Medina. The French historian Robert Mantran proposes that from this point of view it was successful—from this point on, the Muslims were no longer primarily concerned with survival but with expansion and conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-mantran_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mantran-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ten years following the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">hijra</a>, Medina formed the base from which Muhammad and the Muslim army attacked and were attacked, and it was from here that he <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">marched on Mecca</a>, entering it without battle in 630. Despite Muhammad's tribal connection to Mecca, the growing importance of Mecca in Islam, the significance of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a> as the center of the Islamic world, as the direction of prayer (<a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a>), and in the Islamic pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>), Muhammad returned to Medina, which remained for some years the most important city of Islam and the base of operations of the early <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is presumed to have been renamed <i>Madinat al-Nabi</i> ("City of the Prophet" in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) in honor of Muhammad's prophethood and the city being the site of his <a href="/wiki/Burial_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial site">burial</a>. Alternatively, Lucien Gubbay suggests the name Medina could also have been a derivative from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> word <i>Medinta</i>, which the Jewish inhabitants could have used for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Under the first three caliphs <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>, Medina was the capital of a rapidly increasing Muslim Empire. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">'Uthman ibn al-Affan</a>, the third caliph, a party of Arabs from Egypt, disgruntled at some of his political decisions, attacked Medina in 656 and assassinated him in his own home. <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the fourth caliph, changed the capital of the caliphate from Medina to <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> for being in a more strategic location. Since then, Medina's importance dwindled, becoming more a place of religious importance than of political power. Medina witnessed little to no economic growth during and after Ali's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_dome,_Masjid_e_Nabawi,_Medina,_KSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Green_dome%2C_Masjid_e_Nabawi%2C_Medina%2C_KSA.jpg/220px-Green_dome%2C_Masjid_e_Nabawi%2C_Medina%2C_KSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Green_dome%2C_Masjid_e_Nabawi%2C_Medina%2C_KSA.jpg/330px-Green_dome%2C_Masjid_e_Nabawi%2C_Medina%2C_KSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Green_dome%2C_Masjid_e_Nabawi%2C_Medina%2C_KSA.jpg/440px-Green_dome%2C_Masjid_e_Nabawi%2C_Medina%2C_KSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> was built in 1297 over Muhammad's <i>rawdhah</i> (residence) and <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">site of burial</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_subsequent_Islamic_regimes">Under subsequent Islamic regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Under subsequent Islamic regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Umayyad_Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Umayyad Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">al-Hasan</a>, the son of 'Ali, ceded power to <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Mu'awiyah I</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan</a>, Mu'awiyah marched into <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, Ali's capital, and received the allegiance of the local 'Iraqis. This is considered to be the beginning of the Umayyad caliphate. Mu'awiyah's governors took special care of Medina and dug the 'Ayn az-Zarqa'a ("Blue Spring") <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a> along with a project that included the creation of underground <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">ducts</a> for the purposes of irrigation. Dams were built in some of the <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> and the subsequent agricultural boom led to the strengthening of the economy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_dinar_of_Umar_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gold_dinar_of_Umar_II.jpg/220px-Gold_dinar_of_Umar_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gold_dinar_of_Umar_II.jpg/330px-Gold_dinar_of_Umar_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gold_dinar_of_Umar_II.jpg/440px-Gold_dinar_of_Umar_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a>, also known as 'Umar ibn Abdulaziz or the Fifth of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a period of unrest during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a> in 679, Husayn ibn 'Ali was martyred at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Karbala</a> and Yazid assumed unchecked control for the next three years. In 682, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a> declared himself Caliph of Mecca and the people of Medina swore allegiance to him. This led to an eight-year-long period of economic distress for the city. In 692, the Umayyads regained power and Medina experienced its second period of huge economic growth. Trade improved and more people moved into the city. The banks of Wadi al-'Aqiq were now lush with greenery. This period of peace and prosperity coincided with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">'Umar ibn Abdulaziz</a>, who many consider to be the fifth of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abbasid_Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abbasid Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdulbasit A. Badr, in his book, <i>Madinah, The Enlightened City: History and Landmarks</i>, divides this period into three distinct phases:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salahadin%27s_Tomb,_Umayyad_Mosque,_Damascus_001_(4931142474).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salahadin%27s_Tomb%2C_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus_001_%284931142474%29.jpg/220px-Salahadin%27s_Tomb%2C_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus_001_%284931142474%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salahadin%27s_Tomb%2C_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus_001_%284931142474%29.jpg/330px-Salahadin%27s_Tomb%2C_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus_001_%284931142474%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salahadin%27s_Tomb%2C_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus_001_%284931142474%29.jpg/440px-Salahadin%27s_Tomb%2C_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus_001_%284931142474%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salahuddin al-Ayyubi</a>, who started a tradition of greatly funding Medina and protecting pilgrims visiting the holy city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg/170px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg/255px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg/340px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>The Medina sanctuary and <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a>, photographed in 1880 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sadiq_(photographer)" title="Muhammad Sadiq (photographer)">Muhammad Sadiq</a>. The dome was built during the Mamluk period, but given its signature color by the Ottomans nearly 600 years later.</figcaption></figure> <p>Badr describes the period between 749 and 974 as a push-and-pull between peace and political turmoil, while Medina continued to pay allegiance to the Abbasids. From 974 to 1151, the <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Medina" title="Sharifate of Medina">Sharifate of Medina</a> was in a liaison with the Fatimids, even though the political stand between the two remained turbulent and did not exceed the normal allegiance. From 1151 onwards, Medina paid allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Emir Nuruddin Zengi</a> took care of the roads used by pilgrims and funded the fixing of the water sources and streets. When he visited Medina in 1162, he ordered the construction of a new wall that encompassed the new urban areas outside the old city wall. Zengi was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>, who supported <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasim_ibn_Muhanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasim ibn Muhanna (page does not exist)">Qasim ibn Muhanna</a>, the Sharif of Medina, and greatly funded the growth of the city while slashing taxes paid by the pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also funded the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> who lived on the routes used by pilgrims to protect them on their journeys. The later Abbasids also continued to fund the expenses of the city. While Medina was formally allied with the Abbasids during this period, they maintained closer relations with the Zengids and Ayyubids. The historic city formed an oval, surrounded by a strong wall, 30 to 40 ft (9.1 to 12.2 m) high, dating from this period, and was flanked with towers. Of its four gates, the <i>Bab al-Salam</i> ("The Gate of Peace"), was remarked for its beauty. Beyond the walls of the city, the west and south were suburbs consisting of low houses, yards, gardens and plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo">Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, to the Mongols, the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo took over the Egyptian governorate and effectively gained control of Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1258, Medina was threatened by <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Harrat_Rahat" title="Harrat Rahat">Harrat Rahat</a> volcanic region but was narrowly saved from being burnt after the lava turned northward.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Mamluk reign, the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid an-Nabawi">Masjid an-Nabawi</a> caught fire twice. Once in 1256, when the storage caught fire, burning the entire mosque, and the other time in 1481, when the masjid was struck by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>. This period also coincided with an increase in scholarly activity in Medina, with scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Farhun" title="Ibn Farhun">Ibn Farhun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz_Zain_al-Din_al-%27Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hafiz Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi">Al-Hafiz Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al Sakhawi</a> and others settling in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The striking iconic <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> also found its beginnings as a cupola built under Mamluk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Qalawun">al-Mansur Qalawun as-Salihi</a> in 1297.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Ottoman_period">First Ottoman period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: First Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1517, the first <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period began with <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>'s conquest of Mamluk Egypt. This added Medina to their territory and they continued the tradition of showering Medina with money and aid. In 1532, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> built a secure fortress around the city and constructed a strong castle armed by an Ottoman battalion to protect the city. This is also the period in which many of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a>'s modern features were built even though it was not painted green yet.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These suburbs also had walls and gates. The Ottoman sultans took a keen interest in the Prophet's Mosque and redesigned it over and over to suit their preferences. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/220px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/330px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/440px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4638" data-file-height="5862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, who kept Medina in the hands of the Ottoman Empire for around 30 years after taking it from the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Saudi_insurgency">First Saudi insurgency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First Saudi insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Ottomans' hold over their domains broke loose, the Madanis pledged alliance to <a href="/wiki/Saud_Al_Kabeer_bin_Abdulaziz_bin_Saud_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Saud Al Kabeer bin Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Faisal Al Saud">Saud bin Abdulaziz</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi dynasty">First Saudi state</a> in 1805, who quickly took over the city. In 1811, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, Ottoman commander and <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wali</a> of Egypt, commanded two armies under each of his two sons to seize Medina, the first one, under the elder Towson Pasha, failed to take Medina. But the second one, a larger army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, succeeded after battling a fierce resistance movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muhammad_Ali's_era"><span id="Muhammad_Ali.27s_era"></span>Muhammad Ali's era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Muhammad Ali's era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After defeating his Saudi foes, Muhammad Ali took over governance of Medina and although he did not formally declare <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, his governance took on more of a <a href="/wiki/Semi-autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-autonomous">semi-autonomous</a> style. Muhammad's sons, Towson and Ibrahim, alternated in the governance of the city. Ibrahim renovated the city's walls and the Prophet's Mosque. He established a grand provision distribution center (taqiyya) to distribute food and alms to the needy and Medina lived a period of security and peace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1840, Muhammad moved his troops out of the city and officially handed the city to the central Ottoman command.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Ottoman_period">Second Ottoman period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Second Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wadi_Rum_railway_track,_Hejaz_railway,_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wadi_Rum_railway_track%2C_Hejaz_railway%2C_Jordan.jpg/220px-Wadi_Rum_railway_track%2C_Hejaz_railway%2C_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wadi_Rum_railway_track%2C_Hejaz_railway%2C_Jordan.jpg/330px-Wadi_Rum_railway_track%2C_Hejaz_railway%2C_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wadi_Rum_railway_track%2C_Hejaz_railway%2C_Jordan.jpg/440px-Wadi_Rum_railway_track%2C_Hejaz_railway%2C_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_railway" title="Hejaz railway">Hejaz railway</a> track near <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. Jordan uses the railway today for transporting <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Four years in 1844, after Muhammad Ali's departure, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Davud_Pasha_(governor_of_Medina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davud Pasha (governor of Medina) (page does not exist)">Davud Pasha</a> was given the position of governor of Medina under the Ottoman sultan. Davud was responsible for renovating the Prophet's Mosque on Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a>'s orders. When <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> assumed power, he made Medina stand out of the desert with a number of modern marvels, including a <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication_station" title="Radio communication station">radio communication station</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plant</a> for the Prophet's Mosque and its immediate vicinity, a telegraph line between Medina and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_railway" title="Hejaz railway">Hejaz railway</a> which ran from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to Medina with a planned extension to Mecca. Within one decade, the population of the city multiplied by leaps and bounds and reached 80,000. Around this time, Medina started falling prey to a new threat, the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a> in the south. Medina witnessed the longest siege in its history during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sharifate_of_Mecca_and_Saudi_conquest">Sharifate of Mecca and Saudi conquest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sharifate of Mecca and Saudi conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sharif of Mecca, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif Husayn">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, first attacked Medina on 6 June 1916, in the middle of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four days later, Husayn held Medina in a bitter 3-year siege, during which the people faced food shortages, widespread disease and mass <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fakhri_Pasha" title="Fakhri Pasha">Fakhri Pasha</a>, governor of Medina, tenaciously held on during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">Siege of Medina</a> from 10 June 1916 and refused to surrender and held on another 72 days after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Moudros" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Moudros">Armistice of Moudros</a>, until he was arrested by his own men and the city was taken over by the Sharifate on 10 January 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husayn largely won the war due to his alliance with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>. In anticipation of the plunder and destruction to follow, Fakhri Pasha secretly dispatched the <a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad" title="Relics of Muhammad">Sacred Relics of Muhammad</a> to the Ottoman capital, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1920, the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> described Medina as "much more self-supporting than Mecca."<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero103_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero103-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Great War, the Sharif of Mecca, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Sayyid Hussein bin Ali</a> was proclaimed King of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. Soon after, the people of Medina secretly entered an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> in 1924, and his son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Mohammed bin Abdulaziz</a> conquered Medina as part of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz" title="Saudi conquest of Hejaz">Saudi conquest of Hejaz</a> on 5 December 1925 which gave way to the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> being incorporated into the modern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia">Under the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Under the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> focused more on the expansion of the city and the demolition of former sites that according to them violated <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic principles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">tombs at al-Baqi</a>. Nowadays, the city mostly only holds religious significance and as such, just like Mecca, has given rise to a number of hotels surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a>, which unlike the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_Al-%E1%B8%A4ar%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām">Masjid Al-Ḥarām</a>, is equipped with an underground parking. The old city's walls have been destroyed and replaced with the three <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring roads</a> that encircle Medina today, named in order of length, King Faisal Road, King Abdullah Road and King Khalid Road. Medina's ring roads generally see less traffic overall compared to the four ring roads of Mecca. </p><p> An international airport, named the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammed_Bin_Abdulaziz_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Airport">Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz International Airport</a>, now serves the city and is located on Highway 340, known locally as the Old Qassim Road. The city now sits at the crossroads of two major Saudi Arabian highways, Highway 60, known as the Qassim–Medina Highway, and Highway 15 which connects the city to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in the south and onward and <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a> in the north and onward, known as the Al Hijrah Highway or Al Hijrah Road, after Muhammad's journey. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_from_ISS_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Medina_from_ISS_2017.jpg/220px-Medina_from_ISS_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Medina_from_ISS_2017.jpg/330px-Medina_from_ISS_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Medina_from_ISS_2017.jpg/440px-Medina_from_ISS_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Medina from <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, 2017. Note that North is to the right.</figcaption></figure><p>The old Ottoman railway system was shut down after their departure from the region and the old railway station has now been converted into a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a>. The city has recently seen another connection and mode of transport between it and Mecca, the <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a> line connects the two cities via <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Rabigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in under 3 hours. </p><p>Though the city's sacred core of the old city is off limits to non-Muslims, the <a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Haram area</a> of Medina itself is much smaller than that of Mecca and Medina has recently seen an increase in the number of Muslim and Non-Muslim expatriate workers of other nationalities, most commonly <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> peoples and people from other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>. Almost all of the historic city has been demolished in the Saudi era. The rebuilt city is centered on the vastly expanded <i>al-Masjid an-Nabawi</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_heritage_in_Medina">Destruction of heritage in Medina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Destruction of heritage in Medina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> upholds <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> as its religious ideology,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)"><i>shirk</i></a> (idolatry). As a consequence, under Saudi rule, Medina has suffered from considerable destruction of its physical heritage including the loss of many buildings over a thousand years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have described this as "Saudi vandalism" and claim that 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost in Medina and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> over the last 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">demolition of al-Baqi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Relics_Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sacred_Relics_Train.jpg/220px-Sacred_Relics_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sacred_Relics_Train.jpg/330px-Sacred_Relics_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sacred_Relics_Train.jpg/440px-Sacred_Relics_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The train which <a href="/wiki/Fakhri_Pasha" title="Fakhri Pasha">Fakhri Pasha</a> used to transport the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Relics_(Topkap%C4%B1_Palace)" title="Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)">Sacred Relics</a> from Medina to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_-_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A13_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_-_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A13_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_-_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A13_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_-_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A13_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_-_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A13_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_-_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A13_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_-_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A13_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a> at night. The mountain is currently the highest peak in Medina and stands at 1,077 m (3,533 ft) of elevation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Medina is located in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz region</a> which is a 200 km (120 mi) wide strip between the <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nafud</a> desert and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located approximately 720 km (450 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> which is at the center of the Saudi desert, the city is 250 km (160 mi) away from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">west coast</a> of Saudi Arabia and at an elevation of approximately 620 m (2,030 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>. It lies at 39º36' longitude east and 24º28' latitude north. It covers an area of about 589 km<sup>2</sup> (227 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">sq mi</a>). The city has been divided into twelve districts, 7 of which have been categorized as urban districts, while the other 5 have been categorized as suburban. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Elevation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most cities in the Hejaz region, Medina is situated at a very high elevation. Almost three times as high as Mecca, the city is situated at 620 m (2,030 ft) above sea level. Mount Uhud is the highest peak in Medina and is 1,077 meters (3,533 feet) tall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medina is a <a href="/wiki/Desert_oasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert oasis">desert oasis</a> surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Mountains">Hejaz Mountains</a> and volcanic hills. The soil surrounding Medina consists of mostly <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, while the hills, especially noticeable to the south of the city, are <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> which dates to the first <a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">geological period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> Era. It is surrounded by a number of famous <a href="/wiki/Wareqan_Mountain" title="Wareqan Mountain">mountains</a>, most notably <i>Jabal Al-Hujjaj</i> (The Pilgrims' Mountain) to the west, Sal'aa Mountain to the north-west, <i>Jabal al-'Ir</i> or Caravan Mountain to the south and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a> to the north. The city is situated on a flat mountain plateau at the tripoint of the three valleys (<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a>) of <i>Wadi al 'Aql</i>, <i>Wadi al 'Aqiq</i>, and <i>Wadi al Himdh</i>, for this reason, there are large green areas amidst a dry deserted mountainous region.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Medina falls in a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">hot desert climate</a> region <i><b>(BWh)</b></i>. Summers are extremely hot and dry with daytime temperatures averaging about 43 °C (109 °F) with nights about 29 °C (84 °F). Temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) are not unusual between June and September. Winters are milder, with temperatures from 8 °C (46 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the day. There is very little rainfall, which falls almost entirely between November and May. In summer, the wind is north-western, while in the spring and winters, is south-western. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Medina (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(114.8) </td> <td style="background: #A40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.1<br />(118.6) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td> <td style="background: #9E0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.5<br />(119.3) </td> <td style="background: #BB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.4<br />(115.5) </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5<br />(110.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #DF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8<br />(110.8) </td> <td style="background: #F30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.3<br />(108.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(0.34) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(0.12) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(0.21) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(0.26) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(0.18) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(0.05) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(0.15) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(0.20) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(0.55) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(0.28) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.7<br />(2.35) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<sup id="cite_ref-JRCC_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRCC-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Islam">Significance in Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Significance in Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Muhammad in Medina</a></div><p> Medina's importance as a religious site derives from the presence of two mosques, <i><a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Masjid Quba'a</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></i>. Both of these mosques were built by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> himself. Islamic scriptures emphasize the sacredness of Medina. Medina is mentioned several times in the Quran; two examples are <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/At-Tawbah" title="At-Tawbah">At-Tawbah</a> (verse 101) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hashr" title="Al-Hashr">Al-Hashr</a> (verse 8). <a href="/wiki/Medinan_sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinan sura">Medinan suras</a> are typically longer than their Meccan counterparts and they are also larger in number. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> recorded in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a> that <a href="/wiki/Anas_ibn_Malik" title="Anas ibn Malik">Anas ibn Malik</a> quoted Muhammad as saying: </p><blockquote><p><i>"Medina is a sanctuary from that place to that. Its trees should not be cut and no heresy should be innovated nor any sin should be committed in it, and whoever innovates in it an heresy or commits sins (bad deeds), then he will incur the curse of God, the angels, and all the people."</i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prophet's_Mosque_(al-Masjid_an-Nabawi)"><span id="The_Prophet.27s_Mosque_.28al-Masjid_an-Nabawi.29"></span>The Prophet's Mosque (al-Masjid an-Nabawi)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The Prophet's Mosque (al-Masjid an-Nabawi)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_traditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic traditional">Islamic tradition</a>, a prayer in The Prophet's Mosque equates to 1,000 prayers in any other mosque except the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Al_Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Al Haram"><i>Masjid al-Haram</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where one prayer equates to 100,000 prayers in any other mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque was initially just an open space for prayer with a raised and covered <i><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></i> (pulpit) built within seven months and was located beside Muhammad's <i>rawdhah</i> (residence, although the word literally means garden) to its side along with the houses of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">his wives</a>. The mosque was expanded several times throughout history, with many of its internal features developed over time to suit contemporary standards. </p><p> The modern Prophet's Mosque is famed for the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> situated directly above Muhammad's <i>rawdhah,</i> which currently serves as the burial site for <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr al-Siddiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a> and is used in road signage along with its signature minaret as an icon for Medina itself. The entire piazza of the mosque is shaded from the sun by 250 membrane umbrellas. </p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg/1129px-Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="1129" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg/1694px-Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg/2258px-Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of the Prophet's Mosque, from the east at sunset.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quba'a_Mosque"><span id="Quba.27a_Mosque"></span>Quba'a Mosque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Quba'a Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba'a Mosque</a></div><p> It is <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> to perform <a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">prayer</a> at the Quba'a Mosque. According to a <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i>, Sahl ibn Hunayf reported that Muhammad said, </p><blockquote><p><i>"Whoever purifies himself in his house, then comes to the mosque of Quba' and prays in it, he will have a reward like the Umrah pilgrimage."</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> and in another narration,</p><blockquote><p><i>"Whoever goes out until he comes to this mosque – meaning the Mosque of Quba' – and prays there, that will be equivalent to 'Umrah."</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>It has been recorded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a> that Muhammad used to go to Quba'a every Saturday to offer two <a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">rak'ahs</a> of Sunnah prayer. The mosque at Quba'a was built by Muhammad himself upon his arrival to the old city of Medina. Quba'a and the mosque has been referred in the Qur'an indirectly in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/At-Tawbah" title="At-Tawbah">At-Tawbah</a>, verse 108. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sites">Other sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masjid_al-Qiblatayn">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Masjid al-Qiblatayn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a></div> <p><i>Masjid al-Qiblatayn</i> is another mosque historically important to Muslims. Muslims believe that Muhammad was commanded to change his direction of prayer (<a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a>) from praying toward <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to praying toward the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a> at Mecca, as he was commanded in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">Al-Baqarah</a>, verses 143 and 144.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque is currently being expanded to be able to hold more than 4,000 worshippers.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masjid_al-Fath_and_the_Seven_Mosques">Masjid al-Fath and the Seven Mosques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Masjid al-Fath and the Seven Mosques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Mosques" title="The Seven Mosques">The Seven Mosques</a></div> <p>Three of these historic six mosques were combined recently into the larger Masjid al-Fath with an open courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunni sources contend that there is no <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> or any other evidence to prove that Muhammad may have said something about the virtue of these mosques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Baqi'_Cemetery"><span id="Al-Baqi.27_Cemetery"></span>Al-Baqi' Cemetery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Al-Baqi' Cemetery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi_Cemetery" title="Al-Baqi Cemetery">Al-Baqi Cemetery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">Demolition of al-Baqi'</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi'">Al-Baqi'</a> is a significant cemetery in Medina where several <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">family members of Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholars</a> are known to have been buried.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islamic_eschatology">In Islamic eschatology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In Islamic eschatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_civilization">End of civilization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: End of civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Concerning the end of civilization in Medina, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">recorded to have said</a> that Muhammad said:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"The people will leave Medina in spite of the best state it will have, and none except the wild birds and the beasts of prey will live in it, and the last persons who will die will be two shepherds from the tribe of Muzaina, who will be driving their sheep towards Medina, but will find nobody in it, and when they reach the valley of Thaniyat-al-Wada'h, they will fall down on their faces dead."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (al-Bukhari, Vol. 3, Book 30, Hadith 98)</p></blockquote><p>Sufyan ibn Abu Zuhair said Muhammad said:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"Yemen will be conquered and some people will migrate (from Medina) and will urge their families, and those who will obey them to migrate (to Yemen) although Medina will be better for them; if they but knew. Sham will also be conquered and some people will migrate (from Medina) and will urge their families and those who will obey them, to migrate (to Sham) although Medina will be better for them; if they but knew. 'Iraq will be conquered and some people will migrate (from Medina) and will urge their families and those who will obey them to migrate (to 'Iraq) although Medina will be better for them; if they but knew."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (al-Bukhari, Vol. 3, Book 30, Hadith 99)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protection_from_plague_and_ad-Dajjal_(the_False_Messiah)"><span id="Protection_from_plague_and_ad-Dajjal_.28the_False_Messiah.29"></span>Protection from plague and ad-Dajjal (the False Messiah)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Protection from plague and ad-Dajjal (the False Messiah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a></div> <p>With regards to Medina's protection from plague and ad-Dajjal, the following <i>ahadith</i> were recorded: </p><p> by <a href="/wiki/Nufay_ibn_al-Harith" class="mw-redirect" title="Nufay ibn al-Harith">Abu Bakra</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"The terror caused by <i>Al-Masih Ad-Dajjal</i> will not enter Medina and at that time Medina will have seven gates and there will be two angels at each gate guarding them."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (al-Bukhari, Vol. 3, Book 30, Hadith 103)</p></blockquote><p>by Abu Hurairah:</p><blockquote><p>"There are angels guarding the entrances (or roads) of Medina, neither plague nor Ad-Dajjal will be able to enter it."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (al-Bukhari, Vol. 3, Book 30, Hadith 104)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_Age_Structure_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Medina_Age_Structure_Chart.jpg/220px-Medina_Age_Structure_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Medina_Age_Structure_Chart.jpg/330px-Medina_Age_Structure_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Medina_Age_Structure_Chart.jpg/440px-Medina_Age_Structure_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Medina Sex Pyramid Chart as of 2018<sup id="cite_ref-stats.gov.sa_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats.gov.sa-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2018, the recorded population of Medina province was 2,188,138,<sup id="cite_ref-stats.gov.sa_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats.gov.sa-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a growth rate of 2.32%.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being a destination of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> from around the world, Medina witnesses illegal immigration after performing <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> or <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a>, despite the strict rules the government has enforced. However, the Central Hajj Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud">Prince Khalid bin Faisal</a> stated that the numbers of illegal staying visitors dropped by 29% in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most cities in Saudi Arabia, Islam is the religion followed by the majority of the population of Medina. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> of different schools (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>) constitute the majority, while there is a significant <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> minority in and around Medina, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nakhawila" title="Nakhawila">Nakhawila</a>. Outside the <a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">haram</a>, there are significant numbers of Non-Muslim migrant workers and expats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Medina exhibits a <a href="/wiki/World_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="World culture">cross-cultural</a> environment, a city where people of many <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> live together and interact with each other on a daily basis. This only helps the <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Complex_for_the_Printing_of_the_Holy_Quran" title="King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran">King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran</a>. Established in 1985, the biggest publisher of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> in the world, it employs around 1100 people and publishes 361 different publications in many languages. It is reported that more than 400,000 people from around the world visit the complex every year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every visitor is gifted a free copy of the Qur'an at the end of a tour of the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_arts">Museums and arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Museums and arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Madinah_Museum" title="Al-Madinah Museum">The Al Madinah Museum</a> has several exhibits concerning the cultural and historical heritage of the city featuring different archeological collections, visual galleries and rare images of the old city.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway_Museum" title="Hejaz Railway Museum">Hejaz Railway Museum</a>. The Dar Al Madinah Museum opened in 2011 and it uncovers the history of Medina specializing in the architectural and urban heritage of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no archeology or architecture from the time of Mohammed, except what remains of a few stone defensive towers<sup id="cite_ref-RSEQ_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSEQ-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Qur'an Exhibition houses rare manuscripts of the Quran, along with other exhibitions that encircle the Masjid an-Nabawi.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_Art_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Medina_Art_Center.jpg/220px-Medina_Art_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Medina_Art_Center.jpg/330px-Medina_Art_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Medina_Art_Center.jpg/440px-Medina_Art_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Madinah Arts Center</figcaption></figure> <p>The Madinah Arts Center, founded in 2018 and operated by the MMDA's Cultural Wing, focuses on <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary arts</a>. The center aims to enhance arts and enrich the artistic and cultural movement of society, empowering artists of all groups and ages. As of February 2020, before the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a> measures and <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfews</a>, it held more than 13 group and solo art galleries, along with weekly workshops and discussions. The center is located in King Fahd Park, close to <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a> on an area of 8,200 square meters (88,000 square feet)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the MMDA launched Madinah Forum of Arabic Calligraphy, an annual forum to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a> and renowned Arabic calligraphers. The event includes discussions about Arabic calligraphy, and a gallery to show the work of 50 Arabic calligraphers from 10 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dar al-Qalam Center for Arabic Calligraphy is located to the northwest of the Masjid an-Nabawi, just across the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway_Museum" title="Hejaz Railway Museum">Hejaz Railway Museum</a>. In April 2020, it was announced that the center was renamed the Prince Mohammed bin Salman Center for Arabic Calligraphy, and upgraded to an international hub for Arabic Calligraphers, in conjunction with the "Year of Arabic Calligraphy" event organized by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Culture (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Culture</a> during the years 2020 and 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other projects launched by the MMDA Cultural Wing include the Madinah Forum of Live Sculpture held at Quba Square, with 16 sculptors from 11 countries. The forum aimed to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> as it is an ancient art, and to attract young artists to this form of art.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_-_carreaux_ottomans_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louvre_-_carreaux_ottomans_07.jpg/170px-Louvre_-_carreaux_ottomans_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louvre_-_carreaux_ottomans_07.jpg/255px-Louvre_-_carreaux_ottomans_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louvre_-_carreaux_ottomans_07.jpg/340px-Louvre_-_carreaux_ottomans_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2618" data-file-height="4290" /></a><figcaption>Panel representing the Mosque of Medina. Found in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, 18th century. Composite body, silicate coat, transparent glaze, underglaze painted.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pano1-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pano1-1.jpg/220px-Pano1-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pano1-1.jpg/330px-Pano1-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pano1-1.jpg/440px-Pano1-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport">Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Medina's economy was dependent on the sale of <a href="/wiki/Dates_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dates (fruit)">dates</a> and other agricultural activities. As of 1920, 139 varieties of dates were being grown in the area, along with other <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero83_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero83-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">Religious tourism</a> plays a major part in Medina's economy, being the second holiest city in Islam, and holding many historical Islamic locations, it attracts more than 7 million annual visitors who come to perform <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> during the Hajj season, and <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medina has two industrial areas, the larger one was established in 2003 with a total area of 10,000,000 m<sup>2</sup>, and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Authority_for_Industrial_Cities_and_Technology_Zones" title="Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones">Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones</a> (MODON). It is located 50 km (31 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport">Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz International Airport</a>, and 200 km (120 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Yanbu_Commercial_Port" title="Yanbu Commercial Port">Yanbu Commercial Port</a>, and has 236 factories, which produce petroleum products, building materials, food products, and many other products.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Economic_City,_Medina" title="Knowledge Economic City, Medina">Knowledge Economic City (KEC)</a> is a Saudi Arabian <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a> founded in 2010. It focuses on <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate development</a> and knowledge-based industries.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is under development and is expected to highly increase the number of jobs in Medina by its completion.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Human resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_scholarly_activity">Education and scholarly activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Education and scholarly activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ministry of Education is the governing body of education in the <a href="/wiki/Madinah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinah Province">al-Madinah Province</a> and it operates 724 and 773 public schools for boys and girls respectively throughout the province.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taibah High School is one of the most notable schools in Saudi Arabia. Established in 1942, it was the second-largest school in the country at that time. Saudi ministers and government officials have graduated from this high school.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Higher_education_and_research">Higher education and research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Higher education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taibah_University" title="Taibah University">Taibah University</a> is a public university providing higher education for the residents of the province, it has 28 colleges, of which 16 are in Medina. It offers 89 academic programs and has a strength of 69210 students as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">The Islamic University</a>, established in 1961, is the oldest higher education institution in the region, with around 22000 students enrolled. It offers majors in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, Usul ad-Din, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university offers <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degrees and also <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a> degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The admission is open to Muslims based on scholarships programs that provide accommodation and living expenses. In 2012, the university expanded its programs by establishing the College of Science, which offers <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> majors.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Madinah_College_of_Technology" title="Al-Madinah College of Technology">Al Madinah College of Technology</a>, which is governed by <a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Vocational_Training_Corporation" title="Technical and Vocational Training Corporation">TVTC</a>, offers a variety of degree programs including <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, computer sciences and electronic sciences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (August 2020)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> Private universities at Medina include <a href="/wiki/University_of_Prince_Mugrin" title="University of Prince Mugrin">University of Prince Muqrin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Open_University" title="Arab Open University">Arab Open University</a>, and Al Rayyan Colleges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport">Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Mohammed_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport_at_Noon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Prince_Mohammed_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport_at_Noon.jpg/220px-Prince_Mohammed_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport_at_Noon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Prince_Mohammed_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport_at_Noon.jpg/330px-Prince_Mohammed_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport_at_Noon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Prince_Mohammed_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport_at_Noon.jpg/440px-Prince_Mohammed_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport_at_Noon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Airport</figcaption></figure><p> Medina is served by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport">Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport</a> located off Highway 340. It handles domestic flights, while it has scheduled international services to regional destinations in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. It is the fourth-busiest airport in Saudi Arabia, handling 8,144,790 passengers in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport project was announced as the world's best by <i><a href="/wiki/Engineering_News-Record" title="Engineering News-Record">Engineering News-Record</a>'</i>s 3rd Annual Global Best Projects Competition held on 10 September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-arabian_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabian-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport also received the first <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> (LEED) Gold certificate in the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport receives higher numbers of passengers during the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_Buses_Salam_Road_Stop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Medina_Buses_Salam_Road_Stop.jpg/220px-Medina_Buses_Salam_Road_Stop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Medina_Buses_Salam_Road_Stop.jpg/330px-Medina_Buses_Salam_Road_Stop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Medina_Buses_Salam_Road_Stop.jpg/440px-Medina_Buses_Salam_Road_Stop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A government-run bus in Medina at Salam Rd. Station</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region_Development_Authority" title="Al Madinah Region Development Authority">MMDA</a> announced Darb as-Sunnah (Sunnah Path) Project, which aims to develop and transform the 3 km (1.9 mi) Quba'a Road connecting the Quba'a Mosque to the al-Masjid an-Nabawi to an avenue, paving the whole road for pedestrians and providing service facilities to the visitors. The project also aims to revive the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> where Muhammed used to walk from his house (al-Masjid an-Nabawi) to Quba'a every Saturday afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Medina lies at the junction of two of the most important Saudi highways, Highway 60 and Highway 15. Highway 15 connects Medina to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in the south and onward and <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in the north. Highway 60 connects the city with <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a>, a port city on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qassim Region">Al Qassim</a> in the east. The city is served by three <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring roads</a>: King Faisal Road, a 5 km ring road that surrounds <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a> and the downtown area, King Abdullah Road, a 27 km road that surrounds most of urban Medina and King Khalid Road is the biggest ring road that surrounds the whole city and some rural areas with 60 km of roads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_and_rapid_transit">Bus and rapid transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bus and rapid transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haramain_High_Speed_Railway_Station_in_Medina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Haramain_High_Speed_Railway_Station_in_Medina.jpg/220px-Haramain_High_Speed_Railway_Station_in_Medina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Haramain_High_Speed_Railway_Station_in_Medina.jpg/330px-Haramain_High_Speed_Railway_Station_in_Medina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Haramain_High_Speed_Railway_Station_in_Medina.jpg/440px-Haramain_High_Speed_Railway_Station_in_Medina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a> station at Medina</figcaption></figure> <p>The bus transport system in Medina was established in 2012 by the <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region_Development_Authority" title="Al Madinah Region Development Authority">MMDA</a> and is operated by SAPTCO. The newly established bus system includes 10 lines connecting different regions of the city to <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Masjid an-Nabawi</a> and the downtown area, and serves around 20,000 passengers on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region_Development_Authority" title="Al Madinah Region Development Authority">MMDA</a> launched the Madinah Sightseeing Bus service. <a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top buses</a> take passengers on sightseeing trips throughout the day with two lines and 11 destinations, including Masjid an-Nabawi, <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba'a Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a> and offers audio tour guidance with eight different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region_Development_Authority" title="Al Madinah Region Development Authority">MMDA</a> announced its plan to expand the bus network with 15 <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">BRT</a> lines. The project was set to be done in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region_Development_Authority" title="Al Madinah Region Development Authority">MMDA</a> announced a three-line <a href="/wiki/Medina_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Metro">metro</a> project in extension to the public transportation master plan in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haramain_High-Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain High-Speed Railway">Haramain High-Speed Railway</a></div> <p>The historic Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_railway" title="Hejaz railway">Hejaz railway</a> was abandoned following World War One and the Medina railway station was converted into a museum by the Saudi government. The <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain High Speed Railway (HHR)</a> came into operation in 2018, linking Medina and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and passes through three stations: <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul Aziz International Airport">King Abdul Aziz International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It runs along 444 kilometers (276 miles) with a speed of 300 km/h, and has an annual capacity of 60 million passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Diya" title="Aziz Diya">Aziz Diya</a> (1914–1997), writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمَدِيْنَة ٱلْمُنَوَّرَة</span>, <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah</i></span></i>, "the radiant city"; or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمَدِيْنَة</span></span>, <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Madīnah</i></span></i>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hejazi Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="acw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[almaˈdiːna]</a></span>), "the city"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabq.org/cL3zph">"Fahad Al-Belaihshi Appointed Mayor of Madinah by a Royal Decree (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Sabq Online Newspaper</i>. 7 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412164558/https://sabq.org/cL3zph">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabq+Online+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Fahad+Al-Belaihshi+Appointed+Mayor+of+Madinah+by+a+Royal+Decree+%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabq.org%2FcL3zph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/">"Medina Governorate"</a>. <i>City Population</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204001752/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Medina+Governorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fsaudiarabia%2Fmadina%2F0301__al_mad%25C4%25ABnah_al_munuwarah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/03001__al_mad%C4%ABnah/">"Al-Madīnah (Al-Madīnah al-Munuwarah, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>City Population</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204001751/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/03001__al_mad%C4%ABnah/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Al-Mad%C4%ABnah+%28Al-Mad%C4%ABnah+al-Munuwarah%2C+Medina+Region%2C+Saudi+Arabia%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts%2C+Map%2C+Location%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fsaudiarabia%2Fmadina%2Fal_mad%25C4%25ABnah_al_munuwarah%2F03001__al_mad%25C4%25ABnah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLammens2013" class="citation book cs1">Lammens, H. (2013). <i>Islam: Beliefs and Institutions</i>. Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136994302" title="Special:BookSources/9781136994302"><bdi>9781136994302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Beliefs+and+Institutions&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136994302&rft.aulast=Lammens&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadr2015" class="citation book cs1">Badr, Abdulbasit A. (2015). <i>Madinah, The Enlightened City: History and Landmarks</i>. Madinah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786039041474" title="Special:BookSources/9786039041474"><bdi>9786039041474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madinah%2C+The+Enlightened+City%3A+History+and+Landmarks&rft.place=Madinah&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9786039041474&rft.aulast=Badr&rft.aufirst=Abdulbasit+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/masjid_al_nabawi_at_the_time_of_prophet_muhammad#:~:text=The%20Masjid%20al-Nabawi%20was,after%20his%20arrival%20in%20Medina.">"Masjid an-Nabawi at the time of Prophet Muhammad - Madain Project (En)"</a>. <i>madainproject.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930105440/https://madainproject.com/masjid_al_nabawi_at_the_time_of_prophet_muhammad#:~:text=The%20Masjid%20al-Nabawi%20was,after%20his%20arrival%20in%20Medina.">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madainproject.com&rft.atitle=Masjid+an-Nabawi+at+the+time+of+Prophet+Muhammad+-+Madain+Project+%28En%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fmasjid_al_nabawi_at_the_time_of_prophet_muhammad%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Masjid%2520al-Nabawi%2520was%2Cafter%2520his%2520arrival%2520in%2520Medina.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbida_SamiuddinR._Khanam2002" class="citation book cs1">Abida Samiuddin; R. Khanam, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26"><i>Muslim Feminism and Feminist Movement, Part 1, Volume 1</i></a>. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187746409" title="Special:BookSources/9788187746409"><bdi>9788187746409</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51217777">51217777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Feminism+and+Feminist+Movement%2C+Part+1%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+House&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51217777&rft.isbn=9788187746409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcMHD5WWL7AC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_Al-Laithy2005" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed Al-Laithy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61"><i>What Everyone Should Know about the Qurʼan</i></a>. Garant. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1774-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1774-5"><bdi>978-90-441-1774-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319691554">319691554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Should+Know+about+the+Qur%CA%BCan&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Garant&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319691554&rft.isbn=978-90-441-1774-5&rft.au=Ahmed+Al-Laithy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ShMqiiJbNYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 9 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>Because <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhābism</a> prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, such as the homes and graves of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were demolished under Saudi rule. <a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationists</a> have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and Medina have been razed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+%28Islamic+movement%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._J._Gadd1958" class="citation journal cs1">C. J. Gadd (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642415">"The Harran Inscriptions of Nabonidus"</a>. <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>8</b>: 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642415">10.2307/3642415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642415">3642415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162791503">162791503</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421062943/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642415?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Acf24ec5d1543efefc4bfd7e117098145&seq=41#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Harran+Inscriptions+of+Nabonidus&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162791503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642415%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642415&rft.au=C.+J.+Gadd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamic-awareness.org/history/islam/inscriptions/yathrib1.html">"A Pre-Islamic Nabataean Inscription Mentioning The Place Yathrib"</a>. <i>Islamic Awareness</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405103321/https://www.islamic-awareness.org/history/islam/inscriptions/yathrib1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Awareness&rft.atitle=A+Pre-Islamic+Nabataean+Inscription+Mentioning+The+Place+Yathrib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2Fhistory%2Fislam%2Finscriptions%2Fyathrib1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957317429"><i><></i></a>. Ibn Ḥanbal, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad, 828–903. 'Amman: Bayt al-Afkar al-Dawliyah. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9957-21-049-1" title="Special:BookSources/9957-21-049-1"><bdi>9957-21-049-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957317429">957317429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625073316/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957317429">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3C%3E.&rft.place=%27Amman&rft.pub=Bayt+al-Afkar+al-Dawliyah&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957317429&rft.isbn=9957-21-049-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F957317429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuslim_ibn_al-Ḥajjāj_al-Qushayrī,_approximately_821–875.2019" class="citation book cs1">Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Qushayrī, approximately 821–875. (26 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134530211"><i>Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim : with the full commentary by Imam al-Nawawi</i></a>. Nawawī, ‡d 1233–1277., Salahi, Adil. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86037-786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86037-786-3"><bdi>978-0-86037-786-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1134530211">1134530211</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627001125/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134530211">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5+Muslim+%3A+with+the+full+commentary+by+Imam+al-Nawawi&rft.place=London&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1134530211&rft.isbn=978-0-86037-786-3&rft.au=Muslim+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j+al-Qushayr%C4%AB%2C+approximately+821%E2%80%93875.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1134530211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372–1449-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372–1449_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372–1449_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Ḥajar_al-ʻAsqalānī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAlī,_1372-1449.ابن_حجر_العسقلاني،_أحمد_بن_علي،,_1372–1449.2017" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Ḥajar al-ʻAsqalānī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī, 1372-1449.; ابن حجر العسقلاني، أحمد بن علي،, 1372–1449. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/981125883"><i>Fatḥ al-Bārī : victory of the Creator</i></a>. Williams, Khalid, Waley, M. I. [U.K.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909460-11-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909460-11-9"><bdi>978-1-909460-11-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/981125883">981125883</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627012043/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/981125883">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fat%E1%B8%A5+al-B%C4%81r%C4%AB+%3A+victory+of+the+Creator&rft.place=%5BU.K.%5D&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F981125883&rft.isbn=978-1-909460-11-9&rft.au=Ibn+%E1%B8%A4ajar+al-%CA%BBAsqal%C4%81n%C4%AB%2C+A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB%2C+1372-1449.&rft.au=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%8C%2C+1372%E2%80%931449.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F981125883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyclopedia_1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=326&letter=M">Medina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918092258/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=326&letter=M">Archived</a> 18 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medina-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medina_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medina_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medina_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medina_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Al-Medina." <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for date see "J. Q. R." vii. 175, note</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g., Peters 193; "Qurayza", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muslim sources usually referred to Himyar kings by the dynastic title of "<a href="/wiki/Tubba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubba'">Tubba'</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guillaume 7–9, Peters 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-balagh.net-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-balagh.net_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subhani, <i>The Message</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/the_message/27.htm">The Events of the First Year of Migration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524053521/http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/the_message/27.htm">Archived</a> 24 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For alliances, see Guillaume 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firestone 118. For opinions disputing the early date of the Constitution of Medina, see e.g., Peters 116; "Muhammad", "Encyclopaedia of Islam"; "Kurayza, Banu", "Encyclopaedia of Islam".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelomo Dov Goitein, <i>The Yemenites – History, Communal Organization, Spiritual Life</i> (Selected Studies), editor: Menahem Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem 1983, pp. 288–299. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-235-011-7" title="Special:BookSources/965-235-011-7">965-235-011-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainjameh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainjameh_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506143705/https://madainproject.com/jameh_syed_al_shohada">"Jameh Syed al-Shohada Mosque"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/jameh_syed_al_shohada">the original</a> on 6 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Jameh+Syed+al-Shohada+Mosque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fjameh_syed_al_shohada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, John L. "Islam." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices, edited by Thomas Riggs, vol. 1: Religions and Denominations, Gale, 2006, pp. 349–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955" class="citation cs2">Ibn Ishaq (1955), <i>The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)</i>, translated by A. Guillaume, Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-636033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-636033-1"><bdi>978-0-19-636033-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Muhammad+%28Sirat+Rasul+Allah%29&rft.pages=461-464&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-19-636033-1&rft.au=Ibn+Ishaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WattProphetStatesman-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WattProphetStatesman_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman</i>, p. 172-173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mantran-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mantran_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Mantran, <i>L'expansion musulmane</i> Presses Universitaires de France 1995, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangoor.com/71page33.html">"The Jews of Arabia"</a>. <i>dangoor.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810123722/http://www.dangoor.com/71page33.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dangoor.com&rft.atitle=The+Jews+of+Arabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dangoor.com%2F71page33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=231070">"Harrat Rahat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Harrat+Rahat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D231070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth,C. Edmund: Historic Cities of the Islamic World, p. 385 – "Half-a-century later, in 654/1256, Medina was threatened by a volcanic eruption. After a series of earthquakes, a stream of lava appeared, but fortunately flowed to the east of the town and then northwards."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomel2003" class="citation book cs1">Somel, Selcuk Aksin (13 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&q=medina+mamluks+ottoman&pg=PA172"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810866065" title="Special:BookSources/9780810866065"><bdi>9780810866065</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621181432/https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&q=medina+mamluks+ottoman&pg=PA172">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003-02-13&rft.isbn=9780810866065&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=Selcuk+Aksin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGZQL41tg_oC%26q%3Dmedina%2Bmamluks%2Bottoman%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Francis (1994). <i>Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land</i>. PP376-377. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03267-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03267-X">0-691-03267-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohmed Reda Bhacker (1992). <i>Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: Roots of British Domination</i>. Routledge Chapman & Hall. P63: Following the plunder of Medina in 1810 'when the Prophet's tomb was opened and its jewels and relics sold and distributed among the Wahhabi soldiery'. P122: the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II was at last moved to act against such outrage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero103-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero103_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, G.W. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/103/"><i>Arabia</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165406/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/103/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11767%2Fview%2F1%2F103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowden2005" class="citation news cs1">Howden, Daniel (6 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-Mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-8023992.html">"The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230517/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-8023992.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+destruction+of+Mecca%3A+Saudi+hardliners+are+wiping+out+their+own+heritage&rft.date=2005-08-06&rft.aulast=Howden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fthe-destruction-of-Mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-8023992.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicpluralism.org/764/islamic-heritage-lost-as-Makkah-modernises"><i>Islamic heritage lost as Makkah modernises</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111459/http://www.islamicpluralism.org/764/islamic-heritage-lost-as-makkah-modernises">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Center for Islamic Pluralism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Madinah_40430.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSaudiArabia%2FCSV%2FMadinah_40430.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRCC-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JRCC_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102637/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Madinah.RTF">"Climate Data for Saudi Arabia"</a>. Jeddah Regional Climate Center. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Data+for+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Jeddah+Regional+Climate+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrcc.sa%2Freports_files%2F1985_2010Reports%2FMadinah.RTF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuslim_ibn_al-Ḥajjāj_al-Qushayrī,_approximately_821–8752019" class="citation book cs1">Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Qushayrī, approximately 821–875 (8 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151770048"><i>Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim : with the full commentary by Imam al-Nawawi, Volume two</i></a>. Nawawī, 1233–1277, Salahi, M. A. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86037-767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86037-767-2"><bdi>978-0-86037-767-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151770048">1151770048</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628022754/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151770048">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5+Muslim+%3A+with+the+full+commentary+by+Imam+al-Nawawi%2C+Volume+two&rft.place=London&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151770048&rft.isbn=978-0-86037-767-2&rft.au=Muslim+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j+al-Qushayr%C4%AB%2C+approximately+821%E2%80%93875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1151770048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205125141/http://blog.dawntravels.com/performing-hajj-umrah/">"Place Pilgrims Visit During or After Performing Hajj / Umrah"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muslim.sg&rft.atitle=10+Places+To+Visit+in+Madinah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslim.sg%2Farticles%2F11-places-to-visit-in-madinah%3Ftype%3Darticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukhārī,_Muḥammad_ibn_Ismāʻīl,_810–870.بخاري،_محمد_بن_اسماعيل،,_810–870.1987" class="citation book cs1">Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl, 810–870.; بخاري، محمد بن اسماعيل،, 810–870. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabq+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Al-Faisal+%3A+The+Number+of+Illegal+Staying+Visitors+have+Dropped+by+29%25%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabq.org%2FP4TyhH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qurancomplex.gov.sa/kfgqpc/statist/">"Publications of King Fahd Complex (Arabic)"</a>. <i>King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513044329/https://qurancomplex.gov.sa/kfgqpc/statist/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King+Fahd+Complex+for+the+Printing+of+the+Holy+Quran&rft.atitle=About+King+Fahd+Complex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqurancomplex.gov.sa%2Fkfgqpc%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501211056/https://www.sauditourism.sa/en/aboutKSA/CultureAndHistory/Museums/Pages/AlmadinahMuseum.aspx">"Al Madinah Museum"</a>. <i>sauditourism.sa</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sauditourism.sa&rft.atitle=Al+Madinah+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsauditourism.sa%2Fen%2FaboutKSA%2FCultureAndHistory%2FMuseums%2FPages%2FAlmadinahMuseum.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlhamdan2016" class="citation web cs1">Alhamdan, Shahd (2016-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/147128">"Museum offers insight into history of Madinah"</a>. <i>Saudigazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206012625/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/147128">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudigazette&rft.atitle=Museum+offers+insight+into+history+of+Madinah&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft.aulast=Alhamdan&rft.aufirst=Shahd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaudigazette.com.sa%2Farticle%2F147128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSEQ-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSEQ_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Schick, <i>Archaeology and the Quran</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/saudi-arabia/medina/attractions/holy-quran-exhibition/a/poi-sig/1611055/1341228">"Holy Quran Exhibition | Medina, Saudi Arabia Attractions"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804133829/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/saudi-arabia/medina/attractions/holy-quran-exhibition/a/poi-sig/1611055/1341228">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Holy+Quran+Exhibition+%7C+Medina%2C+Saudi+Arabia+Attractions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Fmedina%2Fattractions%2Fholy-quran-exhibition%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1611055%2F1341228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6042035/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D9%8A-/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9">"MMDA Opens Medina Arts Center (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Al-Yaum Newspaper</i>. 17 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803214431/https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6042035/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D9%8A-/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Yaum+Newspaper&rft.atitle=MMDA+Opens+Medina+Arts+Center+%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alyaum.com%2Farticles%2F6042035%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A3%25D9%258A-%2F%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9%2F%25D9%2587%25D9%258A%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-madina.com/article/571879">"Madinah Forum of Arabic Calligraphy (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Al-Madina Newspaper</i>. May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Madina+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Madinah+Forum+of+Arabic+Calligraphy+%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-madina.com%2Farticle%2F571879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=2079635">"Prince Mohammed bin Salman Center of Arabic Calligraphy (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Saudi Press Agency</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803212302/https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=2079635">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=Prince+Mohammed+bin+Salman+Center+of+Arabic+Calligraphy+%28Arabic%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spa.gov.sa%2Fviewstory.php%3Flang%3Dar%26newsid%3D2079635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spa.gov.sa/1750319">"16 Sculptors Participate in Madinah Forum of Live Sculpture (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Saudi Press Agency</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223222321/https://www.spa.gov.sa/1750319">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=16+Sculptors+Participate+in+Madinah+Forum+of+Live+Sculpture+%28Arabic%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spa.gov.sa%2F1750319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero83-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero83_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, G. W. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/"><i>Arabia</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051942/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11767%2Fview%2F1%2F83%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haj.gov.sa/ar/InternalPageCategories/Details/49">"منصة البيانات المفتوحة"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205195331/https://haj.gov.sa/ar/InternalPageCategories/Details/49">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaj.gov.sa%2Far%2FInternalPageCategories%2FDetails%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modon.gov.sa/ar/Cities/IndustrialCities/Pages/IndustrialCity.aspx?CityId=5ab5a824-f7fc-4658-8d09-b8291cf70412">"المدينة الصناعية بالمدينة المنورة"</a>. Modon.gov.sa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804003535/https://modon.gov.sa/ar/Cities/IndustrialCities/Pages/IndustrialCity.aspx?CityId=5ab5a824-f7fc-4658-8d09-b8291cf70412">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.pub=Modon.gov.sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodon.gov.sa%2Far%2FCities%2FIndustrialCities%2FPages%2FIndustrialCity.aspx%3FCityId%3D5ab5a824-f7fc-4658-8d09-b8291cf70412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205200832/https://madinahkec.com/en/background/">"Background"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madinahkec.com/en/background/">the original</a> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadinahkec.com%2Fen%2Fbackground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1830/Economic_cities_a_rise.html">Economic cities a rise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924053753/http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1830/Economic_cities_a_rise.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205210834/https://edu.moe.gov.sa/Madinah/About/Pages/Statistics.aspx">"Number of Schools in Medina (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Madinah General Administration of Education</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.moe.gov.sa/Madinah/About/Pages/Statistics.aspx">the original</a> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madinah+General+Administration+of+Education&rft.atitle=Number+of+Schools+in+Medina+%28Arabic%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.moe.gov.sa%2FMadinah%2FAbout%2FPages%2FStatistics.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-madina.com/article/13791/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84">"History of Taibah High School (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Al-Madina Newspaper</i>. 4 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205210835/https://www.al-madina.com/article/13791/%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D8%25A1-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D9%2588%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Madina+Newspaper&rft.atitle=History+of+Taibah+High+School+%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-madina.com%2Farticle%2F13791%2F%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D8%25A1-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D9%2588%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taibahu.edu.sa/Pages/en/CustomPage.aspx?ID=47">"About Taibah University"</a>. <i>Taibah University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205210835/https://www.taibahu.edu.sa/Pages/en/CustomPage.aspx%3FID%3D47">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taibah+University&rft.atitle=About+Taibah+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taibahu.edu.sa%2FPages%2Fen%2FCustomPage.aspx%3FID%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113050828/http://www.saudinf.com/main/j42.htm">University of Madinah</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Saudi Info.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4icu.org/reviews/4170.htm">"University of Madinah"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205210843/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4170.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Madinah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4icu.org%2Freviews%2F4170.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.com/744376">"The Islamic University Starts the Admission for Science Programs for the First Time (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Al-Riyadh Newspaper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016120625/http://www.alriyadh.com/744376">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Riyadh+Newspaper&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+University+Starts+the+Admission+for+Science+Programs+for+the+First+Time+%28Arabic%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.com%2F744376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713073305/http://www.tavyatirimciiliskileri.com/en-EN/Documents/Dec_2018.pdf">"TAV Traffic Results 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tavyatirimciiliskileri.com/en-EN/Documents/Dec_2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TAV+Traffic+Results+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tavyatirimciiliskileri.com%2Fen-EN%2FDocuments%2FDec_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabian-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arabian_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianaerospace.aero/tav-have-constructed-the-world-s-best-airport.html">"Arabian Aerospace – TAV have constructed the world's best airport"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206024526/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/tav-have-constructed-the-world-s-best-airport.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabian+Aerospace+%E2%80%93+TAV+have+constructed+the+world%27s+best+airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianaerospace.aero%2Ftav-have-constructed-the-world-s-best-airport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enr.construction.com/opinions/blogs/criticalpath.asp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=e5d6bf65-a8cc-4d60-b270-dbc0dd1a999a&plckPostId=Blog:e5d6bf65-a8cc-4d60-b270-dbc0dd1a999aPost:25bc7b33-a207-4924-b584-145500911967&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest">"ENR Announces Winners of 3rd Annual Global Best Projects Competition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928233056/http://enr.construction.com/opinions/blogs/criticalpath.asp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=e5d6bf65-a8cc-4d60-b270-dbc0dd1a999a&plckPostId=Blog%3ae5d6bf65-a8cc-4d60-b270-dbc0dd1a999aPost%3a25bc7b33-a207-4924-b584-145500911967&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENR+Announces+Winners+of+3rd+Annual+Global+Best+Projects+Competition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenr.construction.com%2Fopinions%2Fblogs%2Fcriticalpath.asp%3FplckController%3DBlog%26plckBlogPage%3DBlogViewPost%26newspaperUserId%3De5d6bf65-a8cc-4d60-b270-dbc0dd1a999a%26plckPostId%3DBlog%3Ae5d6bf65-a8cc-4d60-b270-dbc0dd1a999aPost%3A25bc7b33-a207-4924-b584-145500911967%26plckScript%3DblogScript%26plckElementId%3DblogDest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023423/http://www.tibahairports.com/en-EN/pressroom/Pages/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?pid=17">"PressReleaseDetail"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibahairports.com/en-EN/pressroom/Pages/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?pid=17">the original</a> on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PressReleaseDetail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibahairports.com%2Fen-EN%2Fpressroom%2FPages%2FPressReleaseDetail.aspx%3Fpid%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-madina.com/article/401608">"Darb Al-Sunnah Project (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Al-Madinah Newspaper</i>. 9 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803201415/https://www.al-madina.com/article/401608">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Madinah+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Darb+Al-Sunnah+Project+%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-madina.com%2Farticle%2F401608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madinabuses.mda.gov.sa">"Madina Buses Official (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Madina Buses Official Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603050406/https://madinabuses.mda.gov.sa/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madina+Buses+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Madina+Buses+Official+%28Arabic%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadinabuses.mda.gov.sa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makkahnewspaper.com/article/1103561/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF/20-%D8%A3%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9">"Medina Buses Serves 20k Passengers Daily (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Makkah Newspaper</i>. 19 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206010400/https://makkahnewspaper.com/article/1103561/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF/20-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF-%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Makkah+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Medina+Buses+Serves+20k+Passengers+Daily+%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmakkahnewspaper.com%2Farticle%2F1103561%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%2F20-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF-%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csmadinah.com/en/">"City Sightseeing Medina"</a>. <i>City Sightseeing Medina Official Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206010401/http://csmadinah.com/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Sightseeing+Medina+Official+Website&rft.atitle=City+Sightseeing+Medina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsmadinah.com%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/1032422/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/36-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-15-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9">"36 Months to Create 15 Bus Lines in Medina (Arabic)"</a>. <i>Al-Watan Newspaper</i>. 31 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231155133/https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/1032422/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/36-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-15-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Watan+Newspaper&rft.atitle=36+Months+to+Create+15+Bus+Lines+in+Medina+%28Arabic%29&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alwatan.com.sa%2Farticle%2F1032422%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%2F36-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-15-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aawsat.com/home/article/326216/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B0-3-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%D9%88200-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA">"MMDA Announces a 3-line Metro Project in Medina(Arabic)"</a>. <i>Asharq Al-Awsat Newspaper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205221221/https://aawsat.com/home/article/326216/%25D9%2587%25D9%258A%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25B0-3-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B7-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588-%25D9%2588200-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asharq+Al-Awsat+Newspaper&rft.atitle=MMDA+Announces+a+3-line+Metro+Project+in+Medina%28Arabic%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faawsat.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F326216%2F%25D9%2587%25D9%258A%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25B0-3-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B7-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588-%25D9%2588200-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/pictures-saudi-arabia-opens-high-speed-railway-to-public-1.2289006">"Pictures: Saudi Arabia opens high-speed railway to public"</a>. <i>gulfnews.com</i>. 12 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904120551/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/pictures-saudi-arabia-opens-high-speed-railway-to-public-1.2289006">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Pictures%3A+Saudi+Arabia+opens+high-speed+railway+to+public&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Fsaudi%2Fpictures-saudi-arabia-opens-high-speed-railway-to-public-1.2289006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205221212/https://sar.hhr.sa/sites/sro/Pages/en-us/AboutUs/OrganizationalInformation/MissionVision.aspx">"About Haramain High Speed Rail"</a>. <i>Official Haramain High Speed Rail Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sar.hhr.sa/sites/sro/Pages/en-us/AboutUs/OrganizationalInformation/MissionVision.aspx">the original</a> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Haramain+High+Speed+Rail+Website&rft.atitle=About+Haramain+High+Speed+Rail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsar.hhr.sa%2Fsites%2Fsro%2FPages%2Fen-us%2FAboutUs%2FOrganizationalInformation%2FMissionVision.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Badr, Abdulbasit A. (2013). <i>Madinah, The Enlightened City: History and Landmarks.</i> Medina: Al-Madinah Al Munawwarah Research & Studies Center. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-90414-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-90414-7-4">978-603-90414-7-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiur_Rahman_Mubarakpuri" title="Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri">Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman</a> (2004). <i>The History of Madinah Munawwarah.</i> Riyadh: Darussalam Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-996-08921-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-996-08921-1-5">978-996-08921-1-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medina" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Medina">Medina</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Medina#Q35484" class="extiw" title="voy:Medina">Medina</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Medina"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Medina">"Medina" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medina&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artofhajj.com/en/collections/c012">Medina (online exhibition as part of "Hajj: a cultural history")</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pre-Islamic_times">People of Yathrib</a> or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pre-Islamic_times">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Main_Saudi_Arabian_cities_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_cities" title="Template:Saudi cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_cities" title="Template talk:Saudi cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Main_Saudi_Arabian_cities_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Main Saudi Arabian cities</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Mushait" title="Khamis Mushait">Khamis Mushait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Taif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000-999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al-Kharj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil" title="Ḥaʼil">Ḥaʼil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafar_al-Batin" title="Hafar al-Batin">Hafar al-Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar" title="Khobar">Khobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><300,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bahah" title="Al Bahah">Al Bahah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Lith" title="Al Lith">Al Lith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah" title="Al Majma'ah">Al Majma'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah" title="Al Qunfudhah">Al Qunfudhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Arar, Saudi Arabia">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq" title="Abqaiq">Abqaiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareq" title="Bareq">Bareq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisha" title="Bisha">Bisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duba,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Duba, Saudi Arabia">Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakakah" title="Sakakah">Sakakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafji" title="Khafji">Khafji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Tanura" title="Ras Tanura">Ras Tanura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaizah" title="Unaizah">Unaizah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu' al Bahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/">cdsi.gov.sa</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_Medina_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medina_Region" title="Template:Medina Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medina_Region" title="Template talk:Medina Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medina_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medina Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_Medina_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Flag of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Medina_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Region">Medina Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Capital:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhiba" title="Abu Dhiba">Abu Dhiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Shay%C5%A3%C4%81nah" title="Abū Shayţānah">Abū Shayţānah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyar_%27Ali" title="Abyar 'Ali">Abyar 'Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dulu%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Dulu`">Ad Dulu`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_%60Awali" class="mw-redirect" title="Al `Awali">Al `Awali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_%60Uqul" class="mw-redirect" title="Al `Uqul">Al `Uqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_%60Uyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al `Uyun">Al `Uyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Akhal" title="Al Akhal">Al Akhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bardiyah" title="Al Bardiyah">Al Bardiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Biqa%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Biqa`">Al Biqa`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bustan,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Al Bustan, Saudi Arabia">Al Bustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Faqirah" title="Al Faqirah">Al Faqirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Furaysh" title="Al Furaysh">Al Furaysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hafirah,_Al_Madinah" title="Al Hafirah, Al Madinah">Al Hafirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_jafr" title="Al jafr">Al jafr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hamra%27,_Al_Madinah" title="Al Hamra', Al Madinah">Al Hamra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jabriyah" title="Al Jabriyah">Al Jabriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jissah" title="Al Jissah">Al Jissah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Kharma%27" title="Al Kharma'">Al Kharma'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Madiq,_Al_Madinah" title="Al Madiq, Al Madinah">Al Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Malbanah" title="Al Malbanah">Al Malbanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mufrihat" title="Al Mufrihat">Al Mufrihat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Multasa" title="Al Multasa">Al Multasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Musayjid" title="Al Musayjid">Al Musayjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wuday" title="Al Wuday">Al Wuday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sadayir" title="As Sadayir">As Sadayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Safra%27" title="As Safra'">As Safra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sidr" class="mw-redirect" title="As Sidr">As Sidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sudayrah,_Al_Madinah" title="As Sudayrah, Al Madinah">As Sudayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sumariyah" title="As Sumariyah">As Sumariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Suwayriqiyah" title="As Suwayriqiyah">As Suwayriqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shufayyah" title="Ash Shufayyah">Ash Shufayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Asira, Saudi Arabia">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Hunayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Badr Hunayn">Badr Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baq%60a%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Baq`a'">Baq`a'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barka,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Barka, Saudi Arabia">Barka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartiyah" title="Bartiyah">Bartiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%27r_al_Mashi" title="Bi'r al Mashi">Bi'r al Mashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkah" title="Birkah">Birkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Far`">Far`</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fara%60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fara` (page does not exist)">Fara`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fiji, Saudi Arabia">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthiyah" title="Harthiyah">Harthiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasa,_Al_Madinah" title="Hasa, Al Madinah">Hasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haylat_Radi_al_Baham" title="Haylat Radi al Baham">Haylat Radi al Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayniyah" title="Husayniyah">Husayniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadidah" title="Jadidah">Jadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayf_Fadil" title="Khayf Fadil">Khayf Fadil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madinat_Yanbu%60_as_Sina%60iyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinat Yanbu` as Sina`iyah">Madinat Yanbu` as Sina`iyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madsus" title="Madsus">Madsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafraq,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mafraq, Saudi Arabia">Mafraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahattat_al_Hafah" title="Mahattat al Hafah">Mahattat al Hafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrah" title="Maqrah">Maqrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqshush" title="Maqshush">Maqshush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahili" title="Masahili">Masahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawarah" title="Mawarah">Mawarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milhah" title="Milhah">Milhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nujayl" title="Nujayl">Nujayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaba%27" title="Qaba'">Qaba'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiran,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Qiran, Saudi Arabia">Qiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayyis" title="Rayyis">Rayyis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabil,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sabil, Saudi Arabia">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%60tha%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha`tha'">Sha`tha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Hamzah" title="Sidi Hamzah">Sidi Hamzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanah,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sultanah, Saudi Arabia">Sultanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suq_Suwayq" title="Suq Suwayq">Suq Suwayq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqubiya" title="Suqubiya">Suqubiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwadah" title="Suwadah">Suwadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasitah" title="Wasitah">Wasitah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbu%60_al_Bahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanbu` al Bahr">Yanbu` al Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%60Ajmiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="`Ajmiyah">`Ajmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%60Alya%27" class="mw-redirect" title="`Alya'">`Alya'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Urwah,_Saudi_Arabia" title="'Urwah, Saudi Arabia">`Urwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%60Ushash" class="mw-redirect" title="`Ushash">`Ushash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%60Ushayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="`Ushayrah">`Ushayrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35484#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157115328">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213531/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMdTHxq8hCxYrFjFkqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4038240-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81058909">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969226h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969226h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629324">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Medina (Saúdská Arábie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129987&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457004">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564192205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/cf31eb04-27c0-4157-95b4-4290588a4246">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/814688">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027707296">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/medine">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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