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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American historian (1899–1959)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Howard K. Beale</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Howard Kennedy Beale</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-04-08</span>)</span>April 8, 1899<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1959-12-27</span>)</span>December 27, 1959 (age 60)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Howard Kennedy Beale</b> (April 8, 1899 – December 27, 1959) was an American historian. He had several temporary appointments before becoming a professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> in 1935. His most famous student was <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a>, who adopted the Beard-Beale approach to Reconstruction. He went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> in 1948, where he directed many dissertations. He specialized in nineteenth and twentieth-century American history, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, and the foreign policy of the early 20th century. He was a noted <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil libertarian">civil libertarian</a> and advocate for <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Beale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beale was born in Chicago to Frank A. and Nellie Kennedy Beale.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921 he graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> with a PhB in English from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCmag_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCmag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beale received an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> and PhD from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Beale married Georgia Robison, a fellow academic, and had 3 sons: Howard Kennedy Beale Jr., Henry Barton Beale, and Thomas Wight Beale. A few days before Christmas in 1959, Beale executed a will that essentially disinherited his youngest son, Thomas, who was ten years old at the time. In re Estate of Beale, 15 Wis. 2d 546 (1962). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Beale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his PhD dissertation, finished in 1924 under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Channing" title="Edward Channing">Edward Channing</a>, Beale developed a complex new interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction.</a> The dominant interpretation for the previous two decades was that of the <a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a>, which held that unscrupulous Northern adventurers, known as <a href="/wiki/Carpetbaggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpetbaggers">Carpetbaggers</a>, manipulated the new black vote in the South to take control of state governments for their own advantage in terms of speculation, and corruption. The Freedmen (freed slaves) were merely pawns in the hands of the Carpetbaggers. </p><p>Beale argued that the Carpetbaggers themselves were pawns in the hands of northern industrialists, who were the real villains of Reconstruction. These industrialists had taken control of the nation during the Civil War, and set up high tariffs to protect their profits, as well as a lucrative national banking system and a railroad network fueled by government subsidies and secret payoffs. The return to power of the southern whites would seriously threaten all their gains, and so the ex-Confederates had to be kept out of power. The tool used by the industrialists was the combination of the Northern Republican Party and sufficient Southern support using Carpetbaggers and black voters. The rhetoric of civil rights for blacks, and the dream of equality, was rhetoric designed to fool idealistic voters. Beale called it "claptrap." In his chapter, "Claptrap and Issues", Beale argued, "Constitutional discussions of the rights of the negro, the status of Southern states, the legal position of ex-rebels, and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing. They were pure sham."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Andrew Johnson had tried, and failed, to stop the juggernaut of the industrialists. The Dunning school had praised Johnson for upholding the rights of the white men in the South and endorsing white supremacy. Beale did not believe himself to be a racist, and indeed was one of the most vigorous historians working for black civil rights in the 1930s and 1940s. In his view, Johnson was not a hero for his racism, but rather for his forlorn battle against the industrialists. Beale did not publish his dissertation until 1930, when <i>The Critical Year</i> appeared to widespread scholarly acclaim. However <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> and Mary Beard had already published <i>The Rise of American Civilization</i> which, in much abbreviated form, had developed a similar theme. Instead of feeling upstaged by the Beards, Beale became friends with them and vigorously promoted their general interpretation of American history. The Beard-Beale interpretation of Reconstruction became known as "revisionism", and replaced the Dunning school for most historians, until the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Beard–Beale interpretation of the monolithic Northern industrialists was challenged in the 1950s in the works of several historians, including Robert P. Sharkey, <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Irwin Unger</a>, and Stanley Coben, who argued that there was no unified economic policy on the part of the dominant Republican Party and no conspiracy to use Reconstruction to impose a unified economic policy on the nation. Furthermore, the rhetoric on behalf of the rights of the Freedman was not claptrap but deeply held and very serious political philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beale's thesis finds support and development, conversely, in C. Vann Woodward's <i>The New South</i> (1951), W.E.B. Du Bois, <i>Black Reconstruction</i> (1935), William Appleman Williams, <i>The Contours of American History</i> (1961) and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy_and_editing">Foreign policy and editing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Beale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foreign policy and editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beale turned his attention to foreign-policy during the 1940s and published his major study of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s foreign policy (the Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History delivered at the Johns Hopkins University). Beale, like Beard, felt both world wars were mistakes for the United States, and strongly disagreed with the interventionism and imperialism of Theodore Roosevelt. However, in writing the 600 page monograph he changed his mind, deciding that Roosevelt had a remarkably deep comprehension of world affairs, and practiced very careful, very successful diplomacy. Beale did complain that Roosevelt was too ambiguous regarding race, and too friendly toward Britain and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beale was an active scholarly editor. He edited the diaries of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a> (Attorney General) and <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> (Secretary of the Navy), who were members of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s cabinet. He edited a notable memorial work of essays by leading historians in honor of <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>. Beale was an influence on the young <a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a> at the University of Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950 Beale spoke out against the call by <a href="/wiki/Conyers_Read" title="Conyers Read">Conyers Read</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>, for historians to be enlisted in the ideological struggle against totalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Beale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction</i> (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1930; reprint 1958)</li> <li>"The Tariff and Reconstruction." <i>American Historical Review</i> (1930) 35#2 pp: 276–294. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140531042559/http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/2/276.full.pdf+html">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859-1866", Editor, (Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1933) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diaryofedwardbat00bate">online</a></li> <li>"The needs of Negro education in the United States." <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> (1934): 8–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292137">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"Are American Teachers Free?: An Analysis of Restraints Upon the Freedom of Teaching in American Schools" (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936); 856pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/triley/The%20Complete%20Collection/Preface,%20Teachers%20of%20Negroes,%20Freedom%20and%20the%20Purposes%20of%20Education.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912115552/http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/triley/The%20Complete%20Collection/Preface,%20Teachers%20of%20Negroes,%20Freedom%20and%20the%20Purposes%20of%20Education.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"On Rewriting Reconstruction History." <i>American Historical Review</i> (1940) 45#4 pp: 807–827. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1854452">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><i>A History of Freedom of Teaching in American Schools</i> (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1941)</li> <li>Beale, Howard K. "The professional historian: his theory and his practice." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> (1953): 227–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4492064">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><i>Charles A. Beard: An Appraisal</i>, Editor, (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1954)</li> <li><i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956)</li> <li>"Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson", Editor, (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1960)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Beale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul M. Buhle and Edward Rice-Maxim, <i>William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire</i> (New York: Routledge, 1995): 39; Michael Fellman, <i>Views from the Dark Side of American History</i> (LSU Press, 2011): 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/howard-k-beale-dlb/">Biography at Book Rags</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCmag-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCmag_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universitychica01coungoog"><i>The University of Chicago magazine, Volumes 7–8</i></a>. University of Chicago. Alumni Association, University of Chicago. Alumni Council. 1921. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universitychica01coungoog/page/n222">188</a>–190<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Chicago+magazine%2C+Volumes+7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=188-190&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago.+Alumni+Association%2C+University+of+Chicago.+Alumni+Council&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversitychica01coungoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+K.+Beale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beale, <i>The Critical Year,</i> p 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Tulloch1999" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Tulloch (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVD1-qcknywC&pg=PA226"><i>The Debate On the American Civil War Era</i></a>. Manchester UP. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719049385" title="Special:BookSources/9780719049385"><bdi>9780719049385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debate+On+the+American+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Manchester+UP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780719049385&rft.au=Hugh+Tulloch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVD1-qcknywC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+K.+Beale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan D. Charles, "Howard K Beale", in Clyde N. Wilson, ed. <i>Twentieth-century American Historians</i> (Gale Research Company, 1983) pp 32–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Harry Williams, "An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes", <i>Journal of Southern History</i> (1946) 12#4 pp: 469–486 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2197687">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. Stampp and Leon F. Litwack, eds., <i>Reconstruction: An Anthology of Revisionist Writings</i> (1969) p 85–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles, p 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul M. Buhle and Edward Rice-Maxim, <i>William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire</i> (New York: Routledge, 1995): 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian R. Tyrrell, <i>The Absent Marx: Class Analysis and Liberal History in Twentieth Century America</i> (Westport, Conn., 1986), p. 82</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Beale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Charles, Allan D. "Howard K. Beale", in Clyde N. Wilson, ed. Twentieth-century American Historians (Gale Research Company, 1983) pp 32–38</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal government</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Congress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Conservative Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870–1887" title="List of African-American United States representatives">African-American representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction">United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal bureaucracy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">State governments</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Women during the Reconstruction era">Women during the Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidential</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">Greenback Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1876 Prohibition National Convention">Prohibition Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1864–65 United States Senate elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1866–67 United States Senate elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1872–73 United States Senate elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1874–75 United States Senate elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1876–77 United States Senate elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1863 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections" title="1863 Virginia gubernatorial elections">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1865 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Delaware gubernatorial election">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1869 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Mississippi gubernatorial election">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1870 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Delaware gubernatorial election">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1871 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Mississippi gubernatorial election">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Delaware gubernatorial election">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Nevada gubernatorial election">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1875 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1876 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Colorado gubernatorial election">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="April 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut <i>April</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="November 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut <i>November</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (page does not exist)">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._143" title="General Order No. 143">General Order No. 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction era">Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Field Orders No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills" title="Freedmen's Bureau bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederates surrender at Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Founding of the Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866" title="New Orleans Massacre of 1866">New Orleans Massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866">Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866</a></li> <li>Tennessee readmitted to Union</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petition for Universal Freedom (page does not exist)">Petition for Universal Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Union" title="National Labor Union">National Labor Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866" title="Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866">Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1867</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional conventions of 1867 (page does not exist)">Constitutional conventions of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867" title="Peonage Act of 1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas readmitted to Union</li> <li>Florida readmitted to Union</li> <li>North Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>South Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>Louisiana readmitted to Union</li> <li>Alabama readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Fourth Reconstruction Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton" title="Georgia v. Stanton">Georgia v. Stanton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1869</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners" title="Board of Indian Commissioners">Board of Indian Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1869 State of the Union Address">1869 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoffner_Act" title="Shoffner Act">Shoffner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1870 State of the Union Address">1870 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Klux Klan hearings (page does not exist)">Ku Klux Klan hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">New York custom house ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1871 State of the Union Address">1871 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1873 State of the Union Address">1873 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_massacre" title="Coushatta massacre">Coushatta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874" title="Election Massacre of 1874">Election Massacre of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_incident" title="Sanborn incident">Sanborn incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts" title="Anti-Moiety Acts">Anti-Moiety Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1874 State of the Union Address">1874 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Clifton Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazoo City Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Yazoo City Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise" title="Wheeler Compromise">Wheeler Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Delano affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Boyd">Pratt & Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1876</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_massacre" title="Ellenton massacre">Ellenton massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Cattellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe burglary conspiracy">Safe burglary conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1877</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Bibliography of the Reconstruction era">Bibliography of the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Shepherd Pike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (page does not exist)">The Prostrate State</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Commonwealth">The American Commonwealth</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragic Era (page does not exist)">The Tragic Era</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Howard K. Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Williamson (page does not exist)">Joel Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Brock (page does not exist)">William R. Brock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Slavery to Freedom (page does not exist)">From Slavery to Freedom</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="After Slavery (page does not exist)">After Slavery</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Founding" title="The Second Founding">The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress" title="A Visit from the Old Mistress">A Visit from the Old Mistress</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Reunion" title="Race and Reunion">Race and Reunion</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Reconstruction Era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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