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cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pangunahing pagpipilian</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Natatanging_mga_pahina"><span>Natatanging pahina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> 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type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Portipikasyon" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Portipikasyon" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Portipikasyon" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Portipikasyon" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bibliograpiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_panlabas_na_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_panlabas_na_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mga panlabas na link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_panlabas_na_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Talaan ng mga Nilalaman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portipikasyon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 80 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%86" title="حصن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87" title="قلعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortificaci%C3%B3n" title="Fortificación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fortificación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukara" title="Pukara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pukara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stehkam" title="İstehkam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstehkam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befestigungswesn" title="Befestigungswesn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Befestigungswesn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Абарончае збудаванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абарончае збудаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фартыфікацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фартыфікацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="किला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="किला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="দুর্গপ্রাকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুর্গপ্রাকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Бэхилэлтэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бэхилэлтэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortificaci%C3%B3" title="Fortificació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fortificació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opevn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Opevnění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opevnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Фортификаци хапавĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фортификаци хапавĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amddiffynfa" title="Amddiffynfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amddiffynfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befestigung" title="Befestigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Befestigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%87%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Οχύρωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οχύρωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fortification" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortika%C4%B5o" title="Fortikaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fortikaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortificaci%C3%B3n" title="Fortificación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fortificación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort" title="Fort – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fort" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotorleku" title="Gotorleku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gotorleku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="استحکامات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استحکامات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnoitus" title="Linnoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linnoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fortification" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daingni%C3%BA" title="Daingniú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daingniú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B" title="કિલ્લો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કિલ્લો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ביצורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביצורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="किलाबंदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किलाबंदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utvrdno_graditeljstvo" title="Utvrdno graditeljstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Utvrdno graditeljstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%91d%C3%ADtm%C3%A9ny" title="Erődítmény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erődítmény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆորտիֆիկացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆորտիֆիկացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fortification" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benteng" title="Benteng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benteng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortreso" title="Fortreso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fortreso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virki" title="Virki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Virki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortificazione" title="Fortificazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fortificazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%89%E5%9F%8E_(%E5%9F%8E)" title="築城 (城) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="築城 (城)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="საფორტიფიკაციო ნაგებობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფორტიფიკაციო ნაგებობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೋಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೋಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%A4" title="방어시설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방어시설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortalitia" title="Fortalitia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fortalitia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortres" title="Fortres – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fortres" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocietin%C4%81jums" title="Nocietinājums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nocietinājums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B6%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Бэхжүүлэлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бэхжүүлэлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="दुर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkubuan" title="Perkubuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkubuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ခံတပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခံတပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80" title="गढी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गढी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोट मण्डल, नेल्लोर जिल्ला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोट मण्डल, नेल्लोर जिल्ला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortificatie" title="Fortificatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fortificatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortificacion" title="Fortificacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fortificacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortyfikacja" title="Fortyfikacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fortyfikacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="قلعہ بندی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قلعہ بندی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukara" title="Pukara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pukara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifica%C8%9Bie" title="Fortificație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fortificație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Фортификационное сооружение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фортификационное сооружение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca" title="Rocca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rocca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifikacija" title="Fortifikacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fortifikacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="බලකොටුකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බලකොටුකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fortification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opevnenie" title="Opevnenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opevnenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifikacija" title="Fortifikacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fortifikacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhare" title="Nhare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nhare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifikimi" title="Fortifikimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fortifikimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тврђава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тврђава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuta" title="Kuta – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kuta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bef%C3%A4stning" title="Befästning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Befästning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="கோட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F" title="కోట – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కోట" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ป้อมสนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ป้อมสนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahkimat" title="Tahkimat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tahkimat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фортифікація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фортифікація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="قلعہ بندی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلعہ بندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudofaa_inshootlari" title="Mudofaa inshootlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mudofaa inshootlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Công sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công sự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestienge" title="Vestienge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vestienge" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%8B" title="防御工事 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="防御工事" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%8B" title="防御工事 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="防御工事" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E7%A6%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%8B" title="防禦工事 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="防禦工事" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57821#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portipikasyon" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Portipikasyon" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57821" title="Link sa nakakonektang item sa repositoryo ng datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Item na Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><p>Ang <b>portipikasyon</b> o <b>pinatibay na estruktura</b> ay isang <a href="/wiki/Konstruksiyon" title="Konstruksiyon">konstruksiyong</a> <a href="/wiki/Hukbo" title="Hukbo">militar</a> na idinisenyo para sa pagtatanggol ng mga teritoryo sa <a href="/wiki/Digmaan" title="Digmaan">digmaan</a>, at ginagamit upang magtatag ng pamamahala sa isang rehiyon sa panahon ng kapayapaan. Ang termino ay nagmula sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">Latin</a> na <i>fortis</i> ("malakas") at <i>facere</i> ("gumawa").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg/220px-Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg/330px-Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg/440px-Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5484" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastilyo_ng_San_Felipe_de_Barajas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastilyo ng San Felipe de Barajas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kastilyo ng San Felipe de Barajas</a>, Colombia. Ang kolonyal na napapaderang lungsod at kuta ng <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> ay itinalagang <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook" title="Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook">Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook</a> ng <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/330px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/440px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastilyo_Maiden,_Dorset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastilyo Maiden, Dorset (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kastilyo Maiden</a> noong 1935. Ang <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Bakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Bakal">Panahon ng Bakal</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuta_sa_burol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuta sa burol (hindi pa naisusulat)">kuta sa burol</a> ay unang itinayo noong 600 BK.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Aerial_photo_of_the_Valletta_City_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aerial_photo_of_the_Valletta_City_Gate.jpg/250px-Aerial_photo_of_the_Valletta_City_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aerial_photo_of_the_Valletta_City_Gate.jpg/330px-Aerial_photo_of_the_Valletta_City_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aerial_photo_of_the_Valletta_City_Gate.jpg/500px-Aerial_photo_of_the_Valletta_City_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption> Maagang ika-20 siglong retrato ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_portipikasyon_ng_Valletta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga portipikasyon ng Valletta (hindi pa naisusulat)">portipikasyon ng Valletta</a>, Malta na itinayo noong ika-16 at ika-17 siglo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:NIMH_-_2155_011971_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Fort_Vossegat,_Utrecht,_The_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NIMH_-_2155_011971_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Fort_Vossegat%2C_Utrecht%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/220px-NIMH_-_2155_011971_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Fort_Vossegat%2C_Utrecht%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NIMH_-_2155_011971_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Fort_Vossegat%2C_Utrecht%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/330px-NIMH_-_2155_011971_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Fort_Vossegat%2C_Utrecht%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NIMH_-_2155_011971_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Fort_Vossegat%2C_Utrecht%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/440px-NIMH_-_2155_011971_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Fort_Vossegat%2C_Utrecht%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption> Retrato sa himpapawid ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Vossegat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Vossegat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Fort Vossegat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Vossegat" class="extiw" title="nl:Fort Vossegat">nl</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, Netherlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mula sa napakaagang kasaysayan hanggang sa makabagong panahon, ang mga <a href="/wiki/Nagsasanggalang_na_pader" title="Nagsasanggalang na pader">nagsasanggalang na pader</a> ay madalas na kinakailangan para sa mga lungsod upang mabuhay sa isang pabago-bagong mundo ng pagsalakay at pananakop. Ang ilang mga pamayanan sa <a href="/wiki/Kabihasnan_ng_Lambak_ng_Indo" title="Kabihasnan ng Lambak ng Indo">Kabihasnan ng Lambak ng Indo</a> ay ang unang maliliit na lungsod na pinatibay. Sa <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Gresya" title="Sinaunang Gresya">sinaunang Gresya</a>, ang malalaking batong pader ay itinayo sa <a href="/wiki/Gresyang_Myceneo" title="Gresyang Myceneo">Gresyang Myceneo</a>, tulad ng sinaunang lugar ng <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> (kilala sa malalaking bloke ng bato ng mga '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masoneriyang_siklopea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masoneriyang siklopea (hindi pa naisusulat)">siklopea</a>' na pader nito). Ang Griyegong <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_bayan_ng_sinaunang_Gresya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga bayan ng sinaunang Gresya (hindi pa naisusulat)">phrourion</a></i> ay isang pinatibay na koleksiyon ng mga gusali na ginamit bilang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garison (hindi pa naisusulat)">garison</a> ng militar, at ito ay katumbas ng <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">Romanong</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castellum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castellum (hindi pa naisusulat)">castellum</a> o kuta. Ang mga konstruksiyon na ito ay pangunahing nagsilbi sa layunin ng isang toreng pantanaw, upang bantayan ang ilang mga kalsada, daanan, at mga hangganan. Kahit na mas maliit kaysa isang tunay na kuta, kumilos ito bilang isang guwardiya sa hangganan sa halip na isang tunay na kuta upang bantayan at mapanatili ang hangganan. </p><p>Ang sining ng pagtatayo ng isang kampo ng militar o pagtatayo ng isang kuta ayon sa kaugalian ay tinatawag na "kastrametasyon" mula pa noong panahon ng mga <a href="/wiki/Lehiyong_Romano" title="Lehiyong Romano">Romanong lehiyon</a>. Ang portipikasyon ay karaniwang nahahati sa dalawang sangay: permanenteng portipikasyon at portipikasyon sa kaparangan. Mayroon ding intermedyang sangay na kilala bilang malapermanent portipikasyon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastilyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastilyo (hindi pa naisusulat)">kastilyo</a> ay mga kuta na itinuturing na naiiba sa karaniwan na kuta o kuta dahil ang mga ito ay tirahan ng isang <a href="/wiki/Monarko" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarko">monarko</a> o <a href="/wiki/Hadlika" title="Hadlika">hadlika</a> at namumuno sa isang partikular na teritoryong nagtatanggol. </p><p>Ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castra (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanong kuta</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burol_na_kuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burol na kuta (hindi pa naisusulat)">burol na kuta</a> ay ang mga pangunahing nauna sa mga kastilyo sa Europa, na lumitaw noong ika-9 na siglo sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperyong_Carolingio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperyong Carolingio (hindi pa naisusulat)">Imperyong Carolingio</a>. Nakita sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maagang_Gitnang_Kapanahunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maagang Gitnang Kapanahunan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Maagang Gitnang Kapanahunan</a> ang paglikha ng ilang mga bayan na itinayo sa paligid ng mga kastilyo. </p><p>Ang mga kuta sa estilong medyebal ay higit na ginawang hindi na ginagamit sa pagdating ng mga <a href="/wiki/Kanyon" class="mw-disambig" title="Kanyon">kanyon</a> noong ika-14 na siglo. Ang mga kuta sa edad ng <a href="/wiki/Pulbura" title="Pulbura">itim na pulbura</a> ay nagbago sa mas mababang mga estruktura na may higit na paggamit ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukay_(portipikasyon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukay (portipikasyon) (hindi pa naisusulat)">hukay</a> at mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampart (hindi pa naisusulat)">rampart</a> sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gawain_sa_lupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gawain sa lupa (hindi pa naisusulat)">lupa</a> na humihigop at magpapakalat ng enerhiya ng putok ng kanyon. Ang mga pader na nakalantad sa direktang putok ng kanyon ay lubhang mahina, kaya ang mga pader ay inilubog sa mga kanal na nasa harap ng mga dalisdis ng lupa upang mapabuti ang pagsanggalang. </p><p>Ang pagdating ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obus (hindi pa naisusulat)">sumasagob na obus</a> noong ika-19 na siglo ay humantong sa isa pang yugto sa ebolusyon ng portipikasyon. Ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portipikasyong_bastion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portipikasyong bastion (hindi pa naisusulat)">portipikasyong bastion</a> ay hindi naging maayos laban sa mga bisa ng matataas na pampasabog, at ang masalimuot na kaayusan ng mga balwarte, mga umaaligid na baterya at ang maingat na pagkakagawa ng mga linya ng apoy para sa nagtatanggol na kanyon ay maaaring mabilis na maputol ng mga paputok na bala. Ang mga <a href="/wiki/Asero" class="mw-redirect" title="Asero">bakal</a>-at-<a href="/wiki/Kongkreto" title="Kongkreto">kongkretong</a> kuta ay karaniwan noong ika-19 at unang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo. Ang mga pagsulong sa modernong pakikidigma mula noong <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> ay nagpawalang-bisa sa malalaking kuta sa karamihan ng mga sitwasyon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliograpiya">Bibliograpiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portipikasyon&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Bibliograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portipikasyon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliograpiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hulyo, Robert <i>Pre-Colonial Africa</i>, Charles Scribner, 1975.</li> <li>Murray, Nicholas. "The Development of Fortifications", <i>The Encyclopedia of War</i>, Gordon Martel (ed. ). WileyBlackwell, 2011.</li> <li>Murray, Nicholas. <i>The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914</i> . Potomac Books Inc. (isang imprint ng University of Nebraska Press), 2013.</li> <li>Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson, "The Military System of Benin Kingdom 1440–1897", (UD), Hamburg University: 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2001/544/pdf/Disse.pdf">copy</a> .</li> <li>Thornton, John Kelly <i>Warfare sa Atlantic Africa</i>, 1500–1800, Routledge: 1999,<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/1857283937" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/1857283937">1857283937</a> .</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_panlabas_na_link">Mga panlabas na link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portipikasyon&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga panlabas na link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portipikasyon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mga panlabas na link"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsgfort.com">Fortress Study Group</a></li> <li>Military Architecture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icofort.org">ICOFORT</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padron:Fortifications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padron:Fortifications (hindi pa naisusulat)">Padron:Fortifications</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padron:Stonemasonry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padron:Stonemasonry (hindi pa naisusulat)">Padron:Stonemasonry</a> </p> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1911_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1911_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1911">Jackson 1911</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFJackson1911 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portipikasyon&oldid=2042292">https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portipikasyon&oldid=2042292</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_kategorya" title="Natatangi:Mga kategorya">Kategorya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Militar" title="Kategorya:Militar">Militar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Nakatagong kategorya: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Huling pagbabago: 08:21, 12 Setyembre 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Magagamit ang teksto sa ilalim ng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Lisensyang Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike</a>; maaaring mailapat ang karagdagang termino. 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