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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nazi Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reich_Gypsy_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reich_Gypsy_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reich Gypsy Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reich_Gypsy_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Jewish_problem"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Jewish_problem""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"The Jewish problem"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Jewish_problem"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_in_Nuremberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_in_Nuremberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Events in Nuremberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_in_Nuremberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_of_the_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_of_the_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Text of the laws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Text_of_the_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Text of the laws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Text_of_the_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reich_Citizenship_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reich_Citizenship_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reich Citizenship Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reich_Citizenship_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_for_the_Protection_of_German_Blood_and_German_Honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_for_the_Protection_of_German_Blood_and_German_Honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_for_the_Protection_of_German_Blood_and_German_Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications_under_the_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications_under_the_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classifications under the laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications_under_the_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legislation in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existing_copy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_copy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Existing copy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_copy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuremberg Laws</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Gesetze" title="Nürnberger Gesetze – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nürnberger Gesetze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="قوانين نورمبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوانين نورمبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberq_qanunlar%C4%B1" title="Nürnberq qanunları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nürnberq qanunları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нюрнбергски закони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нюрнбергски закони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleis_de_Nuremberg" title="Lleis de Nuremberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleis de Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimbersk%C3%A9_z%C3%A1kony" title="Norimberské zákony – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norimberské zákony" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deddfau_Nuremberg" title="Deddfau Nuremberg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deddfau Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberglovene" title="Nürnberglovene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nürnberglovene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Gesetze" title="Nürnberger Gesetze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nürnberger Gesetze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Νόμοι της Νυρεμβέργης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόμοι της Νυρεμβέργης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_de_N%C3%BAremberg" title="Leyes de Núremberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leyes de Núremberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurenbergaj_le%C4%9Doj" title="Nurenbergaj leĝoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nurenbergaj leĝoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurenbergeko_Legeak" title="Nurenbergeko Legeak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nurenbergeko Legeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="قوانین نورنبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوانین نورنبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_de_Nuremberg" title="Lois de Nuremberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lois de Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurenberger_Wetten" title="Neurenberger Wetten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neurenberger Wetten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%ADthe_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Dlíthe Nürnberg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlíthe Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%98%EB%A5%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%B2%95" title="뉘른베르크법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉘른베르크법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նյուրնբերգյան օրենքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյուրնբերգյան օրենքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="नुरेम्बर्ग कानून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नुरेम्बर्ग कानून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnber%C5%A1ki_zakoni" title="Nürnberški zakoni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nürnberški zakoni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Hukum Nürnberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggi_di_Norimberga" title="Leggi di Norimberga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leggi di Norimberga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="חוקי נירנברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקי נירנברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leges_Norimbergenses" title="Leges Norimbergenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leges Norimbergenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niurnbergo_%C4%AFstatymai" title="Niurnbergo įstatymai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niurnbergo įstatymai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnbergi_t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9nyek" title="Nürnbergi törvények – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nürnbergi törvények" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нирнбершки закони – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нирнбершки закони" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ന്യൂറംബർഗ് നിയമങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂറംബർഗ് നിയമങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87" title="न्युर्नबर्ग कायदे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्युर्नबर्ग कायदे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassenwetten_van_Neurenberg" title="Rassenwetten van Neurenberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rassenwetten van Neurenberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurenbergwetten" title="Neurenbergwetten – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Neurenbergwetten" 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title="Nürnberglovane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nürnberglovane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نورمبرگ قوانین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نورمبرگ قوانین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustawy_norymberskie" title="Ustawy norymberskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustawy norymberskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leis_de_Nuremberg" title="Leis de Nuremberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leis de Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legile_de_la_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Legile de la Nürnberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legile de la Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Нюрнбергские расовые законы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нюрнбергские расовые законы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligjet_e_Nurembergut" title="Ligjet e Nurembergut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligjet e Nurembergut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nuremberg Laws" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimbersk%C3%A9_z%C3%A1kony" title="Norimberské zákony – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Norimberské zákony" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нирнбершки закони – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нирнбершки закони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnbergin_lait" title="Nürnbergin lait – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nürnbergin lait" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberglagarna" title="Nürnberglagarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nürnberglagarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நியூரம்பர்க் சட்டங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூரம்பர்க் சட்டங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antisemitic and racist laws enacted in 1935 in Nazi Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a war crime, see <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a>. For the set of research ethics principles for human experimentation, see <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Code" title="Nuremberg Code">Nuremberg Code</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RGBL_I_1935_S_1145.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RGBL_I_1935_S_1145.jpg/260px-RGBL_I_1935_S_1145.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RGBL_I_1935_S_1145.jpg/390px-RGBL_I_1935_S_1145.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RGBL_I_1935_S_1145.jpg/520px-RGBL_I_1935_S_1145.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the German <a href="/wiki/Government_gazette" title="Government gazette">government gazette</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgesetzblatt" title="Reichsgesetzblatt">Reichsgesetzblatt</a></i></span> issue proclaiming the laws, published on 16 September 1935 (RGBl. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li>Nuremberg Laws</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nuremberg Laws</b> (German: <i lang="de">Nürnberger Gesetze</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈnʏʁnbɛʁɡɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡəˈzɛtsə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/De-N%C3%BCrnberger_Gesetze.ogg\/De-N%C3%BCrnberger_Gesetze.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-N\u00fcrnberger Gesetze.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/De-N%C3%BCrnberger_Gesetze.ogg/De-N%C3%BCrnberger_Gesetze.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-N%C3%BCrnberger_Gesetze.ogg" title="File:De-Nürnberger Gesetze.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) were <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> laws that were enacted in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> convened during the annual <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg Rally</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse</a> between <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households; and the Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens. The remainder were classed as state subjects without any citizenship rights. A supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law officially came into force on that date. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Black people</a>. This supplementary decree defined Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews. </p><p>Out of foreign policy concerns, prosecutions under the two laws did not commence until after the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>, held in Berlin. After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler rose to power</a> in 1933, the Nazis began to implement antisemitic policies, which included the formation of a <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i> (people's community) based on race. <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany#Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i> (leader) of the Nazi Party <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">national boycott of Jewish businesses</a> on 1 April 1933, and the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>, passed on 7 April, excluded so-called <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism" title="Aryan race">non-Aryans</a> from the legal profession, the civil service, and from teaching in secondary schools and universities. Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish authors, were destroyed in a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">book burning</a> on 10 May. Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks. They were actively suppressed, stripped of their citizenship and civil rights, and eventually completely removed from German society. </p><p>The Nuremberg Laws had a crippling economic and social impact on the Jewish community. Persons convicted of violating the marriage laws were imprisoned, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores, many of which closed due to a lack of customers. As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service or government-regulated professions such as medicine and education, many middle-class business owners and professionals were forced to take menial employment. Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit <a href="/wiki/Reich_Flight_Tax#Nazi_Germany" title="Reich Flight Tax">up to 90% of their wealth as a tax</a> upon leaving the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201064,_66_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201064,_66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass deportation schemes such as the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a> proved to be impossible for the Nazis to carry out, and starting in mid-1941, the German government started <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">mass exterminations of European Jews</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></div> <p>The Nazi Party was one of several <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> political parties active in Germany after the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170–171_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170–171-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party platform included removal of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, rejection of the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, radical antisemitism, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They promised a strong central government, increased <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a <i>Volksgemeinschaft</i> (people's community) based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While imprisoned in 1924 after the failed <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>, Hitler dictated <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> to his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1962121_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1962121-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is an autobiography and exposition of Hitler's ideology in which he laid out his plans for transforming German society into one based on race. In it, he outlined his belief in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>, a conspiracy theory that posited the existence of an international Jewish conspiracy for world domination in which the Jews were the mortal enemy of the German people. Throughout his life, Hitler never wavered in his <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> as expounded in <i>Mein Kampf</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008148–150_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008148–150-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazi Party advocated the concept of a <i>Volksgemeinschaft</i> ("people's community") with the aim of uniting all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a <a href="/wiki/Fremdv%C3%B6lkische" title="Fremdvölkische">foreign race</a> (<i>Fremdvölkische</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14469,_Berlin,_Boykott-Posten_vor_j%C3%BCdischem_Warenhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14469%2C_Berlin%2C_Boykott-Posten_vor_j%C3%BCdischem_Warenhaus.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14469%2C_Berlin%2C_Boykott-Posten_vor_j%C3%BCdischem_Warenhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14469%2C_Berlin%2C_Boykott-Posten_vor_j%C3%BCdischem_Warenhaus.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14469%2C_Berlin%2C_Boykott-Posten_vor_j%C3%BCdischem_Warenhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14469%2C_Berlin%2C_Boykott-Posten_vor_j%C3%BCdischem_Warenhaus.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14469%2C_Berlin%2C_Boykott-Posten_vor_j%C3%BCdischem_Warenhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> picketing in front of a Jewish place of business with placards saying "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews!" during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a>, 1 April 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>Discrimination against Jews intensified after the Nazis came into power; a month-long series of attacks by members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA; paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party) on Jewish businesses, synagogues, and members of the legal profession followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 March 1933, former U.S. congressman <a href="/wiki/William_W._Cohen" title="William W. Cohen">William W. Cohen</a>, at a meeting of the executive advisory committee of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_War_Veterans_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America">Jewish War Veterans of the United States</a>, urged a strict boycott against all German goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times'',_21_March_1933_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times'',_21_March_1933-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, a <a href="/wiki/1933_anti-Nazi_boycott" title="1933 anti-Nazi boycott">worldwide boycott of German goods</a> was declared, with the support of several prominent Jewish organisations (though with the abstention of others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies_of_British_Jews" title="Board of Deputies of British Jews">Board of Deputies of British Jews</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYahilFriedman199195_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYahilFriedman199195-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Hitler declared a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">national boycott of Jewish businesses</a> on 1 April 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, many people who were not Nazi Party members were advocating for segregating Jews from the rest of German society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005539_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005539-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>, passed on 7 April 1933, forced all non-Aryans to retire from the legal profession and civil service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201040_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201040-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201040_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201040-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also barred Jews from teaching at universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, the Nazi Party published a pamphlet titled <i>"Warum Arierparagraph?"</i> ("Why the Aryan Law?"), which summarised the perceived need for the law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulzFrercks1934_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulzFrercks1934-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the drive to remove what the Nazis called "Jewish influence" from cultural life, members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist Student League</a> removed from libraries any books considered un-German, and a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">book burning</a> was held on 10 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201039_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201039-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation passed in July 1933 stripped naturalised German Jews of their citizenship, creating a legal basis for recent immigrants (particularly Eastern European Jews) to be deported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201040_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201040-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many towns posted signs forbidding entry to Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1933 and 1934, Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201041_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201041-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other laws promulgated in this period included the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring</a> (passed on 14 July 1933), which called for the compulsory sterilisation of people with a range of hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005507_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005507-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals (passed 24 November 1933), habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilisation as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005511_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005511-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law was also used to force the incarceration in prison or <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> of "social misfits" such as the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics, homeless vagrants, Black people, and Romani (referred to as <i>Zigeuner</i> "Gypsies").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201049_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201049-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison200680_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison200680-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reich_Gypsy_Law">Reich Gypsy Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reich Gypsy Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Central Office for Combatting Gypsies was established in 1929, under the Weimar Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1938 <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> issued an order for "combatting the Gypsy plague". <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Romani people</a> were to be categorised in terms of their Roma ancestry as a racial characteristic, rather than in terms of their previous characterisation as an 'anti-social' element of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201021_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work was advanced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter" title="Robert Ritter">Robert Ritter</a> of the Racial Hygiene and Population unit of the Ministry of Health, who by 1942, had produced a scale of ZM+, ZM of the first and second degree, and ZM- to reflect an individual's decreasing level of Romani ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070–1071_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070–1071-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classification meant that one could be classified as Roma and subject to anti-Roma legislation based on having two Roma great-great-grandparents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe201496_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe201496-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Ministry of the Interior, the "Gypsy problem" could not be dealt with by forced resettlement or imprisonment within Germany, so they prepared a draft of a Reich "Gypsy Law" intended to supplement and accompany the Nuremberg Laws. The draft recommended identification and registration of all Roma, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_of_Romani_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilization of Romani women">sterilisation</a> and deportation. In 1938, public health authorities were ordered to register all Roma and Roma <i>Mischlinge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenville2002320_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenville2002320-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Himmler's interest in enacting such legislation, which he said would prevent "further intermingling of blood, and which regulates all the most pressing questions which go together with the existences of Gypsies in the living space of the German nation",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann1991121_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann1991121-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the regime never promulgated the "Gypsy Law".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Sinti_and_Roma"_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Sinti_and_Roma"-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1942, Himmler ordered that all Roma were to be sent to Nazi concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201021_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Jewish_problem""><span id=".22The_Jewish_problem.22"></span>"The Jewish problem"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "The Jewish problem""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08-'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter (William Luther Pierce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">The Unz Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prominent figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (activist)">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Richard Girnt Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Eisenmenger" title="Johann Andreas Eisenmenger">Johann Eisenmenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Theodor Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_G._Liebold" title="Ernest G. Liebold">Ernest G. Liebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Eustace Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Kevin Alfred Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Wiles" title="Rick Wiles">Rick Wiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzatu" title="Gheorghe Buzatu">Gheorghe Buzatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nae_Ionescu" title="Nae Ionescu">Nae Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ferenczy" title="László Ferenczy">László Ferenczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a> (IHRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500,_Berlin,_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>The SA had nearly three million members at the start of 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200522_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200522-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Disenchanted with the unfulfilled promise of Nazi Party leaders to eliminate Jews from German society, SA members were eager to lash out against the Jewish minority as a way of expressing their frustrations. A <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> report from early 1935 stated that the rank and file of the Nazi Party would set in motion a solution to the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish problem</a>... from below that the government would then have to follow".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008340_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008340-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assaults, vandalism, and boycotts against Jews, which the Nazi government had temporarily curbed in 1934, increased again in 1935 amidst a propaganda campaign authorised at the highest levels of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008340_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008340-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most non-party members ignored the boycotts and objected to the violence out of concern for their own safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008341_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008341-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dov_Kulka" title="Otto Dov Kulka">Otto Dov Kulka</a> argues that there was a disparity between the views of the <i><a href="/wiki/Alter_K%C3%A4mpfer" title="Alter Kämpfer">Alte Kämpfer</a></i> (longtime party members) and the general public, but that even those Germans who were not politically active favoured bringing in tougher new antisemitic laws in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarrus200092–93_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarrus200092–93-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter was raised to the forefront of the state agenda as a result of this antisemitic agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> announced on 25 July that a law forbidding marriages between Jews and non-Jews would shortly be promulgated, and recommended that registrars should avoid issuing licences for such marriages for the time being. The draft law also called for a ban on marriage for persons with hereditary illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201057–58_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201057–58-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, Economics Minister and <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a></i> president, criticised the violent behaviour of the <i>Alte Kämpfer</i> and SA because of its negative impact on the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence also had a negative impact on Germany's reputation in the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, Hitler ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8 August 1935, and Frick threatened to take legal action against Nazi Party members who ignored the order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Hitler's perspective, it was imperative to quickly bring in new antisemitic laws to appease the radical elements in the party who persisted in attempting to remove the Jews from German society by violent means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conference of ministers was held on 20 August 1935 to discuss the question. Hitler argued against violent methods because of the damage being done to the economy and insisted the matter must be settled through legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008343_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008343-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of the new laws would be marriage laws to prevent "racial defilement", stripping Jews of their German citizenship, and laws to prevent Jews from participating freely in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201059_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201059-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_in_Nuremberg">Events in Nuremberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Events in Nuremberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seventh annual Nazi Party rally, held in Nuremberg from 10 to 16 September 1935, featured the only <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> session held outside Berlin during the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200945_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200945-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler decided that the rally would be a good opportunity to introduce the long-awaited anti-Jewish laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech on 12 September, leading Nazi physician <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Wagner_(physician)" title="Gerhard Wagner (physician)">Gerhard Wagner</a> announced that the government would soon introduce a "law for the protection of German blood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Hitler summoned the Reichstag to meet in session at Nuremberg on 15 September, the last day of the rally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then spoke with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfundtner" title="Hans Pfundtner">Hans Pfundtner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">State Secretary</a> in the Reich Interior Ministry, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a>, a Ministerial Counselor, instructing them to draft a law forbidding sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews. They, in turn, summoned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Albrecht_Medicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Albrecht Medicus (page does not exist)">Franz Albrecht Medicus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Albrecht_Medicus" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Albrecht Medicus">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_L%C3%B6sener" title="Bernhard Lösener">Bernhard Lösener</a> of the Interior Ministry to Nuremberg to assist with the hurried drafting of the legislation. The two men arrived on 14 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344–345_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344–345-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That evening, Hitler ordered them to also have ready by morning a draft of the Reich citizenship law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201059_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201059-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler found the initial drafts of the Blood Law to be too lenient, so at around midnight Frick brought him four new drafts that differed mainly in the severity of the penalties they imposed. Hitler chose the most lenient version but left vague the definition of who was a Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345–346_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345–346-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler stated at the rally that the laws were "an attempt at the legal settlement of a problem, which, if this proved a failure, would have to be entrusted by law to the National Socialist Party for a definitive solution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201060_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201060-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> had the radio broadcast of the passing of the laws cut short, and ordered the German media to not mention them until a decision was made as to how they would be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989225_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989225-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_of_the_laws">Text of the laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Text of the laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:324px;max-width:324px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Nuremberg Race Laws</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1146gesamt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1146gesamt.jpg/157px-Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1146gesamt.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1146gesamt.jpg/236px-Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1146gesamt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1146gesamt.jpg/314px-Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1146gesamt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reich Citizenship Law</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1147.jpg/159px-Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1147.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1147.jpg/239px-Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1147.jpg/318px-Blutschutzgesetz_v.15.9.1935_-_RGBl_I_1147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="2137" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The two Nuremberg Laws were unanimously passed by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour prohibited marriages and <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">extramarital intercourse</a> between Jews and Germans, and forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households. The Reich Citizenship Law declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wording in the Citizenship Law that a person must prove "by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich" meant that political opponents could also be stripped of their German citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law was effectively a means of stripping Jews, Roma, and other "undesirables" of their legal rights and their citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe201494_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe201494-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the coming years, an additional 13 supplementary laws were promulgated that further marginalised the Jewish community in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Jewish families were not permitted to submit claims for subsidies for large families and were forbidden to transact business with Aryans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann199184_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann199184-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Translations of the laws below are provided by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Nuremburg_Race_Laws"_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Nuremburg_Race_Laws"-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reich_Citizenship_Law">Reich Citizenship Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reich Citizenship Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>German</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Reichsbürgergesetz</b></td> <td><b>Reich Citizenship Law</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Der Reichstag hat einstimmig das folgende Gesetz beschlossen, das hiermit verkündet wird:</td> <td>The Reichstag has unanimously enacted the following law, which is promulgated herewith: </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§1</b><br />(1) Staatsangehöriger ist, wer dem Schutzverband des Deutschen Reiches angehört und ihm dafür besonders verpflichtet ist.<br />(2) Die Staatsangehörigkeit wird nach den Vorschriften des Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetzes erworben.</td> <td><b>§1</b><br />(1) A subject of the state is a person who enjoys the protection of the German Reich and who in consequence has specific obligations toward it.<br />(2) The status of subject of the state is acquired in accordance with the provisions of the Reich and the Reich Citizenship Law. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§2</b><br />(1) Reichsbürger ist nur der Staatsangehörige deutschen oder artverwandten Blutes, der durch sein Verhalten beweist, daß er gewillt und geeignet ist, in Treue dem Deutschen Volk und Reich zu dienen.<br />(2) Das Reichsbürgerrecht wird durch Vereihung des Reichsbürgerbriefes erworben.<br />(3) Der Reichsbürger ist der alleinige Träger der vollen politischen Rechte nach Maßgabe der Gesetze.</td> <td><b>§2</b><br />(1) A Reich citizen is a subject of the state who is of German or related blood, and proves by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich.<br />(2) Reich citizenship is acquired through the granting of a Reich citizenship certificate.<br />(3) The Reich citizen is the sole bearer of full political rights in accordance with the law. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§3</b><br />Der Reichsminister des Innern erläßt im Einvernehmen mit dem Stellvertreter des Führers die zur Durchführung und Ergänzung des Gesetzes erforderlichen Rechts- und Verwaltungsvorschriften.</td> <td><b>§3</b><br />The Reich Minister of the Interior, in coordination with the Deputy of the <i>Führer</i>, will issue the legal and administrative orders required to implement and complete this law. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_for_the_Protection_of_German_Blood_and_German_Honor">Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>German</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre</b></td> <td><b>Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Durchdrungen von der Erkenntnis, daß die Reinheit des deutschen Blutes die Voraussetzung für den Fortbestand des Deutschen Volkes ist, und beseelt von dem unbeugsamen Willen, die Deutsche Nation für alle Zukunft zu sichern, hat der Reichstag einstimmig das folgende Gesetz beschlossen, das hiermit verkündet wird:</td> <td>Moved by the understanding that purity of German blood is the essential condition for the continued existence of the German people, and inspired by the inflexible determination to ensure the existence of the German nation for all time, the Reichstag has unanimously adopted the following law, which is promulgated herewith: </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§1</b><br />(1) Eheschließungen zwischen Juden und Staatsangehörigen deutschen oder artverwandten Blutes sind verboten. Trotzdem geschlossene Ehen sind nichtig, auch wenn sie zur Umgebung dieses Gesetzes im Ausland geschlossen wird. <br />(2) Die Nichtigkeitsklage kann nur der Staatsanwalt erheben.</td> <td><b>§1</b><br />(1) Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden. Marriages nevertheless concluded are invalid, even if concluded abroad to circumvent this law.<br />(2) Annulment proceedings can be initiated only by the state prosecutor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§2</b><br />Außerehelicher Verkehr zwischen Juden und Staatsangehörigen deutschen oder artverwandten Blutes ist verboten.</td> <td><b>§2</b><br />Extramarital relations between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§3</b><br />Juden dürfen weibliche Staatsangehörige deutschen oder artverwandten Blutes unter 45 Jahren in ihrem Haushalt nicht beschäftigen.</td> <td><b>§3</b><br />Jews may not employ in their households female subjects of the state of Germany or related blood who are under 45 years old. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§4</b><br />(1) Juden ist das Hissen der Reichs- und Nationalflagge und das Zeigen der Reichsfarben verboten.<br />(2) Dagegen ist ihnen das Zeigen der jüdischen Farben gestattet. Die Ausübung dieser Befugnis steht unter staatlichen Schutz.</td> <td><b>§4</b><br />(1) Jews are forbidden to fly the Reich or national flag or display Reich colors.<br />(2) They are, on the other hand, permitted to display the Jewish colors. The exercise of this right is protected by the state. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§5</b><br />(1) Wer der Verbot des § 1 zuwiderhandelt, wird mit Zuchthaus bestraft.<br />(2) Der Mann, der dem Verbot des § 2 zuwiderhandelt, wird mit Gefängnis oder mit Zuchthaus bestraft.<br />(3) Wer den Bestimmungen der §§ 3 oder 4 zuwiderhandelt, wird mit Gefängnis bis zu einem Jahr und mit Geldstrafe oder mit einer dieser Strafen bestraft.</td> <td><b>§5</b><br />(1) Any person who violates the prohibition under Article 1 will be punished with a prison sentence with hard labor.<br />(2) A male who violates the prohibition under Article 2 will be punished with a jail term or a prison sentence with hard labor.<br />(3) Any person violating the provisions under Articles 3 or 4 will be punished with a jail term of up to one year and a fine, or with one or the other of these penalties. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§6</b><br />Der Reichsminister des Innern erläßt im Einvernehmen mit dem Stellvertreter des Führers und dem Reichsminister der Justiz die zur Durchführung und Ergänzung des Gesetzes erforderlichen Rechts- und Verwaltungsvorschriften.</td> <td><b>§6</b><br />The Reich Minister of the Interior, in coordination with the Deputy of the <i>Führer</i> and the Reich Minister of Justice, will issue the legal and administrative regulations required to implement and complete this law. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>§7</b> <br />Das Gesetz tritt am Tage nach der Verkündung, § 3 jedoch am 1. Januar 1936 in Kraft.</td> <td><b>§7</b> <br />The law takes effect on the day following promulgation, except for Article 3, which goes into force on January 1, 1936. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications_under_the_laws">Classifications under the laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classifications under the laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>1935<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Laws1935_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Laws1935-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Classification </th> <th scope="col">Translation </th> <th scope="col">Heritage </th> <th scope="col">Definition </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Deutschblütiger</i> </th> <td>German-blooded </td> <td>German </td> <td>Belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Deutschblütiger</i> </th> <td>German-blooded </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> Jewish </td> <td>Considered as belonging to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Mischling zweiten Grades</i> </th> <td>Mixed race (second degree) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> Jewish </td> <td>Only partly belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Mischling ersten Grades</i> </th> <td>Mixed race (first degree) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Jewish </td> <td>Only partly belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Jude</i> </th> <td>Jew </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> Jewish </td> <td>Belongs to the Jewish race and community; not approved to have Reich citizenship </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Jude</i> </th> <td>Jew </td> <td>Jewish </td> <td>Belongs to the Jewish race and community; not approved to have Reich citizenship </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0312-505,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_Grundstein_Kongre%C3%9Fhalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0312-505%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Grundstein_Kongre%C3%9Fhalle.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0312-505%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Grundstein_Kongre%C3%9Fhalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0312-505%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Grundstein_Kongre%C3%9Fhalle.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0312-505%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Grundstein_Kongre%C3%9Fhalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0312-505%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Grundstein_Kongre%C3%9Fhalle.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0312-505%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Grundstein_Kongre%C3%9Fhalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Nazi Party dignitaries at the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg Rally</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Special cases with first-degree <i>Mischlinge</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Laws1935_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Laws1935-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Decree </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">15 September 1935 </th> <td>A <i>Mischling</i> will be considered a Jew if they are a member of the Jewish religious community. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">15 September 1935 </th> <td>A <i>Mischling</i> will be considered a Jew if they are married to a Jew. Their children will be considered Jews. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">17 September 1935 </th> <td>A mixed-race child that is born of a marriage with a Jew, where the marriage date is after 17 September 1935, will be classified as a Jew. Those born in marriages officiated on or before 17 September 1935 will still be classified as <i>Mischlinge</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">31 July 1936 </th> <td>A mixed-race child originating from forbidden extramarital sexual intercourse with a Jew that is born out of wedlock after 31 July 1936 will be classified as a Jew. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Laws_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nuremberg_Laws_English.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Laws_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nuremberg_Laws_English.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_Laws_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nuremberg_Laws_English.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_Laws_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>1935 chart shows racial classifications under the Nuremberg Laws: German, <i><a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischlinge</a></i>, and Jew (English translation).</figcaption></figure> <p>While both the Interior Ministry and the Nazi Party agreed that persons with three or more Jewish grandparents would be classed as being Jewish and those with only one (<i><a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischlinge</a></i> of the second degree) would not, a debate arose as to the status of persons with two Jewish grandparents (<i>Mischlinge</i> of the first degree).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200949_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200949-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazi Party, especially its more radical elements, wanted the laws to apply to <i>Mischlinge</i> of both the first and second degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989224_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989224-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason Hitler continued to stall, and did not make a decision until early November 1935. His final ruling was that persons with three Jewish grandparents were classed as Jewish; those with two Jewish grandparents would be considered Jewish only if they practised the faith or had a Jewish spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008347_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008347-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law came into force on that date. Jews were no longer German citizens and did not have the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote in Reichstag elections or the <a href="/wiki/1938_Austrian_Anschluss_referendum" title="1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum">1938 Austrian <i>Anschluss</i> referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilton2001216_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2001216-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil servants who had been granted an exemption to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service because of their status as war veterans were forced out of their jobs on this date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A supplementary decree issued on 21 December ordered the dismissal of Jewish veterans from other state-regulated professions such as medicine and education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Frick's suggestion that a citizenship tribunal before which every German would have to prove that they were Aryan was not acted upon, proving one's racial heritage became a necessary part of daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989224_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989224-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200952_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200952-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-government employers were authorised to include in their statutes an <a href="/wiki/Aryan_paragraph" title="Aryan paragraph">Aryan paragraph</a> excluding both <i>Mischlinge</i> and Jews from employment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005547_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005547-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proof of Aryan descent was achieved by obtaining an <a href="/wiki/Aryan_certificate" title="Aryan certificate">Aryan certificate</a>. One form was to acquire an <i><a href="/wiki/Ahnenpass" title="Ahnenpass">Ahnenpass</a></i>, which could be obtained by providing birth or baptismal certificates that all four grandparents were of Aryan descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich200768_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich200768-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ahnenpass</i> could also be acquired by citizens of other countries, as long as they were of "German or related blood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheil2012_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheil2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Katze_lasst_das_Mausen_nicht!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Die_Katze_lasst_das_Mausen_nicht%21.jpg/220px-Die_Katze_lasst_das_Mausen_nicht%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Die_Katze_lasst_das_Mausen_nicht%21.jpg/330px-Die_Katze_lasst_das_Mausen_nicht%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Die_Katze_lasst_das_Mausen_nicht%21.jpg/440px-Die_Katze_lasst_das_Mausen_nicht%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" – <i><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></i>, 1 July 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <i>Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour</i> (15 September 1935), marriages were forbidden between Jews and Germans; between <i>Mischlinge</i> of the first degree and Germans; between Jews and <i>Mischlinge</i> of the second degree; and between two <i>Mischlinge</i> of the second degree. <i>Mischlinge</i> of the first degree were permitted to marry Jews, but they would henceforth be classed as Jewish themselves. All marriages undertaken between half-Jews and Germans required the approval of a Committee for the Protection of German Blood. Few such permissions were granted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005547_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005547-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A supplementary decree issued on 26 November 1935 extended the law to "Gypsies, Negroes, and their bastards".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persons suspected of having sexual relations with non-Aryans were charged with <i><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i> (racial defilement) and tried in the regular courts. Evidence provided to the Gestapo for such cases was largely provided by ordinary citizens such as neighbours, co-workers, or other informants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persons accused of race defilement were publicly humiliated by being paraded through the streets with a placard around their necks detailing their crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005540_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005540-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those convicted were typically sentenced to prison terms, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the law did not permit capital punishment for racial defilement, special courts were convened to allow the death penalty for some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003331–332_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003331–332-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the end of 1935 through 1940, 1,911 people were convicted of <i>Rassenschande</i>. Over time, the law was extended to include non-sexual forms of physical contact such as greeting someone with a kiss or an embrace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99993,_Jude_mit_Stern_in_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99993%2C_Jude_mit_Stern_in_Berlin.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99993%2C_Jude_mit_Stern_in_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99993%2C_Jude_mit_Stern_in_Berlin.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99993%2C_Jude_mit_Stern_in_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99993%2C_Jude_mit_Stern_in_Berlin.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99993%2C_Jude_mit_Stern_in_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Beginning in 1941, Jews were required by law to self-identify by wearing a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow badge</a> on their clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010217_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010217-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>For the most part, Germans accepted the Nuremberg Laws, partly because Nazi propaganda had successfully swayed public opinion towards the general belief that Jews were a separate race, but also because to oppose the regime meant leaving oneself open to harassment or arrest by the Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizens were relieved that the antisemitic violence ceased after the laws were passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984172_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984172-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548,_553_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548,_553-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wholesalers who continued to serve Jewish merchants were marched through the streets with placards around their necks proclaiming them as traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1991105_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1991105-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party and some elements of the Catholic Church were critical of the laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned that international opinion would be adversely swayed by the new laws, the Interior Ministry did not actively enforce them until after the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>, held in Berlin that August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Interior Ministry estimated there were 750,000 <i>Mischlinge</i> as of April 1935 (studies done after the war put the number of <i>Mischlinge</i> at around 200,000).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Jews became more and more excluded from German society, they organised social events, schools, and activities of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200955_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200955-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic problems were not so easily solved, however; many Jewish firms went out of business due to lack of customers. This was part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Aryanization" title="Aryanization">Aryanisation</a> process (the transfer of Jewish firms to non-Jewish owners, usually at prices far below market value) that the regime had initiated in 1933, which intensified after the Nuremberg Laws were passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201065–66_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201065–66-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former middle-class or wealthy business owners were forced to take employment in menial jobs to support their families, and many were unable to find work at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201086_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201086-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a stated goal of the Nazis was that all Jews should leave the country, emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201064,_66_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201064,_66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone caught transferring their money overseas was sentenced to lengthy terms in prison as "economic saboteurs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201066_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201066-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception was money sent to Palestine under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a>, whereby Jews could transfer some of their assets and emigrate to that country. Around 52,000 Jews emigrated to Palestine under the terms of this agreement between 1933 and 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005556–557_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005556–557-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the start of the Second World War in 1939, around 250,000 of Germany's 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938 it was becoming almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country that would take them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201067_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201067-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–39 Arab revolt</a>, the British were disinclined to accept any more Jews into Palestine for fear it would further destabilise the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200957_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200957-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalistic and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> people in other countries pressured their governments not to accept waves of Jewish immigrants, especially poverty-stricken ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005560,_601_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005560,_601-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a>, a proposed mass deportation of European Jews to Madagascar, proved to be impossible to carry out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010162–164_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010162–164-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in mid-1941, the German government began resorting to mass exterminations of European Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2003159–160_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2003159–160-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the death toll of Romani people in the <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Porajmos</a> range from 150,000 to 1,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2012381_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2012381-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation_in_other_countries">Legislation in other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legislation in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_law_for_protection_of_the_nation_(Bulgaria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_law_for_protection_of_the_nation_%28Bulgaria%29.jpg/170px-The_law_for_protection_of_the_nation_%28Bulgaria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_law_for_protection_of_the_nation_%28Bulgaria%29.jpg/255px-The_law_for_protection_of_the_nation_%28Bulgaria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_law_for_protection_of_the_nation_%28Bulgaria%29.jpg/340px-The_law_for_protection_of_the_nation_%28Bulgaria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Decree of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III of Bulgaria</a> for approval of the Law for Protection of the Nation</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> passed their own versions of the Nuremberg Laws. </p> <ul><li>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Italian racial laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a> which stripped Jews of their citizenship and forbade sexual relations and marriages between Jewish and non-Jewish Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodogno200665_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno200665-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hungary passed laws on 28 May 1938 and 5 May 1939 banning Jews from various professions. A third law, added in August 1941, defined Jews as anyone with at least two Jewish grandparents, and forbade sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrojimovics2012250–251_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrojimovics2012250–251-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1940 the ruling <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> in Romania passed the Law Defining the Legal Status of Romanian Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2012279_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2012279-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka#Tuka_and_the_persecution_of_Slovak_Jews" title="Vojtech Tuka">Codex Judaicus</a> was enacted in Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatić2002174_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatić2002174-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1941 Bulgaria passed the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikovski2000_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikovski2000-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> in Croatia passed legislation defining who was a Jew and restricting contact with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert200278_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert200278-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>While the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> did not draft or pass any legislation, they implemented policies targeting Jews in some occupied countries, like <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanka2019_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanka2019-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheong_Suk-Wai2015_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheong_Suk-Wai2015-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existing_copy">Existing copy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Existing copy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An original typescript of the laws signed by Hitler was found by the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps" title="Counterintelligence Corps">Counterintelligence Corps</a> in 1945. It ended up in the possession of General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, who kept it, in violation of orders that such finds should be turned over to the government. During a visit to Los Angeles in 1945, he handed it over to the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a>, where it was stored in a bomb-proof vault. The library revealed the existence of the document in 1999, and sent it on permanent loan to the <a href="/wiki/Skirball_Cultural_Center" title="Skirball Cultural Center">Skirball Cultural Center</a>, which placed it on public display. The document was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> in Washington in August 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2010_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2010-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradsher2010_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher2010-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazism and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201064,_66-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201064,_66_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201064,_66_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 64, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170–171-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170–171_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldhagen1996">Goldhagen 1996</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1962121-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1962121_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1962">Bullock 1962</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008148–150-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008148–150_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 148–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildt2012">Wildt 2012</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times'',_21_March_1933-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times'',_21_March_1933_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times,_21_March_1933"><i>New York Times</i>, 21 March 1933</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYahilFriedman199195-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYahilFriedman199195_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYahilFriedman1991">Yahil & Friedman 1991</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005539-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005539_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201040-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201040_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201040_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201040_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson 2007</a>, pp. 407–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulzFrercks1934-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulzFrercks1934_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulzFrercks1934">Schulz & Frercks 1934</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201039-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201039_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201041-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201041_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005507-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005507_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005511-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005511_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201049-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201049_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison200680-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison200680_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison2006">Morrison 2006</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilberg2003">Hilberg 2003</a>, p. 1070.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201021-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201021_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201021_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070–1071-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg20031070–1071_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilberg2003">Hilberg 2003</a>, pp. 1070–1071.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe201496-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe201496_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2014">Wolfe 2014</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenville2002320-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenville2002320_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenville2002">Grenville 2002</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann1991121-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann1991121_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurleighWippermann1991">Burleigh & Wippermann 1991</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Sinti_and_Roma"-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Sinti_and_Roma"_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUSHMM,_"Sinti_and_Roma"">USHMM, "Sinti and Roma"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200522-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200522_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008340-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008340_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008340_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008341-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008341_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarrus200092–93-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarrus200092–93_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarrus2000">Marrus 2000</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008342_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201057–58-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201057–58_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984122_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008343-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008343_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201059-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201059_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201059_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200945-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200945_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344–345-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008344–345_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 344–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345–346-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345–346_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 345–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201060-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201060_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989225-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989225_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMommsen1989">Mommsen 1989</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008345_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe201494-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe201494_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2014">Wolfe 2014</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann199184-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleighWippermann199184_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurleighWippermann1991">Burleigh & Wippermann 1991</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Nuremburg_Race_Laws"-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Nuremburg_Race_Laws"_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUSHMM,_"Nuremburg_Race_Laws"">USHMM, "Nuremburg Race Laws"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Laws1935-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Laws1935_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Laws1935_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNuremberg_Laws1935">Nuremberg Laws 1935</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200949-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200949_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989224-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989224_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1989224_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMommsen1989">Mommsen 1989</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008347-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008347_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200950_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2001216-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilton2001216_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilton2001">Milton 2001</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200952-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200952_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005547-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005547_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005547_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich200768-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich200768_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrenreich2007">Ehrenreich 2007</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheil2012-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheil2012_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheil2012">Scheil 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200951_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005551_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005540-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005540_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003331–332-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003331–332_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajer2003">Majer 2003</a>, pp. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010217-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010217_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984172-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984172_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548,_553-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005548,_553_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 548, 553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1991105-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1991105_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately1991">Gellately 1991</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200955-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200955_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201065–66-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201065–66_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201086-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201086_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201066-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201066_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005556–557-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005556–557_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 556–557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201067-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201067_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200957-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer200957_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005560,_601-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005560,_601_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 560, 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010162–164-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010162–164_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 162–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2003159–160-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2003159–160_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes2003">Rhodes 2003</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2012381-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2012381_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2012">Hancock 2012</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno200665-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodogno200665_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodogno2006">Rodogno 2006</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrojimovics2012250–251-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrojimovics2012250–251_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrojimovics2012">Frojimovics 2012</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2012279-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2012279_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2012">Fischer 2012</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatić2002174-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatić2002174_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatić2002">Matić 2002</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikovski2000-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikovski2000_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDikovski2000">Dikovski 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert200278-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert200278_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2002">Gilbert 2002</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanka2019-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanka2019_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanka2019">Banka 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheong_Suk-Wai2015-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheong_Suk-Wai2015_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheong_Suk-Wai2015">Cheong Suk-Wai 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2010-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2010_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2010">Allen 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher2010-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradsher2010_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradsher2010">Bradsher 2010</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Nick (26 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901152331/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/world-war-2/7964839/Nuremberg-Laws-handed-over-to-US-National-Archives.html">"Nuremberg Laws handed over to US National Archives"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/world-war-2/7964839/Nuremberg-Laws-handed-over-to-US-National-Archives.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nuremberg+Laws+handed+over+to+US+National+Archives&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fworld-war-2%2F7964839%2FNuremberg-Laws-handed-over-to-US-National-Archives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanka2019" class="citation web cs1">Banka, Neha (22 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/asia-and-australia/.premium.MAGAZINE-inside-the-secret-world-of-indonesia-s-jewish-community-1.7138662">"Inside the Secret World of Indonesia's Jewish Community"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Secret+World+of+Indonesia%27s+Jewish+Community&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Banka&rft.aufirst=Neha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fworld-news%2Fasia-and-australia%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-inside-the-secret-world-of-indonesia-s-jewish-community-1.7138662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradsher2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bradsher, Greg (Winter 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/winter/nuremberg.html">"The Nuremberg Laws: Archives Receives Original Nazi Documents That "Legalized" Persecution of Jews"</a>. <i>Prologue Magazine</i>. <b>42</b> (4). National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Nuremberg+Laws%3A+Archives+Receives+Original+Nazi+Documents+That+%22Legalized%22+Persecution+of+Jews&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bradsher&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2010%2Fwinter%2Fnuremberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock, Alan</a> (1962) [1952]. <i>Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0"><bdi>978-0-14-013564-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Study+in+Tyranny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013564-0&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleighWippermann1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Burleigh, Michael</a>; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich"><i>The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945</i></a></span>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-39802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+State%3A+Germany+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39802-2&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wippermann%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialstate00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheong_Suk-Wai2015" class="citation web cs1">Cheong Suk-Wai (8 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/kosher-kitchen-gave-hope-during-wwii">"Kosher kitchen gave hope during WWII"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Kosher+kitchen+gave+hope+during+WWII&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.au=Cheong+Suk-Wai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fkosher-kitchen-gave-hope-during-wwii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikovski2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dikovski, Antoinette (19 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718022252/http://www.eunet.bg/bgnews/show_story.html?issue=207309408&media=1523776&class=3712256&story=207312704">"България само администрираше "новите земи"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Демокрация</i> (in Bulgarian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eunet.bg/bgnews/show_story.html?issue=207309408&media=1523776&class=3712256&story=207312704">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5+%22%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%22&rft.date=2000-07-19&rft.aulast=Dikovski&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eunet.bg%2Fbgnews%2Fshow_story.html%3Fissue%3D207309408%26media%3D1523776%26class%3D3712256%26story%3D207312704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich2007" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naziancestralpro00ehre_0"><i>The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11687-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11687-1"><bdi>978-0-253-11687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Ancestral+Proof%3A+Genealogy%2C+Racial+Science%2C+and+the+Final+Solution&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11687-1&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaziancestralpro00ehre_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Third Reich"><i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i></a>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8"><bdi>978-0-14-303469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303469-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan"><i>The Third Reich in Power</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichinpowe00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0"><i>The Third Reich at War</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichatwar00evan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2012" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Ronit (2012) [2011]. "Transnistria: The Holocaust in Romania". In Friedman, Jonathan C (ed.). <i>Routledge History of the Holocaust</i>. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. pp. 277–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52087-4"><bdi>978-0-415-52087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transnistria%3A+The+Holocaust+in+Romania&rft.btitle=Routledge+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Abingdon%3B+New+York&rft.pages=277-290&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-52087-4&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Friedländer, Saul</a> (2009). <i>Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-1350276" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-1350276"><bdi>978-0-06-1350276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+the+Jews%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-1350276&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrojimovics2012" class="citation book cs1">Frojimovics, Kinga (2012) [2011]. "Special Characteristics of the Holocaust in Hungary, 1938–45". In Friedman, Jonathan C (ed.). <i>Routledge History of the Holocaust</i>. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. pp. 248–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52087-4"><bdi>978-0-415-52087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Special+Characteristics+of+the+Holocaust+in+Hungary%2C+1938%E2%80%9345&rft.btitle=Routledge+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Abingdon%3B+New+York&rft.pages=248-263&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-52087-4&rft.aulast=Frojimovics&rft.aufirst=Kinga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellately1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a> (1991). <i>The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820297-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820297-0"><bdi>0-19-820297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo+and+German+Society%3A+Enforcing+Racial+Policy%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-820297-0&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2002). <i>The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust</i>. London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41528-145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41528-145-4"><bdi>978-0-41528-145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-41528-145-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhagen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Goldhagen, Daniel</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners" title="Hitler's Willing Executioners"><i>Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8"><bdi>978-0-679-44695-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Willing+Executioners%3A+Ordinary+Germans+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44695-8&rft.aulast=Goldhagen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1984" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Sarah (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlergermansjew0000gord"><i>Hitler, Germans, and the 'Jewish Question'<span></span></i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05412-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05412-6"><bdi>0-691-05412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Germans%2C+and+the+%27Jewish+Question%27&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-691-05412-6&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlergermansjew0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenville2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Grenville" title="John Grenville">Grenville, John</a> (2002) [1998]. "Neglected Holocaust victims: the Mischlinge, the Judischversippte, and the Gypsies". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; Peck, Abraham J. (eds.). <i>The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 314–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33374-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33374-1"><bdi>0-253-33374-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neglected+Holocaust+victims%3A+the+Mischlinge%2C+the+Judischversippte%2C+and+the+Gypsies&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+History%3A+The+Known%2C+the+Unknown%2C+the+Disputed%2C+and+the+Reexamined&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=314-326&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-253-33374-1&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Hancock, Ian</a> (2012). "The Neglected Memory of the Romanies". In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Friedman" title="Jonathan Friedman">Friedman, Jonathan C.</a> (ed.). <i>The Routledge History of the Holocaust</i>. New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 375–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52087-4"><bdi>978-0-415-52087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Neglected+Memory+of+the+Romanies&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=375-384&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-52087-4&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Hilberg, Raul</a> (2003) [1961]. <a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews"><i>The Destruction of the European Jews</i></a>. Vol. III. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09592-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09592-0"><bdi>978-0-300-09592-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+the+European+Jews&rft.place=New+Haven%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09592-0&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa"><i>Einstein: His Life and Universe</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6473-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-6473-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+His+Life+and+Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinhislifeu0000isaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06757-6&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2010). <i>Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajer2003" class="citation book cs1">Majer, Diemut (2003). <i>"Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945</i>. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6493-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6493-3"><bdi>0-8018-6493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+under+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe%2C+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Baltimore%3B+London&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8018-6493-3&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrus2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus, Michael</a> (2000). <i>The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined</i>. Toronto: Key Porter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+History%3A+The+Known%2C+the+Unknown%2C+the+Disputed%2C+and+the+Reexamined&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Key+Porter&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Marrus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatić2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matić, Igor-Philip (2002). <i>Edmund Veesenmayer: Agent und Diplomat der nationalsozialistischen Expansionspolitik</i> (in German). München: Oldenbourg Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56677-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56677-2"><bdi>978-3-486-56677-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmund+Veesenmayer%3A+Agent+und+Diplomat+der+nationalsozialistischen+Expansionspolitik&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-486-56677-2&rft.aulast=Mati%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Igor-Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarry2010" class="citation book cs1">McGarry, Aidan (2010). <i>Who Speaks for Roma?: Political Representation of a Transnational Minority Community</i>. New York; London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2880-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-2880-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Speaks+for+Roma%3F%3A+Political+Representation+of+a+Transnational+Minority+Community&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2880-6&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2001" class="citation book cs1">Milton, Sybil H. (2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany". In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Stoltzfus" title="Nathan Stoltzfus">Stoltzfus, Nathan</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Social_Outsiders_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany"><i>Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08684-2"><bdi>0-691-08684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Gypsies%22+as+social+outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Social+Outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-691-08684-2&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Sybil+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Mommsen, Hans</a> (1989). "The Realization of the Unthinkable: The 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus, Michael</a> (ed.). <i>The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder</i>. The Nazi Holocaust, Part 3. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Meckler. pp. 217–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88736-255-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88736-255-9"><bdi>0-88736-255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Realization+of+the+Unthinkable%3A+The+%27Final+Solution+of+the+Jewish+Question%27&rft.btitle=The+%22Final+Solution%22%3A+The+Implementation+of+Mass+Murder&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.series=The+Nazi+Holocaust%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=217-264&rft.pub=Meckler&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88736-255-9&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2006" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Wayne (2006). <i>Criminology, Civilisation and the New World Order</i>. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904-38512-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904-38512-7"><bdi>978-1-904-38512-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminology%2C+Civilisation+and+the+New+World+Order&rft.place=Abingdon%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904-38512-7&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuremberg_Laws1935" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c=dokument_de&dokument=0007_nue&object=translation&st=&l=de">"Reichsbürgergesetz und Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre ["Nürnberger Gesetze"]"</a> (in German). Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. 14 November 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reichsb%C3%BCrgergesetz+und+Gesetz+zum+Schutze+des+deutschen+Blutes+und+der+deutschen+Ehre+%5B%22N%C3%BCrnberger+Gesetze%22%5D&rft.pub=Friedrich-Alexander+Universit%C3%A4t+Erlangen-N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.date=1935-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1000dokumente.de%2Findex.html%3Fc%3Ddokument_de%26dokument%3D0007_nue%26object%3Dtranslation%26st%3D%26l%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (2003). <i>Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust</i>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70822-0"><bdi>978-0-375-70822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Death%3A+The+SS-Einsatzgruppen+and+the+Invention+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70822-0&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodogno2006" class="citation book cs1">Rodogno, David (2006). <i>Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84515-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%27s+European+Empire%3A+Italian+Occupation+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84515-1&rft.aulast=Rodogno&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheil2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheil, Stefan (11 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jungefreiheit.de/kolumne/2012/arier/">"Arier"</a>. <i>Junge Freiheit</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Junge+Freiheit&rft.atitle=Arier&rft.date=2012-03-11&rft.aulast=Scheil&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjungefreiheit.de%2Fkolumne%2F2012%2Farier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulzFrercks1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schulz, Edgar Hans; Frercks, Rudolf (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/arier.htm"><i>Warum Arierparagraph? Ein Beitrag zur Judenfrage</i></a> [<i>Why the Aryan Law? A Contribution to the Jewish Question</i>] (in German). Berlin: NSDAP Office of Racial Policy. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802537">802537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warum+Arierparagraph%3F+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Judenfrage&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=NSDAP+Office+of+Racial+Policy&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F802537&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Hans&rft.au=Frercks%2C+Rudolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.calvin.edu%2Fgerman-propaganda-archive%2Farier.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0"><bdi>978-0-671-62420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-671-62420-0&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM,_"Sinti_and_Roma"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/2000926-Roma-and-Sinti.pdf">"Sinti and Roma: Victims of the Nazi Era"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinti+and+Roma%3A+Victims+of+the+Nazi+Era&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fm%2Fpdfs%2F2000926-Roma-and-Sinti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times,_21_March_1933" class="citation news cs1">Staff (21 March 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/21/archives/boycott-advocated-to-curb-hitlerism-ww-cohen-says-any-jew-who-buys.html">"Boycott Advocated to Curb Hitlerism; W.W. Cohen Says Any Jew Who Buys Goods Made in Germany Is a 'Traitor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Boycott+Advocated+to+Curb+Hitlerism%3B+W.W.+Cohen+Says+Any+Jew+Who+Buys+Goods+Made+in+Germany+Is+a+%27Traitor.&rft.date=1933-03-21&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1933%2F03%2F21%2Farchives%2Fboycott-advocated-to-curb-hitlerism-ww-cohen-says-any-jew-who-buys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahilFriedman1991" class="citation book cs1">Yahil, Leni; Friedman, Ina (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_aRvKpLUf0C&pg=PA95"><i>The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry: 1932-1945</i></a>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195045239" title="Special:BookSources/9780195045239"><bdi>9780195045239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+The+Fate+of+European+Jewry%3A+1932-1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780195045239&rft.aulast=Yahil&rft.aufirst=Leni&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Ina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_aRvKpLUf0C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM,_"Nuremburg_Race_Laws"" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nuremberg-laws#translation-4">"Nuremberg Race Laws"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuremberg+Race+Laws&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnuremberg-laws%23translation-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildt2012" class="citation book cs1">Wildt, Michael (2012). <i>Hitler's Volksgemeinschaftand the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Violence Against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1919–1939</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857453228" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857453228"><bdi>978-0857453228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Volksgemeinschaftand+the+Dynamics+of+Racial+Exclusion%3A+Violence+Against+Jews+in+Provincial+Germany%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0857453228&rft.aulast=Wildt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2014" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Stephanie (2014). <i>The Politics of Reparations and Apologies</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9184-2"><bdi>978-1-4614-9184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Reparations+and+Apologies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-9184-2&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Laws&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bankier, David (1990). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Gutman" title="Israel Gutman">Gutman, Israel</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust"><i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/1076">1076–1077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864527-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864527-8"><bdi>0-02-864527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1076-1077&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-02-864527-8&rft.aulast=Bankier&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gruchmann, Lothar (July 1983). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Blutschutzgestz' und Justiz: Zur Entstehung und Auswirkung des Nürnberger Gesetzes von 15 September 1935". <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>31</b>. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH: 418–442. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30196462">30196462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=%27Blutschutzgestz%27+und+Justiz%3A+Zur+Entstehung+und+Auswirkung+des+N%C3%BCrnberger+Gesetzes+von+15+September+1935&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=418-442&rft.date=1983-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30196462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gruchmann&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Longerich, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115820/http://www.ghwk.de/ghwk/engl/texts/wannsee-conference.pdf">"The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Holocaust Educational Trust Research Papers</i>. <b>1</b> (2). London: The Holocaust Educational Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9516166-5-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9516166-5-X"><bdi>0-9516166-5-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghwk.de/ghwk/engl/texts/wannsee-conference.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Educational+Trust+Research+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Wannsee+Conference+in+the+Development+of+the+%27Final+Solution%27&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9516166-5-X&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghwk.de%2Fghwk%2Fengl%2Ftexts%2Fwannsee-conference.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Margaliot" title="Abraham Margaliot">Margaliot, Abraham</a> (1977). "The Reaction of the Jewish Public in Germany to the Nuremberg Laws". <i>Yad Vashem Studies</i>. <b>12</b>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>: 193–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Reaction+of+the+Jewish+Public+in+Germany+to+the+Nuremberg+Laws&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=193-229&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Margaliot&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schleunes" title="Karl Schleunes">Schleunes, Karl</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twistedroadtoaus00schl"><i>The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy towards German Jews, 1933–1939</i></a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00092-8"><bdi>978-0-252-00092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twisted+Road+to+Auschwitz%3A+Nazi+Policy+towards+German+Jews%2C+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-252-00092-8&rft.aulast=Schleunes&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwistedroadtoaus00schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Whitman" title="James Whitman">Whitman, James Q.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10925.html"><i>Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172422"><bdi>978-0691172422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+American+Model%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Making+of+Nazi+Race+Law&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172422&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F10925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/nazi-germany-1933-39/beginning-of-persecution.html">Rise of the Nazis and Beginning of Persecution</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Segregation_by_type" title="Template talk:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Committee" title="Tal Committee">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greece and Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Saudi_Arabia" title="Religious segregation">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Bahrain" title="Religious segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Myanmar" title="Religious segregation">Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Ethnic and racial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Bahrain" title="Racial segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgaria and Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_population_exchange" title="Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange">Czechoslovakia and Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Fiji" title="Racial segregation">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_situation_in_the_French_suburbs" title="Social situation in the French suburbs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Rhodesia" title="Racial segregation">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudization" title="Saudization">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiratisation" title="Emiratisation">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Afghanistan" title="Sex segregation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_public_restrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation in public restrooms">Sex segregation in public restrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential segregation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">Majority minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid" title="Social apartheid">Social apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Segregation" title="Category:Segregation">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caste" title="Category:Caste">caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_segregation" title="Category:Sex segregation">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racial_segregation" title="Category:Racial segregation">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationality_laws" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationality_laws" title="Template:Nationality laws"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationality_laws" title="Template talk:Nationality laws"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality_laws" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationality_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationality_law" title="Algerian nationality law">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_nationality_law" title="Angolan nationality law">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_nationality_law" title="Beninese nationality law">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswanan nationality law">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_nationality_law" title="Burkinabe nationality law">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_nationality_law" title="Burundian nationality law">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_nationality_law" title="Cameroonian nationality law">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_nationality_law" title="Cape Verdean nationality law">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_nationality_law" title="Central African nationality law">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_nationality_law" title="Chadian nationality law">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_nationality_law" title="Comorian nationality law">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese nationality law">Congo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_nationality_law" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_nationality_law" title="Djiboutian nationality law">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_nationality_law" title="Equatoguinean nationality law">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationality_law" title="Eritrean nationality law">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaswati_nationality_law" title="Emaswati nationality law">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationality_law" title="Ethiopian nationality law">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_nationality_law" title="Gabonese nationality law">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_nationality_law" title="Gambian nationality law">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_nationality_law" title="Ghanaian nationality law">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_nationality_law" title="Guinean nationality law">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_nationality_law" title="Bissau-Guinean nationality law">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_nationality_law" title="Ivorian nationality law">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_nationality_law" title="Kenyan nationality law">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basotho_nationality_law" title="Basotho nationality law">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_nationality_law" title="Liberian nationality law">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationality_law" title="Libyan nationality law">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_nationality_law" title="Malagasy nationality law">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_nationality_law" title="Malawian nationality law">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_nationality_law" title="Malian nationality law">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_nationality_law" title="Mauritanian nationality law">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_nationality_law" title="Mauritian nationality law">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_nationality_law" title="Moroccan nationality law">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_nationality_law" title="Mozambican nationality law">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_nationality_law" title="Namibian nationality law">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_nationality_law" title="Nigerien nationality law">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationality_law" title="Nigerian nationality law">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_nationality_law" title="Rwandan nationality law">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_nationality_law" title="São Toméan nationality law">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_nationality_law" title="Senegalese nationality law">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_nationality_law" title="Seychellois nationality law">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_nationality_law" title="Sierra Leonean nationality law">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationality_law" title="Somali nationality law">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland citizenship and nationality">Somaliland</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_nationality_law" title="South African nationality law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_nationality_law" title="South Sudanese nationality law">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nationality_law" title="Sudanese nationality law">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_nationality_law" title="Tanzanian nationality law">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_nationality_law" title="Togolese nationality law">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationality_law" title="Tunisian nationality law">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationality_law" title="Ugandan nationality law">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi citizenship and nationality">Western Sahara</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_nationality_law" title="Zambian nationality law">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_nationality_law" title="Zimbabwean nationality law">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudian_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_nationality_law" title="Bahamian nationality law">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_nationality_law" title="Barbadian nationality law">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_nationality_law" title="Belizean nationality law">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_nationality_law" title="Costa Rican nationality law">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nationality_law" title="Cuban nationality law">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_nationality_law" title="Dominican nationality law">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_nationality_law" title="Dominican Republic nationality law">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_nationality_law" title="Salvadoran nationality law">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Greenland <small>(Kingdom of Denmark)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_nationality_law" title="Grenadian nationality law">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_nationality_law" title="Guatemalan nationality law">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haitian_nationality_and_citizenship" title="History of Haitian nationality and citizenship">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_nationality_law" title="Honduran nationality law">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_nationality_law" title="Jamaican nationality law">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_nationality_law" title="Nicaraguan nationality law">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_nationality_law" title="Panamanian nationality law">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitian_and_Nevisian_nationality_law" title="Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_nationality_law" title="Saint Lucian nationality law">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_nationality_law" title="Vincentian nationality law">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_nationality_law" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islander_citizenship_and_nationality" title="United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality">US Virgin Islands</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationality_law" title="Argentine nationality law">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_nationality_law" title="Bolivian nationality law">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_nationality_law" title="Chilean nationality law">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law" title="Colombian nationality law">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_nationality_law" title="Ecuadorian nationality law">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_nationality_law" title="Guyanese nationality law">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_nationality_law" title="Paraguayan nationality law">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_nationality_law" title="Peruvian nationality law">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_nationality_law" title="Surinamese nationality law">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_nationality_law" title="Uruguayan nationality law">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law" title="Afghan nationality law">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_nationality_law" title="Bahraini nationality law">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationality_law" title="Bangladeshi nationality law">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_nationality_law" title="Bhutanese nationality law">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_nationality_law" title="Bruneian nationality law">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_nationality_law" title="Cambodian nationality law">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_nationality_law" title="East Timorese nationality law">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationality_law" title="Indonesian nationality law">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationality_law" title="Iraqi nationality law">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationality_law" title="Jordanian nationality law">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_nationality_law" title="Kazakhstani nationality law">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyzstani nationality law (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laotian nationality law (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_nationality_law" title="Malaysian nationality law">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nationality_law" title="Mongolian nationality law">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law" title="Myanmar nationality law">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law" title="Nepali nationality law">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nationality_law" title="North Korean nationality law">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_nationality_law" title="Omani nationality law">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationality_law" title="Pakistani nationality law">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_nationality" title="History of Palestinian nationality">Palestine</a><sup><small></small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_nationality_law" title="Qatari nationality law">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_nationality_law" title="Saudi Arabian nationality law">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law" title="South Korean nationality law">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_nationality_law" title="Sri Lankan nationality law">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationality_law" title="Syrian nationality law">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani nationality law (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">Taiwan</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationality_law" title="Thai nationality law">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen nationality law">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_nationality_law" title="Emirati nationality law">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek nationality law (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_passport" title="Vietnamese passport">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni nationality law (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">European Union</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law" title="Belgian nationality law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nationality_law" title="Bulgarian nationality law">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationality_law" title="Croatian nationality law">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationality_law" title="Czech nationality law">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationality_law" title="Estonian nationality law">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationality_law" title="Finnish nationality law">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationality_law" title="Icelandic nationality law">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_nationality_law" title="Latvian nationality law">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_nationality_law" title="Liechtensteiner nationality law">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nationality_law" title="Lithuanian nationality law">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_nationality_law" title="Luxembourg nationality law">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nationality_law" title="Maltese nationality law">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationality_law" title="Norwegian nationality law">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationality_law" title="Romanian nationality law">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationality_law" title="Slovak nationality law">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationality_law" title="Slovenian nationality law">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nationality_law" title="Swedish nationality law">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nationality_law" title="Swiss nationality law">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Rest of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationality_law" title="Albanian nationality law">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationality_law" title="Armenian nationality law">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_nationality_law" title="Andorran nationality law">Andorra</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationality_law" title="Azerbaijani nationality law">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian citizenship">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_nationality_law" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina nationality law">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationality_law" title="Georgian nationality law">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan nationality law">Kosovo</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_nationality_law" title="Moldovan nationality law">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_nationality_law" title="Monégasque nationality law">Monaco</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationality_law" title="Montenegrin nationality law">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_North_Macedonia" title="Nationality law of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_citizenship" title="Northern Cyprus citizenship">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_citizenship_law" title="Russian citizenship law">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_nationality_law" title="San Marino nationality law">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationality_law" title="Serbian nationality law">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationality_law" title="Ukrainian nationality law">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_nationality_law" title="Micronesian nationality law">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_nationality_law" title="Fijian nationality law">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_nationality_law" title="Nauruan nationality law">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Kiribati_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Kiribati nationality law">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_nationality_law" title="Marshallese nationality law">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_nationality_law" title="Palauan nationality law">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_nationality_law" title="Papua New Guinean nationality law">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_nationality_law" title="Samoan nationality law">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_nationality_law" title="Solomon Islands nationality law">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nationality_law" title="Tongan nationality law">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_nationality_law" title="Tuvaluan nationality law">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoan_citizenship_and_nationality" title="American Samoan citizenship and nationality">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Guamanian citizenship and nationality">Guam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ni-Vanuatu nationality law">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">International<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union#Migration" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Loss of citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">Denaturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">Renunciation of citizenship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Birth aboard aircraft and ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_sanguinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius sanguinis">Ius sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius soli">Ius soli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By result</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationality_law" title="Soviet nationality law">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Open border with <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Partially recognized.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationality_law" title="Category:Nationality law"><b>Category</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27906#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172127-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jews--Legal status, laws, etc.--Germany"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85070424">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="norimberské zákony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph866532&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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