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style="display:none">Altercation in the Willamette Valley</div> <p> The <b>Cockstock incident</b> was an altercation between indigenous peoples and settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a>. It originated as a dispute between Cockstock, a native, and <a href="/wiki/James_D._Saules" title="James D. Saules">James D. Saules</a>, a free black settler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995126_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995126-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 1844, conflict erupted between Cockstock's party and settlers; with Cockstock and two white settlers dying. The event has been called "the most significant occurrence of violence"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> between indigenous peoples and settlers prior to the <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_War" title="Cayuse War">Cayuse War</a>. </p><p>In the aftermath of the violence, white settlers feared that black settlers could insult local indigenous peoples enough to provoke an uprising. The Cockstock incident influenced the adoption an 1844 <a href="/wiki/Oregon_black_exclusion_laws" title="Oregon black exclusion laws">black exclusion law</a> that banned black settlers from living in the Oregon Country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1982156_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1982156-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Thomas McClintock has written that the connection between the Cockstock incident and the Exclusion Law is "unquestionable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995129_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995129-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cockstock was a <a href="/wiki/Molala" title="Molala">Molala</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendricks1929_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendricks1929-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJette2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJette2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockley1914_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockley1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878141_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878141-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> man who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> during the first half of the 19th century. A relative of his had been <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flogged</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Elijah_White" title="Elijah White">Elijah White</a> after breaking into the <a href="/wiki/Wascopam_Mission" title="Wascopam Mission">Wascopam Mission</a> home of missionary Henry K. W. Perkins. This incident frustrated Cockstock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848234_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848234-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to advocate against Elijah White's laws on matters of criminal justice and land ownership being imposed on indigenous societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubyBrown198899_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubyBrown198899-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843 Cockstock was employed on Winslow Anderson's farm, a free black settler. A horse was promised as payment for Cockstock's labor. By the end of his contract, however, Anderson had sold the horse to another black settler, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Saules" title="James D. Saules">James D. Saules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995126_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995126-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENokes2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENokes2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This angered Cockstock, who took the horse and issued threats to both men. </p><p>On 17 February 1844, White received a letter from Saules. He wrote that he feared for his life and claimed that Cockstock harassed settlers and had "murdered several Indians lately".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, White and a small party of settlers attempted to find Cockstock in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Falls" title="Willamette Falls">Willamette Falls</a>, but he evaded capture. In consequence, White issued a $100 warrant for his arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229–230_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229–230-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Portland_in_Oregon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Norbert_Blanchet" title="François Norbert Blanchet">François N. Blanchet</a> recorded an alternative account told by natives, which stated there was one murder. The victim was a baptized Klickitat man who resided on the <a href="/wiki/Clackamas_River" title="Clackamas River">Clackamas River</a>. He had mistreated and abused two native slaves, who eventually killed their tormentor. Afterwards the slaves escaped back to their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878145_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incident">Incident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 March 1844, Cockstock returned to <a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a> with several men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockley1914_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockley1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He inquired why the settlers had been attempting to capture him. A crowd of settlers started to form. Watching the development, an employee of John McLoughlin reportedly exclaimed "That Indian is a good man, you should not molest him; if you do, you will repent!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878146_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attempt to capture Cockstock was led by <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Legislature_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Legislature of Oregon">Oregon legislature</a> official <a href="/wiki/George_LeBreton" title="George LeBreton">George LeBreton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey1922242_fn._2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey1922242_fn._2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the assembled settlers wanted to "shoot him [Cockstock] at any risk".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848231_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848231-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing skirmish, Anderson killed Cockstock by smashing his rifle into the native's skull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848232_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848232-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two white settlers, LeBreton and Sterling Rogers, were killed from injuries sustained in the fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockley1914_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockley1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubyBrown198899_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubyBrown198899-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1982156_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1982156-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Three days after the conflict, Rev. <a href="/wiki/Modeste_Demers" title="Modeste Demers">Modeste Demers</a> described the sentiment of the Willamette Valley settlers to then <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a> Blanchet:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The settlers seem to acknowledge they have been too quick, in this unfortunate affair; but the unlucky deed is over; it is a true murder; based upon the extremely rash and unjustifiable action of poor Le Breton who will pay dear for his apostasy and crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878147_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many white settlers feared retaliation and the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Rangers" title="Oregon Rangers">Oregon Rangers</a> was organized on 23 March 1844 in response.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1892129–130_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1892129–130-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widow of Cockstock was <a href="/wiki/Wasco%E2%80%93Wishram" title="Wasco–Wishram">Wasco</a> and her relatives were angry at his death. They argued that he had not gone to Oregon City with violent intent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey1922242_fn._2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey1922242_fn._2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 70 Wascos arrived and demanded compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1920_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1920-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace between the settlers and natives was maintained by White, who offering payment of "two blankets, a dress, and [a] handkerchief" to the widow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848237_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848237-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 1 May 1844, White wrote to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James Madison Porter</a>, citing the Cockstock incident and mentioned Saules:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Saules] remains in that vicinity with his Indian wife and family, conducting [behaving], as yet, in a quiet manner, but doubtless ought to be transported, together with every other negro, being in our condition dangerous subjects. Until we have some further means of protection their immigration ought to be prohibited. Can this be done?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENokes2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENokes2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1844_exclusion_law">1844 exclusion law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1844 exclusion law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_black_exclusion_laws" title="Oregon black exclusion laws">Oregon black exclusion laws</a></div> <p>In late July 1844 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Burnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Burnett">Peter Burnett</a> introduced a statute for the "<a href="/wiki/Oregon_black_exclusion_laws" title="Oregon black exclusion laws">prevention of slavery in Oregon</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Legislature_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Legislature of Oregon">Legislature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrover185347,_50_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrover185347,_50-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forbade both <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">black slavery</a> and the residence of any "<a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free negros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattos</a>" in Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995122_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995122-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any blacks refusing to leave Oregon were to receive a number of <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">lashes</a> and forcible deportation. The bill was adopted by the legislature, although an amendment was passed in December that removed the physical punishment. Instead, blacks were to be forced back into bondage to work for white settlers, before eventually being deported east to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1982155–156_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1982155–156-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Provisional Government was centered in the Willamette Valley, its authority didn't extend north of the Columbia River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1972199_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1972199-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black and mixed-race people like Saules and <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_(pioneer)" title="George Bush (pioneer)">George Bush</a> consequently settled in modern <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavis1972" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Lenwood G. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20613303">"Sources for History of Blacks in Oregon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Quarterly" title="Oregon Historical Quarterly">Oregon Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>73</b> (3). Portland, OR: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society" title="Oregon Historical Society">Oregon Historical Society</a>: 196–211. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-4727">0030-4727</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20613303">20613303</a> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sources+for+History+of+Blacks+in+Oregon&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=196-211&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20613303%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0030-4727&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lenwood+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20613303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock1995" class="citation journal cs1">McClintock, Thomas C. (1995). "James Saules, Peter Burnett, and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pacific_Northwest_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pacific Northwest Quarterly">The Pacific Northwest Quarterly</a></i>. <b>86</b> (3): 121–130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8803">0030-8803</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40491550">40491550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Northwest+Quarterly&rft.atitle=James+Saules%2C+Peter+Burnett%2C+and+the+Oregon+Black+Exclusion+Law+of+June+1844&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=121-130&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40491550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0030-8803&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Quintard_Taylor" title="Quintard Taylor">Taylor, Quintard</a> (1982). "Slaves and Free Men: Blacks in the Oregon Country, 1840-1860". <i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Quarterly" title="Oregon Historical Quarterly">Oregon Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>83</b> (2): 153–170. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-4727">0030-4727</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20613841">20613841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+Free+Men%3A+Blacks+in+the+Oregon+Country%2C+1840-1860&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-170&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20613841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0030-4727&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Quintard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1848" class="citation book cs1">Allen, A. J. (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tenyearsinorego00allegoog"><i>Ten Years in Oregon</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Mack, Andrus, & Co. pp. 230–237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Years+in+Oregon&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=230-237&rft.pub=Mack%2C+Andrus%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftenyearsinorego00allegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchet1878" class="citation book cs1">Blanchet, François N. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=970OAQAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon During the Past Forty Years</i></a>. Portland, OR – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Sketches+of+the+Catholic+Church+in+Oregon+During+the+Past+Forty+Years&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Blanchet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D970OAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1892" class="citation book cs1">Brown, J. Henry (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9m5NAAAAYAAJ"><i>Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government</i></a>. Portland, OR: Wiley B. Allen. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/rc01000356">rc01000356</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422191413">422191413</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413045915/http://books.google.com/books?id=9m5NAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-13 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brown%27s+Political+History+of+Oregon%3A+Provisional+Government&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wiley+B.+Allen&rft.date=1892&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422191413&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Frc01000356&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J.+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9m5NAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1922" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Charles Henry (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoregon00henrgoog"><i>History of Oregon</i></a> (University of Virginia Digitization ed.). Pioneer Historical Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Oregon&rft.edition=University+of+Virginia+Digitization&rft.pub=Pioneer+Historical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoregon00henrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrover1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/La_Fayette_Grover" title="La Fayette Grover">Grover, La Fayette</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3RNAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Oregon Archives</i></a>. Salem, OR: Asahel Bush.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oregon+Archives&rft.place=Salem%2C+OR&rft.pub=Asahel+Bush&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=La+Fayette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3RNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubyBrown1988" class="citation book cs1">Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. Jr. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww8odDD86oAC&pg=PA99"><i>Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A History</i></a> (1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806121130" title="Special:BookSources/9780806121130"><bdi>9780806121130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+of+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+A+History&rft.place=Norman&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780806121130&rft.aulast=Ruby&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Brown%2C+John+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWw8odDD86oAC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricks1929" class="citation news cs1">Hendricks, R. J., ed. (1929-12-31). "Bits for Breakfast". <i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_Journal" title="Statesman Journal">Statesman Journal</a></i>. Salem, OR. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statesman+Journal&rft.atitle=Bits+for+Breakfast&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1929-12-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1920" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Jackson_(publisher)" title="Sam Jackson (publisher)">Jackson, Sam</a>, ed. (1920-11-11). "Olden Oregon". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Journal" title="The Oregon Journal">The Oregon Daily Journal</a></i>. Vol. 19, no. 211. Portland, OR. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oregon+Daily+Journal&rft.atitle=Olden+Oregon&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=211&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1920-11-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockley1914" class="citation news cs1">Lockley, Fred (1914-10-09). <a href="/wiki/Sam_Jackson_(publisher)" title="Sam Jackson (publisher)">Jackson, Sam</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn85042444/1914-10-06/ed-1/seq-6/">"In Earlier Days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Journal" title="The Oregon Journal">The Oregon Daily Journal</a></i>. Vol. 13, no. 181. Portland, OR. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oregon+Daily+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Earlier+Days&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=181&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1914-10-09&rft.aulast=Lockley&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foregonnews.uoregon.edu%2Flccn%2Fsn85042444%2F1914-10-06%2Fed-1%2Fseq-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2020" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Kenneth R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/cockstock-incident/">"Cockstock Incident"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Encyclopedia" title="The Oregon Encyclopedia">The Oregon Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society" title="Oregon Historical Society">Oregon Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928032826/https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/cockstock-incident/#.X3FYYHbgpkw">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oregon+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Cockstock+Incident&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Fcockstock-incident%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJette2004" class="citation web cs1">Jette, Melinda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/the-cockstock-incident/">"The Cockstock Incident"</a>. <i>The Oregon History Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society" title="Oregon Historical Society">Oregon Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307061355/https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/the-cockstock-incident/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oregon+History+Project&rft.atitle=The+Cockstock+Incident&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jette&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonhistoryproject.org%2Farticles%2Fhistorical-records%2Fthe-cockstock-incident%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNokes2013" class="citation web cs1">Nokes, R. Gregory (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oregonhumanities.org/rll/magazine/skin-summer-2013/dangerous-subjects/">"Dangerous Subjects"</a>. <i>Oregon Humanities</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Humanities&rft.atitle=Dangerous+Subjects&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nokes&rft.aufirst=R.+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foregonhumanities.org%2Frll%2Fmagazine%2Fskin-summer-2013%2Fdangerous-subjects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockstock+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995126-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995126_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995126_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClintock1995">McClintock 1995</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2020">Coleman 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1982156-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1982156_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1982156_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1982">Taylor 1982</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995129-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995129_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClintock1995">McClintock 1995</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendricks1929-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendricks1929_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendricks1929">Hendricks 1929</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJette2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJette2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJette2004">Jette 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockley1914-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockley1914_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockley1914_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockley1914_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockley1914">Lockley 1914</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878141-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878141_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlanchet1878">Blanchet 1878</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848234-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848234_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1848">Allen 1848</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubyBrown198899-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubyBrown198899_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubyBrown198899_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubyBrown1988">Ruby & Brown 1988</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENokes2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENokes2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENokes2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNokes2013">Nokes 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1848">Allen 1848</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229–230-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848229–230_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1848">Allen 1848</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878145-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878145_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlanchet1878">Blanchet 1878</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878146-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878146_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlanchet1878">Blanchet 1878</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey1922242_fn._2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey1922242_fn._2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey1922242_fn._2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey1922">Carey 1922</a>, p. 242 fn. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848231-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848231_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1848">Allen 1848</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848232-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848232_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1848">Allen 1848</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878147-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanchet1878147_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlanchet1878">Blanchet 1878</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1892129–130-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1892129–130_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1892">Brown 1892</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1920-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1920_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1920">Jackson 1920</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1848237-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1848237_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1848">Allen 1848</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrover185347,_50-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrover185347,_50_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrover1853">Grover 1853</a>, pp. 47, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995122-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintock1995122_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClintock1995">McClintock 1995</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1982155–156-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1982155–156_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1982">Taylor 1982</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1972199-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1972199_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1972">Davis 1972</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&oldid=1242457903">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cockstock_incident&oldid=1242457903</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1844_in_Oregon_Country" title="Category:1844 in Oregon Country">1844 in Oregon Country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Oregon" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Oregon">Pre-statehood history of Oregon</a></li><li><a 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