Philip C. Johnson | Academy of Achievement

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Johnson | Academy of Achievement</title> <meta name="description" content=""To be in the presence of a great work of architecture is such a satisfaction that you can go hungry for days. To create a feeling such as mine in Chartres Cathedral when I was 13 is the aim of architecture." Philip Johnson didn't begin formal study of architecture until he was 34 years old, but he had already made an impact as the first director of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and as co-author of The International Style, the book that gave a name to the movement that dominated world architecture for the next 50 years. Not content to be the foremost American publicist of the movement, Johnson soon became its foremost American practitioner. Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Johnson delighted some and outraged others with sleek modern designs like those of his celebrated Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, the Seagram Building (a collaboration with his mentor, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) in New York, and the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California. In his 70s, with a long, successful career behind him, Johnson shocked critics and colleagues alike by a sudden shift to the new "postmodern" style associated with a far younger group of architects. Johnson's design for the AT&T headquarters in New York City is one of the most celebrated works of the new school. When he was young, Philip Johnson dreamed of writing the history of architecture, and so he did, but who dreamed that he would make so much of that history himself?"/> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Philip C. Johnson | Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">"To be in the presence of a great work of architecture is such a satisfaction that you can go hungry for days. To create a feeling such as mine in Chartres Cathedral when I was 13 is the aim of architecture."</p> <p class="inputText">Philip Johnson didn't begin formal study of architecture until he was 34 years old, but he had already made an impact as the first director of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and as co-author of <i>The International Style,</i> the book that gave a name to the movement that dominated world architecture for the next 50 years.</p> <p class="inputText">Not content to be the foremost American publicist of the movement, Johnson soon became its foremost American practitioner. Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Johnson delighted some and outraged others with sleek modern designs like those of his celebrated Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, the Seagram Building (a collaboration with his mentor, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) in New York, and the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California.</p> <p class="inputText">In his 70s, with a long, successful career behind him, Johnson shocked critics and colleagues alike by a sudden shift to the new "postmodern" style associated with a far younger group of architects. Johnson's design for the AT&T headquarters in New York City is one of the most celebrated works of the new school.</p> <p class="inputText">When he was young, Philip Johnson dreamed of writing the history of architecture, and so he did, but who dreamed that he would make so much of that history himself?</p>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-12-12T02:07:39+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-philip-3Feature-Image-2800x1120-3.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@achievers1961"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@achievers1961"/> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by"> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Matt Mesker"> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/#organization","name":"Academy of Achievement","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/","sameAs":["https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-academy-of-achievement","https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChe_87uh1H-NIMf3ndTjPFw","https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement","https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://twitter.com/achievers1961"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/12.png","width":1200,"height":630,"caption":"Academy of Achievement"},"image":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/#website","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/","name":"Academy of Achievement","description":"A museum of living history","publisher":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/search/{search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-philip-3Feature-Image-2800x1120-3.jpg","width":2800,"height":1120},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/#webpage","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/","name":"Philip C. Johnson | Academy of Achievement","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2016-11-08T02:12:03+00:00","dateModified":"2020-12-12T02:07:39+00:00","description":"\"To be in the presence of a great work of architecture is such a satisfaction that you can go hungry for days. To create a feeling such as mine in Chartres Cathedral when I was 13 is the aim of architecture.\" Philip Johnson didn't begin formal study of architecture until he was 34 years old, but he had already made an impact as the first director of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and as co-author of The International Style, the book that gave a name to the movement that dominated world architecture for the next 50 years. 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role="document"> <div class="content"> <main class="main"> <div class="feature-area__container"> <header class="feature-area feature-area--has-image ratio-container ratio-container--feature"> <figure class="feature-box"> <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image feature-area__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-philip-3Feature-Image-2800x1120-3.jpg [(max-width:544px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-philip-3Feature-Image-2800x1120-3-1400x560.jpg [(max-width:992px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-philip-3Feature-Image-2800x1120-3.jpg"></div> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <figcaption class="feature-area__text ratio-container__text container"> <div class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Philip C. Johnson</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Dean of American Architects</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-2573 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-architect"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">Once I discovered architecture as a need of my nature, then that enthusiasm knew no bounds... art is the only thing I’ve been alive for. There’s no such thing as leisure time. If your work is architecture, you work all the time. You wake up in the middle of the night. ‘I've got a wonderful idea!’</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">Maestro of Modernism</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> July 8, 1906 </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Death</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> January 25, 2005 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><p>For more than 50 years, Philip Johnson was one of the most influential figures in American design and architecture.</p> <p>After graduating with a degree in philosophy from Harvard in 1930, Johnson became founder and director of the Department of Architecture and Design of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the first museum-affiliated program in the United States devoted to the study and exploration of architecture as an art. It was during his first tenure in the position — he headed the department between 1930 and 1936, and again from 1946 to 1954 — that he and architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock mounted their landmark exhibition entitled “The International Style.”</p> <figure id="attachment_29783" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29783" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-29783 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-29783 lazyload" alt="Philip Johnson in his New York City office." width="2280" height="2261" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office-380x377.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office-760x754.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29783" class="wp-caption-text">Philip Johnson not only lived and ate in places of his own design, he also worked in them. For many years, his architectural design office was in the Seagram Building in New York City, where he practiced alone for many years.</figcaption></figure> <p>This 1932 effort, which labeled an architectural style being practiced by such European masters as Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, introduced a generation of American architects to a revolutionary approach to design. Characterized by the use of such modern materials as glass and steel, and emphasizing function and structure over ornamental decoration, the International Style dominated our city skylines for 50 years, and continues to heavily influence contemporary design.</p> <figure id="attachment_29776" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29776" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29776 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29776 size-full lazyload" alt="October 18, 2011: The Seagram Building, New York City, 38-story tower block with bronze-colored windows and wall panels. By Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, completed 1958. Late afternoon, the building's lights showing through the windows. (© Angelo Hornak/Corbis)" width="2280" height="3928" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775-221x380.jpg 221w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775-441x760.jpg 441w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29776" class="wp-caption-text">The Seagram Building, New York City, 38-story tower block with bronze-colored windows. In 1959, “the Seagram Building was a shimmering new presence amid the stolid masonry of Park Avenue, but Philip Johnson, who designed the glass tower with Mies van der Rohe, was already established as America’s champion of modernism. Johnson had been an architect for only a little more than a decade when he heeded Mies’ call to help design the Seagram.” It stands as one of the most notable examples of the functionalist aesthetic in modernism. Johnson held court at the Four Seasons restaurant — one of his most elegant designs on the ground floor of the Seagram Building. He had lunch daily, amid other prominent and powerful New Yorkers, in the corner of the Grill Room.</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson returned to Harvard at age 34, to study architecture, and after military service, embarked on a distinguished career as a practicing architect. In addition to promoting the theory of the International Style, Mr. Johnson was credited with creating some of its major monuments, including the Seagram Building (in a collaboration with Mies van der Rohe) and his own famed Glass House (1949), a single room entirely walled in glass, which has been donated to the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p> <figure id="attachment_29797" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29797" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-29797 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-29797 lazyload" alt="The Glass House, Philip Johnson’s New Canaan, Connecticut home, was one of his first projects, and one that would continue throughout his career. The 49-acre property includes 14 structures built between 1949 and 1955. The Glass House itself was designed to be open to the surrounding landscape and overlooks a pond. Now a National Trust for Historic Preservation Site. (Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1708" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house-380x285.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house-760x569.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29797" class="wp-caption-text">The Glass House, Philip Johnson’s New Canaan, Connecticut home, was one of his first projects, and one that would continue throughout his career. The 49-acre property includes 14 structures built between 1949 and 1955. The Glass House itself was designed to be open to the surrounding landscape and overlooks a pond. (Getty)</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson designed many landmarks across the nation, including the twin trapezoid-shaped Pennzoil Place in Houston, the 51-story IDS Center in Minneapolis and the New York State Theater at Lincoln Center.</p> <figure id="attachment_29793" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29793" style="width: 2208px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29793 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29793 size-full lazyload" alt="Philip Johnson and his partner, John Burgee." width="2208" height="2232" data-sizes="(max-width: 2208px) 100vw, 2208px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143.jpg 2208w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143-376x380.jpg 376w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143-752x760.jpg 752w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29793" class="wp-caption-text">Philip Johnson and his partner, John Burgee. In 1967, he formed a partnership with Burgee, and together they transformed Johnson from a scholar-architect designing medium sized institutional buildings for wealthy clients into a major force in commercial architecture. Burgee’s arrival coincided with the firm’s movement toward a number of major widely acclaimed skyscraper projects including Pennzoil Place in Houston. In 1991, Burgee as the architectural firm’s chief executive, in an attempt to “occupy center stage,” eased Philip Johnson out of their firm.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, Philip Johnson formed a partnership with John Burgee. Mr. Johnson entered a new phase of his career with Mr. Burgee, an architect with a reputation for mastering large and complex projects. Together, Messrs. Johnson and Burgee attracted the types of commissions — important high-profile projects, both large-scale and small — that neither, individually, had previously attracted on a regular basis. These jointly designed projects — from Minneapolis’s IDS Center, to the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, to the corporate headquarters of Pittsburgh Plate Glass — reflect a distinctive, if not easily categorized, approach to design.</p> <figure id="attachment_30080" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-30080" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-30080 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-pennzoil-60786_Image1.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-30080 size-full lazyload" alt="wp-pennzoil-60786_image1" width="2280" height="3252" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-pennzoil-60786_Image1.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-pennzoil-60786_Image1-266x380.jpg 266w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-pennzoil-60786_Image1-533x760.jpg 533w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-pennzoil-60786_Image1.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-30080" class="wp-caption-text">Pennzoil Place, Houston, Texas. Completed in 1975 and designed by renowned architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee, the unique trapezoidal silhouette shape made Pennzoil Place the first skyscraper of the Post-Modern Era. Deliberately designed as an optical illusion, the building’s appearance will vary depending on the different locations from where it is viewed. Pennzoil Place is considered significant in modernist circles for breaking the modernist glass box design made popular by followers of Mies van der Rohe and for introducing the era of post-modernism. Philip Johnson was awarded the 1978 AIA Gold Medal and became the first laureate of the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1979 for work on Pennzoil Place. Pennzoil Place was named Building of the Decade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson and Burgee’s design for the AT&T corporate headquarters building (1984) in New York, with its stone cladding and identifying broken-pediment top, changed the dialogue of contemporary architecture just as dramatically as the International Style had 50 years before. Its blatant use of a material that did not reflect the functional or structural realities of the building, as well as the incorporation of design elements merely for their own aesthetic value, ran counter to the tenets of the International Style. AT&T represented a critical watershed: it was the first major built structure that revived the use of historic styles — an approach to design prevalent throughout history but strongly abandoned and derided by the profession during the supremacy of the International Style.</p> <figure id="attachment_29787" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29787" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29787 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29787 size-full lazyload" alt="1978-1984: Sony Building (© Alan Schein Photography/Corbis)" width="2280" height="3433" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958-252x380.jpg 252w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958-505x760.jpg 505w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29787" class="wp-caption-text">550 Madison Avenue (formerly known as the Sony Tower, and before that the AT&T Building, New York City). Designed by Philip Johnson, it is an iconic post-modern 37-story highrise skyscraper, located at 550 Madison Avenue in Manhattan. The building became immediately controversial for its ornamental top — sometimes mocked as “Chippendale” after the open pediments of the famous English designer’s bookcases. It “challenged architectural modernism’s demand for stark functionalism and purely efficient design and has been described as legitimizing the post-modern architecture movement on the world’s stage.” (© Alan Schein Photography/Corbis)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mr. Johnson was justly celebrated for championing the two architectural movements that most profoundly affected urban landscapes during the second half of the 20th century: the International Style; and the reintroduction of the uses of a wide variety of historic styles in contemporary architectural design. Philip Johnson won the first Pritzker Architecture Prize for lifetime achievement and received the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects, the highest honor of his profession.</p> <figure id="attachment_40602" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40602" style="width: 1773px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-40602 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-40602 lazyload" alt="" width="1773" height="1206" data-sizes="(max-width: 1773px) 100vw, 1773px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC.jpg 1773w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC-380x258.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC-760x517.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40602" class="wp-caption-text">Philip C. Johnson on the head table at the American Academy of Achievement’s 1991 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies during the Achievement Summit held at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City. (© Stanley R. Zax)</figcaption></figure> <p>Through his designs, writings, and teachings, Philip Johnson played a seminal role in defining the theoretical shape and literal form taken by architecture in the 20th century.  When he died at the age of 98, Johnson’s eminence in his profession was unassailable, but the press took note of a political controversy that had shadowed his career since the 1930s, one he discussed with candor in his <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/#interview">interview</a> with the Academy of Achievement. In the depths of the Depression, frustrated with the deliberative processes of democracy, Johnson had been drawn to a succession of radical populist movements and leaders. He returned from a trip to Germany full of enthusiasm for Hitler and the Nazi regime.  By the end of the decade, Johnson had turned away from these political involvements, and he served in the United States Army during World War II.  Although he publicly repudiated his past association with fascism, questions about Johnson’s beliefs persisted.  In 2020, a collective of artists and architects wrote to the Museum of Modern Art and Harvard’s Graduate School of Design, requesting that Johnson’s name be removed from facilities and endowed positions that had been named in his honor.  Harvard responded by changing the name of the Philip Johnson Thesis House, which Johnson had designed and lived in as a graduate student. Henceforth, the house, which Johnson donated to the university, will be known by its street address,  9 Ash Street.</p> </body></html> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 1991 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.architect">Architect</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> July 8, 1906 </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Death</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> January 25, 2005 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p class="inputTextFirst">“To be in the presence of a great work of architecture is such a satisfaction that you can go hungry for days. To create a feeling such as mine in Chartres Cathedral when I was 13 is the aim of architecture.”</p> <p class="inputText">Philip Johnson didn’t begin formal study of architecture until he was 34 years old, but he had already made an impact as the first director of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and as co-author of <i>The International Style,</i> the book that gave a name to the movement that dominated world architecture for the next 50 years.</p> <p class="inputText">Not content to be the foremost American publicist of the movement, Johnson soon became its foremost American practitioner. Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, Johnson delighted some and outraged others with sleek modern designs like those of his celebrated Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, the Seagram Building (a collaboration with his mentor, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) in New York, and the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California.</p> <p class="inputText">In his 70s, with a long, successful career behind him, Johnson shocked critics and colleagues alike by a sudden shift to the new “postmodern” style associated with a far younger group of architects. Johnson’s design for the AT&T headquarters in New York City is one of the most celebrated works of the new school.</p> <p class="inputText">When he was young, Philip Johnson dreamed of writing the history of architecture, and so he did, but who dreamed that he would make so much of that history himself?</p> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/goua8lepTGA?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_53_28_29.Still015-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_53_28_29.Still015-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">Maestro of Modernism</h2> <div class="sans-2">New York, New York</div> <div class="sans-2">February 28, 1992</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>You could not have graduated from college at a more challenging or unsettling time. It was the start of the Great Depression. What were those days like?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Tragic. I didn’t see how art fit in. It was too close to me, the farms and people in debt and people plain hungry. You wouldn’t believe it was possible in this country. Roosevelt didn’t seem to be doing enough, although I voted for him six times… no, he didn’t run that many times… but he was a great man. So art was not so important in those years, all of the ’30s.</p> <p><strong>What were you looking for during that time?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Hero worship. Speedy solutions. I didn’t see why we shouldn’t get things going instead of dithering all the time and talking so much. The first time I joined any political thing was a milk strike in Cleveland. My farm was nearby and I fought with the farmers against the milk companies. Took radio time and made talks. Was finally threatened off the air by the milk companies. They got to the head of the station and said, “Don’t sell that man any more time!” I hit a nerve anyhow. I had fun. I doubt if I helped the farmers much.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/3XsKwtaP1YQ?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_40_43_15.Still008-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_40_43_15.Still008-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>My hero worship got around to Huey Long. That’ll surprise anybody, because Huey Long is a forgotten figure, a populist from the South who wanted to save the world from Roosevelt and from the Depression. Things were bad in the ’30s. That I couldn’t stand. I said, “What is it? We’ve got plenty of wheat and grain and trees, and why is there hunger?” Of course there was in those days. This depression hasn’t gotten to that stage yet. But that was bad at that time. So I said, “What do I do about it?” I didn’t want to be a communist, which seemed to be what one’s intellectual friends did. So instead, I became what was later called fascist, but it wasn’t in those days; it was populist, and Huey Long was going to fix everything. So I drove down and met Huey and said, “What are we going to do?” And one of his people said to me, and I’ll never forget this, he said, “How many votes do you control?” I was only asking whether I could even work with the man! In other words, he was so individual and chaotic that there was no way of getting along. So I came home and he got shot and that was the end of that. He was quite a figure.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>What about Father Coughlin?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: He was my substitute for Huey Long. Father Coughlin was more of an intellectual, of course, but also not as basic, not as good.</p> <p><strong>What was the worst mistake you ever made?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/ffWkEmZMUuc?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_12_18_09.Still003-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_12_18_09.Still003-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>My worst mistake was going to Germany and liking Hitler too much. I mean, how could you? It’s just so unbelievably stupid and asinine and plain wrong, morally and every other way. I just don’t know how I could have been carried away. It’s like being carried away by a religious revival or something that enables you to cut people’s heads off in the next county because they live in the next county. That’s not good either. But that I should be psychologically so inept as to be swept along in something so horrible, it really wonders you. How could you? I never found a reason, I never found an excuse, and all I can say is how much I regret it because the racial part of it is the worst. I can understand social fascism as done in Italy before Mussolini met Hitler, because that was, “If the trains run on time, let’s not do it the communist way, let’s do it our way.” That made some sense and that’s what I was doing here in America. But to be caught up in the racial thing was unbelievable, because like everyone else in the intellectual world, nine-tenths of the people I know are Jewish and the outrageousness of that kind of thing that could happen in a world and I didn’t know it? Where the hell was I? A Harvard graduate! So much for Harvard! I was just stupid. Just unforgivable. That’s the worst thing I ever did.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_29792" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29792" style="width: 2208px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29792 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29792 size-full lazyload" alt="Philip Johnson" width="2208" height="2748" data-sizes="(max-width: 2208px) 100vw, 2208px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142.jpg 2208w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142-305x380.jpg 305w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142-611x760.jpg 611w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29792" class="wp-caption-text">Philip Johnson designed the Painting Gallery in 1965 to house the collection of large-scale modern paintings that he and David Whitney collected throughout their lives. Works by Frank Stella, Andy Warhol, Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein, David Salle, Cindy Sherman, and Julian Schnabel are represented in the permanent collection in this building. Johnson was an avid art collector since the days when as a student traveling in Germany, he bought a pair of Paul Klees from the artist. He became a collector of contemporary art, from artists who were just gaining public attention, and amassed one of the most complete collections of paintings by Frank Stella in private hands.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>What lessons do you take away from those experiences in the ’30’s?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/9yMGVdemexg?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_11_00_20.Still002-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_11_00_20.Still002-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Philip Johnson: I put it out of mind. That’s what I like, is causes. I always overreact. If I go religious, I go on my knees for days, that kind of thing. That was a very short interval, but the cause was a good one. Once I discovered architecture as a need of my nature, then of course that enthusiasm knew no bounds and it’s been the same ever since. The turning point was 1939. And ever since then, art is the only thing I’ve been alive for. I spend my waking hours. There’s no such thing as leisure time, for instance. If your work is architecture, you work all the time. You wake up in the middle of the night. I got a wonderful idea last night! Still working in Berlin on one of those things, and I know just where that window is going to be. I’m varying between that shape and this shape. I enjoy it more and more all the time. I’ve got to hurry now.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_29806" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29806" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29806 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29806 size-full lazyload" alt="Johnson’s New York State Theater, now known as the David H. Koch Theater, at Manhattan’s Lincoln Center, opened in 1964 and has served as the home of the New York City Ballet for over 50 years. The theater was initially built as part of the 1964–65 World’s Fair. (Scott Wintrow/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1656" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010-380x276.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010-760x552.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29806" class="wp-caption-text">Philip Johnson’s New York State Theater, now known as the David H. Koch Theater, at Manhattan’s Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, opened in 1964 and has served as the home of the New York City Ballet for over 50 years. The theater was initially built as part of the cultural participation in the 1964–1965 World’s Fair. (Scott Wintrow)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>What made you want to be an architect?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I don’t know. Because I couldn’t do anything else probably. I wasn’t very good at anything. I couldn’t draw, and I was mostly interested in ideas and politics and world events.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/KlJAgRzy9sE?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_41_26_06.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_41_26_06.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/courage/">Courage</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>My mother was interested in architecture. She wanted a house by Frank Lloyd Wright when she was young, but my father didn’t see it the same way, naturally, for obvious reasons, so we compromised by not having one. I suddenly realized in the middle of my political work — ran for the local state legislature and didn’t want that. It didn’t work at all. I was a lousy politician, terrible, had stage fright, everything wrong. I was like certain candidates for mayor in New York, but we won’t go into lots of things. So I said, obviously, I had missed my calling. So at the age of 34, I decided to really be serious about architecture. So I went to Harvard at 34. You see, my problem always was I couldn’t draw, so I knew I couldn’t be an architect. Harvard didn’t care whether I could draw or not. It seemed like a good idea. By that time, I’d worked for some years at the Museum of Modern Art on architecture, so I decided what the hell, I might as well be one.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><p>I majored in philosophy at Harvard, and I didn’t know if I wanted to be a teacher or a theoretician or just what, but I was always interested in art and architecture to look at. I was mostly interested in ideas and politics and world events. So I suddenly realized — in the middle of my political work — I had missed my calling.</p> <figure id="attachment_29798" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29798" style="width: 2143px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-29798 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-29798 lazyload" alt="Johnson collaborated with architect Mies van der Rohe on the Seagram Building in Manhattan. The Park Avenue tower is sheathed in bronze and glass and spans 38 stories. Johnson also designed many of the interior spaces, including the iconic Four Seasons restaurant. (Photo: John Lamparski/Getty Images)" width="2143" height="3000" data-sizes="(max-width: 2143px) 100vw, 2143px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram.jpg 2143w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram-271x380.jpg 271w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram-543x760.jpg 543w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29798" class="wp-caption-text">Johnson collaborated with architect Mies van der Rohe on the Seagram Building in Manhattan. The Park Avenue tower is sheathed in bronze and glass and spans 38 stories. Johnson also designed many of the interior spaces.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>What about your meeting Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe? How did that influence you?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/zyUzacUY9ik?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_46_27_24.Still013-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_46_27_24.Still013-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/integrity/">Integrity</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Only Mies influenced me. Le Corbusier I met. He was a nasty man, but obviously a genius. You don’t have to like the people just because they’re geniuses. Mies and I got along better and we became pretty close. I worked with him on his greatest building here, the Seagram building, which was kind of fun, but again, you can’t be a hero-worshipper and be an uncommon architect; you’ve got to be your own man. So I split with Mies and did a different kind of work.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_29809" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29809" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29809 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29809 size-full lazyload" alt="1949, New Canaan, Connecticut: Exterior view of Philip Johnson's Glass House. (Richard Schulman/CORBIS)" width="2280" height="1809" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015-380x302.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015-760x603.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29809" class="wp-caption-text">1949, New Canaan, Connecticut: Exterior view of Philip Johnson’s iconic Glass House. (Richard Schulman/Corbis)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>The Glass House has been called one of the most influential designs of this century. Why?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/_YnN8ugH4DE?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_55_47_04.Still016-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_55_47_04.Still016-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Philip Johnson: I don’t know. I didn’t know it was. It’s the most photographed house. Bothers the hell out of me. I’m supposed to live there and then people come and look at you all the time. It’s annoying. I don’t think it is. That was the time when I was working with Mies. Mies’s ideas are perfectly clear there, of using nothing but glass for the walls. Seemed the natural thing to do. Most people didn’t think it was so natural. As they said in the local papers, “If Mr. Johnson wants to make a fool of himself, why doesn’t he do it in somebody else’s town?” Oh dear. Of course, I enjoyed all of that. I enjoyed the battle. But the house itself? I don’t know. I can’t imagine.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_29803" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29803" style="width: 2355px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29803 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29803 size-full lazyload" alt="Johnson designed Dallas’s Thanks-Giving Square, including the plaza’s spiral nondenominational chapel, in 1976. The chapel’s striking interior includes 73 panels of stained glass by artist Gabriel Loire. (David Kozlowski/Getty Images)" width="2355" height="3141" data-sizes="(max-width: 2355px) 100vw, 2355px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007.jpg 2355w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007-285x380.jpg 285w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007-570x760.jpg 570w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29803" class="wp-caption-text">Johnson designed Dallas’s Thanks-Giving Square, including the plaza’s spiral nondenominational chapel, in 1976. The chapel’s striking interior includes 73 panels of stained glass by artist Gabriel Loire. (David Kozlowski/Getty)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>How important is the battle and the struggle? Can you create without it?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Maybe I can’t.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/-Ue0oSVFd3Y?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_40_46_01.Still009-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_40_46_01.Still009-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Maybe the battle is the thing. Like a horse in wartime, it smells the gunpowder and gallops off to war. Maybe it’s the charge and the challenge that makes you work. That’s why you can’t talk about these things. It’s just that it satisfies something needed for living that nothing else will. And the best days in the world today are spent alone in my study with a piece of paper. Great satisfaction. In the evening I can relax and watch <em>Dallas </em>or something.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_29795" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29795" style="width: 2868px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29795 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29795 size-full lazyload" alt="Interior of the Crystal Cathedral, with 90-foot doors in open position. (Courtesy of Dr. Robert H. Schuller)" width="2868" height="2364" data-sizes="(max-width: 2868px) 100vw, 2868px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145.jpg 2868w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145-380x313.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145-760x626.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29795" class="wp-caption-text">Interior of the Crystal Cathedral, designed by Philip Johnson, was completed in 1980 and seats 2,736 people. It is the largest glass building in the world and had been the principal place of worship for the Crystal Cathedral ministries founded in 1955 by the televangelist Reverand Robert H. Schuller. (Courtesy of Dr. Robert H. Schuller)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>You’ve designed buildings from the Glass House to the Crystal Cathedral to the AT&T building. Is there a difference between designing a house and designing a skyscraper?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: It’s more difficult. Because every decision you make makes such an enormous percentage difference in the looks. If you get a good plan on a skyscraper, you’ve got to get somebody’s computer — not mine — and click it through and it reproduces all the plans all the way up to the hundredth floor. So you have a few basic decisions and then the battles begin. Because if you get into that kind of money everybody has something to say and everybody knows better than the architect. Every kind of consumer becomes a part of the business. You never know what’s going to open up next to stop your design. AT&T! The battles! It’s lucky it came out as well as it did.</p> <p><strong>There certainly was controversy with that.</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/NtP8s2vwnS4?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_47_13_19.Still014-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_47_13_19.Still014-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>That’s peculiar, isn’t it, because there’s nothing very strange about the building, do you think? I shouldn’t be asking you. It looks pretty ordinary to me. I put a funny top on it. But not funny, people call it the Chippendale top. I didn’t know about Chippendale at the time. I see now what people mean, but I didn’t know. It was just a way to end the building that people would notice and would decorate the building so you’d know it from other buildings, with a cut-off, like that. You don’t miss the building if you never see the top, but that’s natural to make a building be seen. The Chrysler building — wonderful top. They spent all their time on the top. There’s no middle, just dull windows. But with a top like that, that’s going to be a monument for all of history. So I thought I’d like an interesting top. Boy, my friends in the company weren’t as pleased as I was, but we got it. They wanted a new way of looking at the world. I said, “Well, this is different,” so we built it. Seagram’s was just the opposite. Mies had the confidence of the owners, and he built it, and it was their idea, to build it in bronze. I mean, there cannot be anything more expensive in the world than bronze. You notice it’s the only one, but they said, “Fine. If it’s the finest material, let’s use the finest material.” So that of course was a very pleasant job.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_29807" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29807" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-29807 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-29807 lazyload" alt="Johnson and Burgee designed Pittsburgh’s PPG Place, which includes a 40-story tower, a 14-story building, and four six-story structures. Completed in 1984, the glass-and-steel complex has 231 spires, adding to its distinctive neo-Gothic style. (Universal Images Group/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1533" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011-380x256.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011-760x511.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29807" class="wp-caption-text">Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed Pittsburgh’s PPG Place, which includes a 40-story tower and a 14-story building. The glass-and-steel complex has 231 spires, adding to its distinctive neo-Gothic style. (Getty Images)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>Was there an event, a moment early on that influenced you?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Yes. I was a young man, much more inspired than I thought I was. You don’t know what you’re doing when you’re young.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/-Sc1Vy_lF8Q?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_16_57_13.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_16_57_13.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>You get very excited about something but you don’t know you’re getting excited about it and you think everybody’s the same way. I don’t see how anybody can go into the nave of Chartres Cathedral and not burst into tears, because I thought that’s what everybody would do. That’s the natural reaction I had. That and the Parthenon — one in 1919 and one in 1928 — gave me the realization that I had to be in architecture in some way. Those events were sort of a Saul/Paul conversion kind of a feeling that determined me to play some part in architecture. So when I joined the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, I started the Architectural Department and worked there for some years and wrote a book. When I went to Harvard, it was taught in the school, so I was allowed not to take that course. It was very funny.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_30225" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-30225" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-30225 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-Chartres_Cathedral.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-30225 size-full lazyload" alt="Exterior view of Chartres Cathedral in France, fifty miles from Paris." width="2280" height="3420" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-Chartres_Cathedral.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-Chartres_Cathedral-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-Chartres_Cathedral-507x760.jpg 507w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-Chartres_Cathedral.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-30225" class="wp-caption-text">Exterior view of Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, fifty miles from Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>How old were you when you saw Chartres Cathedral for the first time?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/SLqYa5DBan0?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_08_50_12.Still001-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_08_50_12.Still001-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Philip Johnson: I was 13. So I thought, my goodness, if a kid like me can get this excited, I didn’t think it was anything unusual. Mother didn’t either. She was interested in art, she took me (to France during) the Versailles Treaty years, and I remember saying to myself, and I wrote it later in letters, that if I lived in Chartres, I would turn Roman Catholic to enjoy that cathedral, and if I turned Roman Catholic, however, I would go and live in Chartres. Because how else could I exist without this closeness to this particular thing?</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_29789" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-29789" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-29789 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-29789 size-full lazyload" alt="The Parthenon" width="2280" height="1482" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP.jpg 2280w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP-380x247.jpg 380w, /web/20210119062056im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP-760x494.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-29789" class="wp-caption-text">The Parthenon, a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. It is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy and western civilization, and one of the world’s greatest cultural monuments. The Parthenon is the finest example of Greek architecture and has the reputation of being the “most perfect Doric temple ever built.” Philip Johnson, at the age  of 22, upon seeing the Parthenon, described it as “the strongest single point of my learning about architecture. There was a pre-Parthenon Philip Johnson and a post-Parthenon Philip Johnson.”</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>You say you had a powerful reaction to seeing the Parthenon as well. Could you tell us about that?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062056if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/5cHoq9Eclok?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_43_05_26.Still012-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-1992-MasterEdit.00_43_05_26.Still012-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>I first saw the Parthenon in 1928. By then I knew more about architecture and the history, but the actual presence of those stones was entirely different than the books. If you’ve just seen pictures of the Parthenon, you haven’t the slightest idea of what it is. But to be on that particular hill, with the other great hills around you, and be standing with those stones practically in your hands — because a lot of them are falling down — was an experience that was second only to Chartres. I wrote an article at that time saying there was a pre-Parthenon Philip Johnson and a post-Parthenon Philip Johnson, because that was the strongest single point of my learning about architecture. I was already 22, I should have known more. I should have known in 1922 when I was 17, 18, that I was going to do that. But I thought everybody did, so I’d do what I was interested in at that time, which was music, philosophy and the Greek language. I thought one of those three I was going to be into. I had this terrible thing happen to me at the Parthenon, but it wasn’t until I was 34 that I had sense enough to go and get my education. Education’s terribly important. But at the time, I would have none of education. It was all feeling and being converted to a dedication.</p> </div> </div>     <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>What were you like as a young man in Ohio?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: A twerp. I was a spoiled brat. I was insufferable, very unpopular at school, very unpopular with the girls. Couldn’t dance, couldn’t mix. I was a loner and family practically gave up on me, wanted to give up on myself. You know the usual, “Oh goodness, what good am I?” bit, that every young person goes through, but I thought it naturally was unique and that I alone suffered. I read books on suffering, <em>The Sorrows of Werther</em> and so on. I was a lousy kid. It was when architecture hit me that I became more sensible.</p> <p><strong>What kind of a student were you?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Good. Amazing. I was a patchy student. Sometimes I couldn’t do something like write. That was a writer’s block kind of thing, exaggerated up to a disease. So I flunked everything to do with writing or any expression in writing. Of course, it seems funny later that I did produce a book or two, but at that time, it was an unbelievable hurdle. There were no psychiatrists in those days, so I finally went to a nerve specialist. You’re too young to remember that they were called neurologists or nerve specialists. They were naturally shrinks, but they didn’t have the Freudian overtones. He told me I was sick. I was manic depressive. Naturally, I was delighted, but I was in tears most of the time. Somehow you get over all these things. I never thought I would. It’s the end of the world again, you know. But early unsuccesses shouldn’t bother anybody, because it happens to absolutely everybody. Every one of us goes through this and it’s a funny thing that they don’t tell you when you’re young that depression now and then is perfectly normal, that sense of failure is also normal, but so is a sense of excitement and delirium normal. And I may be talking only for artists, but I doubt it. I think everybody has these inadequacy feelings that are helped by religion or psychiatry or just plain grow up. That’s all I did, was just grow up.</p> <p><strong>Any books or teachers that helped you or influenced you?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Yes, my philosophy professor at Harvard, Raphael Demos. He was a Greek and we worked on Plato together a good deal. He was personally a great influence, but he didn’t help my architectural feeling at all. I was going to teach philosophy. The head of the philosophy department at Harvard said, “Why don’t you come and teach? Become a professor.” Well I knew I wasn’t any good at that! I got turned off of that by Whitehead, the great philosopher. He took me into his class, but I was hopeless. Couldn’t understand the simplest things, apparently, and that got me off philosophy.</p> <p><strong>Did you have role models?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: That I knew personally? No. I must have, because I’m naturally a hero-worshipper type. Out of history, Napoleon, for instance. I still believe in the “great man” theory of history which, of course, is so much against the historiographers today that I never dare say so in public. I’ve got a new hero right now, General Schwarzkopf, simply because he’s down to earth and straightforward and very, very funny. The man has an enormous sense of self-assurance and enormous competence in handling people and a very fast mind. Those are the things I admire most in people, and he has them all. But that’s just a passing love of the moment. I had some bad times too.</p> <p><strong>Architecture sometimes seems like politics or religion. It’s full of movements and orthodoxies and heresies and controversy. You always seem to be right in the middle of it all.</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I love that, you see. I didn’t lose that just because I switched from philosophy to architecture. I’m still a thought kind of an architect more than a genius type. I’m not a genius. There are some, and I love them, but I like the give and take and the change and the prophesying what’s happening and catching onto the next train by the caboose. Caboose? You don’t have ’em anymore, do you? Just seeing what’s going to happen, and figuring it out with the young. Where are we at? Every one of my articles is a struggle, a “where are we at?” thing. History’s in the making right now. It’s very exciting and it’s changing all the time. So to be in on it is my biggest pleasure. I always thought everybody felt that, but again, I guess everybody’s different.</p> <p><strong>What took you so long to take up architecture?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I was a damned fool. That’s not hard to explain. Everybody’s their own kind of a damn fool. I’ll bet even you think now and then of opportunities missed and think that you could have done perhaps better? I’m full of regrets. Piles and piles of them, but you must not let that bother you. You’d just shoot yourself, which would be nice, but it doesn’t pay out. What’s the point? So if you can find something to do the way I did, then it keeps you alive. That’s the reason I’m alive and active at 85 with lots of work and traveling all over the place. I’ll work until I drop, which will be a long time from now.</p> <p><strong>What brought about this turning point in 1939, from politics to architecture?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: The war. It was pretty obvious to me what was coming and I didn’t have any part in it. I wasn’t connected. I loved the Germans and I didn’t see any particular sense in it, but my country was terribly important and I realized that we weren’t in danger perhaps, but that the next battle line was the war. Of course I wanted to be in it and I finally succeeded, but I was too old. They called me Grandpa. But they did draft me and I had a very nice time indeed.</p> <p><strong>What was that like? What were some of the things you had to overcome?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I was not an athletic type, and the other soldiers were children half my age. It was a traumatic experience. Would I make it? It tested me as nothing else could. The military is the most important single profession in this country, except for architecture. If it weren’t for the military, I couldn’t do architecture. So I admire the military very, very much. That isn’t popular either among Harvard intellectuals. You know, you try to get out of fighting in wars if you can. No! That got me out of my namby-pamby spoiled kid position in the world. My family had money, which is a very bad handicap. I didn’t realize that. I thought it was kind of nice. I had a car when I was a private in the Army and drove up to Washington every single night from the camp. Terrible.</p> <p>The arduous part of the day was so arduous and so collapsing. That I lived through it at all was a triumph. It was the most wonderful thing that ever happened. That was a moment of the purest pleasure that I could get along with these kids. They didn’t hate me. They did call me grandpa, but I wasn’t condemned the way I was condemning myself all the time because I wasn’t physically fit. I was a stupid intellectual, you know. The type that wore glasses and went around reading. When I had to stay up all night in the army watching a machine or something — they put you on the funniest duties — I read <em>Madame Bovary</em> in French, you see. Just it was easier and it was a lovely language. I can’t read it now, but I mean, it was so concentrating, that atmosphere in a camp.</p> <p>I’ll tell you what happens when you get crushed together like that with a bunch of men: all their character comes out much quicker, much sharper. I led a lonely life with my family. I was a spoiled kid. And then to be thrust in with all these decisions that you have to make every two seconds with the armed forces, anyway, whether you’re with your captain — whom we naturally hated because he was an evil figure — or the lieutenant, which was a hero figure because the captain didn’t like the lieutenant at all. If you are a novelist, how could you do anything except join an army? So I agreed with Napoleon that it was fine to fight for your country.</p> <p><strong>So it was after the war that you began your career as an architect?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Yes, right away.</p> <p><strong>And had some trouble passing the New York State exam?</strong></p> <p>Exams are so stupid. I couldn’t be bothered to work for them, so I kept flunking them. They were too simple-minded. So I went to a cram school. The cram school of course said, “You idiot, look at that piece of paper.” I said, “Yes. It’s a fine piece of paper.” He said, “You’ve only got six lines on it.” I said, “Yeah, the paper’s so beautiful, what do you want to spoil it for by covering it with all these lines?” They said, “Look, you’ve got to pass the exam. You stop your damn theories and cover the sheet with extra trees, then. It doesn’t make any difference, just fill it up. Put more bricks in or something.” And then another clue, “How do you know how to get into that building?” And I said, “It’s right here.” They said, “No, you take a red arrow. And it doesn’t matter if it’s the only red thing you’ve got on the sheet, put that in, so the examiner will see it.” I said, “Oh, I see, he knows where to go in.” Those simple little tricks I had trouble at. I passed it by doing — they wanted a house in the suburbs. So I did it, just out of my memory. I took a suburban house. Don’t like them, would never build one, hated the whole thing. I used to go to an exam and do what I wanted to do. Of course they didn’t like it, because I was always doing something different from other people. Anyhow, by knuckling under I had no trouble. You learn lessons, you see. Always give in. I mean at the proper moment — when you have to.</p> <p><strong>What does it take to be an architect?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: To be an architect, you’ve got to know people. Like most professions. You have to know people in order to get the next job.</p> <p>As the richest and the greatest American architect said, “The first principle of architecture is: get the job.” In other words, if you aren’t personable enough or persuasive enough to get the job, you’ll never get anywhere. Another important thing, it’s hard to tell anybody what’s important because it’s inside you. Alas for education. Education doth not help you. You can read all the books in the world and make terrible designs. I had learned professors that I worshipped. Russell Hitchcock. He was a great, great historian of architecture. I wanted to be an architectural historian, that was one of my passing fancies, but I wasn’t any good, and this guy was great. And then he tried to build a building. Disaster! In other words, it takes something else besides intellectual prowess. Harvard will never help you become an architect. Never. It takes what they laughingly call genius, but there are only a couple of geniuses once in a while like an Einstein or a Frank Lloyd Wright. No one can aspire to that. That either is God-given or not. There is nothing you can do about it. It’s just too big. So you’ve got to have at least a spark. I’m no Frank Lloyd Wright, that doesn’t bother me anymore. It used to, but I was never the genius. It was interesting though, to see who would be and who could be. I foresaw a lot of kids’ careers that are now on the top, and I foresaw. I could tell when they were younger that they were going to be good. “I never could see why you like Frank Gehry’s work,” and I said, “You wait.” And in ten years, indeed, he’s the leading architect of the world. That kind of thing gives one a certain pleasure.</p> <p>All of my advice is straight to all kids, “Should I be an architect?” I say “No.” Always say no, because if you can help it, don’t. Go into something that’ll make money, if that’s what most Americans seem to want, me included. Just don’t bother with architecture. You remember when a kid came up to Mozart and said, “Should I write a symphony now, Mr. Mozart? Do you know what I do?” Mozart said, “No.” And the kid said, “Why do you say no? You wrote a symphony when you were my age,” and he said, “Yeah, but I didn’t ask anybody.” In other words, if you’re going to be an architect, you’d better have a feeling inside that you can’t help it. A “calling” it used to be called in the days when religion was a little more popular.</p> <p><strong>Can you say something about what inspires an architectural design? What goes through your mind?</strong></p> <p>Disaster. Agony. You’re a writer. You know what a thing that blank piece of paper is. That’s the ultimate horror. After about an hour of sweating over nothing, you finally, crabbedly write the beginning, and that’s what I do, what all architects do. Then you make a very tentative drawing and that’s terrible. But somehow you get interested. Then you start a different idea and that’s no good, but what about <em>that</em> idea, what about <em>that</em> idea? And your whole day passes in flashes because — it’s not a flash of genius in my case, but it’s a flash of getting something on paper. Very funny. There’s no talking about it though.</p> <p><strong>Do you have to work alone?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Oh my goodness yes. The reason I like architecture against painting is that I don’t have to be alone, because every ten minutes there’s a disaster and they say, “Well I don’t think you can take that piece of steel and do that with it. It’ll fall down.” Well that has nothing to do with art, but it takes a lot of time. So when I mean being alone, I mean when you’re doing your so-called creative work, you have to be alone.</p> <p><strong>How important is it to be able to collaborate with others?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Very. I’m a people person. I don’t know how painters or writers sit there and work month after month. I don’t know how you go to the woods in Maine like E.B. White and just sit there. I’d go stir crazy. I can’t work if I’m alone. If I take a vacation, I can’t work. Therefore I don’t take vacations. It’s so silly to sit around a beach for God’s sake.</p> <p><strong>What is the feeling of having designs become reality? Seeing your buildings?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Now that’s another pleasure, to see it come up and watch other people’s faces and have them appreciate it. But everybody wants that. That’s called the desire for fame. Every movie star has that feeling of wanting to be accepted and be praised. That’s a natural ambition in the world. A sense of conquest too. Very, very satisfying, but the trouble is, you mentioned a few very nice buildings, but what about the ninety percent of the other buildings? There’s two sides to every one of these coins and I certainly won’t talk about those. I only talk about the ones that did come out well.</p> <p><strong>What disappointments have you had in your career?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Most buildings, if I’d had another chance. If somebody had only given me that extra money that I needed at that particular point. If I only hadn’t made the decision to give in when I thought it was inevitable and it wasn’t. Was it really inevitable that I give in on this point or that point? That’s the sin against the Holy Ghost. You’re betraying yourself. And how many times do you do it for expediency? It used to be the old excuse, I remember. I haven’t used it recently, but I can see it: “I took that job and I knew it was a lousy job,” they say, “but I had to keep the kids in the office, at work. I couldn’t fire them because of the Depression and so I had to feed them. Therefore, I took that job, yes.” You didn’t have to take that job. But you do that, you compromise — one does I mean. You do, and that’s what you’re ashamed of. I’m only proud of the buildings I built in my own place, really, because there was nobody to stop me, no financing, no troubles, and if they’re bad, at least I don’t know it. I go on building little houses around, in and on the place.</p> <p><strong>What building are you most proud of?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I don’t know. I know the ones that are the greatest triumphs, like the Dumbarton Oaks Museum in Washington D.C. that I worked on with the owners. It was a real collaboration and there was no budget, no money involved. It was just, “If we like that better, we’ll do it that way.” So I had total freedom and it was a simple project to build a little museum, and the owner and I worked together and it was pure delight from beginning to end and it came out very well.</p> <p><strong>What do you have to take into account when you’re designing a building? Aesthetics? Function?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Yes. That’s a very good question, because there are certain things that you damn well have to take into consideration and more people should. It was hard for all of us, but without that, you can’t go onto the creativity of a structure. You’ve got to know what stands up in present-day technology and what doesn’t, or your fantasies will be fairy stories and not designs for buildings. Another thing you have to know is function. Modern architecture was founded in functionalism as a goal and, as much as I fight that as the only goal, it became the only goal, and that’s bad too.</p> <p>The only goal is building a beautiful building, but if you don’t know your functions, if the Seagram building didn’t work and make piles of money for everybody, it wouldn’t be a success because all skyscrapers are moneymaking machines. So a function of the building, what would rent the best, is always on your mind. You can say, “Oh, it’s just commercialism,” but that commercialism is our non-religion. It’s our custom of the day and that’s what our period’s all about: consumerism and business. The business of America is business, somebody said and, strange as that sounds, that’s what it is. So you damn well have to be functional in all your work, even a church. You can’t ignore function. I love to do churches because, of course, there is the spatial feeling of God that you have going for you that’s a little more interesting function than the layers of office cubicles.</p> <p>You have to know those things. You have to know structure, and you spend nine-tenths of your time on that. You say you know structure, but do you know connections? What happens when the water gets in that little place? Only years and years of experience… but that’s nothing to do with the art. You’ve got to know all of that before you start. Painters have it easy; they’ve got to know what kinds of pigments will last. They don’t know that even sometimes, but even that’s not necessary. You repair a picture if it’s bad, but in architecture, it falls down. That’s a sociological crux. Then you’ve got the permits and things to go through with city hall that drive you up your wall. Then you have the clients. The care and feeding of clients is really one of the main obstacles, because you always have a client with some preconceived idea of what a house looks like, and all you want him to do is leave a check and go to Europe for a couple of years. Or leave two checks. But alas, life isn’t simple. If it were, more people would be better architects.</p> <p><strong>You said, “You cannot not know history.” What did you mean by that?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: We were in a period in the early ’50s or ’40s that thought the whole thing could be solved by technological means. Science will take care of everything and no input of cultural history was of any importance. I never believed it and I still don’t. So I claim that you’ve got to have a feel for the history of architecture. I started out as an historian, so probably I was just pushing my own interest. I felt that you can’t not know it because it’s there all the time; it’s around you anyhow. If you ignore it, then you’re denying the very input your buildings have to have. So you can’t not know it. It’s a good remark. I plastered it on the wall at Yale when I taught there.</p> <p><strong>You’ve been described as the most influential American architect in this century and as an <em>enfant terrible.</em> Which description fits you best?</strong></p> <p><em>Enfant terrible.</em> I’m not the greatest influence at all, but I am nasty. I have a very bad reputation for always saying tactless remarks that are much better not being said. I really don’t understand that. To me, I just tell the whole truth, but perhaps that isn’t the right thing to do at that moment. But, I’m still here. If you can prove to me that that’s hurt my career terribly, then I’d take it more seriously. But in spite of the horrible mistakes I’ve made in my life, well, I suppose some of them were inevitable, but you didn’t have to be such a damn fool, Johnson. Still, I’m here. I enjoy being an <em>enfant terrible,</em> although I’m pretty old to be an <em>enfant.</em></p> <p><strong>You’ve taken your turn as a critic and certainly as the object of criticism. How do you handle criticism?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: You try to develop a very thick skin. Hard to do. It hurts always. How could they misunderstand me so much?</p> <p><strong>Do you have any thoughts about the role of the architect in society?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I think it’s marginal. I don’t think it should be marginal. I think it’s very important. I think it can influence the world. It can make you a better person if you’re surrounded by good architecture, but the world doesn’t seem to listen too much to that. They still create cities like Tokyo or Istanbul. Horrible places.</p> <p><strong>What is architecture’s role?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Inspiration, like music. History, like music and painting, used to be called ennobling, but we don’t care much about ennoblement anymore. What is it? It makes you feel much better. To be in the presence of a great work of architecture is such a satisfaction that you can go hungry for days. To create a feeling such as mine in Chartres Cathedral when I was 13 is the aim of architecture.</p> <p><strong>If a young person asked for advice about becoming an architect, what would you say?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I’d say, “Don’t.” I’m not an example for anybody. What to do? Work at the apprentice system and travel a great deal to absorb the cultures of the world, of the past. You can add a few more to the ones that I had, is the East. The Near East I have learned a great deal about, but not the Far East. That should be included. I don’t know how you do this. I don’t know how you beg, borrow or steal – even that’s all right to me – money to do this kind of fumbling around the world. That’s very important, so you can get a feel for the way people actually live. And, you’ve got to be unfortunately, a salesman. How do you learn salesmanship? It’s kind of hard.</p> <p><strong>How much is inspiration, how much perspiration?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: About 99 percent is perspiration. Anybody can answer that.</p> <p><strong>Any doubts about your ability?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Oh goodness yes. I’m thoroughly discouraged right now. But that goes with the territory. You see better people around you all the time. Not to be envious and not to take that out in bitterness is a hard lesson, but you’d better, because you can’t always be Frank Lloyd Wright. You’ve got to learn to live in this world just as you live in it. You’ve got to stand it.</p> <p><strong>Which awards mean the most to you?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: None of them mean much. They really don’t. What meant something to me is things like this: I was in Europe the other day and I picked up a wonderful new job. That’s the reward of being famous. All the fame and publicity and all that seem to increase, and I don’t know why, but it’s very pleasant if it brings me another great challenge. With that, the next challenge, I can enjoy every single day of my life.</p> <p><strong>Anything you haven’t done that you want to do?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Yes, I’ve always wanted to do one thing, but I knew it wasn’t going to happen. So it stays as the dream: to build a city. Cities just grow like Topsy. Look at us here. Total disaster. Doesn’t have to be. And I’m very sorry about that.</p> <p><strong>What’s your dream city like?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: It’s all mixed up like Paris and Athens and few other places. I haven’t let myself because I worked on some town plans and things that I thought were going to happen and were very disappointing. It’s not in the cards these days, so I’m very satisfied by getting this little job in Europe. A few museums and schools that I’m doing. Wonderful time. And I’m doing a church. Very, very small, very unimportant, but very interesting.</p> <p><strong>Were there any books that influenced you as a young person?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Yes indeed, a great many. I got passionate about Nietzsche and Plato. I remember discovering Plato. That was my first love, and then Nietzsche, and I treasure them still in my bookcases. Later on, I became interested in architectural history and my passion in politics. Isaiah Berlin was, to me, the greatest theorist. It’s books that really keep the mind filled. Another thing we should advise young people is to read. Read, read, read. If nothing catches your spirit, that’s too bad. I must admit that the passion roused by a Plato can have no second. Not even poetry.</p> <p><strong>Why Plato?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: He was such a great writer. He wrote the most beautiful prose and beautifully inspiring ideas. It sounds silly to use ordinary words when you get a genius like Plato, but he could think his way around all the plots and describe people and their characters at the same time. He created Socrates. Socrates was an unknown person, but he was made alive by this man’s creativity. Now, I do not understand the finer points of Plato. It gets me down, but the comedies, the shorter dialogues can keep you going for a long, long time. Later, I turned on Plato, but that’s a long story.</p> <p><strong>What reached you about Plato?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: In a way it’s like reading the Bible. It becomes so much part of your way of looking at the world that you don’t realize it. I just felt moved, let’s say, by reading Plato and, I confess, didn’t understand it, but he seemed a wise man, saying great things and saying them beautifully. Poor Aristotle was short-changed because he was a lousy writer.</p> <p><strong>What about detective novels?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: I read them as President Wilson did, if you please. Detective novels to keep me from committing suicide. They’re wonderful relaxation; much better than television. But I only like the American kind and I read all of them five or six times.</p> <p><strong>Let’s talk about modern art. What are the connections between modern art and architecture?</strong></p> <p>Philip Johnson: Of course there are connections. They’re different professions which is why I like architecture better than art, but they’re so intertwined that you can’t separate them out so conveniently. When I was in college, I met the other man that influenced me enormously like Demos, the professor at Harvard in philosophy. That was Alfred Barr, the founder of the Museum of Modern Art, who got me more than excited by modern painting. Although I had been buying a few pictures, and I loved certain artists like Paul Klee or Pablo Picasso, I didn’t have the passion that Alfred Barr did, nor did I have the knowledge. He was the greatest scholar as well as the greatest enthusiast and preacher on art that I know in history. Nobody today can touch him and, with him, I had my eyes opened to greater things in art than I had any experience of.</p> <p>I had experienced only my knowledge of Mondrian because Mondrian, of course, had a very close connection with architecture. Some painters are more architectonic. The two great ones in recent history are Malevich and Mondrian. If you don’t know those people and appreciate them, I don’t see how you could be an architect. It seems to me that today, if you don’t know the young sculptors or the young artists, that you’re going to miss a shape or a form or a passage. You’re going to impoverish your work as an architect. It’s such a subtle thing. It’s one of those things you can’t talk about. Why should I be influenced by a vase made by Kenny Price, for God’s sake? But you feel it, you feel at the depth a useable, malleable, actual shape. Or, why would I get so excited about my favorite painter for instance, is Caspar David Friedrich. He was a romantic painter. Single men on a dark sea may sound crappy, but I assure you it isn’t. If ruined cathedral at sunset may be too appalling to think of, but those pictures, he could do it. Now you’d say, what’s the message? I don’t know what message, all I know is every time I go to a museum where there are Caspar David Friedrichs, I spend all my time there. Or in ancient art, Piero della Francesca. I’d go 150 miles out of my way just to be sure to see again a favorite Piero because, to me, he was <em>the</em> great Renaissance painter. Others have other favorites, but one is influenced through the viscera. Why Mondrian? Because he used a straight shape that influenced Corbusier and all the modern architects of our time, and Malevich. But you can’t see it in romantic painting, you can’t see it in religious painting.</p> <p>No writer has ever been able to explain painting. In fact I gave up reading books on writing. Roger Fry fascinated me when I was young, but he couldn’t explain Caspar David Friedrich because he was “significant form” for God’s sake, with no significant form in that landscape. So it’s best not to talk about it at all. It’s magical. That’s why they used to say there are many paths to the truth besides reasoning and words and talking. There’s mysticism. How do you explain mysticism? How do you find God on your knees in front of a statue? I don’t know whether it was God I found at Chartres Cathedral or not. Nobody ever told me that. Those things are mysteries. Why do we like mysteries so much? In this scientific age, we still keep that passion for the unknowable and the risks. Nietzsche, of course, still has my fascination. His strange interest in art and architecture is unique among philosophers. I can say why I like Nietzsche, because he’s close to architecture. But painting is something I can’t understand. I cannot paint. I cannot think in those terms at all. I’ve tried and tried, naturally, always tried. Just as many times I’ve tried to design a chair. This chair was designed by Mies van der Rohe. Well I can’t design a chair. I did it a couple of times and they were not only uncomfortable, but very ugly. It’s too bad. I feel very incompetent on my bad days and I certainly can’t do painting. They’re different arts, and yet they influence each other, and I don’t know the answer to your question, what is the relationship?</p> <p><strong>What’s the greatest challenge of the next century?</strong></p> <p>Anybody who makes a prognostication’s a damned fool. I’ve done it and I know it’s always, always, always wrong, because you make a prophecy, for a challenge you make an assumption that is based on your experience today. The greatest challenge in the next century in architecture? Just the continual anguish and reform and replanning and nobody, nobody knows what strange changes are going to take. The history of the past century, for instance. Nobody could have guessed what Le Corbusier would do, that what Frank Lloyd Wright did was to change the course of history, or Mies van der Rohe. And now the kids! We have a wonderful generation coming, twisting it all out of what an older person would think was shape. But they’re doing it with such panache, with such verve, which such delightful humor, that a whole new panoply of architecture’s opened up. That’s why, as far as my feeling goes, it’s all going to be good. The world can go to pot, as it seems to be doing very well thank you, but it doesn’t affect architecture. The late Byzantine period may have been, toward the end of a bad period, but great churches that will always last and always inspire. So have the decadence that maybe is coming, but maybe not. If it’s coming, architecture will go on anyhow. If it’s not coming, architecture will go on anyhow and create it’s own richnesses. You can’t stop people from doing architecture. You can’t stop people from writing poetry.</p> <p>All right, the times go bad, the times go good, but the eternal things, like poetry or architecture, go on. And, they will go on. That is one of the great things about being connected to an art as great as architecture. It’s your desire — Plato’s words — desire for immortality. That’s what keeps you going, not sex. It doesn’t make any difference anyhow at my age, but it’s not important as a drive, Mr. Freud to the contrary notwithstanding. Plato was right. Everybody has a desire for immortality. So when you die isn’t very important. Because your immortality — what did you do when you were here that made any sense?</p> <p><strong>I can’t think of any better place to stop. Thank you. It’s been a privilege.</strong></p> <p>You’re welcome.</p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Philip C. Johnson Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>34 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.7233560090703" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775.jpg" data-image-caption="October 18, 2011: The Seagram Building, New York City, 38-story tower block with bronze-colored windows and wall panels. By Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, completed 1958. Late afternoon, the building's lights showing through the windows. (© Angelo Hornak/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="Seagram Building, New York" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775-221x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/42-30520775-441x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.70394736842105" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/120.jpg" data-image-caption="Fourth-year School of Architecture jury in the Yale University Art Gallery, 1960. Front row, left to right: Philip Johnson, Paul Rudolph, and Vincent Scully. (Photograph by Stanley Tigerman. © Yale University)" data-image-copyright="120" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/120-380x268.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/120-760x535.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.71447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/AP96070802482.jpg" data-image-caption="July 8, 1996: Architect Philip Johnson smiles during a news conference in New York City on his 90th birthday, before unveiling his design for the Cathedral of Hope in Dallas, Texas. It will be the world's largest metropolitan community church serving gays and lesbians. Johnson described his designing of the sanctuary as "the crowning jewel in my lifetime of work." Johnson is noted for his visionary architectural style represented by the AT&T building and the Museum of Modern Art sculpture gardens in New York, Thanksgiving Square in Dallas, and the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California. Johnson, a Cleveland native, died January 25, 2005, at his home in New Canaan, Connecticut, at the age of 98. (AP Photo/Kathy Willens)" data-image-copyright="ap96070802482" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/AP96070802482-380x271.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/AP96070802482-760x543.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.0666666666667" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CN00023632.jpg" data-image-caption="Architect Philip Johnson with a model of the David Lloyd Kreeger house in Washington, D.C., circa 1964. (© Condé Nast Archive/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Architect Philip Johnson with Model of Kreeger Museum" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CN00023632-356x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CN00023632.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4393939393939" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/FIG_001.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson (L) and architect Alfred Barr (R) on Lake Maggiore, April 1933. (Margaret Scolari Barr Papers, Scrapbook 1933-1934, MSB and AHB's sabbatical year, 1933: incl. Easter. The Museum of Modern Art Archives, New York. © Digital Image. © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art Resource)" data-image-copyright="MA614" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/FIG_001-264x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/FIG_001-528x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67631578947368" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-Lincoln-Center.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson at Lincoln Center." data-image-copyright="Johnson in Lincoln Center." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-Lincoln-Center-380x257.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-Lincoln-Center-760x514.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.99210526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson in his New York City office." data-image-copyright="Johnson in NYC office." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office-380x377.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-in-NYC-office-760x754.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67236842105263" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-Getty-52076709_10.jpg" data-image-caption="1979: American architect Philip Johnson (1906-2005) works on blueprints at a table in his office in New York City. He wears his trademark glasses and a black and red checkered fleece jacket. (Photo by Ted Thai/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Johnson At Work On Blueprints" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-Getty-52076709_10-380x256.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-Getty-52076709_10-760x511.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.0106382978723" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip404.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson" data-image-copyright="johnson-philip404" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip404-376x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip404-752x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3080895008606" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-50507829-Getty.jpg" data-image-caption="1947: Exterior view of Chartres Cathedral. (Photo by Nat Farbman/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="johnson-philip-50507829-getty" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-50507829-Getty-290x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Philip-50507829-Getty-581x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5049504950495" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958.jpg" data-image-caption="1978-1984: Sony Building (© Alan Schein Photography/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="Sony Building" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958-252x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NT1135958-505x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65789473684211" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Obit-Ed-Koch_sham-1.jpg" data-image-caption="January 30, 1975: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, center left, and Bess Myerson, center right, walk with architect Philip Johnson, left, and Rep. Ed Koch, right, as they leave New York's Grand Central Station after holding a news conference for the "Committee to Save Grand Central Station." Koch, the combative politician who rescued the city from near-financial ruin during three City Hall terms, died at age 88. Spokesman George Arzt says Koch died February 1, 2013 of congestive heart failure. (AP Photo/Harry Harris, File)" data-image-copyright="Ed Koch" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Obit-Ed-Koch_sham-1-380x250.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Obit-Ed-Koch_sham-1-760x500.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP.jpg" data-image-caption="The Parthenon" data-image-copyright="parthenon-ap" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP-380x247.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Parthenon-AP-760x494.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.0026385224274" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson083.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson and his partner, John Burgee." data-image-copyright="philip-johnson083" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson083-380x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson083-758x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2438625204583" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson142" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142-305x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson142-611x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.0106382978723" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson and his partner, John Burgee." data-image-copyright="philip-johnson143" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143-376x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson143-752x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.83947368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson144.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip Johnson's Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California. (Courtesy of Dr. Robert H. Schuller)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson144" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson144-380x319.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson144-760x638.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.82368421052632" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145.jpg" data-image-caption="Interior of the Crystal Cathedral, with 90-foot doors in open position. (Courtesy of Dr. Robert H. Schuller)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson145" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145-380x313.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Philip-Johnson145-760x626.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.74868421052632" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house.jpg" data-image-caption="The Glass House, Philip Johnson’s New Canaan, Connecticut home, was one of his first projects, and one that would continue throughout his career. The 49-acre property includes 14 structures built between 1949 and 1955. The Glass House itself was designed to be open to the surrounding landscape and overlooks a pond. Now a National Trust for Historic Preservation Site. (Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house-380x285.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-001-glass-house-760x569.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3996316758748" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram.jpg" data-image-caption="Johnson collaborated with architect Mies van der Rohe on the Seagram Building in Manhattan. The Park Avenue tower is sheathed in bronze and glass and spans 38 stories. Johnson also designed many of the interior spaces, including the iconic Four Seasons restaurant. (Photo: John Lamparski/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram-271x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-002-seagram-543x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3058419243986" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-003-att.jpg" data-image-caption="Located at 550 Madison Avenue in Manhattan, Johnson’s AT&T Building (now known as the Sony Tower) is an icon of postmodern design. The building was designed with his partner at the time, John Burgee, and is distinguished by a pink granite exterior and the Chippendale-inspired pediment. (Photo: Ted Thai/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-003-att" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-003-att-291x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-003-att-582x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2377850162866" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-004-crystal-cathedral.jpg" data-image-caption="Johnson was hired by televangelist Robert H. Schuller to design Crystal Cathedral, a sanctuary for his complex in Garden Grove, California. Dedicated in 1980, the building is clad in over 10,000 panes of glass and is shaped like a four-pointed star. The striking structure stands beside architect Richard Neutra’s Tower of Hope. (Universal Images Group/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-004-crystal-cathedral" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-004-crystal-cathedral-307x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-004-crystal-cathedral-614x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3217391304348" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-005.jpg" data-image-caption="Houston’s nondenominational Rothko Chapel, which contains 14 paintings by Mark Rothko, was commissioned by John and Dominique de Menil in 1964 and completed in 1971. Johnson was the original architect on the project but was replaced by local architects Howard Barnstone and Eugene Aubry after disagreements with Rothko over the design. (Buyenlarge/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-005" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-005-288x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-005-575x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5510204081633" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-006.jpg" data-image-caption="Located in midtown Manhattan, the Lipstick Building, which gets its name from its shape and the shade of its red granite-and-steel exterior, was completed by Johnson and Burgee in 1986. The 34-story elliptical tower offers a striking contrast to the sharp-edged towers in the neighborhood. (Bloomberg/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-006" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-006-245x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-006-490x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3333333333333" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007.jpg" data-image-caption="Johnson designed Dallas’s Thanks-Giving Square, including the plaza’s spiral nondenominational chapel, in 1976. The chapel’s striking interior includes 73 panels of stained glass by artist Gabriel Loire. (David Kozlowski/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-007" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007-285x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-007-570x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-008.jpg" data-image-caption="Johnson’s design for the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, was completed in 1961. The modern building was constructed using Texas shellstone, glass, and bronze and featured a two-story entrance hall and five gallery spaces. Johnson also oversaw two expansions, with the most recent addition opening in 2001. (Photo: Allan Baxter/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-008" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-008-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-008-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-009.jpg" data-image-caption="Another of Johnson’s Texas projects was the Chapel of St. Basil on the campus of the University of St. Thomas in Houston. Completed in 1997, the building was designed using three shapes: a cube, a sphere (which creates the dome), and a plane. (Mabry Campbell)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-009" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-009-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-009-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.72631578947368" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010.jpg" data-image-caption="Johnson’s New York State Theater, now known as the David H. Koch Theater, at Manhattan’s Lincoln Center, opened in 1964 and has served as the home of the New York City Ballet for over 50 years. The theater was initially built as part of the 1964–65 World’s Fair. (Scott Wintrow/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-010" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010-380x276.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-010-760x552.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67236842105263" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011.jpg" data-image-caption="Johnson and Burgee designed Pittsburgh’s PPG Place, which includes a 40-story tower, a 14-story building, and four six-story structures. Completed in 1984, the glass-and-steel complex has 231 spires, adding to its distinctive neo-Gothic style. (Universal Images Group/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="philip-johnson-architecture-011" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011-380x256.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-architecture-011-760x511.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2357723577236" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-getty825484.jpg" data-image-caption="1998: Architect Philip Johnson in his office in New York City. (Evan Kafka/Liaison)" data-image-copyright="Portrait of Philip Johnson" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-getty825484-307x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/philip-johnson-getty825484-615x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.79342105263158" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015.jpg" data-image-caption="1949, New Canaan, Connecticut: Exterior view of Philip Johnson's Glass House. (Richard Schulman/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Exterior View of Philip Johnsons's Glass House" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015-380x302.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UA011015-760x603.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66315789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Watson-James-and-Johnson-Philip-copy.jpg" data-image-caption="Architect Philip Johnson with James Watson at the 1991 gathering of the Academy of Achievement in New York City. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="wp-watson-james-and-johnson-philip-copy" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Watson-James-and-Johnson-Philip-copy-380x252.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Watson-James-and-Johnson-Philip-copy-760x504.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.71447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-RosenquistGoldenPlate.jpg" data-image-caption="James Rosenquist presents the Academy's Golden Plate Award to architect Philip C. Johnson." data-image-copyright="wp-rosenquistgoldenplate" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-RosenquistGoldenPlate-380x272.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-RosenquistGoldenPlate-760x543.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.68026315789474" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC.jpg" data-image-caption="Philip C. Johnson on the headtable at the American Academy of Achievement's 1991 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies during the Achievement Summit held at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City. (© Stanley R. Zax)" data-image-copyright="wp-Johnson, Philip 1991 Summit in NYC" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC-380x258.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-Johnson-Philip-1991-Summit-in-NYC-760x517.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Twitter"><i class="icon-icon_twitter-circle"></i></a></li>  <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-email" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever via Email"><i class="icon-icon_email-circle"></i></a></li> </ul> <time class="editorial-article__last-updated sans-6">This page last revised on December 11, 2020</time> <div class="sans-4"><a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/how-to-cite" target="_blank">How to cite this page</a></div> </footer> </div> <div class="container interview-related-achievers"> <hr class="m-t-3 m-b-3"/> <footer class="clearfix small-blocks text-xs-center"> <h3 class="m-b-3 serif-3">If you are inspired by this achiever’s story, you might also enjoy:</h3> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service difficulty-with-school ambitious curious " data-year-inducted="2001" data-achiever-name="Brown"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/carter-j-brown/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bro1-001-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bro1-001-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">J. 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Fauci, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/peter-gabriel/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peter Gabriel</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol W. Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-b-maccready-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul B. MacCready, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reinhold Messner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/cal-ripken-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Cal Ripken Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony D. Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210119062056/https://achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. 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