CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <title>Restriction Endonucleases: Exposing Nature's Molecular Scissors</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Restriction, Restriction enzymes"> <meta name="description" content="Restriction Endonucleases: Exposing Nature's Molecular Scissors, Meredith K. Hawthorne.. "/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Longdom Publishing S.L"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Advancements in Genetic Engineering"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Restriction Endonucleases: Exposing Nature's Molecular Scissors"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Meredith K. Hawthorne"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2024"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="13"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.35841/2169-0111.24.13.279"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2169-0111"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/06/06"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=""> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors.pdf"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="NomPTP94YozsgvD3NEFpNqUfY88e0TU0L64zNzZTpd0" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="longdom" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="ROBOTS" content="INDEX,FOLLOW" /> <meta name="googlebot" content="INDEX,FOLLOW" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" hreflang="en-us" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html", "logo": "https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" } </script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link href="/assets/css/longdom.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/animate.css/3.7.0/animate.min.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.7.1/css/all.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" />  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:100,100i,200,200i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i,900,900i|Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i|Raleway:100,100i,200,200i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/assets/css/ionicons.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.13.2/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/global.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/author.css" /> <link rel="icon" href="/assets/img/favicon.png" type="image/gif" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/coolautosuggest.css" />   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LE7WH45F9C"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-LE7WH45F9C'); </script> <meta property="og:title" content="Longdom Publishing SL | Open Access Journals" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Longdom" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.longdom.org/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Longdom Publishing SL is one of the leading international open access journals publishers, covering clinical, medical, and technology-oriented subjects" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@org_longdom" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Longdom Publishing SL | Open Access Journals" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Longdom Publishing SL is one of the leading international open access journals publishers, covering clinical, medical, and technology-oriented subjects." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" />  <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','//connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '297919997051754'); fbq('track', "PageView"); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage( theURL, winName, features ) { window.open( theURL, winName, features ); } </script> </head> <body> <header>  <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-white shadow-sm deva541"> <div class="container"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://www.longdom.org/" title="Longdom Publishing S.L"> <img src="/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" alt="" height="25"> </a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-controls="navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-end" id="navbar"> <div class="navbar-nav"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/" title="Home">Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Journals</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Journals"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/journals-by-title.html" title="A-Z Journals">A-Z Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access-journals-list.html" title="Browse By Subject">Browse By Subject</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Guidelines & Policies </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Guidelines"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/editorial-policies.html" title="Editorial Policies">Editorial Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/submit-manuscript.html" title="Online Submission">Online Submission</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/instructions-to-authors.html" title="Instructions to Authors">Instructions to Authors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/policies.html" title="Policies">Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/publication-ethics.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/reviewers.html" title="Reviewers">Reviewers</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/terms-conditions.html" title="Terms and Conditions">Terms and Conditions</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advertising.html" title="Advertising">Advertising</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/conferences.html" title="Conferences">Conferences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/contact-us.html" title="Contact us">Contact us</a> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </nav> </header>  <section class="bg-info py-1"> <div class="container"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between">  <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <img src="https://www.longdom.org/admin/headers/advancements-in-genetic-engineering-logo.svg" alt="Advancements in Genetic Engineering" width="105" height="105" class="img-fluid mx-auto"> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-8"> <h1 class="text-left text-white border-light-blue-200-before font-size-7">Advancements in Genetic Engineering<br><small class="float-right font-size-5">Open Access</small></h1> </div>  <div class="col-12 col-sm-2 d-none d-sm-block"> <p class="lead">ISSN: 2169-0111</p>  <div id="feedback" class="card card-body p-1 font-size-2 shadow-sm z-index-1"> <div class="reach-us-animated"></div> <p class="card-text"><img src="/assets/img/whatsapp.svg" alt="" width="20" class="ml-2"> +44 1478 350008</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <nav id="sticky-navbar" class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary py-0"> <div class="container"> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#jrnlNavbar" aria-controls="jrnlNavbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-center" id="jrnlNavbar"> <div class="navbar-nav"> <a class="nav-item nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering.html" title="Journal Home">Journal Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Editorial Panel <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/editor-in-chief.html" title="Editor-in-Chief">Editor-in-Chief</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/editorial-board.html" title="Editorial Board">Editorial Board</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " title="Instructions for Authors" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Instructions for Authors <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/instructionsforauthors.html" title="Instructions for Authors">Instructions for Authors</a>  <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/ethical-malpractices.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/submit-manuscript.html" title="Submit Manuscript">Submit Manuscript</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/aim-and-scope.html" title="Aims and Scope">Aims and Scope</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/inpress.html" title="Articles in process">Articles in process</a>  <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/archive.html" title="Archive">Archive</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="SpecialIssues" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Special Issues <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="SpecialIssues"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/guidelines.html" title="Guidelines">Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/upcoming-special-issues.html" title="Upcoming Special Issues">Upcoming Special Issues</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/contact.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <script type="text/javascript"> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement({pageLanguage: 'en'}, 'google_translate_element'); } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> <section class="py-4 content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-12 col-sm-3 order-last order-sm-first"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/awards-nomination.html" class="btn btn-info btn-block mb-3 border-0 border-left-4 border-info font-size-4"><i class="fa-light fa-award-simple"></i> Awards Nomination </a> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering-online-visitors-readers-170.html" class="btn btn-warning btn-block mb-3 border-0 border-left-4 border-info font-size-4"><i class="fas fa-book-reader"></i> 25+ Million Readerbase</a>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Frestriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="Longdom"/>  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0"> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Restriction Endonucleases: Exposing Nature's Molecular Scissors&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Frestriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="Longdom" /></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Frestriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="Longdom"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Frestriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="Longdom"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Restriction Endonucleases: Exposing Nature's Molecular Scissors&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Frestriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="Longdom" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div>     <h6><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=oCbR_0EAAAAJ&scilu=&scisig=AMD79ooAAAAAYVQ_CCwoL-acRUG4eKqZVg5Kbq9iB6Yx&gmla=AJsN-F7BAWSas1xiq_4r99auWWiWnru3hFun4xJH3aPC52tIiIaiEWtQkPOk6y1PRRrJ-Gd2vy2IkRAmxpg5QhdZe1q7TteBxJbiUQLvtKFPg-clXgayTM4&sciund=2678972351258186246" title="Click here">Google Scholar citation report</a></h6> <h6 style="font-weight:bold;">Citations : 190</h6> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=oCbR_0EAAAAJ&scilu=&scisig=AMD79ooAAAAAYVQ_CCwoL-acRUG4eKqZVg5Kbq9iB6Yx&gmla=AJsN-F7BAWSas1xiq_4r99auWWiWnru3hFun4xJH3aPC52tIiIaiEWtQkPOk6y1PRRrJ-Gd2vy2IkRAmxpg5QhdZe1q7TteBxJbiUQLvtKFPg-clXgayTM4&sciund=2678972351258186246" title="Click here">Advancements in Genetic Engineering received 190 citations as per Google Scholar report</a></p> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/citations.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/admin/citation-images/advancements-in-genetic-engineering-citation.PNG" alt="Citation" class="img-fluid p_rel" /></a> </div>   <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header pr-0">Indexed In</h6> <div class="list-group list-group-flush overflow-view"> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Open J Gate </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Genamics JournalSeek </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Academic Keys </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> CiteFactor </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Ulrich's Periodicals Directory </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> RefSeek </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Hamdard University </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> EBSCO A-Z </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> OCLC- WorldCat </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Publons </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Euro Pub </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Google Scholar </div> </div> <p class="m-0 clearfix"><a href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/indexing.html" title="Click here"><span class="btn btn-warning btn-xs float-right">View More »</span></a></p> </div>   <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Useful Links</h6> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-3 icon-list icon-list-angle-right a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/covid-19-peer-reviewed-journals-articles-special-issues.html" title="Click Here">Covid-19 Journal Articles Issues</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/aim-and-scope.html" title="Click Here">Aim and Scope</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/peer-review-process.html" title="Click Here">Peer Review Process</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/other-comments.html" title="Click Here">Other Comments</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/advertising.html" title="Click Here">Advertising</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/citations.html" title="Click Here">Citations Report</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/indexing.html" title="Click Here">Indexing and Archiving</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/archive.html" title="Click Here">Table of Contents</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/submissions/advancements-genetic-engineering.html" title="Click Here">Submit Paper</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/editorial-tracking/" title="Click Here">Track Your Paper</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/funded-articles.html" title="Click Here">Funded Work</a> </nav> </div> </div>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3" style="margin-top:10px"> <h6 class="card-header">Share This Page</h6> <div class="card-body"> <nav class="nav social-icons social-icons-sm"> <a class="nav-link bg-facebook white" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" target="_blank" title="Share with Facebook" rel="noopener"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-twitter white" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Twitter"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-linkedin white" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Linkdin"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-googleplus white" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share with Google+"><i class="fab fa-google-plus-g"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-pinterest white" href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Pintrest"><i class="fab fa-pinterest-p"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-blogger white" href="https://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g?u=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors-108983.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Blogger"><i class="fab fa-blogger-b"></i></a> </nav> </div> </div>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Recommended Journals</h6> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-3 icon-list icon-list-angle-right a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/genetic-syndromes-gene-therapy.html" title="Click Here">Gene therapy</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/enzyme-engineering.html" title="Click Here">Enzyme Engineering</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/transcriptomics.html" title="Click Here">Transcriptomics</a> </nav> </div> </div>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering/advertising.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/tower-banner.jpg" alt="Flyer image" class="img-fluid p_rel" /> <span class="p_abo cu_roundchip"> <span> <h5><span>25+</span> Million Website Visitors</h5> </span> </span> </a> </div>    <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Journal Flyer</h6> <img src="https://www.longdom.org/admin/flyers/advancements-in-genetic-engineering-flyer.jpg" alt="Advancements in Genetic Engineering" class="img-fluid"/> </div>   <div class="sidebar pt-20 pl-10 mt-xs-0" align="center"> <a class="twitter-timeline" href="https://twitter.com/genetic_j" data-width="450" data-height="300">Tweets by genetic_j</a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>   <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Open Access Journals</h6> <div class="card-body p-0 scroll_mang"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-3 icon-list icon-list-angle-right a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/agri-and-aquaculture-journals.html" title="Click Here">Agri and Aquaculture</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/biochemistry-journals.html" title="Click Here">Biochemistry</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/bioinformatics-and-systems-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Bioinformatics & Systems Biology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/business-and-management-journals.html" title="Click Here">Business & Management</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/chemistry-journals.html" title="Click Here">Chemistry</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/clinical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here">Clinical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/engineering-journals.html" title="Click Here">Engineering</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/food-and-nutrition-journals.html" title="Click Here">Food & Nutrition</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/general-science-journals.html" title="Click Here">General Science</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Genetics & Molecular Biology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Immunology & Microbiology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here">Medical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Neuroscience & Psychology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/nursing-and-health-care-journals.html" title="Click Here">Nursing & Health Care</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> </nav> </div> </div>  </aside> <div class="col-12 col-sm-9 full-text"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Short Communication - (2024)Volume 13, Issue 3 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-8 text-right custom-column"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors.pdf" title="View PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/restriction-endonucleases-exposing-natures-molecular-scissors.pdf&aid=108983" title="Download PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </div> </div> <h2 class="font-size-7 mt-2">Restriction Endonucleases: Exposing Nature's Molecular Scissors</h2> <a href='https://www.longdom.org/author/meredith-k-hawthorne-71048' title='Meredith K. Hawthorne' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Meredith K. Hawthorne</a><sup><a href='#Meredith_K._Hawthorne'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> <a id="Meredith_K._Hawthorne"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Meredith K. Hawthorne, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='mkhawthorne@imb.uny.edu'></i> <p><a href="#ai"><strong>Author info »</strong></a></p> <h4>Description</h4> <p>In the field of molecular biology, restriction endonucleases, commonly known as restriction enzymes, stand as indispensable tools that have revolutionized genetic research and biotechnology. These <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> are nature's molecular scissors, capable of cleaving DNA molecules at specific sequences, thereby enabling scientists to manipulate and study genetic material with precision and control [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>].</p> <p><strong>Discovery and mechanism</strong></p> <p>The discovery of restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> dates back to the 1960s [<a href="#2" title="2">2</a>]. When researchers studying bacterial immune systems found that certain bacteria possess <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> capable of recognizing and cutting foreign DNA sequences. These enzymes, named restriction endonucleases, play a crucial role in protecting bacteria from invading <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/viruses-25440.html'>viruses</a> by cleaving the viral DNA at specific recognition sites, known as restriction sites.</p> <p>Restriction endonucleases operate by recognizing short, specific nucleotide sequences in DNA molecules, typically palindromic sequences, where the sequence reads the same backward and forward (e.g., GAATTC). Once the enzyme identifies its target sequence, it cleaves the DNA backbone, generating fragments with sticky ends (overhanging single-stranded regions) that can anneal to complementary sequences.</p> <p><strong>Applications in genetic research</strong></p> <p>The ability of restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> to cut DNA at precise locations has revolutionized genetic research by enabling the construction of recombinant DNA molecules [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>]. This technology allows scientists to insert specific genes into plasmids or other vectors, facilitating the study of gene function, protein expression, and genetic regulation.</p> <p>For example, researchers can clone genes of interest by using restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> to cut both the target DNA and the vector at compatible restriction sites. The DNA fragments are then ligated together, producing recombinant DNA molecules that can be introduced into host <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cells-53612.html'>cells</a> for <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/replication-13486.html'>replication</a> and expression [<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>].</p> <p><strong>Biotechnological applications</strong></p> <p>In addition to fundamental research, restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> have numerous biotechnological applications. They are integral to techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), where specific DNA fragments are amplified by targeting regions flanked by known restriction sites. PCR amplification is important in fields ranging from medical diagnostics to forensic science.</p> <p>Restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> also play a pivotal role in DNA fingerprinting and <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/genetic-engineering-20142.html'>genetic engineering</a> of crops [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>,<a href="#6" title="6">6</a>]. By precisely cutting DNA at desired sites, scientists can introduce beneficial traits into plants or modify genes to enhance agricultural productivity, disease resistance, and nutritional content.</p> <p><strong>Ethical and safety considerations</strong></p> <p>While restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> are powerful tools for genetic manipulation, their use raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and biosecurity risks [<a href="#7" title="7">7</a>]. Regulatory frameworks are in place to ensure that <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/genetic-engineering-20142.html'>genetic engineering</a> technologies are used responsibly, with careful consideration of environmental impacts, food safety, and ethical implications [<a href="#8" title="8">8</a>].</p> <p><strong>Future directions</strong></p> <p>As technology continues to advance, researchers are exploring new types of restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> with unique properties, such as <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> that recognize longer or less common DNA sequences. Moreover, the integration of restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> with other <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/genome-7056.html'>genome</a> editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, promises even greater precision and efficiency in genetic manipulation [<a href="#9" title="9">9</a>,<a href="#10" title="10">10</a>].</p> <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>Restriction endonucleases represent a cornerstone of modern molecular biology, enabling scientists to dissect, manipulate, and understand the intricacies of genetic information with unprecedented precision. From foundational research to applied biotechnology, these molecular scissors continue to drive innovation and discovery, offering insights into genetic diseases, agricultural challenges, and environmental sustainability. As research progresses and technologies evolve, the versatile applications of restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> are poised to expand, paving the way for new breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture, and beyond.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='1'><a name="1" id='1'></a>Loenen WA, Raleigh EA. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/42/1/56/2434997?login=false">The other face of restriction: modification-dependent enzymes</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(1):56-69. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt747">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=The+other+face+of+restriction%3A+modification-dependent+enzymes&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23990325/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='2'><a name="2" id='2'></a>Cohen SN, Chang AC, Hsu L. <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110">Non-chromosomal antibiotic resistance in bacteria: genetic transformation of Escherichia coli by R-factor DNA</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1972;69(8):2110-4. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110">Crossref]</a> [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Non-chromosomal+antibiotic+resistance+in+bacteria%3A+genetic+transformation+of+Escherichia+coli+by+R-factor+DNA&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC426879/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='3'><a name="3" id='3'></a>Paoletti MG, Pimentel D. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/46/9/665/313542">Genetic engineering in agriculture and the environment</a>. BioScience. 1996;46(9):665-73. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1312896">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Genetic+engineering+in+agriculture+and+the+environment&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] </p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='4'><a name="4" id='4'></a>Doudna JA, Charpentier E. <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1258096">The new frontier of <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/genome-7056.html'>genome</a> engineering with CRISPR-Cas9</a>. Science. 2014;346(6213):1258096. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258096">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=The+new+frontier+of+genome+engineering+with+CRISPR-Cas9&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25430774/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='5'><a name="5" id='5'></a>Roberts RJ. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/20/suppl/2167/2359022">Restriction <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/enzymes-9819.html'>enzymes</a> and their isoschizomers</a>. Nucleic acids res. 1987;15(Suppl):r189. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F15.suppl.r189">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Restriction+enzymes+and+their+isoschizomers&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC339886/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='6'><a name="6" id='6'></a>Pingoud A, Jeltsch A. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/29/18/3705/1058148">Structure and function of type II restriction endonucleases</a>. Nucleic acids research. 2001;29(18):3705-27. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/29.18.3705">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Structure+and+function+of+type+II+restriction+endonucleases&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='7'><a name="7" id='7'></a>Szybalski W. <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-2886-5_7">Much ado about recombinant DNA regulations</a>. In Biomedical Scientists and Public Policy 1978 (pp. 97-142). Boston, MA: Springer US. <p>[<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Szybalski%2C+W.%2C+%26+Skalka%2C+A.+M.+%28Eds.%29.+%281983%29.+Genetic+Engineering%3A+Principles+and+Methods&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='8'><a name="8" id='8'></a>Wilson GG, Murray NE. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=8.%09Wilson%2C+G.+G.%2C+%26+Murray%2C+N.+E.+%281991%29.+Restriction+and+modification+systems&btnG=">Restriction and modification systems</a>. Anu rev genet. 1991;25(1):585-627. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.25.120191.003101">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Restriction+enzymes+and+their+isoschizomers&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='9'><a name="9" id='9'></a>Vipond IB, Halford SE. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bi00004a002">Specific DNA recognition by EcoRV restriction endonuclease induced by calcium ions</a>. Biochemistry. 1995;34(4):1113-9. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00004a002">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Vipond%2C+I.+B.%2C+%26+Halford%2C+S.+E.+%281987%29.+DNA+restriction+endonucleases&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7827059/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='10'><a name="10" id='10'></a>Pingoud A, Jeltsch A. <a href="https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-6-00001.x">Recognition and cleavage of DNA by type‐II restriction endonucleases</a>. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1997;246(1):1-22. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-6-00001.x">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=+Recognition+and+cleavage+of+DNA+by+type+II+restriction+endonucleases&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9210460/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> </ol>   <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body px-3 pb-0"> <h4 class="font-size-4"><a id="ai"></a>Author Info</h4> <a href='https://www.longdom.org/author/meredith-k-hawthorne-71048' title='Meredith K. Hawthorne' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Meredith K. Hawthorne</a><sup><a href='#Meredith_K._Hawthorne'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany<br> <div> </div> <p><strong>Citation:</strong> Hawthorne MK (2024) Restriction Endonucleases: Exposing Nature's Molecular Scissors. Adv Genet Eng.13:279.</p> <p> <strong>Received: </strong>06-May-2024, Manuscript No. MAGE-24-32374; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>09-May-2024, Pre QC No. MAGE-24-32374 (PQ); <strong>Reviewed: </strong>23-May-2024, QC No. MAGE-24-32374; <strong>Revised: </strong>30-May-2024, Manuscript No. MAGE-24-32374 (P); <strong>Published:</strong> 06-Jun-2024 , DOI: 10.35841/2169-0111.24.13.279</p> <p><strong>Copyright: </strong>漏 2024 Hawthorne MK. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="bg-blue-grey-900 py-3"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Content Links</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled footer-links font-size-3"> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/online-tools.html" title="Click here">Tools</a> </li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/feedback.html" title="Click here">Feedback</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/careers.html" title="Click here">Careers</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/privacy-policy.html" title="Click here">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/terms-conditions.html" title="Click here">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/authors-reviewers-editors.html" title="Click here">Authors, Reviewers & Editors</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Contact Longdom</h4> <p>Longdom Group SA<br> Avenue Roger Vandendriessche,<br> 18, 1150 Brussels, Belgium<br> Phone: +442038085340 <br><strong>Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:info@longdom.org" class="white" title="Click here">info@longdom.org</a></p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Connect</h4> <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer flex-column a-pl-0"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/longdompublisher" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-facebook-hover"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f bg-facebook"></i> Facebook</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/longdom-publishing-sl/" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-linkedin-hover"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in bg-linkedin"></i> Linkedin</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/LongdomP" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-twitter-hover"><i class="fab fa-twitter bg-twitter"></i> Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/longdom_publisher/" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-instagram-hover"><i class="fab fa-instagram bg-instagram"></i> Instagram</a> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="row text-center"> <div class="col"> <p>Copyright © 2024 <a href="https://www.longdom.org/" title="Click here" class="white">Longdom Publishing</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <a href="#0" class="cd-top js-cd-top">Top</a>   <script defer src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>  <script> jQuery(function($) { $(window).scroll(function fix_element() { $('#target').css( $(window).scrollTop() > 100 ? { 'position': 'fixed', 'top': '440px' } : { 'position': 'absolute', 'top': '440px' } ); return fix_element; }()); }); </script>   <script defer src="https://unpkg.com/feather-icons"></script> <script> feather.replace() </script>  <script defer src="/assets/js/scroll-to-top.js"></script>  <script defer type="text/javascript" src="/assets/js/coolautosuggest.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> $("#keyword").coolautosuggest({ url: "https://www.longdom.org/author-names.php?chars=", minChars: 3, }); </script> <script defer src="/assets/js/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.concat.min.js"></script> <script> // Scrollbar var Scrollbar = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Scrollbar Linear var handleScrollbarLinear = function() { $(".scrollbar").mCustomScrollbar({ theme: "minimal-dark" }); } return { init: function() { handleScrollbarLinear(); // initial setup for scrollbar linear } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { Scrollbar.init(); }); /*========================== Stikcy Navbar ============================*/ window.onscroll = function() { myFunction() }; var navbar = document.getElementById("sticky-navbar"); var sticky = navbar.offsetTop; function myFunction() { if (window.pageYOffset >= sticky) { navbar.classList.add("sticky") } else { navbar.classList.remove("sticky"); } } /*========================== Bootstrap Popover ============================*/ $(function () { $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover() }) </script>  <script defer src="/assets/js/jquery.malihu.PageScroll2id.min.js"></script> <script> (function($){ $(window).on("load",function(){ $("a[rel='m_PageScroll2id']").mPageScroll2id(); }); })(jQuery); </script>  <script defer type="text/javascript" src="/assets/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js"></script> <script> $(function() { $('.match-height').matchHeight({ byRow: true, property: 'height', target: null, }); }); </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="/assets/js/grids.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Equal Height var EqualHeight = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Equal Height var handleEqualHeight = function() { $(function($) { $('.equal-height').responsiveEqualHeightGrid(); }); } return { init: function() { handleEqualHeight(); // initial setup for equal height } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { EqualHeight.init(); }); </script>  <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.13.2/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script> $('.selectpicker').selectpicker(); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ var filecount = 1; $('.filerowclass').each(function(){ var countattr = $(this).attr('countattr'); if(filecount == countattr){ var countlink = $('#rowfile'+countattr+ ' .filelinkclass').length; if(countlink == 0){ $('#rowfile'+countattr).remove(); } } filecount++; }); }); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $("#wait").hide(); $("#jkeyword").keyup(function() { $("#wait").show(); //values of sending variables var jkeyword=$("#jkeyword").val(); var dataString = { 'jkeyword':jkeyword }; $.ajax ({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.longdom.org/journal-search.php", data: dataString, cache: false, success: function(html) { $("#jresult").html(html); $("#wait").hide(); } }); }); }); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var Tawk_API=Tawk_API||{}, Tawk_LoadStart=new Date(); (function(){ var s1=document.createElement("script"),s0=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s1.async=true; s1.src='https://embed.tawk.to/5e3d4ea3298c395d1ce6b5f7/default'; s1.charset='UTF-8'; s1.setAttribute('crossorigin','*'); s0.parentNode.insertBefore(s1,s0); })(); </script>  <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/css/select2.min.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/js/select2.min.js"></script> </body> </html>