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Télescope spatial — Wikipédia
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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Caractéristiques_d'un_télescope_spatial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caractéristiques_d'un_télescope_spatial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Caractéristiques d'un télescope spatial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caractéristiques_d'un_télescope_spatial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Caractéristiques d'un télescope spatial</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caractéristiques_d'un_télescope_spatial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Orbite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Résolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Résolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Résolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Résolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durée_de_vie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durée_de_vie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Durée de vie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durée_de_vie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avantages_du_télescope_spatial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avantages_du_télescope_spatial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Avantages du télescope spatial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avantages_du_télescope_spatial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellites_astronomiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellites_astronomiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Satellites astronomiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Satellites_astronomiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Satellites astronomiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Satellites_astronomiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observatoires_de_rayonnement_gamma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observatoires_de_rayonnement_gamma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Observatoires de rayonnement gamma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observatoires_de_rayonnement_gamma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observatoires_spatiaux_de_rayonnement_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observatoires_spatiaux_de_rayonnement_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Observatoires spatiaux de rayonnement X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observatoires_spatiaux_de_rayonnement_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Télescopes_ultraviolet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Télescopes_ultraviolet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Télescopes ultraviolet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Télescopes_ultraviolet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Télescopes_en_lumière_visible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Télescopes_en_lumière_visible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Télescopes en lumière visible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Télescopes_en_lumière_visible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Télescopes_infrarouge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Télescopes_infrarouge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Télescopes infrarouge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Télescopes_infrarouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondes_millimétriques_et_submillimétriques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondes_millimétriques_et_submillimétriques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ondes millimétriques et submillimétriques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ondes_millimétriques_et_submillimétriques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio-télescopes_spatiaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio-télescopes_spatiaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Radio-télescopes spatiaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-télescopes_spatiaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Détection_de_particules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Détection_de_particules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Détection de particules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Détection_de_particules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondes_gravitationnelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondes_gravitationnelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Ondes gravitationnelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ondes_gravitationnelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Télescope spatial</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 58 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مقراب فضائي – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقراب فضائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyk_vasit%C9%99sil%C9%99_m%C3%BC%C5%9Fahid%C9%99_%C3%BCsulu" title="Peyk vasitəsilə müşahidə üsulu – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peyk vasitəsilə müşahidə üsulu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Астранамічны спадарожнік – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астранамічны спадарожнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Астрономически спътник – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астрономически спътник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="अंतरिक्ष दूरबीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंतरिक्ष दूरबीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E_%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အာကာသ တယ်လီသကိုက် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အာကာသ တယ်လီသကိုက်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মহাকাশ দূরবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাশ দূরবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirska_opservatorija" title="Svemirska opservatorija – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svemirska opservatorija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatori_espacial" title="Observatori espacial – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Observatori espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڕوانگەی گەردوون – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوانگەی گەردوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumobservatorium" title="Rumobservatorium – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumobservatorium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltraumteleskop" title="Weltraumteleskop – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltraumteleskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Διαστημικό τηλεσκόπιο – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαστημικό τηλεσκόπιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Space telescope" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosma_observatorio" title="Kosma observatorio – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosma observatorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_espacial" title="Observatorio espacial – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Observatorio espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmoseobservatoorium" title="Kosmoseobservatoorium – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmoseobservatoorium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تلسکوپ فضایی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلسکوپ فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruustutkimusasema" title="Avaruustutkimusasema – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruustutkimusasema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_espacial" title="Observatorio espacial – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Observatorio espacial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="טלסקופ חלל – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלסקופ חלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomski_satelit" title="Astronomski satelit – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astronomski satelit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillag%C3%A1szati_m%C5%B1hold" title="Csillagászati műhold – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagászati műhold" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorium_antariksa" title="Observatorium antariksa – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Observatorium antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope_mbara_igwe" title="Telescope mbara igwe – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Telescope mbara igwe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_spaziale" title="Telescopio spaziale – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telescopio spaziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="宇宙望遠鏡 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorium_angkasa" title="Observatorium angkasa – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Observatorium angkasa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ғарыш обсерваториясы – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғарыш обсерваториясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="우주망원경 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주망원경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorium_intermundiarum" title="Observatorium intermundiarum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Observatorium intermundiarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltraumteleskop" title="Weltraumteleskop – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Weltraumteleskop" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%C4%81l%C4%81_observatorija" title="Orbitālā observatorija – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orbitālā observatorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вселенска опсерваторија – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вселенска опсерваторија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ബഹിരാകാശ ദൂരദർശിനി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹിരാകാശ ദൂരദർശിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balai_cerap_angkasa" title="Balai cerap angkasa – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balai cerap angkasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E_%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="အာကာသ တယ်လီစကုပ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာကာသ တယ်လီစကုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtetelescoop" title="Ruimtetelescoop – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtetelescoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romobservatorium" title="Romobservatorium – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romobservatorium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romteleskop" title="Romteleskop – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romteleskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop_kosmiczny" title="Teleskop kosmiczny – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teleskop kosmiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observat%C3%B3rio_espacial" title="Observatório espacial – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Observatório espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescop_spa%C8%9Bial" title="Telescop spațial – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Telescop spațial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Астрономический спутник – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрономический спутник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_observatory" title="Space observatory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space observatory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmick%C3%A9_observat%C3%B3rium" title="Kozmické observatórium – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozmické observatórium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesoljski_observatorij" title="Vesoljski observatorij – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vesoljski observatorij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Свемирска опсерваторија – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемирска опсерваторија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdteleskop" title="Rymdteleskop – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdteleskop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darubini_ya_anga-nje" title="Darubini ya anga-nje – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Darubini ya anga-nje" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்வெளி நோக்காய்வுக்கலம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்வெளி நோக்காய்வுக்கலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์อวกาศ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์อวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_teleskobu" title="Uzay teleskobu – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay teleskobu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Космічна обсерваторія – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічна обсерваторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_vi%E1%BB%85n_v%E1%BB%8Dng_kh%C3%B4ng_gian" title="Kính viễn vọng không gian – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kính viễn vọng không gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%ADsk%C3%B3p%C3%B9_%C3%B2furuf%C3%BA" title="Tẹ́lískópù òfurufú – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tẹ́lískópù òfurufú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="空间望远镜 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空间望远镜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="太空望遠鏡 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148578#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Hubble_Space_Telescope_(27946391011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/220px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/330px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/440px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Le <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">télescope spatial Hubble</a> en orbite autour de la Terre (1997).</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>télescope spatial</b> est un <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope" title="Télescope">télescope</a> placé au-delà de l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère</a>. Le télescope spatial présente l'avantage, par rapport à son homologue terrestre, de ne pas être perturbé par l'atmosphère terrestre. Celle-ci déforme le rayonnement lumineux (infrarouge, visible, ultraviolet…) et en absorbe une grande partie (surtout infrarouge et ultraviolet). </p><p>Depuis les années 1960, les progrès de l'<a href="/wiki/Astronautique" title="Astronautique">astronautique</a> ont permis d'envoyer dans l'espace des télescopes spatiaux de différents types, dont le plus connu est le <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">télescope spatial <i>Hubble</i></a>. Ces instruments jouent désormais un rôle important dans la collecte d'informations sur les planètes éloignées, les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> et les autres objets célestes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caractéristiques_d'un_télescope_spatial"><span id="Caract.C3.A9ristiques_d.27un_t.C3.A9lescope_spatial"></span>Caractéristiques d'un télescope spatial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques d'un télescope spatial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Caractéristiques d'un télescope spatial"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Spitzer,_Hubble_and_XMM-Newton-fr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Spitzer%2C_Hubble_and_XMM-Newton-fr.png/220px-Spitzer%2C_Hubble_and_XMM-Newton-fr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Spitzer%2C_Hubble_and_XMM-Newton-fr.png/330px-Spitzer%2C_Hubble_and_XMM-Newton-fr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Spitzer%2C_Hubble_and_XMM-Newton-fr.png/440px-Spitzer%2C_Hubble_and_XMM-Newton-fr.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1559" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Spitzer (télescope spatial)">Spitzer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">Hubble</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></i> et leurs principaux composants</figcaption></figure> <p>Un télescope spatial est un télescope installé dans l'espace pour observer les planètes éloignées, les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> et d'autres <a href="/wiki/Objet_c%C3%A9leste" title="Objet céleste">objets célestes</a>. </p><p>On peut ranger les télescopes spatiaux en deux grandes catégories : les télescopes qui observent l'ensemble de la voûte céleste et ceux qui font des observations sur des portions choisies du ciel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbite">Orbite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Orbite" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Orbite"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans l'idéal, le satellite d'observation astronomique est placé sur une orbite la plus éloignée possible des perturbations lumineuses ou électromagnétiques. La Terre et la Lune peuvent être une grande source de perturbations. Pour y échapper, certains satellites astronomiques sont placés sur des orbites qui les maintiennent éloignés en permanence de ces deux astres : <a href="/wiki/Point_de_Lagrange" title="Point de Lagrange">point de Lagrange</a> L<sub>2</sub> de l'ensemble Terre-Soleil (par exemple <i>Planck</i> et <i>Herschel</i>), <a href="/wiki/Orbite_h%C3%A9liocentrique" title="Orbite héliocentrique">orbite héliocentrique</a> dans le sillage de la Terre avec quelques semaines de décalage (par exemple <i>Kepler</i>). Par le passé, les satellites en orbite basse ont toutefois été largement majoritaires. Certains satellites astronomiques décrivent des orbites terrestres à forte <a href="/wiki/Excentricit%C3%A9_orbitale" title="Excentricité orbitale">excentricité</a> (<i>Integral</i>, <i>Granat</i>, <i>XMM-Newton</i>) pour permettre des observations à l'extérieur des ceintures de Van Allen (les particules à l'intérieur des ceintures perturbent les mesures) et disposer de longues durées d'observation ininterrompues (une périodicité longue limite le nombre d'interruptions liés au passage derrière la Terre). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Instrumentation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Instrumentation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Spécial:EditPage/Télescope spatial">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Résolution"><span id="R.C3.A9solution"></span>Résolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Résolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Résolution"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Pouvoir_de_r%C3%A9solution" title="Pouvoir de résolution">résolution</a> des télescopes dans le visible est aujourd'hui meilleure que celle des télescopes terrestres. Elle n'est limitée que par la <a href="/wiki/Charge_utile_(astronautique)" title="Charge utile (astronautique)">charge utile</a> des lanceurs existants et le coût de construction d'un gros télescope spatial. La réalisation du lanceur lourd <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> pourrait permettre le lancement d'un télescope spatial doté d'un miroir de 8 à 17 mètres (projet <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durée_de_vie"><span id="Dur.C3.A9e_de_vie"></span>Durée de vie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Durée de vie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Durée de vie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le satellite d'observation astronomique, comme les autres satellites, doit se maintenir sur une orbite et être pointé vers l'objet observé pour accomplir sa mission, ce qui nécessite de disposer d'<a href="/wiki/Ergol" title="Ergol">ergols</a>. Sa durée de vie est donc conditionnée par la quantité d'ergols emportée, car les opérations de maintenance d'un satellite, comme celles réalisées pour le télescope <i>Hubble</i>, sont trop coûteuses pour être envisagées dans un cas normal. Certains satellites d'observation astronomique, comme les télescopes infrarouge, utilisent des capteurs qui nécessitent en outre un liquide de refroidissement (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium_liquide" title="Hélium liquide">hélium liquide</a>). Celui-ci s'épuise progressivement, ce qui limite la durée durant laquelle ils peuvent réaliser leurs meilleures mesures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avantages_du_télescope_spatial"><span id="Avantages_du_t.C3.A9lescope_spatial"></span>Avantages du télescope spatial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Avantages du télescope spatial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Avantages du télescope spatial"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ill-2_O3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ill-2_O3.jpg/220px-Ill-2_O3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ill-2_O3.jpg/330px-Ill-2_O3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ill-2_O3.jpg/440px-Ill-2_O3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2636" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Les longueurs d'onde absorbées par l'atmosphère en part filtrée (de 0 à 100 %)</figcaption></figure> <p>Plusieurs phénomènes constituent des freins à l'observation astronomique depuis le sol : la turbulence naturelle de l'air, qui perturbe le cheminement des <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> et réduit la qualité de l'image, limite la résolution aux environs d'une <a href="/wiki/Seconde_d%27arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconde d'arc">seconde d'arc</a> même si certains télescopes terrestres (tels que le <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Very Large Telescope</span>) peuvent contrebalancer les turbulences grâce à leur <a href="/wiki/Optique_adaptative" title="Optique adaptative">optique adaptative</a>. Dans le domaine du <a href="/wiki/Spectre_visible" title="Spectre visible">rayonnement visible</a>, un télescope spatial peut observer un objet cent fois moins lumineux que ce qui peut être techniquement observable depuis le sol. En outre, une grande partie du <a href="/wiki/Spectre_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Spectre électromagnétique">spectre électromagnétique</a> est complètement (<a href="/wiki/Rayon_gamma" title="Rayon gamma">gamma</a>, X, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) ou partiellement (<a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>) absorbée par l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère terrestre</a> et ne peut donc être observée que depuis l'espace. L'observation lumineuse depuis le sol est également de plus en plus handicapée par la <a href="/wiki/Pollution_lumineuse" title="Pollution lumineuse">pollution lumineuse</a> due aux nombreuses sources de lumière artificielles<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Seuls le rayonnement visible et les fréquences <a href="/wiki/Onde_radio" title="Onde radio">radios</a> ne sont pas atténués par l’atmosphère terrestre. L'astronomie spatiale joue un rôle essentiel pour les autres <a href="/wiki/Longueur_d%27onde" title="Longueur d'onde">longueurs d'onde</a>. Elle a pris aujourd'hui une grande importance grâce à des télescopes comme <i><a href="/wiki/Chandra_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Chandra (télescope spatial)">Chandra</a></i> ou <a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Space_telescopes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Space_telescopes.jpg/220px-Space_telescopes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Space_telescopes.jpg/330px-Space_telescopes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Space_telescopes.jpg/440px-Space_telescopes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>Les principaux télescopes spatiaux et la partie du <a href="/wiki/Spectre_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Spectre électromagnétique">spectre électromagnétique</a> qu'ils observent<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aux États-Unis, la création d’un télescope spatial est évoquée pour la première fois en 1946 par <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a>, un professeur et chercheur de l’<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Yale" title="Université Yale">université Yale</a>, qui démontre dans son article intitulé « Les avantages d’un observatoire extra-terrestre dans le domaine de l’astronomie » qu’un télescope placé dans l’espace offre un grand nombre d’avantages car, explique-t-il, l’atmosphère terrestre filtre et déforme la lumière venue des étoiles. Même le télescope le plus perfectionné ne peut pas échapper à ce phénomène alors qu’un télescope situé en orbite le peut. Par ailleurs, l’atmosphère bloque une grande partie du <a href="/wiki/Spectre_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Spectre électromagnétique">spectre électromagnétique</a>, comme le rayonnement X émis par des phénomènes de haute température dans les étoiles et dans d’autres objets. Un télescope spatial pourrait permettre aux scientifiques de mesurer également ce type d’émission<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les premiers observatoires astronomiques ne sont que des projectiles lancés par une <a href="/wiki/Fus%C3%A9e-sonde" title="Fusée-sonde">fusée-sonde</a> pour sortir brièvement de l'atmosphère ; aujourd'hui, les télescopes sont mis en orbite pour des périodes qui peuvent aller de quelques semaines (missions embarquées sur la <a href="/wiki/Navette_spatiale" title="Navette spatiale">navette spatiale</a> américaine) à quelques années. Un grand nombre d’observatoires spatiaux ont été mis en orbite et la plupart d’entre eux ont amélioré de manière importante nos connaissances cosmologiques. Certains de ces observatoires ont achevé leurs missions, tandis que d'autres sont toujours en opération. Les télescopes spatiaux sont lancés et maintenus par les <a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale" title="Agence spatiale">agences spatiales</a> : la <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) américaine, l'<a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">Agence spatiale européenne</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Agence_d%27exploration_a%C3%A9rospatiale_japonaise" title="Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise">agence spatiale japonaise</a> (JAXA) et <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> pour la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellites_astronomiques">Satellites astronomiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Satellites astronomiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Satellites astronomiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Space_telescopes_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Space_telescopes_comparison.jpg/220px-Space_telescopes_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Space_telescopes_comparison.jpg/330px-Space_telescopes_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Space_telescopes_comparison.jpg/440px-Space_telescopes_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Comparaison entre télescopes spatiaux par diamètre.</figcaption></figure> <p>On peut classer les satellites astronomiques spatiaux en fonction des <a href="/wiki/Longueur_d%27onde" title="Longueur d'onde">longueurs d'onde</a> qu'ils observent : <a href="/wiki/Rayon_gamma" title="Rayon gamma">rayonnement gamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayon_X" title="Rayon X">rayonnement X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectre_visible" title="Spectre visible">lumière visible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a>, radio millimétrique et <a href="/wiki/Onde_radio" title="Onde radio">radio</a>. <span class="need_ref" title="Une source est souhaitée pour ce passage (demandé le février 2024)." style="cursor:help;">Le terme « télescope » est généralement réservé aux instruments qui utilisent une optique, ce qui n'est pas le cas des satellites astronomiques observant le rayonnement gamma, X et radio</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></sup>. Certains satellites peuvent observer plusieurs plages (ils apparaissent plusieurs fois dans le tableau ci-dessous). On intègre dans la catégorie des satellites astronomiques les instruments qui étudient les noyaux et/ou les électrons du <a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_cosmique" title="Rayonnement cosmique">rayonnement cosmique</a> ainsi que ceux qui détectent les <a href="/wiki/Onde_gravitationnelle" title="Onde gravitationnelle">ondes gravitationnelles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observatoires_de_rayonnement_gamma">Observatoires de rayonnement gamma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Observatoires de rayonnement gamma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Observatoires de rayonnement gamma"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_gamma" title="Astronomie gamma">Astronomie gamma</a>.</div></div> <p>Les télescopes gamma collectent et mesurent le rayonnement gamma à haute énergie émis par les sources célestes. Ce rayonnement est absorbé par l'atmosphère et doit être observé depuis des ballons à haute altitude (<a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope-ballon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Télescope-ballon (page inexistante)">télescopes-ballons</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon-borne_telescope" class="extiw" title="en:Balloon-borne telescope"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Balloon-borne telescope »">(en)</span></a>) ou depuis l'espace. Le rayonnement gamma peut être généré par les <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">étoiles à neutrons</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir">trous noirs</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Sursaut_gamma" title="Sursaut gamma">éruptions gamma</a>, qui dégagent des énergies élevées, ont été également détectées sans qu'on en identifie la provenance<sup id="cite_ref-gamma_ray_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamma_ray-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cartoon_CGRO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Compton Gamma Ray Observatory."><img alt="Le Compton Gamma Ray Observatory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cartoon_CGRO.jpg/120px-Cartoon_CGRO.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cartoon_CGRO.jpg/180px-Cartoon_CGRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cartoon_CGRO.jpg/240px-Cartoon_CGRO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Le <a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma-Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</span></i></a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Diagram_of_the_GLAST_instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schéma du Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope."><img alt="Schéma du Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Diagram_of_the_GLAST_instrument.jpg/120px-Diagram_of_the_GLAST_instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Diagram_of_the_GLAST_instrument.jpg/180px-Diagram_of_the_GLAST_instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Diagram_of_the_GLAST_instrument.jpg/240px-Diagram_of_the_GLAST_instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schéma du <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a></span></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Granat.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Le télescope Granat."><img alt="Le télescope Granat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Granat.gif/120px-Granat.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Granat.gif/180px-Granat.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Granat.gif/240px-Granat.gif 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Le télescope <i><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></i>.</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HEAO-3" title="HEAO-3"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3</span></i></a> (<i>HEAO 3</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1979-09-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-09-20" data-sort-value="1979-09-20">20 septembre 1979</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1981-05-29</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1981-05-29" data-sort-value="1981-05-29">29 mai 1981</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00486.4</span>Orbite terrestre (486,4–504,9 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_2N_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3_2N-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3_3-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/AGILE" title="AGILE"><i><span class="lang-it" lang="it">Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini LEggero</span></i></a> (<i>AGILE</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_italienne" title="Agence spatiale italienne">ASI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2007-04-23</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-04-23" data-sort-value="2007-04-23">23 avril 2007</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00524</span>Orbite terrestre (524–553 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-agile_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agile-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-agile2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agile2-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma-Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory</a></span></i> (<i>CGRO</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1991-04-05</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1991-04-05" data-sort-value="1991-04-05">5 avril 1991</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2000-06-04</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-06-04" data-sort-value="2000-06-04">4 juin 2000</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00362</span>Orbite terrestre (362–457 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-compton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compton-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-compton2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compton2-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-compton_official_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compton_official-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/COS-B" title="COS-B">COS-B</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1975-08-09</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1975-08-09" data-sort-value="1975-08-09">9 août 1975</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1982-04-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1982-04-25" data-sort-value="1982-04-25">25 avril 1982</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00339</span>Orbite terrestre (339,6–99,876 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-cosb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosb-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-cosb2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosb2-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-cosb3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosb3-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)"><i>Gamma</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">RSA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-07-01</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-07-01" data-sort-value="1990-07-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juillet 1990</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1992-00-00</span>1992</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00375</span>Orbite terrestre (375 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-gamma_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamma-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a></span></i></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2008-05-14</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-06-11" data-sort-value="2008-06-11">11 juin 2008</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00550</span>Orbite terrestre (555 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-glast_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glast-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">CNRS</a> et <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_spatiale_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie">IKI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1989-12-01</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-12-01" data-sort-value="1989-12-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> décembre 1989</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-05-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-05-25" data-sort-value="1999-05-25">25 mai 1999</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo02000</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">2 000</span>–<span title="">200 000</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-granat_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granat-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-granat2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granat2-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-1999reentries_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999reentries-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" title="High Energy Transient Explorer"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">High Energy Transient Explorer 2</span></i></a> (<i>HETE 2</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2000-10-09</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-10-09" data-sort-value="2000-10-09">9 octobre 2000</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00590</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">590</span>–<span title="">650</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-hete2_1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hete2_1-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hete2_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hete2_2-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hete2_3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hete2_3-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/International_Gamma-Ray_Astrophysics_Laboratory" title="International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory">International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory</a></span></i> (<i>INTEGRAL</i>)</td> <td>ESA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2002-10-17</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2002-10-17" data-sort-value="2002-10-17">17 octobre 2002</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00639</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">639</span>–<span title="">153 000</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-integral_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-integral-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-integral2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-integral2-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEGRI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEGRI (page inexistante)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager</span></i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEGRI" class="extiw" title="en:LEGRI"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « LEGRI »">(en)</span></a> (<i>LEGRI</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_technique_a%C3%A9rospatiale" title="Institut national de technique aérospatiale">INTA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1997-05-19</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-05-19" data-sort-value="1997-05-19">19 mai 1997</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2002-02-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2002-02" data-sort-value="2002-02">février 2002</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00600</span>Orbite terrestre (600 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-legri_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legri-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-legri2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legri2-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-legri3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legri3-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">Small Astronomy Satellite 2</a></span></i> (<i>SAS 2</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1972-11-15</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1972-11-15" data-sort-value="1972-11-15">15 novembre 1972</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1973-06-08</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1973-06-08" data-sort-value="1973-06-08">8 juin 1973</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00443</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">443</span>–<span title="">632</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-sasb_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasb-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-sasb2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasb2-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer</span></i></a> (<i>SWIFT</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2004-11-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-11-20" data-sort-value="2004-11-20">20 novembre 2004</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00585</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">585</span>–<span title="">604</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-swift_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-swift2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift2-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observatoires_spatiaux_de_rayonnement_X">Observatoires spatiaux de rayonnement X</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Observatoires spatiaux de rayonnement X" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Observatoires spatiaux de rayonnement X"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_en_rayons_X" title="Astronomie en rayons X">Astronomie en rayons X</a>.</div></div> <p>Les télescopes à rayons X mesurent le rayonnement X émis par les photons à haute énergie. Ceux-ci ne peuvent pas traverser l'atmosphère et doivent donc être observés soit depuis la haute atmosphère soit depuis l'espace. Plusieurs types d'objets célestes émettent des rayons X depuis les amas de galaxie en passant par les trous noirs ou les noyaux galactiques actifs jusqu'aux objets galactiques tels que les restes de supernovas ou les étoiles et les étoiles doubles comportant une naine blanche... Certains corps du système solaire émettent des rayons X, le plus notable étant la Lune, bien que la majorité du rayonnement X de la Lune provienne de la réflexion de rayons X du Soleil. On considère que la combinaison de nombreuses sources de rayonnement X non identifiées est à l'origine du rayonnement X de fond </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:ASCA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics."><img alt="Le Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ASCA.jpg/120px-ASCA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ASCA.jpg/180px-ASCA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ASCA.jpg/240px-ASCA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="1825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Le <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics</a></span></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:BeppoSAX.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BeppoSAX (vue d'artiste)."><img alt="BeppoSAX (vue d'artiste)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BeppoSAX.jpg/120px-BeppoSAX.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BeppoSAX.jpg/180px-BeppoSAX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BeppoSAX.jpg/240px-BeppoSAX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="219" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a></i> (vue d'artiste).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Heao_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2)."><img alt="The Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Heao_b.jpg/120px-Heao_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Heao_b.jpg/180px-Heao_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Heao_b.jpg/240px-Heao_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/HEAO-2" title="HEAO-2"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Einstein Observatory</span></i></a> (<i>HEAO 2</i>).</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey</span></i></a> (<i>ABRIXAS</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_Luft-_und_Raumfahrt" title="Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt">DLR</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-04-28</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-04-28" data-sort-value="1999-04-28">28 avril 1999</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-07-01</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-07-01" data-sort-value="1999-07-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juillet 1999</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00549</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">549</span>–<span title="">598</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-abrixas_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrixas-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-abrixas2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrixas2-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-abrixas_end_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrixas_end-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics</a></span></i> (<i>ASCA</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> & <a href="/wiki/Institut_des_sciences_spatiales_et_astronautiques" title="Institut des sciences spatiales et astronautiques">ISAS</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1993-02-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-02-20" data-sort-value="1993-02-20">20 février 1993</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2001-03-2</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-03-02" data-sort-value="2001-03-02">2 mars 2001</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00523.6</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">523,6</span>–<span title="">615,3</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-asca_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asca-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-asca2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asca2-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/AGILE" title="AGILE">AGILE</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_italienne" title="Agence spatiale italienne">ASI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2007-04-23</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-04-23" data-sort-value="2007-04-23">23 avril 2007</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00524</span>Orbite terrestre (524–553 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-agile_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agile-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-agile2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agile2-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Ariel_V" title="Ariel V">Ariel V</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">Science and Engineering Research Council</a> et NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1974-10-15</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1974-10-15" data-sort-value="1974-10-15">15 octobre 1974</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1980-03-14</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1980-03-14" data-sort-value="1980-03-14">14 mars 1980</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00520</span>Orbite terrestre (520 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-arielv_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arielv-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-arielv2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arielv2-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/ALEXIS_(satellite)" title="ALEXIS (satellite)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors</span></i></a> (<i>Alexis</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_national_de_Los_Alamos" title="Laboratoire national de Los Alamos">LANL</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1993-03-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-04-25" data-sort-value="1993-04-25">25 avril 1993</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2005-00-00</span>2005</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00749</span>Orbite terrestre (749–844 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-alexis_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexis-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-alexis2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexis2-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-alexis_completed_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexis_completed-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)"><i>Aryabhata</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organisation_indienne_pour_la_recherche_spatiale" title="Organisation indienne pour la recherche spatiale">ISRO</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1975-04-19</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1975-04-19" data-sort-value="1975-04-19">19 avril 1975</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1975-04-23</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1975-04-23" data-sort-value="1975-04-23">23 avril 1975</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00563</span>Orbite terrestre (563–619 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-aryabhata1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aryabhata1-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)"><i>Astron</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_spatiale_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie">IKI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1983-03-23</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-03-23" data-sort-value="1983-03-23">23 mars 1983</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1989-06-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-06" data-sort-value="1989-06">juin 1989</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo02000</span>Orbite terrestre (2 000—200 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astron_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astron-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astron2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astron2-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astron3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astron3-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-nl" lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Nederlandse_Satelliet" title="Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet">Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet</a></span></i> (<i>ANS</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_n%C3%A9erlandais_de_recherche_spatiale" title="Institut néerlandais de recherche spatiale">SRON</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1974-08-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1974-08-30" data-sort-value="1974-08-30">30 août 1974</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1976-06-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1976-06" data-sort-value="1976-06">juin 1976</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00266</span>Orbite terrestre (266–1 176 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ans_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ans-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ans2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ans2-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></i></td> <td>ISRO</td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-09-28</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-09-28" data-sort-value="2015-09-28">28 septembre 2015</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00650</span>Orbite terrestre (650 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astrosat_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrosat-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_italienne" title="Agence spatiale italienne">ASI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1996-04-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1996-04-30" data-sort-value="1996-04-30">30 avril 1996</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2002-04-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2002-04-30" data-sort-value="2002-04-30">30 avril 2002</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00575</span>Orbite terrestre (575–594 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-bepposax_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bepposax-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bepposax2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bepposax2-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bepposax_3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bepposax_3-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Astro-1" title="Astro-1"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Broad Band X-ray Telescope</span></i></a> (Astro 1)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-12-2</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-12-02" data-sort-value="1990-12-02">2 décembre 1990</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-12-11</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-12-11" data-sort-value="1990-12-11">11 décembre 1990</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00500</span>Orbite terrestre (500 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astro1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro1-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astro1_2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro1_2-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chandra_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Chandra (télescope spatial)"><i>Chandra</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-06-23</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-07-23" data-sort-value="1999-07-23">23 juillet 1999</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo09942</span>Orbite terrestre (9 942–140 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-chandra_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandra-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-chandra2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandra2-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation-X_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constellation-X Observatory (page inexistante)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Constellation-X Observatory</span></i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation-X_Observatory" class="extiw" title="en:Constellation-X Observatory"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Constellation-X Observatory »">(en)</span></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td>TBA</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-constellationx_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constellationx-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/COS-B" title="COS-B">COS-B</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1975-08-09</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1975-08-09" data-sort-value="1975-08-09">9 août 1975</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1982-04-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1982-04-25" data-sort-value="1982-04-25">25 avril 1982</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00339.6</span>Orbite terrestre (339,6–99,876 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-cosb_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosb-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-cosb2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosb2-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-cosb3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosb3-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Cosmic Radiation Satellite</span></i></a> (<i>CORSA</i>)</td> <td>ISAS</td> <td><span style="display:none">1976-02-06</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1976-02-06" data-sort-value="1976-02-06">6 février 1976</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1976-02-06</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1976-02-06" data-sort-value="1976-02-06">6 février 1976</time></td> <td>Échec au lancement</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-corsa_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corsa-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-corsa2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corsa2-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Universe_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dark Universe Observatory (page inexistante)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dark Universe Observatory</span></i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Universe_Observatory" class="extiw" title="en:Dark Universe Observatory"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Dark Universe Observatory »">(en)</span></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td>TBA</td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00600</span>Orbite terrestre (600 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-duo_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duo-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-duo2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duo2-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HEAO-2" title="HEAO-2"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Einstein Observatory</span></i></a> (<i>HEAO 2</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1978-11-13</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1978-11-13" data-sort-value="1978-11-13">13 novembre 1978</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1981-04-26</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1981-04-26" data-sort-value="1981-04-26">26 avril 1981</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00465</span>Orbite terrestre (465–476 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-einstein_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-einstein2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein2-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a></i></td> <td>ESA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1983-05-26</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-05-26" data-sort-value="1983-05-26">26 mai 1983</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1986-04-08</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1986-04-08" data-sort-value="1986-04-08">8 avril 1986</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00347</span>Orbite terrestre (347–191 709 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-exosat_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exosat-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-exosat2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exosat2-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-exosat3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exosat3-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)"><i>Ginga</i></a> (Astro-C)</td> <td>ISAS</td> <td><span style="display:none">1987-02-05</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1987-02-05" data-sort-value="1987-02-05">5 février 1987</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1991-11-01</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1991-11-01" data-sort-value="1991-11-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> novembre 1991</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00517</span>Orbite terrestre (517–708 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td> <p><sup id="cite_ref-astroc_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astroc-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astroc_2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astroc_2-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ginga_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginga-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">CNRS</a> et <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_spatiale_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie">IKI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1989-12-01</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-12-01" data-sort-value="1989-12-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> décembre 1989</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-05-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-05-25" data-sort-value="1999-05-25">25 mai 1999</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo02000</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">2 000</span>–<span title="">200 000</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-granat_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granat-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-granat2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granat2-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-1999reentries_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999reentries-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho</a></i></td> <td>ISAS</td> <td><span style="display:none">1979-02-21</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-02-21" data-sort-value="1979-02-21">21 février 1979</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1985-04-16</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1985-04-16" data-sort-value="1985-04-16">16 avril 1985</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00421</span>Orbite terrestre (421–433 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td> <p><sup id="cite_ref-hakucho_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hakucho-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hakucho2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hakucho2-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hakucho3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hakucho3-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HEAO-1" title="HEAO-1"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1</span></i></a> (<i>HEAO 1</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1977-08-12</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1977-08-12" data-sort-value="1977-08-12">12 août 1977</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1979-01-09</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-01-09" data-sort-value="1979-01-09">9 janvier 1979</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00445</span>Orbite terrestre (445 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td> <p><sup id="cite_ref-heao1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao1-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-heao1_2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao1_2-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-heao_1_3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao_1_3-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HEAO-3" title="HEAO-3"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3</span></i></a> (<i>HEAO 3</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1979-09-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-09-20" data-sort-value="1979-09-20">20 septembre 1979</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1981-05-29</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1981-05-29" data-sort-value="1981-05-29">29 mai 1981</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00486.4</span>Orbite terrestre (486,4–504,9 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_2N_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3_2N-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3_2-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">High Energy Transient Explorer 2</a> (<i>HETE 2</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2000-10-09</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-10-09" data-sort-value="2000-10-09">9 octobre 2000</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00590</span>Orbite terrestre (590–650 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-hete2_1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hete2_1-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hete2_2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hete2_2-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hete2_3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hete2_3-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/International_Gamma-Ray_Astrophysics_Laboratory" title="International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory">International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory</a></span></i> (<i>INTEGRAL</i>)</td> <td>ESA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2002-10-17</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2002-10-17" data-sort-value="2002-10-17">17 octobre 2002</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00639</span>Orbite terrestre (639–153 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-integral_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-integral-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-integral2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-integral2-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Spectroscopic_Telescope_Array" title="Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array">Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array</a></span></i> (<i>NuSTAR</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-06-13</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-06-13" data-sort-value="2012-06-13">13 juin 2012</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00525</span>Orbite terrestre (525 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-nustar_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nustar-77"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>77<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Rosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosat">Rosat</a></i></td> <td>NASA] et <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_Luft-_und_Raumfahrt" title="Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt">DLR</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-06-01</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-06-01" data-sort-value="1990-06-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juin 1990</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-02-12</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-02-12" data-sort-value="1999-02-12">12 février 1999</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00580</span>Orbite terrestre (580 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td> <p><sup id="cite_ref-rosat_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosat-78"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>78<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-rosat2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosat2-79"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>79<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-rosat3_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosat3-80"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>80<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></span></i></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1995-12-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1995-12-30" data-sort-value="1995-12-30">30 décembre 1995</time></td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-01-03" data-sort-value="2012-01-03">3 janvier 2012</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00409</span>Orbite terrestre (409 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td> <p><sup id="cite_ref-xte_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xte-81"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-xte2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xte2-82"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>82<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG"><i>Spectrum-X-Gamma</i></a></td> <td>IKI et NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-00-00</span>2010</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-sxg_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sxg-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>83<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku</a> (ASTRO-E2)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_d%27exploration_a%C3%A9rospatiale_japonaise" title="Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise">JAXA</a> et NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2005-06-10</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-07-10" data-sort-value="2005-07-10">10 juillet 2005</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00550</span>Orbite terrestre (550 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-suzaku_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzaku-84"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>84<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-suzaku2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzaku2-85"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>85<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">[[Swift (télescope spatial)|<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Sanglais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Sanglais (page inexistante)">Modèle:Sanglais</a>]]</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2004-11-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-11-20" data-sort-value="2004-11-20">20 novembre 2004</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00585</span>Orbite terrestre (585–604 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-swift_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-swift2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift2-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-B" title="ASTRO-B"><i>Tenma</i></a></td> <td>ISAS</td> <td><span style="display:none">1983-02-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-02-20" data-sort-value="1983-02-20">20 février 1983</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1989-01-19</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-01-19" data-sort-value="1989-01-19">19 janvier 1989</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00489</span>Orbite terrestre (489–503 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-tenma_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenma-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>86<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-tenma2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenma2-87"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>87<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-tenma3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenma3-88"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>88<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">Small Astronomy Satellite 3</a></span></i> (<i>SAS-C</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1975-05-07</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1975-05-07" data-sort-value="1975-05-07">7 mai 1975</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1979-04-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-04" data-sort-value="1979-04">avril 1979</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00509</span>Orbite terrestre (509–516 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-sasc_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasc-89"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>89<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-sasc2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasc2-90"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>90<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-sasc3_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasc3-91"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>91<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)"><i>Uhuru</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1970-12-12</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1970-12-12" data-sort-value="1970-12-12">12 décembre 1970</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1973-03-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1973-03" data-sort-value="1973-03">mars 1973</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00531</span>Orbite terrestre (531–572 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-uhuru_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhuru-92"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>92<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-uhuru2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhuru2-93"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>93<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-uhuru3_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhuru3-94"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>94<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">X-Ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy Mission</span></i></a> (XEUS)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">annulé</span>Annulé</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-xeus_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xeus-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-12-10</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-12-10" data-sort-value="1999-12-10">10 décembre 1999</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo07365</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">7 365</span>–<span title="">114 000</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-xmm_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xmm-96"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>96<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-xmm2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xmm2-97"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>97<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Télescopes_ultraviolet"><span id="T.C3.A9lescopes_ultraviolet"></span>Télescopes ultraviolet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Télescopes ultraviolet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Télescopes ultraviolet"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les télescopes ultraviolet effectuent leurs observations dans la gamme des ondes ultraviolet c'est-à-dire entre 100 et 3 200 <abbr class="abbr" title="ångström"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström">Å</a></abbr>. La lumière dans ces longueurs d'onde est absorbée par l'atmosphère terrestre aussi les observations doivent être réalisées dans la haute atmosphère ou depuis l'espace<sup id="cite_ref-cox2000_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2000-98"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>98<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les objets célestes émettant un rayonnement ultraviolet comprennent le Soleil, les autres étoiles et les galaxies<sup id="cite_ref-uv_nasa_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uv_nasa-99"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>99<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer."><img alt="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg/120px-FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg/179px-FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg/239px-FUSE_prelaunch_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/FUSE_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="FUSE (télescope spatial)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer</span></i></a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Galex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="GALEX (vue d'artiste)."><img alt="GALEX (vue d'artiste)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Galex.jpg/96px-Galex.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Galex.jpg/145px-Galex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Galex.jpg/193px-Galex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="3614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Evolution_Explorer" title="Galaxy Evolution Explorer"><i>GALEX</i></a> (vue d'artiste).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:OAO-3_in_the_clean_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Copernicus Observatory dans une salle blanche."><img alt="Le Copernicus Observatory dans une salle blanche." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/OAO-3_in_the_clean_room.jpg/106px-OAO-3_in_the_clean_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/OAO-3_in_the_clean_room.jpg/159px-OAO-3_in_the_clean_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/OAO-3_in_the_clean_room.jpg/212px-OAO-3_in_the_clean_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Le <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Copernicus Observatory</span></i></a> dans une salle blanche.</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Astro-2" title="Astro-2">Astro-2</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1993-04-02</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-03-02" data-sort-value="1993-03-02">2 mars 1993</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1993-03-18</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-03-18" data-sort-value="1993-03-18">18 mars 1993</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00349</span>Orbite terrestre (349–363 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astro2_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro2-100"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>100<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astro2_2_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro2_2-101"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>101<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)"><i>Astron</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_spatiale_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie">IKI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1983-03-23</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-03-23" data-sort-value="1983-03-23">23 mars 1983</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1989-06-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-06" data-sort-value="1989-06">juin 1989</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo02000</span>Orbite terrestre (2 000–200 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astron_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astron-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astron2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astron2-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astron3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astron3-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Nederlandse_Satelliet" title="Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet">Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet</a></span></i> (<i>ANS</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_n%C3%A9erlandais_de_recherche_spatiale" title="Institut néerlandais de recherche spatiale">SRON</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1974-08-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1974-08-30" data-sort-value="1974-08-30">30 août 1974</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1976-06-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1976-06" data-sort-value="1976-06">juin 1976</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00266</span>Orbite terrestre (266–1 176 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ans_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ans-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ans2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ans2-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organisation_indienne_pour_la_recherche_spatiale" title="Organisation indienne pour la recherche spatiale">ISRO</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-04-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-04" data-sort-value="2009-04">avril 2009</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00650</span>Orbite terrestre (650 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astrosat_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrosat-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Astro-1" title="Astro-1"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Broad Band X-ray Telescope</span></i></a> / <i>Astro 1</i></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-12-02</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-12-02" data-sort-value="1990-12-02">2 décembre 1990</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-12-11</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-12-11" data-sort-value="1990-12-11">11 décembre 1990</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00500</span>Orbite terrestre (500 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astro1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro1-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astro1_2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro1_2-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Copernicus Observatory</span></i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1972-08-21</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1972-08-21" data-sort-value="1972-08-21">21 août 1972</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1980-00-00</span>1980</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00713</span>Orbite terrestre (713–724 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-oao_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oao-102"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>102<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" title="CHIPSat"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer</span></i></a> (<i>CHIPS</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2003-01-13</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-01-13" data-sort-value="2003-01-13">13 janvier 2003</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00578</span>Orbite terrestre (578–594 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-chips_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chips-103"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>103<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-chips2_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chips2-104"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>104<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer</a></span></i> (<i>EUVE</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1992-06-07</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1992-06-07" data-sort-value="1992-06-07">7 juin 1992</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2002-01-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2002-01-30" data-sort-value="2002-01-30">30 janvier 2002</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00515</span>Orbite terrestre (515–527 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-euve_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euve-105"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>105<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-euve2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euve2-106"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>106<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/FUSE_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="FUSE (télescope spatial)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer</span></i></a> (FUSE)</td> <td>NASA, <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_spatiales" title="Centre national d'études spatiales">CNES</a> et <a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_canadienne" title="Agence spatiale canadienne">CSA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-06-24</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-06-24" data-sort-value="1999-06-24">24 juin 1999</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2007-07-12</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-07-12" data-sort-value="2007-07-12">12 juillet 2007</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00752</span>Orbite terrestre (752–767 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-fuse_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuse-107"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>107<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuse2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuse2-108"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>108<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Evolution_Explorer" title="Galaxy Evolution Explorer">Galaxy Evolution Explorer</a></span></i> (<i>GALEX</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2003-04-28</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-04-28" data-sort-value="2003-04-28">28 avril 2003</time></td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-28" data-sort-value="2013-06-28">28 juin 2013</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00691</span>Orbite terrestre (691–697 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-galex_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galex-109"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>109<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-galex2_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galex2-110"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>110<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)"><i>Hubble</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-04-24</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-04-24" data-sort-value="1990-04-24">24 avril 1990</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00586.47</span>Orbite terrestre (586,47–610,44 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-hubble_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubble-111"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>111<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">International Ultraviolet Explorer</a></span></i> (<i>IUE</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a>, NASA et <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">SERC</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1978-01-26</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1978-01-26" data-sort-value="1978-01-26">26 janvier 1978</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1996-09-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1996-09-30" data-sort-value="1996-09-30">30 septembre 1996</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo32050</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">32 050</span>–<span title="">52 254</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-iue_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iue-112"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>112<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-iue2_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iue2-113"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>113<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/STSAT-1" title="STSAT-1"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4</span></i></a> (Kaistsat 4)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_cor%C3%A9en_de_recherche_a%C3%A9rospatiale" title="Institut coréen de recherche aérospatiale">KARI</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2003-09-27</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-09-27" data-sort-value="2003-09-27">27 septembre 2003</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00675</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">675</span>–<span title="">695</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Kaistsat4_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaistsat4-114"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>114<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaistsat_4_2_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaistsat_4_2-115"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>115<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory"><i>OAO-2</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1968-12-07</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1968-12-07" data-sort-value="1968-12-07">7 décembre 1968</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1973-01-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1973-01" data-sort-value="1973-01">janvier 1973</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00749</span>Orbite terrestre (749–758 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-oao2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oao2-116"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>116<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-oao_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oao-102"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>102<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer</span></i></a> (Swift)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2004-11-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-11-20" data-sort-value="2004-11-20">20 novembre 2004</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00585</span>Orbite terrestre (585–604 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-swift_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-swift2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift2-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TAUVEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TAUVEX (page inexistante)">Tel Aviv University Ultraviolet Explorer</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAUVEX" class="extiw" title="en:TAUVEX"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « TAUVEX »">(en)</span></a> (TAUVEX)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_isra%C3%A9lienne" title="Agence spatiale israélienne">Agence spatiale israélienne</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">?</span>?</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-tauvex_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tauvex-117"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>117<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_spatial_mondial-Ultraviolet" title="Observatoire spatial mondial-Ultraviolet"><i>WSO-UV</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">?</span>2015</td> <td>—</td> <td>Orbite géosynchrone</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>118<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Telescope (page inexistante)">Public Telescope (PST)</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofactum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrofactum (page inexistante)">Astrofactum</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">?</span>2019</td> <td>—</td> <td>Orbite terrestre (800 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>119<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>120<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>121<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Télescopes_en_lumière_visible"><span id="T.C3.A9lescopes_en_lumi.C3.A8re_visible"></span>Télescopes en lumière visible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Télescopes en lumière visible" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Télescopes en lumière visible"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a>.</div></div> <p>L'astronomie en lumière visible est la forme la plus ancienne de l'observation des astres. Elle porte sur le rayonnement visible (entre <span class="nowrap"><span title="400 nm">4 000</span>  et  <span title="800 nm">8 000</span> <span title="Ångström">Å</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-moore1997_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore1997-122"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>122<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Un télescope optique placé dans l'espace ne subit pas les déformations liées à la présence de l'atmosphère terrestre ce qui lui permet de fournir des images avec une résolution plus importante. Les télescopes optiques sont utilisés pour étudier, entre autres, les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a>, les <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse" title="Nébuleuse">nébuleuses</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Disque_protoplan%C3%A9taire" title="Disque protoplanétaire">disques protoplanétaires</a><sup id="cite_ref-optical_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optical-123"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>123<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Hubble_4x61.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le télescope Hubble."><img alt="Le télescope Hubble." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hubble_4x61.jpg/120px-Hubble_4x61.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hubble_4x61.jpg/180px-Hubble_4x61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hubble_4x61.jpg/240px-Hubble_4x61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Le <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">télescope <i>Hubble</i></a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Keplerpacecraft.019e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagramme de Kepler."><img alt="Diagramme de Kepler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Keplerpacecraft.019e.jpg/120px-Keplerpacecraft.019e.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Keplerpacecraft.019e.jpg/180px-Keplerpacecraft.019e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Keplerpacecraft.019e.jpg/240px-Keplerpacecraft.019e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagramme de <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Kepler (télescope spatial)"><i>Kepler</i></a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Keplerspacecraft-20110215.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagramme de Kepler."><img alt="Diagramme de Kepler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Keplerspacecraft-20110215.jpg/120px-Keplerspacecraft-20110215.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Keplerspacecraft-20110215.jpg/180px-Keplerspacecraft-20110215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Keplerspacecraft-20110215.jpg/240px-Keplerspacecraft-20110215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagramme de <i>Kepler</i>.</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organisation_indienne_pour_la_recherche_spatiale" title="Organisation indienne pour la recherche spatiale">ISRO</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-04-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-04" data-sort-value="2009-04">avril 2009</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00650</span>Orbite terrestre (650 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astrosat_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrosat-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_spatiales" title="Centre national d'études spatiales">CNES</a> & <a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2006-12-27</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12-27" data-sort-value="2006-12-27">27 décembre 2006</time></td> <td><time><time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-06-17" data-sort-value="2014-06-17">17 juin 2014</time></time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00872</span>Orbite terrestre (872–884 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-corot_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corot-124"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>124<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-corot2_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corot2-125"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>125<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Dark_Energy_Mission" title="Joint Dark Energy Mission"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dark Energy Space Telescope</span></i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> & <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_de_l%27%C3%89nergie_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Département de l'Énergie des États-Unis">DOE</a></td> <td>Non définie</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-XEC4_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XEC4-126"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>126<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(satellite)" title="Gaia (satellite)"><i>Gaia</i></a></td> <td>ESA</td> <td><span style="display:none"> prévu en 2013-12-19</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-12-19" data-sort-value="2013-12-19">19 décembre 2013</time></td> <td>—</td> <td>Point de Lagrange L<sub>2</sub> (Lissajous)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-gaia_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaia-127"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>127<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a></i></td> <td>ESA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1989-08-08</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-08-08" data-sort-value="1989-08-08">8 août 1989</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1993-04-00</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-03" data-sort-value="1993-03">mars 1993</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00223</span>Orbite terrestre (223–35 632 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-hipparcos_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hipparcos-128"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>128<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hipparcos2_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hipparcos2-129"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>129<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-hipparcos3_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hipparcos3-130"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>130<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)"><i>Hubble</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1990-04-24</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-04-24" data-sort-value="1990-04-24">24 avril 1990</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00586.47</span>Orbite terrestre (586,47–610,44 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-hubble_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubble-111"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>111<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Kepler (télescope spatial)"><i>Kepler</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-03-06</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-06" data-sort-value="2009-03-06">6 mars 2009</time></td> <td>30 octobre 2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Lagrange" title="Point de Lagrange">Point de Lagrange</a> L<sub>2</sub></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-BBC7mars_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC7mars-131"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>131<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-kepler_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepler-132"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>132<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-kepler2_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepler2-133"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>133<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" title="MOST (satellite)"><i>MOST</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_canadienne" title="Agence spatiale canadienne">CSA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2003-06-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-06-30" data-sort-value="2003-06-30">30 juin 2003</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00819</span>Orbite terrestre (819–832 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-most_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-most-134"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>134<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-most2_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-most2-135"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>135<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">SIM Lite Astrometric Observatory</span></i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td>Annulé</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-sim_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sim-136"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>136<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer</span></i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2004-11-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-11-20" data-sort-value="2004-11-20">20 novembre 2004</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00585</span>Orbite terrestre (585–604 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-swift_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-swift2_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift2-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td>Annulé</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-tpf_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpf-137"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>137<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Euclid (télescope spatial)"><i>EUCLID</i></a> </td> <td>ESA </td> <td>1 juillet 2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Lagrange" title="Point de Lagrange">point de Lagrange</a> L<sub>2</sub> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Télescopes_infrarouge"><span id="T.C3.A9lescopes_infrarouge"></span>Télescopes infrarouge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Télescopes infrarouge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Télescopes infrarouge"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_infrarouge" title="Astronomie infrarouge">Astronomie infrarouge</a>.</div></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">rayonnement infrarouge</a> a une énergie plus faible que la lumière visible et est donc émis par des objets plus froids. Ce rayonnement permet d'observer les objets suivants : les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a> froides dont les <a href="/wiki/Naine_brune" title="Naine brune">naines brunes</a>, les <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse" title="Nébuleuse">nébuleuses</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> avec un important <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9calage_vers_le_rouge" title="Décalage vers le rouge">décalage vers le rouge</a><sup id="cite_ref-infrared_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infrared-138"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>138<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Herschel_Space_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herschel (vue d'artiste)"><img alt="Herschel (vue d'artiste)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Herschel_Space_Observatory.jpg/88px-Herschel_Space_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Herschel_Space_Observatory.jpg/133px-Herschel_Space_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Herschel_Space_Observatory.jpg/177px-Herschel_Space_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herschel_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Herschel (télescope spatial)"><i>Herschel</i></a> (vue d'artiste)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:IRAS_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="IRAS (vue d'artiste)"><img alt="IRAS (vue d'artiste)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/IRAS_overview.jpg/120px-IRAS_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/IRAS_overview.jpg/180px-IRAS_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/IRAS_overview.jpg/240px-IRAS_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite"><i>IRAS</i></a> (vue d'artiste)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Webb (vue d'artiste)"><img alt="James Webb (vue d'artiste)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/120px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/180px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/240px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="James Webb (télescope spatial)"><i>James Webb</i></a> (vue d'artiste)</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Akari_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Akari (télescope spatial)"><i>Akari</i></a> (ASTRO-F)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_d%27exploration_a%C3%A9rospatiale_japonaise" title="Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise">JAXA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2006-02-21</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-02-21" data-sort-value="2006-02-21">21 février 2006</time></td> <td>24 novembre 2011</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00586.47</span>Orbite terrestre (586,47–610,44 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-akari_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akari-139"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>139<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-akari2_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akari2-140"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>140<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Darwin (télescope spatial)"><i>Darwin</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td>Annulé</td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">lagrange</span><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Lagrange" title="Point de Lagrange">Point de Lagrange</a> L<sub>2</sub></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ZNGNO_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZNGNO-141"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>141<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Herschel_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Herschel (télescope spatial)"><i>Herschel</i></a></td> <td>ESA et <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-05-06</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-05-14" data-sort-value="2009-05-14">14 mai 2009</time><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>142<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>17 juin 2013</td> <td><span style="display:none">lagrange</span>Point de Lagrange L<sub>2</sub></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-herschel_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herschel-143"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>143<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-planck_homepage2_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck_homepage2-144"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>144<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-herschel_location_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herschel_location-145"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>145<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite"><i>IRAS</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1983-01-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-01-25" data-sort-value="1983-01-25">25 janvier 1983</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1983-11-21</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-11-21" data-sort-value="1983-11-21">21 novembre 1983</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00889</span>Orbite terrestre (889–903 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-iras_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iras-146"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>146<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-iras2_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iras2-147"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>147<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">Infrared Space Observatory</a></i> (ISO)</td> <td>ESA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1995-11-17</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1995-11-17" data-sort-value="1995-11-17">17 novembre 1995</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1998-05-16</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1998-05-16" data-sort-value="1998-05-16">16 mai 1998</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo01000</span>Orbite terrestre (1 000–70 500 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-iso_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-148"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>148<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso2_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso2-149"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>149<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso3_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso3-150"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>150<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit" title="Space Flyer Unit"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Infrared Telescope in Space</span></i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_des_sciences_spatiales_et_astronautiques" title="Institut des sciences spatiales et astronautiques">ISAS</a> et <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_spatial_du_Japon" title="Agence nationale de développement spatial du Japon">NASDA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1995-03-18</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1995-03-18" data-sort-value="1995-03-18">18 mars 1995</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1995-03-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1995-04-25" data-sort-value="1995-04-25">25 avril 1995</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00486</span>Orbite terrestre (486 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-irts_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irts-151"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>151<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-irts_journal_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irts_journal-152"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>152<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="James Webb (télescope spatial)"><i>James Webb</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2018-00-00</span>25 décembre 2021</td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">lagrange</span>Point de Lagrange L<sub>2</sub></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jwst_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst-153"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>153<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment">Midcourse Space Experiment</a></span></i> (MSX)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">USN</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1996-04-24</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1996-04-24" data-sort-value="1996-04-24">24 avril 1996</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1997-02-26</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-02-26" data-sort-value="1997-02-26">26 février 1997</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00900</span>Orbite terrestre (900 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-msx_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msx-154"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>154<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Spitzer (télescope spatial)"><i>Spitzer</i></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2003-08-25</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-08-25" data-sort-value="2003-08-25">25 août 2003</time></td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-01-30" data-sort-value="2020-01-30">30 janvier 2020</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">so0.98</span><a href="/wiki/Orbite_h%C3%A9liocentrique" title="Orbite héliocentrique">Orbite héliocentrique</a> (0,98–1,02 <abbr class="abbr" title="unité astronomique"><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_astronomique" title="Unité astronomique">au</a></abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-spitzer_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spitzer-155"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>155<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-spitzer2_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spitzer2-156"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>156<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite</a></span></i> (SWAS)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1998-12-06</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1998-12-06" data-sort-value="1998-12-06">6 décembre 1998</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00638</span>Orbite terrestre (638–651 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-swas_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swas-157"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>157<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-swas2_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swas2-158"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>158<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></span></i></td> <td>NASA</td> <td>encore inconnue</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-tpf_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpf-137"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>137<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a></span></i> (WIRE)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">1999-03-05</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-03-05" data-sort-value="1999-03-05">5 mars 1999</time></td> <td>10 mai 2011</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-wire_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wire-159"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>159<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a></span></i> (WISE)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-12-14" data-sort-value="2009-12-14">14 décembre 2009</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00500</span><a href="/wiki/Orbite_terrestre" title="Orbite terrestre">Orbite terrestre</a> (500 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-wise_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise-160"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>160<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-wise_facts_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise_facts-161"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>161<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ondes_millimétriques_et_submillimétriques"><span id="Ondes_millim.C3.A9triques_et_submillim.C3.A9triques"></span>Ondes millimétriques et submillimétriques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Ondes millimétriques et submillimétriques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Ondes millimétriques et submillimétriques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Observation_millim%C3%A9trique" title="Observation millimétrique">Observation millimétrique</a>.</div></div> <p>Aux fréquences millimétriques, les photons sont très nombreux mais ont très peu d'énergie. Il faut donc en collecter beaucoup. Ce rayonnement permet de mesurer le <a href="/wiki/Fond_diffus_cosmologique" title="Fond diffus cosmologique">fond diffus cosmologique</a>, la distribution des <a href="/wiki/Radiosource" title="Radiosource">radio-sources</a>, ainsi que l'<a href="/wiki/Effet_Sunyaev-Zel%27dovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Effet Sunyaev-Zel'dovich">effet Sunyaev-Zel'dovich</a>, ainsi que le <a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_synchrotron" title="Rayonnement synchrotron">rayonnement synchrotron</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_continu_de_freinage" title="Rayonnement continu de freinage">rayonnement continu de freinage</a> de <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">notre galaxie</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cosmic_Background_Explorer_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="COBE."><img alt="COBE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cosmic_Background_Explorer_logo.jpg/120px-Cosmic_Background_Explorer_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cosmic_Background_Explorer_logo.jpg/180px-Cosmic_Background_Explorer_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cosmic_Background_Explorer_logo.jpg/240px-Cosmic_Background_Explorer_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer"><i>COBE</i></a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:WMAP2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WMAP (vue d'artiste)."><img alt="WMAP (vue d'artiste)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WMAP2.jpg/120px-WMAP2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WMAP2.jpg/180px-WMAP2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WMAP2.jpg/240px-WMAP2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe"><i>WMAP</i></a> (vue d'artiste).</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer</a></span></i> (<i>COBE</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1989-11-18</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-11-18" data-sort-value="1989-11-18">18 novembre 1989</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1993-12-23</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-12-23" data-sort-value="1993-12-23">23 décembre 1993</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00900</span>Orbite terrestre (900 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-cobe_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobe-162"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>162<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-cobe2_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobe2-163"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>163<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)"><i>Odin</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">SSC</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2001-02-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-02-20" data-sort-value="2001-02-20">20 février 2001</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00622</span>Orbite terrestre (622 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-odin_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odin-164"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>164<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-odin2_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odin2-165"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>165<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Planck_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Planck (télescope spatial)">Planck</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-05-06</span> <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-05-14" data-sort-value="2009-05-14">14 mai 2009</time></td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-14" data-sort-value="2013-08-14">14 août 2013</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">lagrange</span><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Lagrange" title="Point de Lagrange">Point de Lagrange</a> L<sub>2</sub></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-planck_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck-166"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>166<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-planck2_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck2-167"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>167<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-planck_homepage_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck_homepage-168"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>168<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a></span></i> (<i>WMAP</i>)</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2001-06-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-06-30" data-sort-value="2001-06-30">30 juin 2001</time></td> <td>19 août 2010</td> <td><span style="display:none">lagrange</span><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Lagrange" title="Point de Lagrange">Point de Lagrange</a> L<sub>2</sub></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-wmap_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmap-169"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>169<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio-télescopes_spatiaux"><span id="Radio-t.C3.A9lescopes_spatiaux"></span>Radio-télescopes spatiaux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Radio-télescopes spatiaux" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Radio-télescopes spatiaux"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Radioastronomie" title="Radioastronomie">Radioastronomie</a> et <a href="/wiki/Interf%C3%A9rom%C3%A9trie_%C3%A0_tr%C3%A8s_longue_base" title="Interférométrie à très longue base">Interférométrie à très longue base</a>.</div></div> <p>L'atmosphère est transparente pour les ondes radio, aussi les <a href="/wiki/Radiot%C3%A9lescope" title="Radiotélescope">radio-télescopes</a> placés dans l'espace sont utilisés généralement pour réaliser de l'<a href="/wiki/Interf%C3%A9rom%C3%A9trie_%C3%A0_tr%C3%A8s_longue_base" title="Interférométrie à très longue base">interférométrie à très longue base</a>. Un télescope est situé sur Terre tandis qu'un observatoire est placé dans l'espace : en synchronisant les signaux collectés par ces deux sources, on simule un radio-télescope dont la taille serait la distance existant entre les deux instruments. Les observations effectuées par ce type d'instrument portent sur les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9manent_de_supernova" title="Rémanent de supernova">restes de supernovæ</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Lentille_gravitationnelle" title="Lentille gravitationnelle">lentilles gravitationnelles</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">masers</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_%C3%A0_sursauts_de_formation_d%27%C3%A9toiles" title="Galaxie à sursauts de formation d'étoiles">galaxies à sursaut de formation d'étoiles</a> ainsi que beaucoup d'autres objets célestes. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Highly_Advanced_Laboratory_for_Communications_and_Astronomy" title="Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy">Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy</a></span></i> (<i>HALCA</i> ou <i>VSOP</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_des_sciences_spatiales_et_astronautiques" title="Institut des sciences spatiales et astronautiques">ISAS</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1997-02-12</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-02-12" data-sort-value="1997-02-12">12 février 1997</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">2005-11-30</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-11-30" data-sort-value="2005-11-30">30 novembre 2005</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00560</span>Orbite terrestre (560–21 400 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-halca_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halca-170"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>170<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-halca2_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halca2-171"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>171<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-halca3_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halca3-172"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>172<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/RadioAstron" title="RadioAstron">RadioAstron</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_spatiale_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie">IKI</a></td> <td>2011</td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo10000</span>Orbite terrestre (<span class="nowrap"><span title="">10 000</span>–<span title="">390 000</span> <span title="Kilomètre">km</span></span>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-radioastron_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radioastron-173"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>173<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-radioastron2_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radioastron2-174"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>174<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-G" title="ASTRO-G"><i>VSOP-2</i></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_d%27exploration_a%C3%A9rospatiale_japonaise" title="Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise">JAXA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-00-00</span>2012</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-radioastron3_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radioastron3-175"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>175<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Détection_de_particules"><span id="D.C3.A9tection_de_particules"></span>Détection de particules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Détection de particules" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Détection de particules"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certains observatoires spatiaux sont spécialisés dans la détection du <a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_cosmique" title="Rayonnement cosmique">rayonnement cosmique</a> et des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électrons</a>. Ceux-ci peuvent être émis par le <a href="/wiki/Soleil" title="Soleil">Soleil</a>, notre galaxie (<a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_cosmique" title="Rayonnement cosmique">rayonnement cosmique</a>) et des sources extra-galactiques (rayonnement cosmique extra-galactique). Les noyaux des <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_active" title="Galaxie active">galaxies actives</a> émettent également un <a href="/wiki/Zetta-particule" title="Zetta-particule">rayonnement cosmique à haute énergie</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HEAO-3" title="HEAO-3"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">High Energy Astrophysics Observatory 3</span></i></a> (HEAO 3)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">1979-09-20</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-09-20" data-sort-value="1979-09-20">20 septembre 1979</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">1981-05-29</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="1981-05-29" data-sort-value="1981-05-29">29 mai 1981</time></td> <td><span style="display:none">eo0046.4</span>Orbite terrestre (486,4–504,9 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-heao3_2_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heao3_2-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astromag_Free-Flyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astromag Free-Flyer (page inexistante)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Astromag Free-Flyer</span></i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Astrophysics_Magnet_Facility" class="extiw" title="en:Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility »">(en)</span></a></td> <td>NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2005-01-01</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-01-01" data-sort-value="2005-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2005</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00500</span>Orbite terrestre (500 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-astromag_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astromag-176"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>176<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-astromag2_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astromag2-177"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>177<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/PAMELA" title="PAMELA"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics</span></i></a> (<i>PAMELA</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_italienne" title="Agence spatiale italienne">ASI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_di_fisica_nucleare" title="Istituto nazionale di fisica nucleare">INFN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">RSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_Luft-_und_Raumfahrt" title="Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt">DLR</a> & <a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_su%C3%A9doise" title="Agence spatiale suédoise">SNSB</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">2006-05-15</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-05-15" data-sort-value="2006-05-15">15 mai 2006</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00350</span>Orbite terrestre (350–610 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pamela_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamela-178"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>178<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-pamela_partners_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamela_partners-179"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>179<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Spectrom%C3%A8tre_magn%C3%A9tique_Alpha" title="Spectromètre magnétique Alpha">Spectromètre magnétique Alpha</a></i> (<i>AMS</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a> et NASA</td> <td><span style="display:none">2011-04-19</span><time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-05-16" data-sort-value="2011-05-16">16 mai 2011</time></td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">eo00330</span><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale" title="Station spatiale internationale">Station spatiale internationale</a> (Orbite terrestre 330–410 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ondes_gravitationnelles">Ondes gravitationnelles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Ondes gravitationnelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Ondes gravitationnelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Onde_gravitationnelle" title="Onde gravitationnelle">Onde gravitationnelle</a>.</div></div> <p>L’observation des <a href="/wiki/Onde_gravitationnelle" title="Onde gravitationnelle">ondes gravitationnelles</a>, prédites par la <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Relativité générale">relativité générale</a>, est un domaine relativement nouveau. Un projet d'observatoire spatial, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Evolved_Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</a></span></i> (<i>eLISA</i>), développé par l’Agence spatiale européenne, devrait être lancé après 2034 si le projet est retenu. Le télescope utilise la technique de l'<a href="/wiki/Interf%C3%A9rom%C3%A9trie" title="Interférométrie">interférométrie</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Nom </th> <th width="10%">Agence spatiale </th> <th width="10%">Date de lancement </th> <th width="10%">Fin de mission </th> <th width="25%">Emplacement </th> <th class="unsortable" width="10%">Ref(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Evolved_Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</a></span></i> (<i>eLISA</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a></td> <td>Projet</td> <td>—</td> <td><span style="display:none">so1</span>Orbite solaire (environ 1 <abbr class="abbr" title="UA"><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_astronomique" title="Unité astronomique">UA</a></abbr> ; sur l'orbite terrestre)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-lisa_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lisa-180"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>180<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27observatoires_astronomiques" title="Liste d'observatoires astronomiques">Liste d'observatoires astronomiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_au_sol" title="Astronomie au sol">Observatoire astronomique au sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_d%27ondes_gravitationnelles" title="Observatoire d'ondes gravitationnelles">Observatoire d'ondes gravitationnelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiot%C3%A9lescope" title="Radiotélescope">Radiotélescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_neutrinos" title="Observatoire de neutrinos">Observatoire de neutrinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_rayons_cosmiques" title="Observatoire de rayons cosmiques">Observatoire de rayons cosmiques</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lescope_spatial&action=edit&section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes?oldid=308849570">List of space telescopes</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smsc.cnes.fr/Fr/astronomie.htm">Astronomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_spatiales" title="Centre national d'études spatiales">CNES</a> Sciences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Illustration inspirée du schéma figurant ici : <span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/background.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/background.shtml</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/background.shtml">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/background.shtml">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/background.shtml">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/background.shtml">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/hubble/index.html">NASA : ""A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope""</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamma_ray-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-gamma_ray_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/gamma.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Gamma rays</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-01" data-sort-value="2008-03-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heao3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heao3_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heao3_5-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-heao3_5-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1979-082A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (HEAO 3)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heao3_2N-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heao3_2N_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-heao3_2N_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1979-082A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (HEAO 3)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heao3_3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-heao3_3_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2003">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao3/heao3.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-3 (HEAO-3)</cite></a> », NASA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-06-26" data-sort-value="2003-06-26">26 juin 2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agile-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-agile_8-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-agile_8-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1999-022A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (AGILE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agile2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-agile2_9-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-agile2_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-013A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (AGILE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-compton_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1991-027B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compton2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-compton2_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-027B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compton_official-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-compton_official_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/index.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">CGRO Science Support Center</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cosb-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cosb_13-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-cosb_13-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1975-072A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (COS-B)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cosb2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cosb2_14-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-cosb2_14-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-072A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (COS-B)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cosb3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cosb3_15-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-cosb3_15-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaSC/120375_index_0_m.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ESA - Space Science - Cos-B overview</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamma-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-gamma_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/gamma.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Gamma Satellite</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-29" data-sort-value="2008-02-29">29 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glast-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-glast_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glast.gsfc.nasa.gov/public/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">GLAST Overview - The GLAST Mission</cite></a> », NASA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-12-19" data-sort-value="2007-12-19">19 décembre 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granat-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-granat_18-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-granat_18-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-096A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (GRANAT)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granat2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-granat2_19-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-granat2_19-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-096A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (GRANAT)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1999reentries-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-1999reentries_20-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-1999reentries_20-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/pdfs/1999-reentry-chart.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">1999 Reentries</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, The Aerospace Corporation, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-26" data-sort-value="2008-02-26">26 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hete2_1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hete2_1_21-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-hete2_1_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2000-061A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (HETE 2)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hete2_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hete2_2_22-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-hete2_2_22-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2000-061A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (HETE 2)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hete2_3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hete2_3_23-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-hete2_3_23-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.mit.edu/HETE/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-03-28" data-sort-value="2007-03-28">28 mars 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-integral-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-integral_24-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-integral_24-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2002-048A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (INTEGRAL)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-integral2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-integral2_25-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-integral2_25-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2002-048A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (INTEGRAL)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legri-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-legri_26-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/instrument/legri.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Instrumentation: Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Birmingham" title="Université de Birmingham">Birmingham University</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-01-24" data-sort-value="2006-01-24">24 janvier 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legri2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-legri2_27-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/coded_legri.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">LEGRI</cite></a> », NASA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-12-04" data-sort-value="1997-12-04">4 décembre 1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legri3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-legri3_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipl.uv.es/?q=content/project/legri-low-energy-gamma-ray-imager"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">LEGRI (Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Valence" title="Université de Valence">Université de Valence</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-25" data-sort-value="2020-03-25">25 mars 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasb-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sasb_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1972-091A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (SAS-B)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasb2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sasb2_30-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-091A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (SAS-B)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swift-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-swift_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swift_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swift_31-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-swift_31-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2004-047A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Swift)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swift2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-swift2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swift2_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swift2_32-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-swift2_32-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2004-047A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Swift)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abrixas-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-abrixas_33-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1999-022A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (ABRIXAS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abrixas2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-abrixas2_34-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-022A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (ABRIXAS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abrixas_end-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-abrixas_end_35-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/abrixas.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ABRIXAS</cite></a> », Astronautix.com <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asca-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-asca_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1993-011A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (ASCA)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asca2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-asca2_37-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1993-011A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (ASCA)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arielv-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-arielv_38-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ariel5/ariel5.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Ariel V Satellite</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-29" data-sort-value="2008-02-29">29 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arielv2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-arielv2_39-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.nasa.gov/docs/ariel5/ariel5_about.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Ariel V Satellite - About</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-29" data-sort-value="2008-02-29">29 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexis-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-alexis_40-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1993-026A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Alexis)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexis2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-alexis2_41-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1993-026A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Alexis)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexis_completed-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-alexis_completed_42-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_060605.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">AeroAstro Returning to Space With Launch of STPSat-1 This Fall</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-06-05" data-sort-value="2006-06-05">5 juin 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aryabhata1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-aryabhata1_43-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/aryabhata.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Aryabhata Satellite</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-29" data-sort-value="2008-02-29">29 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astron-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-astron_44-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-astron_44-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1983-020A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (ASTRON)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astron2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-astron2_45-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-astron2_45-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-020A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (ASTRON)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astron3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-astron3_46-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-astron3_46-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/astron.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Astron Satellite</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ans-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ans_47-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ans_47-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1974-070A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (ANS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ans2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ans2_48-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ans2_48-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1974-070A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (ANS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astrosat-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-astrosat_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-astrosat_49-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-astrosat_49-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meghnad.iucaa.ernet.in/~astrosat/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ASTROSAT - An Indian Multiwave Astronomy Satellite</cite></a> », <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (page inexistante)">Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="extiw" title="en:Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics »">(en)</span></a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bepposax-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-bepposax_50-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1996-027A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (BeppoSAX)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bepposax2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-bepposax2_51-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-027A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (BeppoSAX)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bepposax_3-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-bepposax_3_52-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sax/saxgof.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">HEASARC: BeppoSAX Guest Observer Facility</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astro1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-astro1_53-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-astro1_53-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=ASTRO-1"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Astro 1)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astro1_2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-astro1_2_54-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-astro1_2_54-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=ASTRO-1"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Astro 1)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chandra-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-chandra_55-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1999-040B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Chandra)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chandra2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-chandra2_56-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-040B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Chandra)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constellationx-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-constellationx_57-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constellation.gsfc.nasa.gov/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Official NASA Constellation-X Home Page</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corsa-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-corsa_58-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=CORSA"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (CORSA)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corsa2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-corsa2_59-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=CORSA"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (CORSA)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duo-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-duo_60-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/index.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Dark Universe Observatory</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/index.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/index.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/index.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/index.html">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoma_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonoma State University (page inexistante)">Sonoma State University</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_State_University" class="extiw" title="en:Sonoma State University"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Sonoma State University »">(en)</span></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duo2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-duo2_61-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/observatory/obslaunch.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Dark Universe Observatory - About the Launch Vehicle and Orbit</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/observatory/obslaunch.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/observatory/obslaunch.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/observatory/obslaunch.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://epo.sonoma.edu/duo/observatory/obslaunch.html">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, Sonoma State University</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einstein-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-einstein_62-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1978-103A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Einstein Observatory)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einstein2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-einstein2_63-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-103A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Einstein Observatory)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exosat-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-exosat_64-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1983-051A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Exosat)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exosat2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-exosat2_65-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-051A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Exosat)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exosat3-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-exosat3_66-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=32"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ESA Science & Technology: Exosat</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">ESA</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astroc-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-astroc_67-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1987-012A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Astro-C)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astroc_2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-astroc_2_68-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-012A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Astro-C)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ginga-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-ginga_69-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ginga/ginga.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Ginga Observatory</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hakucho-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-hakucho_70-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1979-014A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Hakucho)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hakucho2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-hakucho2_71-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1979-014A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Hakucho)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hakucho3-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-hakucho3_72-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/hakucho/hakucho.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Hakucho (CORSA-B) Satellite</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heao1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-heao1_73-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-075A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (HEAO 1)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heao1_2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-heao1_2_74-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao1/heao1.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-1 - Overview</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heao_1_3-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-heao_1_3_75-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao1/heao1_about.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-1 - Mission Overview</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heao3_2-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heao3_2_76-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-heao3_2_76-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao3/heao3.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-3 (HEAO-3)</cite></a> », NASA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-06-26" data-sort-value="2003-06-26">26 juin 2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nustar-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-nustar_77-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/quickfacts.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">NuSTAR Quickfacts</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/quickfacts.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/quickfacts.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/quickfacts.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/quickfacts.html">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosat-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-rosat_78-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1990-049A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (ROSAT)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosat2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-rosat2_79-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-049A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (ROSAT)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosat3-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-rosat3_80-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/rosat/rosat.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Roentgen Satellite</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xte-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-xte_81-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1995-074A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (X-Ray Timing Explorer)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xte2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-xte2_82-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1995-074A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (X-Ray Timing Explorer)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sxg-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sxg_83-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=SPECXGM"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Spectrum-X-Gamma)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suzaku-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-suzaku_84-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2005-025A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Suzaku)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suzaku2-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-suzaku2_85-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2005-025A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Suzaku)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tenma-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-tenma_86-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1983-011A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Tenma)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> - <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSD</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tenma2-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-tenma2_87-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-011A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Tenma)</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tenma3-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-tenma3_88-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/complate/tenma.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Institute of Space and Astronautical Science - JAXA - Tenma</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/complate/tenma.shtml">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/complate/tenma.shtml">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/complate/tenma.shtml">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/complate/tenma.shtml">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_d%27exploration_a%C3%A9rospatiale_japonaise" title="Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise">JAXA</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasc-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sasc_89-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1975-037A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (SAS-C)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasc2-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sasc2_90-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-037A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (SAS-C)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasc3-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sasc3_91-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.nasa.gov/docs/sas3/sas3.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uhuru-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-uhuru_92-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1970-107A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Uhuru)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uhuru2-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-uhuru2_93-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1970-107A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Uhuru)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uhuru3-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-uhuru3_94-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/uhuru/uhuru.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Uhuru Satellite</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xeus-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-xeus_95-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=xeus"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">KEUS - The X-Ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy Mission</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xmm-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-xmm_96-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1999-066A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (XMM-Newton)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-25" data-sort-value="2008-02-25">25 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xmm2-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-xmm2_97-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-066A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (XMM-Newton)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> - <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-25" data-sort-value="2008-02-25">25 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cox2000-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-cox2000_98-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. N. Cox, editor, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</cite>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer-Verlag</a>, <time>2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 719 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, relié <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-387-98746-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-387-98746-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-387-98746-0</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98053154">98053154</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.edition=4&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=719&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98746-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A9lescope+spatial"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uv_nasa-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-uv_nasa_99-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/uv.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Ultraviolet Waves</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astro2-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-astro2_100-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=ASTRO-2"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Astro 2)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astro2_2-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-astro2_2_101-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=ASTRO-2"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Astro 2)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oao-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-oao_102-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-oao_102-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Darling"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Darling"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Darling_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Darling (astronomer) (page inexistante)">David <span class="nom_auteur">Darling</span></a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/O/OAO.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) in the Internet Encyclopedia of Science</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chips-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-chips_103-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2003-002B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (CHIPS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chips2-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-chips2_104-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-002B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (CHIPS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euve-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-euve_105-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1992-031A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (EUVE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euve2-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-euve2_106-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1992-031A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (EUVE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuse-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-fuse_107-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1999-035A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (FUSE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuse2-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-fuse2_108-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-035A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (FUSE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galex-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-galex_109-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2003-017A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (GALEX)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galex2-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-galex2_110-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-017A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (GALEX)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hubble-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hubble_111-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-hubble_111-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1990-037B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Hubble Space Telescope)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iue-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-iue_112-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=22"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ESA Science & Technology: IUE</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-29" data-sort-value="2008-02-29">29 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iue2-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-iue2_113-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-012A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (IUE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaistsat4-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaistsat4_114-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2003-042G"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Kaistsat 4)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaistsat_4_2-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaistsat_4_2_115-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-042G"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Kaistsat 4)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oao2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-oao2_116-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sal.wisc.edu/OAO/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Orbiting Astronomical Observatory OAO-2</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Wisconsin_%C3%A0_Madison" title="Université du Wisconsin à Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tauvex-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-tauvex_117-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tauvex.iiap.res.in/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">TAUVEX: UV Astronomy Mission</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Institut_indien_d%27astrophysique" title="Institut indien d'astrophysique">Institut indien d'astrophysique</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wso.inasan.ru/instr.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Scientific payload</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_spatial_mondial-Ultraviolet" title="Observatoire spatial mondial-Ultraviolet">WSO-UV</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-10-20" data-sort-value="2012-10-20">20 octobre 2012</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publictelescope.org">Public Telescope: Le premier télescope espace public</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publictelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015-02-Popular-Astronomy-UK.pdf">The first public space telescope</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Astronomy_(magazine_am%C3%A9ricain)" title="Popular Astronomy (magazine américain)"><i>Popular Astronomy UK</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomicamens.wordpress.com/portfolio/un-telescopio-spaziale-per-tutti/">Un telescopio spaziale per tutti</a>, <i>Astronomica Mens IT</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moore1997-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-moore1997_122-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Moore1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="P._Moore1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> P. Moore, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Philip's Atlas of the Universe</cite>, Great Britain, George Philis Limited, <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-540-07465-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-540-07465-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-540-07465-5</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip%27s+Atlas+of+the+Universe&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=George+Philis+Limited&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-540-07465-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A9lescope+spatial"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-optical-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-optical_123-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Telescope - Hubble Essentials</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">HubbleSite</span>, NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-01" data-sort-value="2008-03-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corot-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-corot_124-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2006-063A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (COROT)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corot2-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-corot2_125-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-063A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (COROT)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XEC4-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-XEC4_126-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noao.edu/noao/staff/lauer/destiny.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Destiny JDEM Mission Public Page</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/National_Optical_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Optical Astronomy Observatory">National Optical Astronomy Observatory</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaia-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-gaia_127-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaSC/120377_index_0_m.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ESA - Space Science - Gaia overview</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hipparcos-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-hipparcos_128-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-062B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Hipparcus)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hipparcos2-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-hipparcos2_129-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-062B"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Hipparcus)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hipparcos3-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-hipparcos3_130-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=HIPPARCOS"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC7mars-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC7mars_131-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="writers2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Staff_writers2009">Staff writers, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7926277.stm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Nasa launches Earth hunter probe</cite></a> », <span class="italique">BBC News</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-07" data-sort-value="2009-03-07">7 mars 2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-14" data-sort-value="2009-03-14">14 mars 2009</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepler-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-kepler_132-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Kepler Mission</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepler2-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-kepler2_133-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kepler.nasa.gov/about/news.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Kepler - About - Mission News</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://kepler.nasa.gov/about/news.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/about/news.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://kepler.nasa.gov/about/news.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://kepler.nasa.gov/about/news.html">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, NASA</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-most-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-most_134-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2003-031D"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (MOST)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-most2-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-most2_135-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-031D"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (MOST)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sim-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sim_136-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sim.jpl.nasa.gov"><cite style="font-style:normal;">SIM Lite JPL</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-19" data-sort-value="2009-03-19">19 mars 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tpf-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tpf_137-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-tpf_137-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/TPF/tpf_index.cfm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Planet Quest: Missions - Terrestrial Planet Finder</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-03" data-sort-value="2008-03-03">3 mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infrared-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-infrared_138-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/importance.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Cool Cosmos</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-01" data-sort-value="2008-03-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akari-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-akari_139-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2006-005A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Akari)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akari2-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-akari2_140-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-005A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Akari)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZNGNO-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-ZNGNO_141-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=28"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ESA Science & Technology: Darwin</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/newsLatest.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Herschel Mission News</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-08-19" data-sort-value="2009-08-19">19 août 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herschel-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-herschel_143-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=FIRST"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Details (Herschel Space Observatory)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planck_homepage2-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-planck_homepage2_144-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=Planck"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Planck - Home Page</cite></a> », ESA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-06" data-sort-value="2008-03-06">6 mars 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-15" data-sort-value="2008-03-15">15 mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herschel_location-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-herschel_location_145-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2007">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herschel.esac.esa.int/overview.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Herschel Science Centre - A short Herschel mission overview</cite></a> », ESA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11-20" data-sort-value="2007-11-20">20 novembre 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-15" data-sort-value="2008-03-15">15 mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iras-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-iras_146-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1983-004A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (IRAS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iras2-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-iras2_147-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-004A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Details (IRAS)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-iso_148-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1995-062A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (ISO)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso2-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-iso2_149-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1995-062A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Details (ISO)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso3-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-iso3_150-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=18"><cite style="font-style:normal;">ESA Science & Technology: ISO</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irts-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-irts_151-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ir.isas.ac.jp/irts/irts_E.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">IRTS Home Page</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Institut_des_sciences_spatiales_et_astronautiques" title="Institut des sciences spatiales et astronautiques">Institut des sciences spatiales et astronautiques</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-29" data-sort-value="2008-02-29">29 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irts_journal-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-irts_journal_152-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Murakami1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hiroshi_Murakami1996">Hiroshi <span class="nom_auteur">Murakami</span> <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The IRTS (Infrared Telescope in Space) Mission</cite> », <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 48,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1996-10" data-sort-value="1996-10">octobre 1996</time>, L41–L46 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PASJ...48L..41M">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+IRTS+%28Infrared+Telescope+in+Space%29+Mission&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+Japan&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.date=1996-10&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=L41%E2%80%93L46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A9lescope+spatial"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jwst-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-jwst_153-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The James Webb Space Telescope</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msx-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-msx_154-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/ipac/msx/msx.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MSX Project Page</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Processing_and_Analysis_Center" title="Infrared Processing and Analysis Center">Infrared Processing and Analysis Center</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-29" data-sort-value="2008-02-29">29 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spitzer-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-spitzer_155-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2003-038A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Spitzer)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spitzer2-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-spitzer2_156-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-038A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Details (Spitzer)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swas-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-swas_157-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1998-071A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (SWAS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swas2-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-swas2_158-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-071A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Details (SWAS)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wire-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-wire_159-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-011A"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Details (WIRE)</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NSSDC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wise-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-wise_160-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WISE: Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Californie_%C3%A0_Los_Angeles" title="Université de Californie à Los Angeles">Université de Californie à Los Angeles</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-03" data-sort-value="2008-03-03">3 mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wise_facts-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-wise_facts_161-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/documents/2007-Fact_Sheet.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WISE - Mapping the Infrared Sky</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-03" data-sort-value="2008-03-03">3 mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobe-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-cobe_162-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-089A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (COBE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobe2-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-cobe2_163-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-089A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (COBE)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odin-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-odin_164-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=2001-007A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Odin)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odin2-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-odin2_165-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2001-007A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (Odin)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planck-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-planck_166-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=PLANCK"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (PLANCK)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planck2-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-planck2_167-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=Planck"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Planck - Home Page</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planck_homepage-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-planck_homepage_168-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=Planck"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Planck - Home Page</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-06" data-sort-value="2008-03-06">6 mars 2008</time></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wmap-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-wmap_169-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2001-027A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (WMAP)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halca-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-halca_170-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1997-005A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (HALCA)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halca2-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-halca2_171-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-005A"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Spacecraft - Details (HALCA)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halca3-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-halca3_172-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsop.mtk.nao.ac.jp/VSOP2TSMAPL07/VSOP2-link-Nov06.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Minutes of VSOP-2 Tracking Station Meeting, 10/31-11/01/06</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Astronomical Observatory of Japan">National Astronomical Observatory of Japan</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radioastron-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-radioastron_173-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/status_eng.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Description of the RadioAstron project</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_spatiale_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie">Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radioastron2-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-radioastron2_174-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/orbit_eng.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Description of the RadioAstron project - Orbit</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_spatiale_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie">Institut de recherche spatiale de l'Académie des sciences de Russie</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radioastron3-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-radioastron3_175-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsop.isas.jaxa.jp/vsop2/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">VSOP-2 project</cite></a> », JAXA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-28" data-sort-value="2008-02-28">28 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astromag-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-astromag_176-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=ASTRMAG"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Astromag FF)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astromag2-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-astromag2_177-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=ASTRMAG"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Spacecraft - Details (Astromag-F)</cite></a> », NASA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pamela-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-pamela_178-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pamela.roma2.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=129"><cite style="font-style:normal;">PAMELA Mission Official Website</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_di_fisica_nucleare" title="Istituto nazionale di fisica nucleare">Istituto nazionale di fisica nucleare</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-09" data-sort-value="2008-03-09">9 mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pamela_partners-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-pamela_partners_179-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pamela.roma2.infn.it/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">PAMELA Mission Official Website - Partners</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_di_fisica_nucleare" title="Istituto nazionale di fisica nucleare">Istituto nazionale di fisica nucleare</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03-09" data-sort-value="2008-03-09">9 mars 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lisa-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-lisa_180-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=27"><cite style="font-style:normal;">ESA Science & Technology: LISA</cite></a> », ESA <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-27" data-sort-value="2008-02-27">27 février 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_T%C3%A9lescopes_et_observatoires_spatiaux" title="Modèle:Palette Télescopes et observatoires spatiaux"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_T%C3%A9lescopes_et_observatoires_spatiaux&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Télescopes et observatoires spatiaux</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_gamma" title="Astronomie gamma">Rayonnement gamma</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2"><i>SAS 2</i></a> (1972-1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/COS-B" title="COS-B">COS-B</a></i> (1975-1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-3" title="HEAO-3">HEAO-3</a></i> (1979-1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></i> (1989-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)"><i>Gamma</i></a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma-Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory</a></span></i> (1991-2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEGRI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEGRI (page inexistante)"><i>LEGRI</i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEGRI" class="extiw" title="en:LEGRI"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « LEGRI »">(en)</span></a> (1997-2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" title="High Energy Transient Explorer"><i>HETE</i></a> (2000-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gamma-Ray_Astrophysics_Laboratory" title="International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory"><i>INTEGRAL</i></a> (2002-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AGILE" title="AGILE">AGILE</a></i> (2007-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a></i>/<i>GLAST</i> (2008-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS"><i>Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter</i></a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)"><i>Hitomi</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-H</i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GECAM" title="GECAM">GECAM</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_Multi-band_Variable_astronomical_Objects_Monitor" title="Space-based Multi-band Variable astronomical Objects Monitor"><i>SVOM</i></a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager"><i>COSI</i></a> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_en_rayons_X" title="Astronomie en rayons X">Rayonnement X</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)"><i>Uhuru</i></a> (1970-1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariel_V" title="Ariel V">Ariel V</a></i> (1974-1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Nederlandse_Satelliet" title="Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet"><i>ANS</i></a> (1974-1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/COS-B" title="COS-B">COS-B</a></i> (1975-1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3"><i>SAS-C</i></a> (1975-1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho"><i>CORSA</i></a> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-1" title="HEAO-1">HEAO-1</a></i> (1977-1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-2" title="HEAO-2">HEAO-2</a></i>/<i>Einstein</i> (1978-1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho</a></i>/<i>CORSA-b</i> (1979-1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-3" title="HEAO-3">HEAO-3</a></i> (1979-1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-B" title="ASTRO-B"><i>Tenma</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-B</i> (1983-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)"><i>Astron</i></a> (1983-1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a></i> (1983-1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)"><i>Ginga</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-C</i> (1987-1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></i> (1989-1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a></i> (1990-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics"><i>ASCA</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-D</i> (1993-2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></i> (1995-2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)"><i>Aryabhata</i></a> (1975-1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a></i> (1996-2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></i> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Chandra (télescope spatial)"><i>Chandra</i></a> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gamma-Ray_Astrophysics_Laboratory" title="International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory"><i>INTEGRAL</i></a> (2002-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)"><i>Suzaku</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-E</i> (2005-2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)"><i>Hinode</i></a> (2006-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AGILE" title="AGILE">AGILE</a></i> (2007-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Spectroscopic_Telescope_Array" title="Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array"><i>NuSTAR</i></a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)"><i>Hitomi</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-H</i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HXMT" title="HXMT">HXMT</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a></span></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer">IXPE</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GECAM" title="GECAM">GECAM</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission"><i>XRISM</i></a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_Multi-band_Variable_astronomical_Objects_Monitor" title="Space-based Multi-band Variable astronomical Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATHENA" title="ATHENA">ATHENA</a> (2037)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_dans_l%27ultraviolet" title="Astronomie dans l'ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OAO-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OAO-2 (page inexistante)">OAO-2</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" class="extiw" title="en:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 »">(en)</span></a> (1968-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory"><i>OAO</i></a> (1972-1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Nederlandse_Satelliet" title="Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet">ANS</a> (1974-1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer"><i>IUE</i></a> (1978-1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)"><i>Astron</i></a> (1983-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)"><i>Hubble</i></a> (1990-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer"><i>EUVE</i></a> (1992-2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALEXIS_(satellite)" title="ALEXIS (satellite)"><i>ALEXIS</i></a> (1993-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUSE_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="FUSE (télescope spatial)"><i>FUSE</i></a> (1999-2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Evolution_Explorer" title="Galaxy Evolution Explorer"><i>GALEX</i></a> (2003-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STSAT-1" title="STSAT-1"><i>Kaistsat 4</i></a> (2003-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a></i> (2003-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)"><i>Hinode</i></a> (2006-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph"><i>IRIS</i></a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hisaki" title="Hisaki">Hisaki</a></i>/<i>SPRINT-A</i> (2013-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_spatial_mondial-Ultraviolet" title="Observatoire spatial mondial-Ultraviolet"><i>WSO-UV</i></a>¹ (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory"><i>HWO</i></a> (vers 2040)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_optique" title="Astronomie optique">Lumière visible</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)"><i>Hubble</i></a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" title="MOST (satellite)"><i>MOST</i></a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)"><i>Hinode</i></a> (2006-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a></i> (2006-2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Kepler (télescope spatial)"><i>Kepler</i></a> (2009-2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(satellite)" title="Gaia (satellite)"><i>Gaia</i></a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite"><b>TESS</b></a> (2018-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Euclid (télescope spatial)"><i>Euclid</i></a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="PLATO (télescope spatial)"><i>PLATO</i></a> (~2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy-Grace-Roman_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Nancy-Grace-Roman (télescope spatial)"><i>Nancy-Grace-Roman</i></a> (~2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Remote-Sensing_Infrared_Exoplanet_Large-survey" title="Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey"><i>ARIEL</i></a> (2028)</li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Two" title="Earth Two">Earth Two</a></span></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory"><i>HWO</i></a> (vers 2040)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_infrarouge" title="Astronomie infrarouge">Infrarouge</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite"><i>IRAS</i></a> (1983-1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory"><i>ISO</i></a> (1995-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit" title="Space Flyer Unit"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Infrared Telescope in Space</span></i></a> (1995-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment"><i>MSX</i></a> (1996-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite"><i>SWAS</i></a> (1998-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer"><i>WIRE</i></a> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Spitzer (télescope spatial)"><i>Spitzer</i></a> (2003-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Akari (télescope spatial)"><i>Akari</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-F</i> (2006-2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer"><i>WISE</i></a> (2009-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Herschel (télescope spatial)"><i>Herschel</i></a> (2009-2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="James Webb (télescope spatial)"><i>JWST</i></a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a></span></i> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy-Grace-Roman_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Nancy-Grace-Roman (télescope spatial)"><i>Nancy-Grace-Roman</i></a> (~2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Remote-Sensing_Infrared_Exoplanet_Large-survey" title="Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey"><i>ARIEL</i></a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomie_millim%C3%A9trique_et_submillim%C3%A9trique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomie millimétrique et submillimétrique (page inexistante)">Ondes millimétriques<br />et submillimétriques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer"><i>COBE</i></a> (1989-1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)"><i>Odin</i></a> (2001-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe"><i>WMAP</i></a> (1999-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Planck (télescope spatial)"><i>Planck</i></a>¹ (2009-2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Radioastronomie" title="Radioastronomie">Ondes radio</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Radiot%C3%A9lescope" title="Radiotélescope">radiotélescopes</a>)</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highly_Advanced_Laboratory_for_Communications_and_Astronomy" title="Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy"><i>HALCA</i></a> (1997-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadioAstron" title="RadioAstron"><i>Spektr-R</i></a> (2011-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao#Radio_télescope_NCLE" title="Queqiao"><i>NCLE</i></a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Autres types</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Lomonossov_(satellite)" title="Mikhaïl Lomonossov (satellite)"><i>Mikhaïl Lomonossov</i></a> (2016-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna"><i>LISA</i></a>² (2034)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Projets</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:90px;">À l'étude</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnel_Imager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fresnel Imager (page inexistante)"><i>Fresnel Imager</i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_Imager" class="extiw" title="en:Fresnel Imager"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Fresnel Imager »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPICA" title="SPICA">SPICA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=THEIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="THEIA (page inexistante)"><i>THEIA</i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" class="extiw" title="en:Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/THESEUS" title="THESEUS">THESEUS</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds" title="New Worlds">New Worlds</a></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_UV/Optical/Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor"><i>LUVOIR</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASTOR_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="CASTOR (télescope spatial)"><i>CASTOR</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TianQin" title="TianQin">TianQin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanet_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanet Observatory"><i>HabEx</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_rayons_X_Lynx" title="Observatoire rayons X Lynx"><i>Lynx</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope"><i>OST</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_X-ray_Timing_and_Polarimetry_mission" title="Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission"><i>eXTP</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:90px;">Abandonnés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Darwin (télescope spatial)"><i>Darwin</i></a></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS">XEUS</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">Space Interferometry Mission</a></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism_SMEX" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX"><i>GEMS</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-G" title="ASTRO-G">ASTRO-G</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SIMBOL-X" title="SIMBOL-X">SIMBOL-X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Observatory_For_X-ray_Timing" title="Large Observatory For X-ray Timing"><i>LOFT</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Characterisation_Observatory" title="Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory"><i>EChO</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIPE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XIPE (page inexistante)">XIPE</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer"><i>FINESSE</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATLAST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATLAST (page inexistante)"><i>ATLAST</i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Large-Aperture_Space_Telescope" class="extiw" title="en:Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Articles liés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Télescope spatial</a></li> <li>Catégories : <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Observatoire_spatial" title="Catégorie:Observatoire spatial">Observatoire spatial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Type_de_t%C3%A9lescopes" title="Catégorie:Type de télescopes">Type de télescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> : <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_infrarouge" title="Astronomie infrarouge">Infrarouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_en_rayons_X" title="Astronomie en rayons X">Rayons X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_gamma" title="Astronomie gamma">Gamma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">La première date est celle du lancement, la deuxième celle de la fin de la mission. ¹ Programme international. ² Projet.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail de l’astronomie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/25px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/37px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/50px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail:Astronomie">Portail de l’astronomie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronautique" title="Portail de l’astronautique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/24px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/36px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/48px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronautique" title="Portail:Astronautique">Portail de l’astronautique</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐nbcxx Cached time: 20241123083804 Cache 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