CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# article: https://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","author":{"@type":"Person","description":"Robert N. Charette is a Contributing Editor to IEEE Spectrum and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management. A self-described “risk ecologist,” he is interested in the intersections of business, political, technological, and societal risks. Charette is an award-winning author of multiple books and numerous articles on the subjects of risk management, project and program management, innovation, and entrepreneurship. A Life Senior Member of the IEEE, Charette was a recipient of the IEEE Computer Society’s Golden Core Award in 2008.","identifier":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210"},"knowsAbout":"Robert N. Charette is a Contributing Editor and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management.","name":"Robert N. Charette","sameAs":[""],"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette"},"dateModified":"2024-07-10T18:16:36Z","datePublished":"2024-07-07T13:00:01Z","description":"\u003Cp>A Q&A with Georgia Tech’s Deepak Divan\u003C/p>","headline":"The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach","image":"https://assets.rbl.ms/52505722/origin.jpg","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy-transition","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":210,"url":"https://assets.rbl.ms/26794698/origin.png","width":2000},"name":"IEEE Spectrum"},"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy-transition"}</script><meta charset="utf-8"/><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer ||[]; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('consent','default',{ 'ad_storage':'denied', 'analytics_storage':'denied', 'ad_user_data':'denied', 'ad_personalization':'denied', 'personalization_storage':'denied', 'functionality_storage':'granted', 'security_storage':'granted', 'wait_for_update': 500 }); gtag("set", "ads_data_redaction", true); </script><script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/04dfdd03-699a-4224-a9f1-d3ca23cdf4e9/osano.js"></script><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><script type="text/javascript"> navigator.userAgent.includes("Chrome")&&function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,c=["click","contextmenu","dblclick","gotpointercapture","keydown","keypress","keyup","lostpointercapture","mousedown","mouseup","mousemove","pointercancel","pointerdown","pointerenter","pointerleave","pointermove","pointerover","pointerup","touchcancel","touchend","touchmove","touchstart"],s=["scroll","wheel"],u=new r,p=new r,l=new r,d=25,f=25,v="_rmStopped",m="_rmImmediatelyStopped",h=e.setTimeout,y=e.clearTimeout,g=n.prototype,E=null;function L(e){return function(e){return new Promise((function(t){h(t,e||0)}))}(e)}function w(e){return i&&"scheduling"in i&&"isInputPending"in i.scheduling&&i.scheduling.isInputPending({includeContinuous:!0})?L(e).then((function(){return w(e)})):L(e)}function I(e,t,r,i,o){if(!(r[m]||i===n.BUBBLING_PHASE&&r[v]&&element!==r.target)){var a,c={get:(a={currentTarget:o},function(e,t,n){if(t in a)return a[t];var r=Reflect.get(e,t);return r instanceof Function?function(){return Reflect.apply(r,e,arguments)}:r})},s=new Proxy(r,c);try{e&&"handleEvent"in e?e.handleEvent.call(e,s):e.call(t,s)}catch(e){console.error(e)}}}function P(e){return function(t){var n=this,r=t.eventPhase,i=t.currentTarget,o={canceled:!1};"dataset"in n&&n.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,n,t,r,i):(l.has(e)&&(l.get(e).canceled=!0),l.set(e,o),w(f).then((function(){o.canceled||(I(e,n,t,r,i),l.delete(e))})))}}function _(e){return function(t){var r=this,i=t.eventPhase,o=t.currentTarget,a=t.timeStamp;new n("rm").timeStamp-a<d||"dataset"in r&&r.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,r,t,i,o):(E&&(E.style.display="none",E.style.opacity="0",E.style.display="block",E.style.opacity="1"),w().then((function(){I(e,r,t,i,o)})))}}function k(e,t,n,r,i){if(!n.has(r)){var o=i(r);n.set(r,o)}var a=Array.from(t);a[1]=n.get(r),e._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(e,a)}function A(t,n){var r=this||e;if(n){if(s.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,p,n,P);if(c.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,u,n,_)}r._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(r,arguments)}function x(t,n){var r=this||e,i=n;n&&(c.includes(t)&&u.has(n)?i=u.get(n):s.includes(t)&&p.has(n)&&(i=p.get(n)));var o=Array.from(arguments);o[1]=i,r._rmInpRemoveEventListener.apply(r,o)}function T(e){e._rmInpAddEventListener=e.addEventListener,e._rmInpRemoveEventListener=e.removeEventListener,e.addEventListener=A,e.removeEventListener=x}function S(e){c.forEach((function(t){var n="on"+t;Object.defineProperty(e,n,{set:function(e){var n=this,r="__rmInpOn"+t;n[r]&&n.removeEventListener(t,n[r],{passive:!0}),n[r]=e,n.addEventListener(t,e,{passive:!0})}})}))}function b(e,t){return function(){this[e]=!0,t.apply(this,arguments)}}function C(e,t,n){return w().then((function(){e.apply(t,n)})).catch(console.error)}t.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(function(){var e;(e=t.createElement("div")).style.height="100px",e.style.width="100px",e.style.backgroundColor="#ffffff03",e.style.position="fixed",e.style.top="1px",e.style.left="1px",e.style.transform="translateX(-100px)",t.body.appendChild(e),E=e})),T(e),T(t),T(Element.prototype),S(e),S(t),S(HTMLElement.prototype),o=g.stopPropagation,a=g.stopImmediatePropagation,g.stopPropagation=b(v,o),g.stopImmediatePropagation=b(m,a),function(){var t=new r;function n(e){t.has(e)?y(t.get(e)):y(e)}e.setTimeout=function(e,t){var n=this,r=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);return h((function(){C(e,n,r)}),t)},e.setInterval=function(e,n){var r=this,i=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);function o(){var e=h(a,n);t.set(c,e)}function a(){C(e,r,i).then(o)}var c=h(a,n);t.set(c,c)},e.clearInterval=n,e.clearTimeout=n}()}(window,document,Event,Map,navigator); </script><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><link fetchpriority="high" rel="preload" imagesrcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=3600&height=2700 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=2400&height=1800 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=1200&height=900 1x" as="image"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy-transition"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@"/><meta name="twitter:site:id" content=""/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=1200&height=600&coordinates=0%2C375%2C0%2C375"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="200167090048537"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="article:section" content="Energy"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy-transition"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE Spectrum"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=1200&height=600&coordinates=0%2C375%2C0%2C375"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta property="og:title" content="The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach"/><meta property="og:description" content="A Q&A; with Georgia Tech’s Deepak Divan"/><meta name="description" content="The U.S. must systemically intercept and exploit the exponential improvements in clean-energy technology and costs. Robert N. Charette discusses with Georgia Tech's Deepak Divan how to align economic imperatives and climate goals for sustainability and affordability."/><meta name="keywords" content="energy transition, grid, renewable energy, decarbonization, inverter-based grid"/><meta name="referrer" content="always"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://user-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://pages-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA = {"isUserLoggedIn": false, "site": {"id": 20265424, "isCommunitySite": false}, "runner": {"id": 20265424}, "post": {"id": 2668553450, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 544169527, 544169516], "shareUrl": "https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fenergy-transition", "status": 0, "tags": ["energy transition", "grid", "renewable energy", "decarbonization", "inverter-based grid"]}, "path": "/energy-transition", "pathParams": {"slug": "energy-transition"}, "resourceId": "pp_2668553450", "fbId": "200167090048537", "fbAppVersion": "v2.5", "clientGaId": "UA-747464-1", "messageBusUri": "wss://messages.rebelmouse.io", "section": {"id": null}, "tag": {"slug": "energy-transition"}, "fullBootstrapUrl": "/res/bootstrap/data.js?site_id=20265424\u0026resource_id=pp_2668553450\u0026path_params=%7B%22slug%22%3A%22energy-transition%22%7D\u0026warehouse10x=1\u0026override_device=desktop\u0026post_id=2668553450", "whitelabel_menu": {}, "useRiver": true, "engine": {"recaptchaSiteKey": null, "lazyLoadShortcodeImages": true, "backButtonGoToPage": true, "changeParticleUrlScroll": false, "countKeepReadingAsPageview": true, "defaultVideoPlayer": "", "theoPlayerLibraryLocation": "", "trackPageViewOnParticleUrlScroll": false, "webVitalsSampleRate": 100, "overrideDevicePixelRatio": null, "image_quality_level": 85, "sendEventsToCurrentDomain": false, "enableLoggedOutUserTracking": false}}; </script><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_ASSETS_URL = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/"; window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_SSL_DOMAIN = "https://spectrum.ieee.org"; window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB = {}; window.RM_OVERRIDES = {}; window.RM_AD_LOADER = []; </script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.6dd57737d73e2cefa676.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.5cf2d86defc2a8468262.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.7c6b21900ce170cda6bd.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.a23ceda6b8448f51fcb3.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.31cf81e3384788188e0d.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.7f23064d1f64f976ca2f.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.js"></script><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#647187"/><script class="rm-i-script"> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) { window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js').then(function(registration) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration successful with scope: ', registration.scope); }, function(err) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration failed: ', err); }); }); } else { console.log('ServiceWorker not enabled'); } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> // fallback error prone google tag setup var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IEEE Spectrum" href="/feeds/topic/energy.rss"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1.0"/><title>Q&A: The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach - IEEE Spectrum</title><style class="rm-i-styles"> article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block;}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;}audio:not([controls]){display:none;}[hidden]{display:none;}html{font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;font-size:1em;line-height:1.4;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:#5A5858;}::-moz-selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}::selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}:focus{outline:5px auto #2684b1;}a:hover,a:active{outline:0;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}blockquote{margin:1em 40px;}dfn{font-style:italic;}hr{display:block;height:1px;border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc;margin:1em 0;padding:0;}ins{background:#ff9;color:#000;text-decoration:none;}mark{background:#ff0;color:#000;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,serif;_font-family:'courier new',monospace;font-size:1em;}pre{white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word;}q{quotes:none;}q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none;}small{font-size:85%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sup{top:-0.5em;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}ul,ol{margin:1em 0;padding:0 0 0 40px;}dd{margin:0 0 0 40px;}nav ul,nav ol{list-style:none;list-style-image:none;margin:0;padding:0;}img{border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic;vertical-align:middle;}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden;}figure{margin:0;}form{margin:0;}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;padding:0;}label{cursor:pointer;}legend{border:0;padding:0;}button,input{line-height:normal;}button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:button;}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;box-sizing:content-box;}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0;}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical;}input:invalid,textarea:invalid{background-color:#fccfcc;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}td{vertical-align:top;}.ir{display:block;border:0;text-indent:-999em;overflow:hidden;background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat;text-align:left;direction:ltr;}.ir br{display:none;}.hidden{display:none !important;visibility:hidden;}.visuallyhidden{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;}.visuallyhidden.focusable:active,.visuallyhidden.focusable:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto;}.invisible{visibility:hidden;}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;}.clearfix:after{clear:both;}.clearfix{zoom:1;}.zindex20{z-index:20;}.zindex30{z-index:30;}.zindex40{z-index:40;}.zindex50{z-index:50;}html{font-size:11.25px;font-family:serif;line-height:1.66;color:#0D0D0D;font-weight:normal;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:serif;color:#0D0D0D;}.col,body{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}a{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}a:hover{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}.with-primary-color{color:#FF4C00;}.with-primary-color:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.js-tab,.js-keep-reading,.js-toggle{cursor:pointer;}.noselect{-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-khtml-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.tabs__tab{display:inline-block;padding:10px;}.tabs__tab-content{display:none;}.tabs__tab-content.active{display:block;}button:focus,input[type="text"],input[type="email"]{outline:0;}audio,canvas,iframe,img,svg,video{vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%;}textarea{resize:vertical;}.main{background-color:#bdbdbd;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}.valign-wrapper{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.valign-wrapper .valign{display:block;}#notification{position:fixed;}.article-module__controls-placeholder{position:absolute;}.display-block{display:block;}.cover-all{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;}.full-width{width:100%;}.fa{font-family:FontAwesome,"fontawesome-mini" !important;}.fa.fa-instagram{font-size:1.15em;}.fa-googleplus:before{content:"\f0d5";}.post-partial,.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important;}.attribute-data{margin:0 10px 10px 0;padding:5px 10px;background-color:#FF4C00;color:white;border-radius:3px;margin-bottom:10px;display:inline-block;}.attribute-data[value=""]{display:none;}.badge{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;}.badge-image{border-radius:100%;}.js-expandable.expanded .js-expand,.js-expandable:not(.expanded) .js-contract{display:none;}.js-scroll-trigger{display:block;width:100%;}.sticky-target:not(.legacy){position:fixed;opacity:0;top:0;will-change:transform;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.sticky-target.legacy{position:relative;}.sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{position:fixed;}.color-inherit:hover,.color-inherit{color:inherit;}.js-appear-on-expand{transition:all 350ms;height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;}.content-container{display:none;}.expanded .content-container{display:block;}.expanded .js-appear-on-expand{opacity:1;height:auto;}.logged-out-user .js-appear-on-expand{height:0;opacity:0;}.h1,.h2{margin:0;padding:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal;}.lazyload-placeholder{display:none;position:absolute;text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.1);top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;}div[runner-lazy-loading] .lazyload-placeholder,iframe[runner-lazy-loading] + .lazyload-placeholder{display:block;}.abs-pos-center{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.relative{position:relative;}.runner-spinner{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;width:50px;}.runner-spinner:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:100%;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-circular{animation:rotate 2s linear infinite;height:100%;transform-origin:center center;width:100%;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.position-relative{position:relative;}.collection-button{display:inline-block;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-path{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation:dash 1.5s ease-in-out infinite,color 6s ease-in-out infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper a{color:rgba(59,141,242,1);margin:0 5px;}@keyframes rotate{100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes dash{0%{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;}50%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-35px;}100%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-124px;}}@keyframes color{100%,0%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,1);}40%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);}66%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);}80%,90%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);}}.js-section-loader-feature-container > .slick-list > .slick-track > .slick-slide:not(.slick-active){height:0;visibility:hidden;}.rebellt-item-media-container .instagram-media{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.js-hidden-panel{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;transition:all 300ms;z-index:10;}.js-hidden-panel.active{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0);}.content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:90%;}.ad-tag{text-align:center;}.ad-tag__inner{display:inline-block;}.content .ad-tag{margin-left:-5%;margin-right:-5%;}@media (min-width:768px){.content .ad-tag{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}.user-prefs{display:none;}.no-mb:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;}.no-mt:not(:first-child){margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{content:'';display:block;overflow:hidden;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.sm-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.sm-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.sm-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.sm-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.sm-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.md-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.md-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.md-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.md-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.md-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.lg-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.lg-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.lg-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.lg-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.lg-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}.sm-cp-0{padding:0;}.sm-cp-1{padding:10px;}.sm-cp-2{padding:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-cp-0{padding:0;}.md-cp-1{padding:10px;}.md-cp-2{padding:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-cp-0{padding:0;}.lg-cp-1{padding:10px;}.lg-cp-2{padding:20px;}}.mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}.mb-2 > :last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:40px;}}.v-sep > *:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.hide-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet-and-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.hide-tablet-and-desktop{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.hide-desktop{display:none !important;}}.row.px10{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}.row.px10 > .col{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}.row.px20{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}.row.px20 > .col{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.row{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;}.row:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-20px;}.col{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.col{margin-bottom:40px;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-40px;}}.row .col{float:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.row .col.pull-right{float:right;}.row .col.s1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.s2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.s3{width:25%;}.row .col.s4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.s5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.s6{width:50%;}.row .col.s7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.s8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.s9{width:75%;}.row .col.s10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.s11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.s12{width:100%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.row .col.m1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.m2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.m3{width:25%;}.row .col.m4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.m5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.m6{width:50%;}.row .col.m7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.m8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.m9{width:75%;}.row .col.m10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.m11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.m12{width:100%;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.row .col.l1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.l2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.l3{width:25%;}.row .col.l4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.l5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.l6{width:50%;}.row .col.l7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.l8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.l9{width:75%;}.row .col.l10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.l11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.l12{width:100%;}}.widget{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#FF4C00;}.widget__headline{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0D0D0D;cursor:pointer;}.widget__headline-text{font-family:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:break-word;}.widget__section-text{display:block;}.image,.widget__image{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block;z-index:0;}.widget__play{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;text-align:center;}.rm-widget-image-holder{position:relative;}.rm-video-holder{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;}.rm-zindex-hidden{display:none;z-index:-1;}.rm-widget-image-holder .widget__play{top:0;left:0;}.image.no-image{background-color:#e4e4e4;}.widget__video{position:relative;}.widget__video .rm-scrop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.widget__video.rm-video-tiktok{max-width:605px;}.widget__video video,.widget__video iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;}.widget__product-vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link{margin:15px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link-btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.widget__product-buy-btn:hover{color:#fff;}.widget__product-price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0.85em;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2,.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2{width:48%;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{width:32%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile),.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:48%;}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:32%;}}.rebellt-item.parallax{background-size:cover;background-attachment:fixed;position:relative;left:calc(-50vw + 50%);width:100vw;min-height:100vh;padding:0 20%;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:inherit;text-align:center;z-index:3;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile{background-position:center;margin-bottom:0;padding:0 15%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:after{content:"";display:block;padding-bottom:100%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:after{padding-bottom:90vh;}.rebellt-item.parallax h3,.rebellt-item.parallax p{color:white;text-shadow:1px 0 #000;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile p{font-size:18px;font-weight:400;}.rebellt-ecommerce h3{font-size:1.8em;margin-bottom:15px;}.rebellt-ecommerce--vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-ecommerce--buy{margin:15px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn:hover{color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:50px;line-height:50px;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.2rem;border-left:none;border-right:none;background-color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{position:relative;height:100%;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px;max-width:1300px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo{float:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-height:50px;max-width:190px;}.rebelbar--fake.skin-simple{position:relative;border-color:#fff;}.rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:3;}.with-fixed-header .rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:fixed;top:0;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{position:relative;cursor:pointer;float:left;text-align:center;font-size:0;width:50px;margin-left:-15px;height:100%;color:#0D0D0D;}.rebelbar.skin-simple i{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;padding:0 100px 0 40px;overflow:hidden;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list{margin:0 -15px;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links li{display:inline-block;padding:0 15px;text-align:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link{color:#0D0D0D;display:block;font-size:1.8rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list.js--active .rebelbar__more-sections-button{visibility:visible;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__more-sections-button{cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections{visibility:hidden;position:fixed;line-height:70px;left:0;width:100%;background-color:#1f1f1f;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections a{color:white;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections.opened{visibility:visible;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{margin-right:15px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:100px;line-height:100px;font-weight:700;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-width:350px;max-height:100px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{padding:0 40px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{float:left;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:40px;}}@media (min-width:960px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .search-form{display:none;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;}}.menu-global{display:none;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:3;color:white;background-color:#1a1a1a;height:100%;font-size:1.8rem;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;line-height:1.6em;}@media (min-width:768px){.menu-global{display:block;max-width:320px;top:0;-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0);}.menu-global,.all-content-wrapper{transition:transform .2s cubic-bezier(.2,.3,.25,.9);}}.menu-overlay{position:fixed;top:-100%;left:0;height:0;width:100%;cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity 200ms;}.menu-opened .menu-overlay{visibility:visible;height:100%;z-index:1;opacity:1;top:0;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.menu-opened .menu-overlay{z-index:10;background:rgba(255,255,255,.6);}}@media (min-width:960px){.logged-out-user .rebelbar.skin-simple .menu-overlay{display:none;}}@media (min-width:600px){.rm-resized-container-5{width:5%;}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%;}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%;}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%;}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%;}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%;}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%;}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%;}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%;}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%;}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%;}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%;}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%;}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%;}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%;}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%;}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%;}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%;}.rm-resized-container-95{width:95%;}.rm-resized-container-100{width:100%;}}.rm-embed-container{position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-instagram{max-width:540px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok{max-width:572px;min-height:721px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{all:revert;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > iframe,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{width:100%;min-height:721px;display:block;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:300px;border-radius:8px;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed,.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-holder{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;}.rm-embed-holder{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-spacer{display:block;}.rm-embed-twitter{max-width:550px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{position:relative;height:100%;width:100%;flex-direction:column;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-twitter:not(.rm-off) .twitter-tweet{margin:0 !important;}.logo__image,.image-element__img,.rm-lazyloadable-image{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.logo__image,.image-element__img{width:auto;}@media (max-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-mobile{display:none;}}.sharebar{margin:0 -4px;padding:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.sharebar a{color:#fff;}.sharebar a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{display:inline-block;margin:0 4px;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;padding:0 10px;width:20px;min-width:20px;height:40px;line-height:38px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:2px;}.sharebar .share-plus i,.sharebar .share i{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar .hide-button{display:none;}.sharebar.enable-panel .hide-button{display:inline-block;}.sharebar.enable-panel .share-plus{display:none;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:68px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share';padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar--fixed{display:none;position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:1;text-align:center;width:100%;left:0;margin:20px auto;}.with-floating-shares .sharebar--fixed{display:block;}.sharebar.fly_shared:not(.enable-panel) .share:nth-child(5){display:none;}.share-media-panel .share-media-panel-pinit{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:transparent;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-image:url('/static/img/whitelabel/runner/spritesheets/pin-it-sprite.png');background-color:#BD081C;background-position:-1px -17px;border-radius:4px;float:right;height:34px;margin:7px;width:60px;background-size:194px auto;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share:hover{opacity:.9;}@media (min-width:768px){.sharebar .share-plus .fa,.sharebar .share .fa{font-size:22px;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{padding:0 15px;width:30px;min-width:30px;height:60px;line-height:60px;margin:0 4px;font-size:16px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:180px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share this story';padding-left:10px;vertical-align:middle;text-transform:uppercase;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-position:-60px -23px;height:45px;margin:10px;width:80px;}}.action-btn{display:block;font-size:1.6rem;color:#FF4C00;cursor:pointer;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:2px;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.action-btn:hover{color:#FF4C00;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;}.section-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;}.section-headline__text{color:#0D0D0D;}@media (min-width:768px){.section-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}.content__main .section-headline__text{margin-top:-.3rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}}.module-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;color:#262626;}@media (min-width:768px){.module-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}}.search-form{position:absolute;top:0;right:20px;z-index:1;}.search-form__text-input{display:none;height:42px;font-size:1.3rem;background-color:#f4f4f4;border:none;color:#8f8f8f;text-indent:10px;padding:0;width:220px;position:absolute;right:-10px;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;}.search-form .search-form__submit{display:none;position:relative;border:none;bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;}.search-form__text-input:focus,.search-form__submit:focus{border:0 none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;outline:0 none;}.show-search .search-form__close{position:absolute;display:block;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1rem;right:-28px;}.search-form__open{vertical-align:middle;bottom:2px;display:inline-block;position:relative;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.show-search .search-form__text-input{display:block;}.show-search .search-form__submit{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.search-form__close,.show-search .search-form__open{display:none;}.quick-search{display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;padding:24px 0 28px;margin-bottom:20px;position:relative;}.quick-search__submit{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;zoom:.75;color:#000;}.quick-search__input{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:3em;padding-left:40px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width:768px){.search-form{right:40px;}.quick-search{margin-bottom:40px;padding:0 0 20px;}.quick-search__submit{zoom:1;}.quick-search__input{line-height:2.2em;padding-left:60px;}}.search-widget{position:relative;}.search-widget__input,.search-widget__submit{border:none;padding:0;margin:0;color:#0D0D0D;background:transparent;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;}.social-links__link{display:inline-block;padding:12px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 6px;font-size:1.5em;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.social-links__link:hover{color:white;}.social-links__link > span{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.article__body{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:2px solid #eee;}.article-content blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.article__splash-custom{position:relative;}.body hr{display:none;}.article-content .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.giphy-image{margin-bottom:0;}.article-body a{word-wrap:break-word;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.article-content .image-media,.article-content .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.tags{color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -5px;}.tags__item{margin:5px;display:inline-block;}.tags .tags__item{line-height:1;}.slideshow .carousel-control{overflow:hidden;}.shortcode-media .media-caption,.shortcode-media .media-photo-credit{display:block;}@media (min-width:768px){.tags{margin:0 -10px;}.tags__item{margin:10px;}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;margin-bottom:20px;padding-bottom:40px;}}.subscription-widget{background:#FF4C00;padding:30px;}.subscription-widget .module-headline__text{text-align:center;font-size:2rem;font-weight:400;color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;text-align:center;font-size:0;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:39px;height:39px;color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:50%;font-size:20px;margin:0 5px;line-height:35px;background:transparent;border:2px solid #fff;border-color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link:hover{color:#FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;background:transparent;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link .fa-instagram{margin:5px 0 0 1px;}.subscription-widget__site-links{margin:30px -5px;text-align:center;font-size:.8em;}.subscription-widget__site-link{padding:0 5px;color:inherit;}.newsletter-element__form{text-align:center;position:relative;max-width:500px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.newsletter-element__submit,.newsletter-element__input{border:0;padding:10px;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:500;height:40px;line-height:20px;margin:0;}.newsletter-element__submit{background:#262626;color:#fff;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.newsletter-element__submit:hover{opacity:.9;}.newsletter-element__input{background:#f4f4f4;width:100%;color:#8f8f8f;padding-right:96px;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-wrapper{position:relative;left:0;right:0;padding:.5em;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-controls{text-align:right;}.runner-authors-list{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none;}.runner-authors-author-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;align-content:stretch;}.runner-authors-avatar-thumb{display:inline-block;border-radius:100%;width:55px;height:55px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;}.runner-authors-author-info{width:calc(100% - 55px);}.runner-author-name-container{padding:0 6px;}.rm-breadcrumb__list{margin:0;padding:0;}.rm-breadcrumb__item{list-style-type:none;display:inline;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__separator{display:none;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__link,.rm-breadcrumb__link.disabled{pointer-events:none;color:inherit;}.social-tab-i .share-fb:after,.social-tab-i .share-tw:after{content:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i a{margin-right:0;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i li{line-height:1px;float:left;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;}.share-tab-img{max-width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;margin:0;padding:0;z-index:1;list-style-type:none;}.close-share-mobile,.show-share-mobile{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .close-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:30px;height:30px;line-height:27px;padding:0;text-align:center;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .close-share-mobile{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .icons-share{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;color:white;}.social-tab-i .icons-share.fb:before{content:'\f09a';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tw:before{content:'\f099';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.pt:before{content:'\f231';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tl:before{content:'\f173';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.em:before{content:'\f0e0';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-close:before{content:'\f00d';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-share:before{content:'\f1e0';}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .share{display:block;}.social-tab-i li{float:left;}}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.social-tab-i .close-share-mobile,.social-tab-i .show-share-mobile{display:none !important;}.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:none;}.share-tab-img:hover .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:51px;height:51px;line-height:47px;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{margin:5px 0 0 5px;top:0;left:0;bottom:auto;right:auto;display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:block;}}.accesibility-hidden{border:0;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;background:#000;color:#fff;}body:not(.rm-non-critical-loaded) .follow-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper:after{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:-20px;}.posts-custom .widget{margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;}.posts-custom .widget__headline,.posts-custom .social-date{display:block;}.posts-custom .social-date{color:#a4a2a0;font-size:1.4rem;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline] .widget{vertical-align:top;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline="top"] .widget{vertical-align:bottom;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.posts-custom .widget{display:inline-block;}.posts-custom article{margin:0;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] article{margin:0 10px;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .posts-wrapper{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}@media (min-width:768px){.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .widget{width:50%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .widget{width:33.3333%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .widget{width:25%;}}.posts-custom .widget__headline{font-size:1em;font-weight:700;word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.4);background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5));}.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__headline,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__subheadline{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{float:left;border-radius:50%;margin-right:8px;height:30px;width:30px;min-width:30px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{color:#1f1f1f;font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.66;display:inline;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name{color:#757575;display:block;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:0.8em;}.posts-custom .main-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .main-author__social-name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .widget{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel][data-attr-layout_columns="1"] .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized) .widget:not(:first-child),.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel]:not([data-attr-layout_columns="1"]) .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized){display:none !important;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:7%;max-width:60px;min-width:45px;min-height:60px;height:15%;color:white;border:0;margin:auto 10px;background:#FF4C00;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;opacity:0.9;}.posts-custom .slick-prev{left:0;}.posts-custom .slick-next{right:0;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;width:13px;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;height:16px;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:hover{background:#FF4C00;opacity:1;}.posts-custom .slick-dots{display:block;padding:10px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;margin:0 -5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots li{display:inline-block;margin:0 5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots button{font-size:0;width:10px;height:10px;display:inline-block;line-height:0;border:0;background:#FF4C00;border-radius:7px;padding:0;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;outline:none;}.posts-custom .slick-dots .slick-active button,.posts-custom .slick-dots button:hover{background:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom hr{display:none;}.posts-custom{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.posts-custom .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.posts-custom a{word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.posts-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){width:1px;height:1px;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper.rm-loading{width:1px;}.rm-loadmore-placeholder.rm-loading{display:block;width:100%;}.post-splash-custom,.post-splash-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.4);background:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-o-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-moz-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));}.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .post-controls{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:2;}.post-splash-custom hr{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .post-date{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .photo-credit a{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.post-splash-custom .widget__image .headline,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit a,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .post-date{color:#fff;}@media (min-width:768px){.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:3.6rem;}}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.post-splash-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.post-authors{font-size:1.1em;line-height:1;padding-bottom:20px;margin-bottom:20px;color:#9a9a9a;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;}.post-authors__name,.post-authors__date{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-authors__name{font-weight:600;}.post-authors__date{margin-left:7px;}.post-authors__fb-like{float:right;overflow:hidden;}.post-authors__fb-like[fb-xfbml-state='rendered']:before{content:'Like us on Facebook';line-height:20px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:15px;}.post-authors__list{list-style:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0;padding:0;}.post-author{display:inline;}.post-author__avatar{z-index:0;border-radius:100%;object-fit:cover;width:50px;height:50px;}.post-author__avatar,.post-author__name{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-author__bio p{margin:0;}.post-pager{display:table;width:100%;}.post-pager__spacing{display:table-cell;padding:0;width:5px;}.post-pager__btn{display:table-cell;font-size:1.6rem;background:#FF4C00;color:white;cursor:pointer;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.post-pager__btn:hover{background:#FF4C00;color:white;}.post-pager__btn .fa{transition:padding 200ms;}.post-pager__btn:hover .fa{padding:0 5px;}.post-pager__spacing:first-child,.post-pager__spacing:last-child{display:none;}.arrow-link{font-weight:600;font-size:1.5rem;color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -.5rem;text-align:right;position:relative;}.arrow-link__anchor span{vertical-align:middle;margin:0 .5rem;}.list{display:block;margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;padding:0;}.list__item{display:inline-block;padding:1em;}.logo__anchor{display:block;font-size:0;}.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:190px;max-height:100px;}@media (min-width:768px){.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:350px;}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;}.crop-16x9{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.crop-3x2{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.crop-2x1{padding-bottom:50%;}.crop-1x2{padding-bottom:200%;}.crop-3x1{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.crop-1x1{padding-bottom:100%;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-16x9 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-2x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-2x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-custom > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-custom > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer){position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:contain;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-custom > .rm-crop-spacer{display:block;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:50%;}.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:200%;}.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:100%;}.share-plus{background-color:#afafaf;}.share-plus:hover{background-color:#aaaaaa;}.share-facebook,.share-fb{background-color:#1777f2;}.share-facebook:hover,.share-fb:hover{background-color:#318bff;}.share-twitter,.share-tw{background-color:#50abf1;}.share-twitter:hover,.share-tw:hover{background-color:#00a8e5;}.share-apple{background-color:#000000;}.share-apple:hover{background-color:#333333;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background:#006da8;}.share-pinterest{background-color:#ce1e1f;}.share-pinterest:hover{background:#bb2020;}.share-googleplus{background-color:#df4a32;}.share-googleplus:hover{background-color:#c73c26;}.share-reddit{background-color:#ff4300;}.share-email{background-color:#5e7286;}.share-email:hover{background:#48596b;}.share-tumblr{background-color:#2c4762;}.share-tumblr:hover{background-color:#243c53;}.share-sms{background-color:#ff922b;}.share-sms:hover{background-color:#fd7e14;}.share-whatsapp{background-color:#4dc247;}.share-instagram{background-color:#3f729b;}.share-instagram:hover{background-color:#4B88B9;}.share-youtube{background-color:#cd201f;}.share-youtube:hover{background-color:#EA2524;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background-color:#005d8e;}.share-slack{background-color:#36C5F0;}.share-slack:hover{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-openid{background-color:#F7931E;}.share-openid:hover{background-color:#E6881C;}.share-st{background-color:#eb4924;}.share-copy-link{background-color:#159397;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{margin:0 -0.5%;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;min-height:115px;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:19%;margin:0.5%;display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;}.listicle-slideshow-pager{display:none;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:contents;}.rm-top-sticky-flexible{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck{position:relative;}.rm-top-sticky-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,-200px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck.rm-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.osano-cm-dialog{background-color:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;padding:44px 20px 24px 20px;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.osano-cm-info,.osano-cm-info-views{background:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;box-shadow:unset}.osano-cm-header,.osano-cm-info-dialog-header{background:#1A1A1A;font-size:20px;color:#fff}.osano-cm-link{color:#f2f2f2}.osano-cm-close{color:#efefef;stroke:#efefef}.osano-cm-close:hover,.osano-cm-close:focus{background-color:#1a1a1a;border-color:#1a1a1a;color:#fff;stroke:#fff;outline:none}.osano-cm-link:focus{color:unset}.osano-cm-buttons button.osano-cm-manage{border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.4;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white;border:none;margin-top:12px}.osano-cm-buttons button:hover,.osano-cm-buttons button:active{background-color:#A32700;color:#ffffff}.osano-cm-close{stroke-width:1px;border-radius:50%;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;box-sizing:initial;cursor:pointer;height:20px;line-height:normal;margin:16px;min-height:20px;min-width:20px;order:0;outline:none;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-decoration:none;transition-timing-function:ease-out;width:20px;z-index:2}.osano-cm-link{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.2s;transition-property:color;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.osano-cm-link:hover,.osano-cm-link:active{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:#FF4C00}.osano-cm-close:focus,.osano-cm-close:hover{stroke-width:2px;transform:unset}.osano-cm-link:focus{font-weight:normal}.osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#b8b8b8}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00;opacity:0.5}.osano-cm-button{background-color:#ff4b00;border:1px solid #ff4b00;color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:normal;margin-right:8px}.osano-cm-button:hover{background-color:#A32700;border:1px solid #A32700}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle{color:#f2f2f2;cursor:pointer}.osano-cm-drawer-toggle .osano-cm-label{font-size:18px;line-height:1.375em;margin:0 auto 0 0;font-weight:normal;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:focus{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:active,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:active{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure--collapse{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a;padding-bottom:1em}.osano-cm-widget{display:none}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover{text-decoration:none}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.osano-cm-dialog{padding:32px 32px 32px 32px}.osano-cm-dialog--type_bar .osano-cm-button{flex:0.3 0.5 70%;margin:0.25em 0.5em;width:auto}}.osano-cm-save{width:40%;float:right;margin:0 16px 24px 0}.osano-cm-powered-by{clear:both;margin-bottom:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial{margin-bottom:0;height:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial .rbl-ad:before,[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:none!important}@media (max-width:727px){.top-leader-container.top-leader-container{min-height:147px}.rbl-ad{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.rblad-ieee_in_content .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_in_content_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.after_main_article_content{min-height:370px;min-width:350px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:400px;box-sizing:border-box}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:180px;min-width:350px}}@media (min-width:1440px){.after_main_article_content,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.feature_post_full + div,.article_column .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;min-width:790px}.after_main_article_content{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{min-height:125px}.rblad-ieee_in_content{min-height:384px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:344px}.article_column .rbl-ad{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:280px;min-width:970px}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:120px}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{min-width:970px}}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{margin-top:0}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{height:180px;padding:0!important;margin-top:-10px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{justify-content:flex-start}.rbl-ad{width:100%}.sidebar_repeat_ad .rbl-ad-gpt>div{text-align:left!important}.rblad-ieee_in_content{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center;clear:both}.ad-in-content.ad-in-content{border:0}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline-Bold';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}.homepage-logo{display:inline;font-size:1.6rem}.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{display:none}.headline__h1{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:42px;line-height:44px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;padding:16px 16px 0px 16px;margin:0}body>#myframe{position:absolute}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text{text-transform:capitalize}@media (min-width:1568px){.main{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}}[id^="google_ads_"]{margin:0 auto!important}[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:"Advertisement";text-transform:uppercase;display:block;font-size:10px;color:#595959;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding-bottom:0px;letter-spacing:1px}.stick_in_parent{top:40px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad{align-items:flex-start!important}.ad-in-content{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center}.content{width:auto;max-width:none}.search__close{float:right;position:relative;right:30px;padding-top:3px}.search__close:before,.search__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:25px;border-left:2px solid}.search__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.search__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.search-form{position:relative;right:0;margin-left:20px}.search-form__open{font-size:16px;line-height:53px;height:53px;width:53px;text-align:center;bottom:0}.search-form .search-form__submit{position:absolute;display:block;margin-left:3px;top:0;height:32px;z-index:1}.show-search .search-form__submit{color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;padding:17px;top:0;display:initial}.topbar_sticky{margin:0}.topbar_sticky .sticky-target.sticky-active{z-index:2;width:100%;top:0}@media (max-width:767px){.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:53px}.menu-opened .rebelbar__menu-toggle .fa-bars:before{content:"\f00d"}.cta-member__right-column{margin-top:18px;margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 30px;margin:0 auto}.scrolled .rebelbar .container{padding:15px 30px 10px!important}.welcome-ad-cont{margin-bottom:32px}}#sidebar_1 div{padding:16px}.arrow-link,.custom-field-PodcastTime{display:none}.menu-global{display:none!important}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){margin:0}.main,.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#ecece9;overflow:inherit}body:not(.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future){background:#ecece9}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1){background:#ff4c00;border:1px solid #ff4c00}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){border:1px solid #595959!important;margin-left:15px}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1):hover{background:#a32700}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2):hover{border:1px solid #bfbfbf!important}.articles-count{margin:0}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;padding-right:9px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.5px;line-height:16px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.article_post.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{color:#404040}.posts-custom .time-to-read,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:7px}.story_teaser .widget .row .col{margin:0}.story_teaser .widget{padding-bottom:20px}.story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0;padding:16px 6px}.story_teaser.not_infinite .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin-bottom:0px}.dark_layout .story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:text-decoration-color}.featured_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-underline-offset:5px}.widget .widget__subheadline-text{font-weight:normal}.widget .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit}.current_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.current_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.feature_post_full .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid;color:#f2f2f2}.icon-close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.icon-close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.footer{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_top_bar,.footer{background-color:#0d0d0d}.rebelbar-wrapper_static,.rebelbar-wrapper{background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2){color:#0d0d0d}.rebel-use-info-wrapper button{width:24px;height:24px;border-radius:40px;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-size:105%}.rebel-user-info{display:inline-block}.menu-item__title{font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:18px;margin-right:16px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:32px}.menu-item__title:before,.topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;margin-right:16px}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:before,.dark_layout .topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{border-left:1px solid #404040}.menu-item__title:after{content:"";margin-left:8px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}.menu-item:hover .menu-item__title:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.menu-item{cursor:pointer}.menu-dropdown:before{content:"TOPICS";color:#737373;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-top:19px;display:block}.menu-dropdown{padding:0 16px;background:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;z-index:2;box-shadow:0 5px 5px #00000017;min-width:231px;transition:all 0.2s ease-out;max-height:0;overflow:hidden}.menu-dropdown .list{padding-bottom:10px}.menu-dropdown .list__item{color:#0d0d0d}.menu-dropdown .list__item:before{content:"";background:#ff4c00;vertical-align:baseline;width:0;height:0;border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;transition:all 200ms ease}.menu-dropdown .list__item.active:before,.menu-dropdown .list__item:hover:before{transition:all 200ms ease;width:13px;height:13px;margin-right:5px}.menu-item:hover .menu-dropdown{max-height:471px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{border:none!important;padding:9px 0;position:relative;float:right}.notification-counter{background:#fa8;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding:0px 8px;border-radius:40px;font-size:12px;padding-top:3px;float:left;margin-top:3px;height:16px;line-height:16px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:none;right:32px;top:40px;width:224px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 16px 12px;z-index:100;background:#fff;position:absolute;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px;text-transform:capitalize}.user-menu-container:hover .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:block}.user-info__dropdown{padding:0;margin:0;display:none}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li,.member-link{padding-bottom:12px;list-style:none}.member-link{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li a,.member-link{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .member-link{color:#d9d9d9}.user-info__dropdown .title strong{font-weight:400}.user-info__dropdown .title a:first-child{cursor:text}.river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;padding-bottom:16px;padding-top:2px}.river-notification .content-wrp .date,.river-notification .aside{display:none}.river-notification .content-wrp{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-0.014285714285714287em;line-height:18px}.is_unread .title:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ffaa88;padding-right:8px;font-size:11px;vertical-align:text-top}.river-notification .content-wrp a{font-weight:bold}.user-info__dropdown .profile_link:hover:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;padding-right:5px;float:left}#user_avatar{border-radius:50%;max-width:24px}#user_name{display:inline-block;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:initial;font-size:14px;color:#bfbfbf;padding:0 10px;margin-top:6px;vertical-align:middle}@media (max-width:767px){#user_name{margin-top:0}}.toggle-user-dropdown:after{content:"";box-sizing:border-box;height:8px;width:8px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;transform:scaleX(-1) rotate(-135deg);margin-top:-4px;margin-left:9px;vertical-align:super;display:inline-block}.user-menu-container{display:inline-block;padding:2px 0px;vertical-align:middle}.toggle-user-dropdown{position:relative;top:6px}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{text-align:right;font-size:9px;line-height:16px;cursor:pointer;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;margin-top:12px;padding:18px 0 21px;text-transform:lowercase;position:relative}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read:before{content:"NOTIFICATIONS";float:left;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.0625em;color:#737373;cursor:initial;position:absolute;left:0;top:18px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter{float:right;position:relative;top:26px;cursor:text;z-index:1}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter:not(.hidden) + .user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{padding-top:35px;padding-bottom:7px}.user-info__dropdown .title{margin:0}.user-menu-container:hover .toggle-user-dropdown:after{margin-top:0;transform:scaleX(1) rotate(45deg);position:relative;top:4px}.user-menu-container:hover>.rebel-use-info-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .mobile_search_icon path{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout #mobile_search_icon svg g g,.dark_layout #search_modal svg g g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search__close:before,.dark_layout .search__close:after{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{background:#404040}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper a,.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #595959}.rebelbar__menu-toggle{min-width:32px;line-height:32px;white-space:nowrap}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg{margin-top:-4px}.dark_layout .site_logo svg g{fill:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .site_logo .text-element{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper_static{background:#1a1a1a;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .dark_top_bar{background-color:#262626;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .menu-dropdown{background:#404040}.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2),.dark_layout .list__item{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .fa-search:before,.dark_layout .module-headline__text,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper .text-element{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .menu-item__title{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input{background:#404040;color:#f2f2f2}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #404040;padding:0px 7.5px}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:first-child{padding-left:0px;padding-right:15.5px}.js-hidden-panel.active + .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:0px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:135px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column .container_head_sticky{top:115px!important}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{padding-right:15px;vertical-align:sub}#search_modal{position:absolute;top:106px;left:0;width:100%;z-index:999;background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box}#search_modal.on-search-page{position:static;margin-bottom:0}.dark_layout #search_modal{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;background:#1a1a1a}#search_mobile{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;height:30px;width:72%;border-radius:5px;border:0;padding:0 10px}.dark_layout #search_mobile{background:#404040}#search_form button{background:transparent;border:0;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.search-form__text-input{position:initial;background:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;height:32px;width:130px;border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:2px 20px 0 30px;box-sizing:border-box}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .search-form__text-input{position:static}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#999999!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline .widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#0d0d0d!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#595959!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .fullwidth_post .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .menu-opened .huge-menu{display:block}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__head{width:32.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{width:66.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:first-child{width:34.7%!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:last-child{width:63.3%!important}}.search-form__text-input:active,.search-form__text-input:focus{border:1px solid #ff4c00;color:#0d0d0d;caret-color:#0a7aff}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus{background:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active + .search-form__submit svg g,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus + .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#0d0d0d}.search-form__text-input::placeholder,.search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#bfbfbf}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row{overflow:inherit;margin:0!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:24px 32px 24px 22px}.featured_columns .row .home_column,.featured_columns .row .sticky_column,.featured_columns .row .scroll_column,.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding:0!important}.featured_columns .row .section_column{padding:0px 0px 20px!important}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{width:calc(100% - 75%);top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{float:right}.featured_columns .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.scroll_column .row .col{margin-bottom:20px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:26px}.scroll_column .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget_column.col.l3{width:25%}.article_column.col.l9,.section_column.col.l9{width:75%}}.like-button{display:inline-block;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;line-height:normal;font-size:18px;vertical-align:middle}.like-label{display:none}.like-btn.like,.like-btn.unlike{color:#a6a6a6;border-left:1px solid;padding-left:4px;font-size:14px}.fa-heart:before,.fa-heart-o:before{visibility:hidden}.like-btn.like .heart{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:bottom;cursor:pointer;background-position:center 0.23em}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center 0.23em}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-position:center 0.25em}.all-related-sections{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.all-related-sections a{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{display:inline;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px;margin-right:7px;border:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0.0625em;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;margin-bottom:10px;transition-duration:200ms;transition-property:all}.all-related-sections a[href$="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href$="/type/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:not([href$="/topic/"]) ~ [href*="/topic/"]{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040;order:1}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#404040}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf;order:1}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#bfbfbf}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{order:2}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .time-to-read,.FillDark .like-btn.like,.FillDark .like-btn.unlike,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.like,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #ff4c00;color:white}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]{color:#005690}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]:hover{border:1px solid #005690;background-color:#005690;color:white!important;box-shadow:0 -4px 0 #005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#005690}@media (min-width:1024px){.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{margin-bottom:10px}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:100% auto;margin-left:4px;margin-right:5px;height:1em;width:8px;width:0.25em;margin-top:-0.1em}.fullwidth_post{margin-bottom:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row{margin:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row .col{padding:0;margin-bottom:10px}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:50%;position:absolute;bottom:0;padding:32px;margin:32px 32px 20px 32px;height:fit-content;z-index:1}.fullwidth_post.TopLeft .widget__body{top:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.TopRight .widget__body{top:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomLeft .widget__body{bottom:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomRight .widget__body{bottom:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post .widget__head .widget__body{max-width:100%;margin:0;height:auto;background:transparent!important;border:0!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{border:1px solid rgba(242,242,242,0.4)}.fullwidth_post .widget:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:25%;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post .social-date,.fullwidth_post .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#bfbfbf;border:solid rgba(191,191,191,0.4);border-width:0 0 1px 1px}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border-color:#f2f2f2;background:transparent;box-shadow:none}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent{border-color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .social-date,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{border-left:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4)}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__body{background:#1a1a1a;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#a6a6a6}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#8c8c8c}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__body{background:#ecece9;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.Transparent .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.DarkBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post.DarkTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}@media (max-width:1023px){.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:20%;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark){padding-bottom:20%;background:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom,.fullwidth_post.LightTop,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft,.fullwidth_post.LightRight{background:#ecece9}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:100%}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__body{padding:16px;margin:16px;top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0}.fullwidth_post:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget .widget__body{bottom:-20vw}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:""}.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:24px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:32px}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.0046875em;line-height:32px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:48px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:48px}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-1.25px}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container>img.rm-shortcode,.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img,.rebellt-item-media-container .product-image-container>img{width:auto}}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.featured_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.article_post .widget__headline,.story_teaser .widget__headline{display:contents}.featured_post .widget__headline:before,.article_post .widget__headline:before,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline:before,.story_teaser .widget__headline:before{content:"";display:block;margin:8px}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{content:"";display:block;margin:5px}.individual_podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin-bottom:16px}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline a{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline,.featured_post .widget__subheadline,.article_post .widget__subheadline,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{color:#595959;display:contents}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline:before{color:#bdbdbd}.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:26px}.story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}@media (min-width:768px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;line-height:32px}}@media (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:28px;line-height:28px}}@media (min-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:-0.004722222222222222em}}.fullwidth_post.BorderDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.post-custom .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#e6e6e6}a[rel="orange_button"],.mktoForm.mktoHasWidth.mktoLayoutLeft .mktoButtonRow .mktoButtonWrap.mktoSkip .mktoButton{border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;color:#f2f2f2!important;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="orange_button"]:hover,.mktoButton:hover{color:white!important;background:#a32700;text-decoration:none}a[rel="gray_button"]{border-radius:4px;background-color:#404040;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="gray_button"]:hover{background:#595959}.widget__show-more{text-align:center;padding-bottom:45px}.show-less,.show-more{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:all}.show-less,.show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.show-less{display:none}.dark_layout .widget__headline{color:#e6e6e6}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline{color:#999999}.dark_layout .article_post .social-author:before,.dark_layout .article_post .social-author__name,.dark_layout .article_post .social-date__text{color:#a6a6a6}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-date{color:#a6a6a6;padding-left:0;padding-right:8px}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-author + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastEpisode + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime + .social-date{padding-left:8px}.dark_layout .like-btn.like,.dark_layout .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:before{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget__headline:hover a{color:inherit}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode,.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#a6a6a6;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-right:7px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{padding:0 10px;border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode:before{content:"Episode "}.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future{background:#1a1a1a}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:500}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-weight:300}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__head img,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__head img,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head img{visibility:hidden}@media (max-width:992px){.top_menu_links .list .list__item:not(:nth-child(1)){display:none}}@media (max-width:767px){.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head,.section-podcast .posts-custom .widget__head,.section-podcasts .posts-custom .widget__head{width:20%;float:right;padding:0 0 0 8px}.topbar .search-form,.topbar .main-menu-el{display:none}.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:100px}.section_column{margin-bottom:20px!important}.widget.tag-type-podcast{padding-bottom:46px!important}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{margin:0px}.tag-type-podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin:7px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-0.03125em}.scroll_column .posts-custom .widget__headline{line-height:21px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:21px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget .widget__image,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget .widget__image{border-radius:5px}.scroll_column .all-related-sections{display:none!important}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:0}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd}.section_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:16px 10px 16px 22px;margin:0}.section_column .story_teaser .all-related-sections{padding-top:8px}.page_headline_container .module-headline{padding:0px 0px 10px 32px}}@media (min-width:768px){#welcome_ad{min-width:640px;min-height:480px}.menu-opened .all-content-wrapper{-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0)}.menu-global{right:0;-webkit-transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate3d(320px,0,0)}.search-form{padding:0 16px 0;margin:0}.user-menu-container{margin-right:16px}.featured_columns .story_teaser .widget .row .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 10px}.footer .list a:last-child{padding-left:7.5px}.search-form__text-input{width:200px}}@media (min-width:1568px){.main,.rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_top_bar{max-width:1568px;margin:auto}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{max-width:392px}}.ftr-copy:first-letter {font-size:1.3em;margin:0 0 0 2px}.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:14px 16px 2px 16px;transition:all 300ms}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;z-index:1}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel.active + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0)}.topbar__sticky-headline,.topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar__sticky-headline{max-width:calc(100% - 214px);box-sizing:border-box}.topbar__sticky-headline .text-element{width:100%;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;height:100%}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{font-family:"Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif}@media (min-width:768px){.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:20px 32px 5px}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding-top:13px}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{max-width:1568px;margin:0 auto}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline + .topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}.topbar__static-headline{font:normal 12px/0.8 "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;font:bold 24px/24px "Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif;height:26px;position:relative;top:3px}_::-webkit-full-page-media,_:future,:root .topbar__sticky-headline--post{top:5px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section{font:normal 24px/1 "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;position:relative;top:4px;margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-3px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.search-form__text-input{width:282px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-4px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1366px){.topbar__static-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}}.hide-text.hide-text{font-size:0!important}[data-source-type="multi"] .freeze,[data-attr-source="filtered"] .freeze{display:none!important}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full.current_post .posts-custom .social-author__name{display:inline-flex}}.intro-text:first-letter {color:inherit;padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.intro-text{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.pull-quote em,.ieee-pullquote em,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth em,.ieee-pullquote-left em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important}.body-description .pull-quote a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description small.image-media.media-caption a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description small.image-media.media-photo-credit a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description h2 a,.body-description h3 a,.body-description h4 a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description h2 em,.body-description h3 em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description h4 em,.body-description h5 em{font-family:"Favorit-Mono"}p.shortcode-media.shortcode-media-youtube .rm-shortcode{margin-bottom:8px}p.shortcode-media.shortcode-media-youtube{line-height:18px}figure.xlrg{line-height:18px}.body-description strong em,.body-description em strong{font-family:IvarText}.pull-quote strong,.ieee-pullquote strong,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth strong,.ieee-pullquote-left strong,.pull-quote b,.ieee-pullquote b,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth b,.ieee-pullquote-left b{display:block;line-height:16px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;padding-top:16px}@media (min-width:1586px){.rebellt-item.parallax p{width:80%;margin:0 auto}}.ieee-sidebar-small .rblad-ieee_in_content,.ieee-sidebar-medium .rblad-ieee_in_content,.ieee-sidebar-large .rblad-ieee_in_content{display:none}a.shortcode-media-lightbox__toggle.shortcode-media-controls__button.material-icons{display:none}small.image-media.media-caption em{font-family:inherit}.widget__body .photo-credit a{color:unset}.read_also_posts .rm-col-right.col{padding:0 0 0 16px}u{text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-position:from-font;color:inherit}@media (max-width:767px){u{text-underline-offset:0px}}.widget__body>.body,.widget__body.clearfix.sm-mt-1 .js-scroll-trigger,.widget__body.clearfix.sm-mt-1 #utm_campaign{margin-top:0}.social-author{font-size:0;margin-top:15px}.posts-custom .social-author:before{margin-right:5px}.tags .tags__item.tags__item,.dark_layout .tags .tags__item.tags__item{margin:0 5px 12px 0}.tags{font-size:0}.tag-type-webinar .photo-credit,.tag-type-webinar .photo-caption,.tag-type-whitepaper .photo-credit,.tag-type-whitepaper .photo-caption{display:none}.ad-in-content [id^="google_ads_"]{padding-bottom:12px}.dark_layout .ad-in-content{border-top:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full .row.px10,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .row.px10{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.feature_post_full .row.px10>.col,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .row.px10>.col{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.custom-field-pdf-version{border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;font-size:0;padding:16px 20px 16px;margin:0px -13px 0}.custom-field-pdf-version:before{content:"PDF VERSION";font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:24px;color:#404040;text-align:left}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before,.pdf-button:before{content:"Download PDF \2193";font-size:initial;color:#f2f2f2;font:400 12px/32px "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;height:32px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;padding:0 16px;line-height:34px}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"],.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]{font-size:0;text-decoration:none}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{border:0;float:right;margin:0 32px 0 0;padding:0}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version:before{content:none}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid;border-color:white;color:white}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before{border-color:#0d0d0d;color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:375px) and (max-width:1120px){.feature_post_full .social-date-modified + .time-to-read{display:inline-block;width:fit-content;border-left:0;margin-left:24px}}@media (min-width:375px) and (max-width:425px){.social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:8px}.updated_post .posts-custom .time-to-read{border-left:0;padding-left:0}.feature_post_full .social-date-modified + .time-to-read{margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1024px){.feature_post_full .social-date-modified{width:48%}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.custom-field-pdf-version{padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;right:32px;top:2px;border:0}.custom-field-pdf-version:before{position:absolute;left:-100px;top:12px}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{top:unset;margin:0;transform:translateY(32px)}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__body:first-child{position:relative}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{position:relative;text-align:right;margin-top:-47px}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version:before{position:absolute;top:12px;right:159px;left:initial}}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{top:unset;margin:0 16px 0 0;transform:translateY(66px)}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{border-top:0;padding:16px 28px 16px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.posts-custom .social-author{margin-bottom:-2px!important}.custom-field-pdf-version{margin:0 -10px 24px;border:0;padding:0 0 24px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{position:sticky;top:199px;height:0;width:calc(100% - 80%);margin:0;padding-bottom:92px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags{top:292px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags + .body{margin-top:-246px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags:before{padding-top:24px}}.post-partial .widget__headline-text{pointer-events:none}.share-media-panel{display:none}.photo-caption p{margin:0}p.caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image{line-height:0.6em!important}.media-caption,.posts-custom .media-caption,.photo-caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline;line-height:18px;padding-right:5px}.media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{color:#737373;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;margin-top:5px;line-height:18px}.photo-credit,.photo-caption p{display:inline}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption{}}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image img{width:100%}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .image-media p,.posts-custom .body .media-photo-credit p{display:inline}.rm-float-left img{padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:-16px}.rebellt-item p.caption{line-height:20px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image img{display:block;margin-bottom:8px}.articles-count{margin:0}.body-description{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"IvarText","Ivar-Headline",serif;font-size:24px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:44px}.rebellt-item em{font-family:"IvarText","Ivar-Headline",serif}.body-description>p:first-child strong{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-position:from-font;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd}.body-description a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.widget.tag-type-ti .body-description a{text-decoration-color:#005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .body-description a:hover{color:#005690}.body-description em{font-family:"IvarTextItalic"}.body-description h2{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;font-weight:400}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px;font-weight:400}.body-description h4{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:22px;text-transform:uppercase}.body-description h5{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:20px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase}.rebellt-item{line-height:20px}.rebellt-item p,.rebellt-item blockquote{line-height:36px}.feature_post_full .rm-col-center{margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .posts-custom .social-author{margin:0;line-height:14px;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-author:before{content:"By ";font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;display:inline-block}.updated_post .social-date-modified:before{content:"Updated "}.updated_post .social-date:before{content:"Published "}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{display:none}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;padding-right:8px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline}.around-the-web{margin-top:32px}.around-the-web__headline,.from-your-site__headline{font-size:0;line-height:0;padding:16px 0}.from-your-site__headline,.around-the-web__headline{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.around-the-web__headline:before,.from-your-site__headline:before{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.around-the-web__headline:before{content:"Around the web"}.from-your-site__headline:before{content:"More from Spectrum"}.from-your-site__item,.around-the-web__item{padding:16px 0 24px 0!important;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;line-height:normal;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.from-your-site__item:last-child,.around-the-web__item:last-child{border-bottom:none}.from-your-site__item a,.around-the-web__item a{margin:0;text-decoration:none}.around-the-web__link:hover,.from-your-site__link:hover{color:#0d0d0d!important;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00}.from-your-site__link:after,.around-the-web__link:after{content:"";border-right:10px solid #ecece9;margin-left:-10px}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.article-content__comments-wrapper{position:relative}.comment-header{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:13px 0 10px!important}.comment-sort{text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px!important;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px}.comment--sort{text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;background:transparent;border:none;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0 0 0 8px;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none}.comment-headline:before{content:"Reader responses";text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;visibility:visible}.comment-headline{visibility:hidden}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{background:#ecece8;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;padding:6px 8px 4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px}.talk--messages{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.comment--item-avatar img{width:80px;height:80px}.comment--item-date{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.comment-item--publish{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;background:#ecece8;color:#404040;padding:3px 12px 0px}.comment-item--publish:hover,.comment--hide--replies:hover,.comment--show--replies:hover{background:#d9d9d9;color:inherit}.feature_wrapper .topbar{margin-bottom:0!important}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel{margin:0;float:right;padding:0 32px;border:0;display:inline-block;text-align:right}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a{color:white!important}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a i.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.feature_post_full .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.feature_post_full.DarkGray,.feature_post_full.Green,.feature_post_full.LightGreen,.feature_post_full.Yellow,.feature_post_full.Red,.feature_post_full.Purple,.feature_post_full.Pink,.feature_post_full.Blue,.feature_post_full.LightBlue,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2,.feature_post_full.Green .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Red .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Blue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Pink .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Purple .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .time-to-read{color:#ffffff}.feature_post_full .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections{padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;color:white;font-size:92px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-3px;line-height:84px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px;padding:0 32px 248px;border-bottom:1px solid #4096c8;margin-bottom:14px}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:24px 0px 30px 0px;margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:white}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__head{margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child{background:#ecece8;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding-top:8px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;line-height:18px}.feature_post_full .social-author{padding-left:32px}.feature_post_full .social-author:before,.feature_post_full .social-author__name,.feature_post_full .social-date{color:white}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:8px}.feature_post_full .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#4096c8}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#1a1a1a}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkGray .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#404040;border-bottom-color:#404040;color:#bfbfbf}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified{color:#a6a6a6}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#404040}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .time-to-read{border-left:1px solid #404040;color:#a6a6a6}.feature_post_full.Green .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#007d6a}.feature_post_full.Green .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #27c3ae;color:#d2f9f3}.feature_post_full.Green .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Green .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#27c3ae;border-bottom-color:#27c3ae}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#27c3ae;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__headline,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .time-to-read{color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #007d6a;color:#004238}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.LightGreen .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#007d6a;border-bottom-color:#007d6a;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date-modified{border-left-color:#007d6a}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares a{color:#0d0d0d!important}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#ffbc00}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__headline,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date__text,.feature_post_full.Yellow .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date-modified{color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #c38500;color:#704d00}.feature_post_full.Yellow .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Yellow .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#704d00;border-bottom-color:#704d00;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares a{color:#0d0d0d!important}.feature_post_full.Red .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#a32700}.feature_post_full.Red .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #ffaa88;color:#ffded1}.feature_post_full.Red .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Red .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#ffaa88;border-bottom-color:#ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date{border-left:1px solid #ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.Red .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#362ba6}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #8d8cd6;color:#d8d6ff}.feature_post_full.Purple .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Purple .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#8d8cd6;border-bottom-color:#8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#ca3674}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #fa5f9f;color:#ffcce1}.feature_post_full.Pink .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Pink .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#fa5f9f;border-bottom-color:#fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#005690}.feature_post_full.Blue .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Blue .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#4096c8;border-bottom-color:#4096c8}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget__subheadline{color:#d0ebfb;border-bottom:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.Vertical .social-date{border-left:0}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#4096c8}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget__subheadline{color:#d0ebfb;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#101341}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#313662}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #898ba5;color:#dcdde4}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#898ba5;border-bottom-color:#898ba5}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date{border-left:1px solid #898ba5}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background:#595959;border:1px solid #595959;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #595959;color:#bfbfbf}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white}.dark_layout .body-description em{font-family:inherit!important}.dark_layout .photo-caption,.dark_layout .photo-credit{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline-block;padding-right:10px}.dark_layout .media-caption,.dark_layout .posts-custom .media-caption,.dark_layout .photo-caption{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .media-photo-credit,.dark_layout .photo-credit{color:#737373}.dark_layout .photo-credit a{text-decoration:underline;color:inherit}.dark_layout .show-less,.dark_layout .show-more{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .show-less:hover,.dark_layout .show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.dark_layout .body-description{color:#f2f2f2;font-family:"FavoritPro-Regular",sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:40px}.tags:before{content:"tags"}.widget__shares.share-panel:before,.tags:before,.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel:before,.dark_layout .tags:before{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:24px;color:#404040;text-align:left}.dark_layout .time-to-read,.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel:before,.dark_layout .tags:before{color:#a6a6a6}.tags .tags__item,.dark_layout .tags .tags__item{border:1px solid transparent;display:inline-block;margin:0px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:1;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px}.tags .tags__item{border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;color:#404040}.dark_layout .tags .tags__item{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;color:#bfbfbf}.tags__item[href$="/type-upcoming"],.tags__item[href$="/type-podcast"],.tags__item[href$="/type-video"],.tags__item[href$="/type-cover"],.tags__item[href$="/type-whitepaper"],.tags__item[href$="/type-webinar"],.tags__item[href$="/type-sponsored"],.tags__item[href$="/type-feature"],.tags__item[href$="/type-ti"],.tags__item[href$="/type-slideshow"],.tags__item[href$="/type-departments"]{display:none!important}.tags__item:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9}.dark_layout .tags__item:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{color:#ff4c00;background:transparent;font-size:25px}.posts-custom .widget__shares a i.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.posts-custom .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.post-author-list{font-size:0;position:relative}.post-author{display:block;overflow:hidden}.post-author-list:before,.post-author + .post-author:before{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:16px;color:#404040}.post-author-list:before{content:"About the author"}.post-author:first-child + .post-author:before{content:"s";position:absolute;left:10.6em;top:0}.post-author__avatar{display:none}.post-author + .post-author{margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.post-author__name,.post-author__bio{color:#0d0d0d;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.post-author__name{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;float:left;margin-right:5px}.post-author__bio{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.post-author__bio a:first-child{display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.current_post .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:32px}.article_post .body{}.post-author{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.post-author-list:before{padding-bottom:24px}.post-partial.article__authors{padding-bottom:32px!important}.rebellt-item{line-height:16px}.rebellt-item p,.rebellt-item blockquote{line-height:28px}.comment-header{right:16px}.feature_post_full .body-description{padding:0}}.widget__shares a{font-size:20px!important;margin:0!important}.share-copy-link i svg{display:none}.share-copy-link i{content:" ";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-position:center}.widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding:0 12px;vertical-align:middle}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{content:"";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding:0 12px;vertical-align:middle}.widget.tag-type-ti .share-copy-link i{content:" ";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-position:center}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a{color:#005690}table{display:block;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}table th,table td{border-collapse:collapse;padding:8px 16px;background:white;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;text-align:left}table th{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.article__comments{margin-top:-20px}.listicle-slideshow .media-photo-credit i{font-style:normal!important}.listicle-slideshow{margin:32px 0}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.listicle-slideshow h3,.listicle-slideshow h1{margin:0}.listicle-slideshow h3,.listicle-slideshow h1,.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{order:0}.listicle-slideshow [data-role="headline"]:empty{display:none}.listicle-slideshow .media-caption{order:1}.listicle-slideshow .media-photo-credit{order:2;font-size:12px}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{display:none}.listicle-slideshow__counter{font-family:"Favorit-Mono";font-size:14px;color:#262626;font-weight:bolder;text-shadow:0 0 #262626;display:flex;letter-spacing:0.1px}.listicle-slideshow__counter:before{content:"["}.listicle-slideshow__counter:after{content:"]"}.listicle-slideshow.listicle-slideshow .image-media.media-caption{text-indent:64px;margin-top:-18px}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn i{visibility:hidden}.listicle-slideshow .listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn{position:static;text-decoration:none;margin:0;line-height:20px;background-color:#404040;border-radius:50%;width:38px;height:38px;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn:before{content:"";height:21px;width:21px;display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:auto 100%}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:block}a.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn.listicle-slideshow--prev{margin-right:10px}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--prev:before{background-position:0 center}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--next:before{background-position:100% center}.listicle-slideshow .image-media{display:block!important;margin-top:0;padding:0}.listicle-slideshow .image-media p{margin:0}.ieee-sidebar-small p,.ieee-sidebar-medium p,.ieee-sidebar-large p,.listicle-slideshow p{line-height:inherit!important}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}.listicle-slideshow-pager{opacity:1;float:right;margin:16px 0}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{padding-bottom:16px}.listicle-slideshow h3:empty{display:none}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-author{display:block;padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:32px;border:0}@media (min-width:768px){.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-author{padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:32px}.container_feature_below .read_also_posts .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.container_feature_below>.article__authors{margin-top:-10px}.container_feature_below .read_also_posts .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0}.infinite_scroll .posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .post-partial .social-date,.social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:8px}.posts-custom .social-author{display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.dark_layout .social-author.clearfix{vertical-align:text-bottom}.widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding-bottom:11px}.body-description h2{font-size:36px;letter-spacing:-0.49px;line-height:40px}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-size:28px;line-height:32px}.body-description h4{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:0.83px;line-height:28px}.body-description h5{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:0.9px;line-height:18px}}@media (min-width:769px){.dark_layout .tags{margin-left:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{margin:72px auto 64px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:45px 40px;padding:calc(45px - 1em) 40px;max-width:768px;box-sizing:border-box}.feature_post_full.Vertical .col{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__body:first-child,.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__head{width:50%}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__head .widget__image{height:100%;padding:inherit!important}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){padding:4px}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){padding:8px}.read_also_posts .widget .rm-col-center{padding-right:22px}.container_feature_below .tags{margin:16px 0 0}.tags .tags__item{max-width:calc(100% - 32px);overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{padding-top:0}.listicle-slideshow-pager{position:absolute;opacity:1;top:auto;right:0}.listicle-slideshow .image-media{max-width:85%}}.read_also_posts .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.read_also_posts .social-date{padding-left:0;border-left:none}.social-author__bio{display:none}.current_post_content .rm-col-center{padding:0!important}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.post-author__name,.post-author__bio{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;line-height:20px}.listicle-slideshow{position:relative}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:8px;height:8px;background:#bfbfbf;border-radius:50%;margin:0 2px}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail.active{background:#404040}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail .image{display:none}i.icons-share.em.fa.fa-envelope{margin-top:9px}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-1px;padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{padding:0 16px 64px;font-size:18px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:20px}.feature_post_full .social-author{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:24px 0 16px 0}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel{text-align:left;padding:0 16px;width:-webkit-fill-available;border-top:1px solid #404040;padding-top:16px;margin:16px 0 0;border-bottom:0}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.feature_post_full.Red .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #fa8}.feature_post_full.Green .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #27c3ae}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget__shares.share-panel,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #898ba5}.tags .tags__item{line-height:2.3em}.body-description{font-size:18px;line-height:28px;padding:0 16px}.tags{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px 16px 48px;margin:auto}.article-content__comments-wrapper{padding:0 16px 32px}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections,.current_post_content .body-description{padding:0 16px}.media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{padding:0 6px;line-height:18px}.current_post_content .media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{padding:0}.read_also_posts .rm-col-left{padding:0 16px 0 0!important}.read_also_posts .widget .row{margin:0}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:16px 16px 0!important}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:nth-child(3){display:grid}.infinite_scroll .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0px}.infinite_scroll .tags{margin:0;order:2}.infinite_scroll .photo-credit{padding:6px 16px}.dark_layout .body-description{color:#d9d9d9;margin:0;letter-spacing:0;line-height:24px;font-size:18px;padding-top:24px!important}.dark_layout .current_post .body-description p:first-child{margin-top:0}.dark_layout .tags{border-top:none;padding:0px}.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{margin-top:-12px}.feature_post_full .tags{margin:0 -16px}table th,table td{font-size:14px;line-height:18px}.article_post-shares-and-tags .tags{display:none!important}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-top:0;padding-bottom:10px}}@media (min-width:769px) and (max-width:1023px){.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:0;padding:0px}.body-description p:last-child{padding-bottom:28px}.article_post--body-and-tags{margin-bottom:0}.tag_column{margin-bottom:0}.current_post_media .widget{padding:24px 22px!important}.infinite_scroll .widget__head,.current_post_media .widget__head{margin-top:32px}.tags{margin:0;padding-bottom:40px}.current_post_content .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.container_feature_below .tags{margin:16px 0 0}.infinite_scroll .widget{padding:0px!important}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__image{margin:0 32px}.infinite_scroll .posts-custom .widget__shares{padding:10px 27px;border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0}.dark_layout .infinite_scroll .posts-custom .widget__shares{border-color:#404040}.read_also_posts:before{padding:16px 32px}.read_also_posts .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 0}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-size:68px;line-height:64px;letter-spacing:-0.04411764705882353em}.body-description{font-size:20px;line-height:32px;padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections,.widget .body-description,.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full .widget__headline,.tags,.article-content__comments-wrapper{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel,.tag_column .widget__shares{padding-left:27px;padding-right:27px}.read_also_posts .widget,.post-partial.article__authors,.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding-left:32px!important;padding-right:32px!important}.feature_post_full .posts-custom .social-author{padding-left:32px!important;display:inline-block}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:8px}.featured_columns .widget_column{display:none}.container_feature_below .feature .col{margin-bottom:0}.comment-header{right:32px}.current_post_content .read_also_posts{margin-top:-22px}.feature_post_full .body-description{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:36px}}@media (min-width:1376px){.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1375px){.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}}@media (min-width:1024px){.read_also_posts{}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn:before{height:21px;width:21px}.listicle-slideshow .listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn{width:38px;height:38px}.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img{max-height:calc(100vh - 60px);width:auto!important;margin:0 auto}.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{height:8px}.current_post_content .body-description>p:first-child{margin-top:0}.body-description h2{font-size:42px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:44px}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}.body-description h4{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:28px}.body-description h5{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:18px}.widget__shares.share-panel{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;padding-bottom:20px}.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel{margin:15px 0 30px 0;padding-bottom:14px}.article_post .widget__shares.share-panel:before{content:"share this story"}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__shares.share-panel:before{content:"share this episode"}.infinite_scroll .widget__shares.share-panel{width:calc(100% - 80%);position:sticky;top:80px;margin:35px 0 24px;z-index:1}.infinite_scroll .tags{width:calc(100% - 80%);position:sticky;height:0;top:199px;z-index:0;margin-left:0px}.infinite_scroll .body{margin:-150px 0 0 23.2%}.article_column{border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}.article_post--body-and-tags .tags{display:none!important}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:calc(64px - 1em);margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget .widget__body:last-child{width:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.container_feature_below{margin:0 auto 64px;border:solid #bfbfbf;border-width:0 1px 1px;padding:0 56px 29px;max-width:768px;box-sizing:border-box}.container_feature_below .tags{padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;margin-top:0}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}}@media (min-width:1376px){.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{padding-left:64px;padding-right:64px;margin-top:96px;max-width:992px}.feature_post_full:not(.current_post) .body-description{margin-bottom:96px}.container_feature_below{padding-left:64px;padding-right:64px;max-width:992px;margin-bottom:96px}}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}.media-caption,.posts-custom .media-caption,.photo-caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline;line-height:18px;padding-right:5px}.photo-credit,.photo-caption p{display:inline}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .body-description{padding:0}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:16px;border:0}.article_post.infinite_scroll .photo-caption{padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full .social-date-modified{padding-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.feature_post_full .body-description{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.article_post.infinite_scroll .photo-caption{padding:0 16px}}@media (max-width:1023px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{margin-top:-12px}.feature_post_full .tags{margin:0 -16px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{height:8px}}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date{border-left:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Yellow .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date{border-left:1px solid #c38500}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #898ba5}.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Green .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Green .social-date,.feature_post_full.Green .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #27c3ae}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #b0d7ed}.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date,.feature_post_full.Purple .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.Pink .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date,.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Blue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date,.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date-modified{border-left-color:#4096c8}p.ieee-sidebar-medium{width:40%;clear:both;max-width:40%;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;display:block}@media (max-width:767px){p.ieee-sidebar-medium{width:auto;max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:769px){.rebellt-item .fl-scrolly-caption p{font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:2.2rem;line-height:2.6rem}}.ieee-image-small .media-photo-credit p{line-height:inherit}.ieee-sidebar-left h4,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h4,.ieee-sidebar-left h5,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h5{margin-bottom:8px}.feature_post_full .ieee-sidebar-large ol li{padding:4px 6px;margin:0 0 0 16px;line-height:inherit!important}.has_voting .vote-down .vote-container:before{content:"No";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#0d0d0d}.has_voting .vote-up .vote-container:before{content:"Yes";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#0d0d0d}.has_voting .number-container{font-family:"Favorit-Mono";padding:8px}.has_voting .up_down_voting--wrp{margin:0 0 0 8px}.vote-down.disabled.voted .vote-container:before{content:"No";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#ffffff}.vote-up.disabled.voted .vote-container:before{content:"Yes";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#ffffff}.has_voting .votes{padding:4px 0 0 0}@media (max-width:767px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(1){margin-bottom:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(2){margin-top:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(1) ul{margin-bottom:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(2) ul{margin-top:0}.rebellt-item{margin:0!important}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p{margin-top:0!important;line-height:40px}.body-description .rebellt-item em{line-height:inherit}}.body-description .rebellt-item em{line-height:inherit}.ieee-sidebar-left p em,.ieee-sidebar-medium p em,.ieee-sidebar-small p em,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth p em,.ieee-sidebar-large p em,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p em,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p em,.ieee-factbox-left p em,.ieee-statbox-left p em,.ieee-number-list-left p em,.ieee-thumbnail-left p em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description .ieee-sidebar-medium em{font-family:unset}.ieee-thumbnail-left>div:first-of-type{float:left;width:100px;padding-right:12px}.ieee-thumbnail-left p:first-of-type{clear:both;padding-top:12px}.post__last-point,.ieee-end-mark{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;margin:0 0 0 5px;background-color:#FF4C00}.rebellt-item ol,.rebellt-item ul{line-height:36px}.posts-custom .body .image-media.media-caption p{line-height:18px}pre{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;background:#ddd;padding:10px;border-radius:4px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;color:#404040}.rebellt-item.ieee-image-small .image-media.media-caption p,.rebellt-item.ieee-image-medium .image-media.media-caption p,.rebellt-item.ieee-image-large .image-media.media-caption p{line-height:18px}.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth,.ieee-sidebar-large,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right,.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-number-list-left{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px;background:white;padding:16px 16px 32px}.listicle-slideshow-headline{margin:16px 0!important}.ieee-sidebar-right .media-caption p,.ieee-sidebar-right .media-photo-credit p,.ieee-sidebar-left .media-caption p,.ieee-sidebar-left .media-photo-credit p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth .media-caption p{display:contents}.ieee-sidebar-right p,.ieee-sidebar-left p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p,.ieee-number-list-left p,.ieee-factbox-left p,.ieee-factbox-right p,.ieee-statbox-left p,.ieee-statbox-right p{line-height:20px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p strong,.ieee-sidebar-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-right p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p strong{display:inline-block;padding-top:16px}.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right{padding-bottom:24px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h3,.ieee-sidebar-large h3,.ieee-sidebar-medium h3,.ieee-sidebar-small h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-number-list-left h3,.ieee-statbox-left h3,.ieee-statbox-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-right h3{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;margin:0 0 24px;font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p,.ieee-sidebar-left p{margin:8px 0 0}.ieee-factbox-left h3,.ieee-factbox-right h3{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:48px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-1.5px;line-height:48px;margin:8px 0 0 0}.ieee-factbox-left p,.ieee-factbox-right p{margin-top:14px}.ieee-statbox-left strong,.ieee-statbox-right strong{color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:inherit}.ieee-statbox-left p,.ieee-statbox-right p{margin:8px 0}.ieee-statbox-left p:nth-child(2n + 3):not(:last-child),.ieee-statbox-right p:nth-child(2n + 3):not(:last-child){margin-bottom:24px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p strong{border-top:1px solid #d9d9d9;display:inherit;padding-top:8px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p{margin:0;padding-top:8px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3{margin-bottom:20px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p:nth-child(odd){margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-number-list-left h4{border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9;color:#8c8c8c;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:36px;margin:0}.ieee-number-list-left{padding-bottom:24px}.ieee-number-list-left p{margin:8px 0}.ieee-number-list-left h4:not(:nth-child(2)){margin:24px 0 0 0}.pull-quote,.ieee-pullquote,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.ieee-pullquote-left{color:#ff4c00;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-1px;line-height:40px!important;margin-top:32px!important}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p{margin-top:0}.pull-quote:before,.ieee-pullquote:before,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.ieee-pullquote-left:before{content:"";display:block;width:40px;height:25px;margin-left:-10px;margin-bottom:16px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption{line-height:16px;color:#737373;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;width:66%}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption strong,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption strong{color:#0d0d0d;font-weight:inherit}.widget.tag-type-ti .pull-quote,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-left{color:#005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .pull-quote:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-left:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='62px'%20height='40px'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Page-1'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1568---Feature-article-pull-quote'%20transform='translate(-144.000000,-286.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%20stroke-width='5'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group'%20transform='translate(144.758053,243.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(0.000000,44.977510)'%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Hed/dek-separator'%20transform='translate(17.522490,17.522490)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-17.522490,-17.522490)'%20points='5.24194695%205.0224901%2029.8030332%205.0224901%2029.8030332%2030.0224901'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Hed/dek-separator-Copy'%20transform='translate(39.567470,18.522490)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-39.567470,-18.522490)'%20points='27.2869272%206.0224901%2051.8480135%206.0224901%2051.8480135%2031.0224901'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:2px solid #D9D9D9;border-left-color:#D9D9D9;color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"IvarTextItalic",sans-serif;font-style:italic}.ieee-sidebar-right ol li,.ieee-sidebar-left ol li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns ol li,.ieee-sidebar-list-left ol li,.ieee-sidebar-list-right ol li,.ieee-number-list-left ol li,.ieee-factbox-left ol li,.ieee-factbox-right ol li,.ieee-statbox-left ol li,.ieee-statbox-right ol li,.ieee-sidebar-right ul li,.ieee-sidebar-left ul li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ul li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns ul li,.ieee-sidebar-list-left ul li,.ieee-sidebar-list-right ul li,.ieee-number-list-left ul li,.ieee-factbox-left ul li,.ieee-factbox-right ul li,.ieee-statbox-left ul li,.ieee-statbox-right ul li{line-height:20px;padding:8px 0}.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-small p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left,.ieee-sidebar-large p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left{width:100%}.ieee-sidebar-large{display:flow-root;margin-bottom:48px}figcaption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline!important;line-height:normal}.ee-ul{padding-left:0;margin:0}.ieee-sidebar-large .ee-ul li,.ieee-sidebar-medium .ee-ul li,.ieee-sidebar-small .ee-ul li{list-style:none;padding:8px 0}.ieee-sidebar-large .ee-ul li:not(:last-child),.ieee-sidebar-medium .ee-ul li:not(:last-child),.ieee-sidebar-small .ee-ul li:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9}ol,ul{padding-left:1em;margin:49px 0 47px}ul li{padding:12px 0}ol li{padding:12px 0 12px 5px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul{padding-left:2em;margin:16px 0 4px}.shortcode-media-brightcove,.shortcode-media-facebook,.shortcode-media-imgur,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-proxy-image,.shortcode-media-twitter_embed{display:inline-block}@media (min-width:769px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.rebellt-item.col2{padding:16px;display:table-cell!important}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-right,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left{width:50%}.ieee-image-small{width:45%;float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-image-medium{width:70%}.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-sidebar-small{width:25%}.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small{float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:5px}.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-factbox-right,.ieee-sidebar-list-right{float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:5px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.rebellt-item.col2{vertical-align:top;padding:16px 16px 40px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding-top:60px!important}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date{border-left:1px solid #FFAA88}.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date{border-left:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date{border-left:1px solid #FA5F9F}.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date{border-left:1px solid #8D8CD6}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date{border-left-color:#007D6A}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date{border-left:1px solid #898BA5}}@media (min-width:769px) and (max-width:1023px){.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right{width:30%}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-sidebar-right p{margin-top:24px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-medium) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-medium) ul,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-small) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-small) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:37px 0 35px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2{display:block!important}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding:1px 16px 32px!important}}@media (min-width:1024px){.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{line-height:36px}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:32px 0}.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right{width:40%}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:40px 0}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 0;line-height:28px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:40px 0}}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .social-date.social-date{border-left:none}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:32px 0}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 4px;line-height:28px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:16px 0 4px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3{margin:0 0 11px;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p,p.pull-quote{margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption{margin-bottom:32px}.shortcode-media{margin:32px 0 16px}.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-large,.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p,p.pull-quote,.pull-quote,.ieee-pullquote,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.ieee-pullquote-left,.rebellt-item{margin:32px 0}.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media{margin:16px 0}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-number-list-left h4{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2{display:block!important;padding-bottom:0px!important}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2 + .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding:1px 16px 32px!important}}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 6px}}.article_post .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol{list-style-position:inside;padding:0;margin:0}.article_post .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol li{line-height:20px;padding:16px 0px}.around-the-web__list{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}@media (max-width:1023px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h3,.ieee-sidebar-large h3,.ieee-sidebar-medium h3,.ieee-sidebar-small h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-number-list-left h3,.ieee-statbox-left h3,.ieee-statbox-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-right h3{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}}:root{}.talk--messages,.talk-linked-comment{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}@media screen and (max-width:767px){.comment--item-text{overflow:inherit;background:transparent;padding:0;border-radius:5px;margin-bottom:0}.comment--item-avatar.comment--item-avatar img{margin-right:17px}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message{margin:32px 0 5px 0}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{margin:0 -16px;position:relative;padding:16px 16px 0 16px}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message p{margin:40px 0 0}.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-member-badges{overflow:auto;margin-top:-1px}}.article__comments .comment-item--publish{background:#ff4c00;border:none;padding-top:1px;transition:all 0.3s}.article__comments .comment-item--publish:hover{background:#A32700}.article__comments .comment--item-date{font-size:0px;line-height:0}.article__comments .comment--item-date::after{content:attr(data-date);font-size:12px;display:block;line-height:1.2}.talk--load_more-wrp.has_load_more.loaded.rm-preact:not(:empty):after{content:"";background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,rgba(236,236,233,0.8) 20%,#ECECE9 100%);border:0;display:block;height:200px;margin-top:-263px;position:absolute;width:100%}.talks--load_more:after{content:"\2193";padding-left:8px;font-size:16px}.talks--load_more:before{content:"See all responses";font-size:16px}.talks--load_more.talks--load_more{font-size:0}.article-content__comments-wrapper .talk--messages .material-icons.status-rejected.selected{display:none!important}.talk--load_more-wrp.has_load_more.loaded.rm-preact:not(:empty):after{content:"";background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,rgba(236,236,233,0.8) 20%,#ECECE9 100%);border:0;display:block;height:200px;margin-top:-263px;position:absolute;width:100%}.talks--load_more:before{content:"See all responses";font-size:16px}.talks--load_more.talks--load_more{font-size:0}.comment--custom-field-member-badges,.comment--custom-field-grade{display:inline;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:2px 4px 0px;width:fit-content;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle}.comment--item-toolbar{background:white!important}.comment--custom-field-grade{visibility:hidden}.comment--custom-field-grade:before{padding:2px 4px 0px;visibility:visible}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"]{background:#D2F9F3;color:#004238}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before{background:#D2F9F3;color:#004238;content:"IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"]{background:#D7F2C2;color:#114200}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before{background:#D7F2C2;color:#114200;content:"IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"]{background:#D0EBFB;color:#002E4D}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before{background:#D0EBFB;color:#002E4D;content:"IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"]{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C;content:"IEEE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C;content:"IEEE LIFE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"]{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57;content:"IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57;content:"IEEE LIFE SENIOR MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"]{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE FELLOW"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE LIFE FELLOW"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE HONORARY MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"]{background:#FFDED1;color:#521400}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{background-color:#FFF0CC;color:#704D00}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{color:white}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before{background:#007D6A}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before{background:#316E1C}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before{background:#005690}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before{background:#313662}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before{background:#362BA6}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before{background:#CA3674}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"]{background:#A32700}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{background-color:#9E6C00}.talks--load_more{background:transparent!important;border:none!important;color:#0D0D0D!important;text-transform:inherit!important;font-size:16px;font-weight:700!important;letter-spacing:-0.1px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.dark_layout .talks--load_more{color:#F2F2F2!important}.talks--load_more:after{content:"\2193";padding-left:8px;font-size:16px}.talks--load_more:hover{color:#FF4C00!important}.comment--item-message{margin:16px 0 5px 0}.comment--item-word-count-user{background:white;margin-left:-6px}.comment--item.rejected-comment .comment--item__reply,.comment--item.proposed-comment .comment--item__reply{margin-left:-8px}.input__star_rating,.author-rating,.talk__author__desc,.comment--item-word-count-min,.comment--item--short-bio,.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon,.comment--hide--replies svg,.comment--show--replies svg{display:none}.comment--item--action .admin-controls svg{display:block}a.comment--item__reply:after,a.comment--item__share:after{vertical-align:text-top;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:100}a.comment--item__reply:after{content:"REPLY"}a.comment--item__share:after{content:"SHARE"}.comment--item__share{margin-right:0!important}a.comment--item__like:after,a.comment--item__dislike:after{content:"";vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}a.comment--item__like:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.comment--item--action>div:not(.admin-controls){display:flex}.comment--item--action div a.comment--item__like{border-left:0;border-right:1px solid #BFBFBF;order:0;margin-left:-8px!important}.comment--item--action div a.comment--item__dislike{order:1}.comment--item--action .comment--item__reply{order:2}.comment--item--action .comment--item__share{order:3}a.comment--item__like:hover:after,a.comment--item__dislike:hover:after{filter:opacity(1)}.comment--item__like.selected,.comment--item__dislike.selected{background:#ff4c007a}a.comment--hide--replies,a.comment--show--replies{font-size:0}a.comment--hide--replies:after,a.comment--show--replies:after,a.comment--show--replies .comment--count{vertical-align:bottom;text-transform:capitalize;color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--show--replies:after{content:"Show Responses";color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--hide--replies:after{content:"Hide Responses";color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count{float:right;padding-left:8px}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count:before{content:"("}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count:after{content:")"}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{padding:2px 8px 0 8px!important;background:#ecece9!important;border:none!important;z-index:3!important}.dark_layout .talk--load_more__replies,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies,.dark_layout .comment--hide--replies{background:#1A1A1A!important}.dark_layout .comment--hide--replies:after,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies:after,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies .comment--count{color:#f2f2f2}.comment--item-date{margin:7px 0 0 0;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:100;right:0!important}.comment--item--action a:hover{color:#FF4C00!important}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF!important}.dark_layout .talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.dark_layout .talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #404040!important}.comment--item--action a{margin:16px 0!important;height:14px;line-height:16px;padding:0 8px}.comment--item--action a:not(:first-child){border-left:1px solid #BFBFBF}.dark_layout .comment--item--action a:not(:first-child){border-left:1px solid #262626}.comment--item-text-field{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-field{color:#fff}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-input,.dark_layout .redactor-box,.dark_layout .comment--item-toolbar{background:#404040!important}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-input{border-color:#404040}.dark_layout a.comment--item__reply:after,.dark_layout a.comment--item__share:after,.dark_layout .comment--item-date,.dark_layout .redactor-toolbar>li a,.dark_layout .redactor-editor p,.dark_layout .comment-headline:before,.dark_layout .comment-sort,.dark_layout .comment--sort{color:#A6A6A6!important}.dark_layout .comment--item-username{color:#F2F2F2}.dark_layout .comment--item-message p{color:#D9D9D9}.dark_layout .talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.dark_layout .talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #262626}.dark_layout .article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .comment--item-word-count-user{background:#404040}.comment--item-text .comment--item-username{text-transform:capitalize;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.comment--item-message p{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:28px}.comment--item-avatar img{width:75px!important;height:75px!important}@media (max-width:1023px){.comment--item-message p{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;margin:16px 0 0}.comment--item-avatar img{margin-right:7px}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-member-badges,.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-grade,.comment--item-text .comment--item-username{display:block}.comment--item-date{right:0!important;position:relative!important}.replies.level-two{margin:0px}}.material-icons.status-featured,.material-icons.status-proposed,.material-icons.status-rejected{right:105px!important;top:16px!important}@media (min-width:769px){.rm-float-right{float:right;margin-left:32px}.rm-float-left{float:left;margin-right:32px}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%}}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{margin-top:0;position:relative;font-size:18px;width:100%}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author:before{content:""}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name{text-decoration:none;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;float:left;margin-right:5px;text-transform:none;padding-right:0}.post-author-list .social-author__bio{display:list-item;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;list-style:none}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name,.post-author-list .social-author__bio{color:#0D0D0D;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.post-author-list .social-author__bio p{margin:0;line-height:22px}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__avatar{clear:both;display:block;float:none;height:0;width:0;position:revert}.post-author-list .social-author__bio a:first-child{display:none}.post-author-list:before{margin-bottom:-14px;padding-bottom:0}.post-author-list{padding:16px 0 48px 0;border-top:1px solid #BFBFBF;border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF}.container_feature_below .post-author-list{border-top:0;padding-top:6px}.container_feature_below .col{margin-bottom:0}.social-author__bio:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF}.social-author__bio + .social-author__avatar:before{content:"s";position:absolute;left:10.6em;top:2px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:16px;color:#404040}.post-author-list .social-author__avatar.image .cover-all.image{width:0;height:0}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name,.post-author-list .social-author__bio p,.post-author-list .social-author__bio{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;line-height:20px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.post-author-list{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}}@media (min-width:0) and (max-width:767px){.container_feature_below .post-author-list.post-author-list{padding:28px 16px 52px 16px}.post-author-list.post-author-list{padding:16px 16px 32px 16px}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{margin-top:8px;position:relative}.social-author__bio + .social-author__avatar:before{top:-6px}.post-author-list .social-author__bio{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:200;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16 {margin-bottom:24px;}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0 {align-items:center;position:relative;}.toggle-user-dropdown{top:0;font-size:0}.rebelbar__user-info .notification-counter:not(.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter){position:relative;top:5px}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1 {margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1 {padding-top:6px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0 {display:flex;margin:auto;padding:0 32px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0 {padding:0 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:10px;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {padding-bottom:14px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:10px;text-decoration:none;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {padding:15px 0px 13px 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:none;}}.button-view-hidden{display:none}.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky:not(.active) .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show,.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.announcement-show .announcement-bar{display:flex}.announcement-bar{background:linear-gradient(45deg,#e9c52e,#d03033,#1e6d6a,#1e6d6a,#d03033,#fdcf0d);padding:0 62px 0 32px;margin:0 -32px 20px;display:none;justify-content:center}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show .announcement-bar{margin-bottom:10px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text a{color:inherit}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-weight:100;font-size:12px;text-align:center;display:inline-block}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{color:white!important;text-decoration:none;margin:2px 0 -2px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{display:inline-block;width:max-content;text-decoration-color:transparent;background-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:4px;line-height:100%;letter-spacing:0.0075em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:8px;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.announcement-bar .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.announcement-bar .text-element{line-height:0;align-self:center}.announcement-bar .icon-close:before,.announcement-bar .icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:12px;right:12px;content:" ";height:24px;border-left:1px solid;color:#0D0D0D}.announcement-bar .icon-close{position:absolute;width:24px;height:24px;align-self:center;right:32px;font-size:0}@media (max-width:767px){.announcement-bar .widget__subheadline{width:65%;text-align:left}.announcement-bar .icon-close{right:13px;top:calc(50% - 12px)}.announcement-bar{padding-left:16px;padding-right:46px;position:relative;margin:0 -16px 40px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{max-width:100px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{padding-right:8px;padding-left:0}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-size:11px;line-height:12px}.dark_top_bar{position:relative;z-index:1}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0 {display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0 {width:186px;}}.active .topbar__sticky-headline--post ~ .topbar__static-headline,.floating-shares{display:none}.active .floating-shares{font-size:0;display:inline-block;width:25px;height:25px;background-color:transparent;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='20px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2020'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-207.000000,-1593.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-4-Copy'%20transform='translate(208.000000,1528.500000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12-Copy'%20transform='translate(0.000000,64.500000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-2'%20transform='translate(0.000000,1.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M16,8%20L16,16%20C16,17.1045695%2015.1045695,18%2014,18%20L2,18%20C0.8954305,18%200,17.1045695%200,16%20L0,8%20L0,8'%20id='Path'%3E%3C/path%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Path'%20transform='translate(8.000000,5.656854)%20rotate(-45.000000)%20translate(-8.000000,-5.656854)'%20points='4%201.65685425%2012%201.65685425%2012%209.65685425'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3Cline%20x1='8'%20y1='0'%20x2='8'%20y2='12'%20id='Path-4'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")!important;background-position:center!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important;cursor:pointer}.active .site_logo{display:flex}@media (min-width:768px){.active .site_logo{max-width:60%}}@media (max-width:1023px){.active .site_logo svg,.active .mobile_search_icon{display:none}.active .topbar__sticky-headline.topbar__sticky-headline--post{display:inline;width:calc(100% - 30px);max-width:100%}.active .site_logo{width:calc(100% - 50px)!important}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 {text-overflow:ellipsis;}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_1 {display:flex;align-items:center;padding-bottom:6px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0 {padding-top:5px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0 a {display:table;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;white-space:initial;font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.2px;padding:6px 20px;}.huge-menu{inset:0px;z-index:5000;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:0 0 -20px;background-color:#1a1a1a;overflow-y:auto}.huge-menu .dark_layout{background:#1a1a1a;border:solid #404040;border-width:0 1px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;max-width:1568px;padding-top:0}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:hover:before{font-size:16pt;transition:all 100ms ease;padding-right:10px}.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item:hover:before{font-size:12pt}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;font-size:0pt;vertical-align:top;transition:all 100ms ease}.huge-menu-opened{overflow:hidden}.huge-menu{display:none}.huge-menu-opened .huge-menu,.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{display:block}.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{position:fixed;left:0;right:0;top:0}.hm__close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:28px;height:28px;color:#fff;transition:color 0.3s ease}.hm__close:before,.hm__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid}.hm__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.hm__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{letter-spacing:0.75px;color:#8c8c8c;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:normal}.huge-menu .list{margin:0}.huge-menu .list__item{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}.top-menu--sm-links .list__item{display:block;padding:2px 0;font:20px/28px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.0125em}.huge-menu .social-links{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start}.huge-menu .social-links__link{color:#bfbfbf;font-size:20px;background:transparent;padding:13px 8px 9px;width:auto;height:auto}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover{color:#ff4c00}.huge-menu .social-links__link>span{position:static}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>') no-repeat center;background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover span.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.huge-menu .social-links__link.share-instagram{font-size:18px;padding-left:4px}.huge-menu .fa-tumblr:before{font-family:"FontAwesome",sans-serif;content:"\f09e"}.huge-menu .fa-tiktok::before,.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{width:20px;height:20px;content:"";display:inline-flex;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-tiktok::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml, <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf" /></svg>')}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}@media (min-width:768px){.sticky-active .topbar--sticky{display:block}}@media (max-width:768px){svg.site_logo_menu{width:199px;height:28px}.top-menu--big-links .module-headline__text{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0}.top-menu--big-links .list{margin-bottom:60px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.huge-menu .site_logo_menu{width:341px;height:auto}.Top_hugeMenu{padding:37px 32px 10px!important}.Top_hugeMenu .text-element{position:relative;top:-5px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:10px 0;right:-6px}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:28px}.top-menu--sm-links .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {margin:0;padding:16px 16px 12px 16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:13px 9px 7px 15px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1 {font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:20px;padding-left:16px;display:none;vertical-align:bottom;color: #D9D9D9;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1 {display:inline-block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:10px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 a {display:block;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;padding:8px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 a {font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.008928571428571428em;line-height:32px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {padding:0;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040;margin-right:-1px;width:24.5%;padding-bottom:35px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {border-right:1px solid #404040;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0_1 {padding-bottom:22px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1 {padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1_1 {padding-bottom:12px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {padding:0;border-left:1px solid #404040;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {width:25.5%;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:20px;border-left:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0 {display:block;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0_1 {padding-bottom:13px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1 {padding:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1 {border:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px 16px 35px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3 {padding:16px 32px 16px 16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_1 {color:#D9D9D9;font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;padding:5px 0 30px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_2 {display:inline-block;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_3 {display:inline-block;padding-left:16px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4 {display:block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_5 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:10;padding:16px 0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0 {margin:auto;padding:22px 35px 12px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0 {padding:18px 17px;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0.row-wrapper {padding:0px 0px 20px 0px;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0 {font-size:12px;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {color:#8C8C8C;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.064em;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {border:none;display:block;padding:7px 0px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.12em;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;margin-top:21px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin:0px 0 20px 0px;max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin-top:21px;line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1 {float:right;max-width:111px;position:absolute;right:35px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin:5px 15px 0 0;max-width:111px;right:3px;}}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:630px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0 a:last-child {border:0;}.gated-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:20px}.gated-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-position:under;color:inherit}.gated-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-gated-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.for_pdf .popup_links.for_pdf,.for_save .popup_links.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup_links.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup_links.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup_links.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup_links.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup_links.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup_links.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-heading-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-heading-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-heading-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-heading-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-heading-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-heading-h2.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-gated-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-gated-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-gated-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-gated-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-gated-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-gated-h2.for_member_content{display:block!important}.gated-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:20px 25px 40px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.gated-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px}.gated-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:736px;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 {margin:32px 0 0;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:5px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;padding:7px 11px;}.lightbox-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:16px}.lightbox-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;color:inherit}.lightbox-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-ligtbox-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:24px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:28px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.lightbox-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:24px 24px 32px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:0;top:19px}.lightbox-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){margin-left:16px}@media (max-width:768px){.popup-heading-h2{max-width:250px}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{height:24px;left:auto}a.js--close-lightbox.lightbox-popup__close.icon-close.hide-text{padding-right:12px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;line-height:36px}.lightbox-popup__close{right:10px}.lightbox-popup__contents{padding-bottom:48px}}.minibios-group p,.custom-field-mini-bio{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;padding-right:8px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;margin-top:6px}.minibios-group p{margin-bottom:0}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{border-bottom:1px solid silver;padding-bottom:30px;position:relative;background-color:#ecece8;z-index:10000}@media (min-width:1024px){.rblad-ieee_infinite_new:after{content:"";display:block;background-color:#ecece9;height:30px;width:100%;position:absolute;bottom:-31px}}.custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids{display:none}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{text-underline-offset:3px}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{font-family:"IvarTextItalic",sans-serif}@media (max-width:1023px){.tags .tags__item{line-height:normal;margin-bottom:4px}.current_post_content .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.current_post_content .body-description{margin-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:727px){#top_leaderboard{height:100px}.top-leader-container{height:128px}}@media (min-width:728px){#top_leaderboard{height:90px}}#top_leaderboard{}.top-leader-container{width:calc(100% - 64px)}@media (min-width:1024px){.widget__shares.share-panel{margin-bottom:24px;padding-bottom:24px;margin-top:10px}}@media (max-width:767px){.expanded .widget__show-more{text-align:center;padding-bottom:30px}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;height:100%}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"],.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]{display:block}@media (max-width:767px){.tag-test-pdf{padding:0!important}.custom-field-pdf-version{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{padding:40px;margin-top:-20px;max-width:100%;position:relative;margin:-20px 0;border:none;background:#ececec}.fullwidth_post .widget__body .body-description{margin-top:50px}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{z-index:2}.widget_column{height:100vh;overflow:visible}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_1 {text-align:center;margin:auto;padding:24px 0 36px 0;display:flex;justify-content:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_1 {padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:16px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2.row-wrapper {margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding-top:32px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2.row-wrapper {margin-top:24px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row > * {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row {margin-left: -12.5px;margin-right:-12.5px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row > .col {padding: 0 12.5px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0 {:padding;padding:0 !important;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;} #sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget {border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding:24px 16px 16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget {padding:0 6px 0 22px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget {padding-left:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget .widget__head {margin-top:32px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget .widget__body {line-height:normal;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget .widget__body {margin-bottom:32px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1.row-wrapper {box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1.row-wrapper {padding:4px 0 0 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1.row-wrapper {padding:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_0 {position:sticky;top:24px;width:calc(100% - 80%);}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_0 {padding:0;margin:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1 {padding:0px 16px 16px 32px;width:80%;}} .post-author-list .social-author__bio a:first-child{display:inline}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{width:100%} #sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0:before {color:#404040;content:"READ ALSO";font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0:before {padding:16px;}}#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0 .widget {margin:0px;padding:16px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0 .widget {padding:16px;}}#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0 .widget .widget__headline-text {font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:26px;}.lightbox.lightbox{top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);position:fixed;z-index:10000;margin:auto;cursor:initial;width:auto!important}.lightbox.lightbox img{margin:auto;padding-bottom:0;max-width:100vw!important;max-height:100vh!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1 {margin-top:-16px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;}.popular_widget .ql-editor{padding:12px 0;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #595959;border-bottom:1px solid #595959}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid transparent}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background:#595959;border:1px solid #595959;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #595959}.popular_widget .widget__headline{color:#F2F2F2;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:21px}.popular_widget .all-related-sections{margin-top:20px}.popular_widget .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.popular_widget .widget__headline:hover a{color:inherit}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"],.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]{color:#005690}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]:hover{border:1px solid #005690;background-color:#005690;color:white;box-shadow:0 -4px 0 #005690}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.section-the-institute .popular_widget .widget .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#005690}@-moz-document url-prefix(){.popular_widget .widget__headline:hover a{text-underline-position:unset}}.popular_widget .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0px}.popular_widget{background:#1A1A1A}.dark_layout .popular_widget{background:#404040}#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0 {margin:16px;padding:16px 16px 32px 16px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light',sans-serif;color:#BFBFBF;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0 {margin:16px 32px 16px 16px;}}#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0 {padding:8px 0 24px 0;}#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0_0 .module-headline__text {font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;color:#f2f2f2;} #sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_1 .widget {border-top:1px solid #595959;margin:0;padding:8px 0 16px;}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1_0_1_1 {display:none;}}.side-ad-sticky{position:fixed!important;top:40px!important;z-index:4;transition:none;overflow:hidden}.sidebar_sticky_parent{margin-bottom:100px!important;width:calc(100%-30px)}.stick_in_parent{position:-webkit-sticky;position:-moz-sticky;position:-ms-sticky;position:-o-sticky;position:sticky;top:100px;margin:0 0 0 15px;float:left;width:336px}.sidebar_repeat_ad{height:600px;text-align:center;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:20px auto;width:336px}.main,.row{overflow:unset}.lightbox_icon{cursor:pointer;position:relative}.lightbox_icon:before{right:0;top:0;content:"";z-index:3;position:absolute;padding:30px;margin:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='60'%20height='60'%20viewBox='0%200%2096%2096'%20fill='none'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M48%2096C74.5097%2096%2096%2074.5097%2096%2048C96%2021.4903%2074.5097%200%2048%200C21.4903%200%200%2021.4903%200%2048C0%2074.5097%2021.4903%2096%2048%2096Z'%20fill='black'%20fill-opacity='0.4'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M39.8227%2028H32C29.7909%2028%2028%2029.7909%2028%2032V40.2449'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M39.8227%2068H32C29.7909%2068%2028%2066.2091%2028%2064V55.7551'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M56.1773%2028H64C66.2091%2028%2068%2029.7909%2068%2032V40.2449'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M56.1773%2068H64C66.2091%2068%2068%2066.2091%2068%2064V55.7551'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.rm-float-left.lightbox_icon::before{top:-14px}.custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids,.lightbox.lightbox_icon:before{display:none}.fixed_scrolling{overflow:hidden}.lightbox-layout{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;left:0;display:none;margin:0px!important;z-index:300;background:rgba(20,20,20)}.lightbox .share-tab-img{display:block}.lightbox{top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);position:fixed;z-index:10000;margin:auto;cursor:initial;width:auto!important}.lightbox img{margin:auto;padding-bottom:0;max-width:100vw!important;max-height:100vh!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox__close{position:absolute;color:#fff;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px;cursor:pointer}.lightbox--shown{display:block}.lightbox--shown h3,.lightbox--shown ul,.lightbox--shown p,.lightbox--shown blockquote{display:none}.lightbox--shown .media-caption p,.lightbox--shown .media-photo-credit p{display:table-cell}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption{padding-right:10px;white-space:nowrap;max-width:450px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:inline-block}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{text-align:left;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;vertical-align:top}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption a,.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit a{vertical-align:top}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{color:#737373;font-size:12px}@media print{.topbar,.huge-menu,.gdpr-cookie,.gated-popup,.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.rblad-ieee_mobile_sticky,.top-leader-container,.container_feature_below,.around-the-web,.time-to-read,.like-button,.widget__shares,.user-prefs,.trending_stories_carousel,.trending-stories__headline-wrapper,.tags,.after_main_article_content,.trending_stories_row,.widget_column,.tag_column,.article__comments,.read_also_posts,.post-author-list,.lightbox_icon:before,.footer{display:none!important}html,body,.main,.all-content-wrapper{background:#FFF!important}body{position:absolute!important;top:0!important;left:0!important}.main{max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important;display:block!important;background-color:#FFF!important;position:relative;left:0;top:0}.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#FFF!important;border:none!important;position:relative!important;left:0!important;top:120px!important}.all-content-wrapper:before{width:100%!important;border-bottom:1px solid black!important;height:100px!important;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;top:-120px!important;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact;z-index:999;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/32925844/origin.png)}.widget__head,.widget__body:first-child,.widget__body:last-child{width:100%!important;background:#FFF!important}.widget__headline,.widget__subheadline{color:#000!important;text-transform:none!important;padding-bottom:0!important;border-bottom:none!important;padding:0!important}.all-related-sections,.social-author,.social-date{padding:0!important}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border:none!important;color:#000!important;padding:0 16px 0 0!important;margin-right:0!important}.social-author:before,.social-author__name,.social-date{color:#000!important}.photo-credit{color:#000!important}.body-description{max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important}*{color:#000!important;border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important}*:after,*:before{color:#000!important;border:none!important}.rebellt-item{display:block;clear:both;width:100%;height:auto}.article_column{width:100%!important;border:none!important}.featured_columns{border:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper .widget{padding:0!important}.current_post_content{width:100%!important;padding:0!important}.row-wrapper,.rm-col-center{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}@page{size:8.5in 11in;margin:2cm;margin-bottom:30mm!important}.embed-media,.widget__body{break-inside:avoid;break-after:always;width:600px!important;height:auto}body,.posts-wrapper,.row,.row.px10{background:#FFF!important}img{break-inside:avoid!important;display:block!important;max-width:100%!important}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-decoration-color:#8f8f8f!important;text-underline-offset:1px!important;text-decoration-thickness:1px!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{break-after:avoid}ul,ol,img,table{break-inside:avoid}.body-description>p:first-child:first-line ,.body-description div:not(.content-container) p:first-child:first-line {font-weight:800!important;text-transform:uppercase!important;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important}.body-description>p:first-child:first-letter ,.body-description div:not(.content-container) p:first-child:first-letter {font-size:120px!important;float:left!important;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important;font-weight:400!important;margin:42px 16px 16px 0!important}.post__last-point,.ieee-end-mark{background-color:#343434}.body-description,.widget__body,.ieee-sidebar-large,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.rm-resized-container-25 img{width:600px!important;height:auto;float:none;clear:both;display:block!important}.rm-float-left{float:none!important;clear:both}.pull-quote:before,.ieee-pullquote:before,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.ieee-pullquote-left:before{filter:brightness(0%);-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}}.comment--item-toolbar{padding:10px;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror:focus{outline:none;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-menubar{background:transparent;border:0px;bottom:-37px !important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;min-height:22px;left:7px !important;padding:0px !important;position:absolute !important;right:auto;top:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:auto !important;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-icon.ProseMirror-menu-active{outline:0;background-color:#ccc;color:#444;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-menuitem div:hover{background-color:#1f78d8;color:#fff;outline:0;}.comment--item-word-count{color:#666;font-size:0.9em;text-align:right;padding-bottom:8px;}.comment-headline{font-size:21px;margin:20px 0;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","Montserrat","Helvetica","sans-serif";font-weight:400;display:block;}.sub-headline{margin:4px 0 21px;font-size:14px;color:#666;display:block;}.comment-sort{font-size:13px;}.comment-sort select{margin-left:4px;}.comment-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 0 10px;}.comment--login--feedback{border-radius:4px;color:#333;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;margin:10px auto 10px;max-width:210px;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.comment--login--feedback.errors{background:#fbd3d3;}.comment--login--success{background-color:#dff2bf;color:#4f8a10;}.talk-comments-wrp .edit-mode .site-avatar:before{content:"Optimum size is 100x100px";font-size:13px;width:196px;display:block;text-align:left;margin:0 0 0 -26px;color:#696969;}.avatar-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;}.avatar-list li{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;}.avatar-list .avatar-list--item-image{position:relative;z-index:3;}.avatar-list li img{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #ccc;cursor:pointer;}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e6e6;margin:0;position:relative;padding:10px 0 0 10px;}.talk-linked-comment{border:1px dashed #8dabea;position:relative;margin:0;background:transparent;}.reply-items .comment--item{border:none;padding:0;}.comment--item .comment--item--short-bio,.comment--item .talk_review,.comment--item .author-rating{font-size:12px;color:#848282;padding:3px 0;}.comment--item .material-icons{font-size:12px;vertical-align:middle;direction:rtl;overflow:hidden;}.comment-item .author-rating .wrapper__post_rating--disabled{color:#777;}.comment--item .author-rating .material-icons{color:#ffc000;}.author-rating{cursor:pointer;}.reply-items .comment--item{padding:inherit;}.comment--item{-webkit-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;-moz-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;-o-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;}@keyframes fadeInFromNone{0%{display:none;opacity:0;}100%{display:block;opacity:1;}}.comment--item-avatar{float:left;}.comment--item-avatar img{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px 0 0;}.comment--item-avatar img[src='https://www.rebelmouse.com/res/avatars/default']{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/18273603/2000x.png);}.comment--item-avatar.editable img:hover{opacity:0.2;}.comment--item-avatar.editable .avatar_edit_text{display:none;}.comment--item-avatar.editable img:hover .avatar_edit_text{display:block;}.comment--item-text{overflow:hidden;background:transparent;padding:7px 9px 10px;border-radius:5px;margin-bottom:0;}.material-icons.status-featured,.material-icons.status-proposed,.material-icons.status-rejected{display:none;position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;font-size:20px;vertical-align:middle;}.featured-comment .status-featured.selected{display:block;}.proposed-comment .status-proposed.selected{display:block;}.rejected-comment .status-rejected.selected{display:block;}.status-rejected,.status-rejected:hover{color:#b15252;}.status-proposed,.status-proposed:hover{color:#adaba9;}.status-featured,.status-featured:hover{color:#f8bb1d;}.talk--messages__featured .featured-comment{background-color:#fefcf2;}.talk__author__add{margin:10px 0 0 0;}.talk__author__add .input__star_rating{margin:-6px 0 8px 0;}.comment--item-text-input{background:#ffffff;border:2px solid #eeeeee;border-radius:4px;padding:13px 0 0;font-size:20px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 0 10px;}.comment--item-text-field{min-height:44px;padding:0 10px;font-size:15px;color:#333;}.comment--item-text-field:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.comment--item-text-field.message:before{content:"Add comment...";color:#999;}.comment--item-text-field.reply:before{content:"Reply";color:#999;}.comment--item-text-field.reply:focus:before,.comment--item-text-field.message:focus:before{content:none;}.comment--item-toolbar{background:#f1f1f1;text-align:right;padding:5px;}.comment-item--publish{background:#1c2a50;display:inline-block;line-height:26px;color:#fff;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;}.comment-item--publish:hover{background:#3984b9;color:#fff;}.comment--item-username{text-transform:uppercase;padding-right:10px;font-weight:500;font-size:13px;}.comment--item-date{color:#999;font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;right:45px;margin:3px 0 0 0;}.comment--item-text .follow-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action{padding-bottom:0;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.comment--item--action a{font-size:12px;color:#999;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;margin-right:10px;display:inline-block;}.comment--item--action .admin-controls a{margin-right:0;margin-left:5px;}.comment--item--action .selected{color:#4667be;}.action__featured.selected,.action__approved.selected{color:#479ad2;}.action__rejected.selected{color:#ff3f7f;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__share{margin-right:15px;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share-wrp{position:absolute;top:auto;left:106px;margin:-33px 0 0 16px;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #d4d6d7,0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1);padding:10px;z-index:1000;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share-wrp:focus{outline:none;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share{padding:0;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share a{margin:0;padding:0 5px;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share .share-tw,.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share .share-fb{background:#fff;}.comment--item__copyed-link{color:#999;font-size:12px;}.comment--item--action a:hover{color:#1c2a50;}.comment--item--action .material-icons{font-size:17px;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon{fill:currentColor;font-size:17px;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action .comment--item--menu svg{fill:#999;}.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon:hover{fill:#1c2a50;}.action__featured.selected .comment--item--action,.action__approved.selected .comment--item--action{fill:#479ad2;}.status-featured.selected svg{fill:#f8bb1d;}.status-rejected.selected svg,.action__rejected.selected .comment--item--action{fill:#ff3f7f;}.comment--item-message{padding:0;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px;margin:5px 0;line-height:20px;}.comment--item-message p{margin:0;}.comment--hide--replies{display:block;text-transform:capitalize;margin:0;}.level-two{margin-left:40px;margin-top:20px;}.comment--item-reply-to{color:#999;font-size:12px;padding:0 10px;}.comment--item-reply-to .material-icons{vertical-align:middle;font-size:17px;}.comment--login,.comment--signup,.comment--reset,.comment--otp{text-align:center;border:2px solid #eeeeee;background:#fff;border-radius:4px;max-width:50%;margin:0 auto 20px;padding:30px;position:relative;}.comment--login--close{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;color:#ccc;cursor:pointer;}.comment--login-headline{font-size:25px;padding:0 0 15px;}.comment--done-button,.comment--signup-button,.comment--login-button,.comment--reset-button{background:#1c2a50;display:block;line-height:36px;color:#fff;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;width:200px;margin:0 auto;}.comment--done-button:disabled{opacity:0.5;}.comment--login-field{width:196px;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;border:2px solid #eeeeee;display:block;line-height:30px;margin:0 auto 10px;font-size:14px;}.comment--login-field.required{background:#ffe4e1;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline{margin:10px 0 15px;position:relative;}.comment--signup .avatar-list,.comment--login .avatar-list{margin:0 0 15px;}.comment--signup .avatar-list .active img,.comment--login .avatar-list .active img{border:2px solid #1c2a50;}.comment--signup .avatar-list .avatar-list--item:hover img,.comment--login .avatar-list .avatar-list--item:hover img{border:2px solid #1c2a50;}.comment--item-text-field{position:relative;}.avatar-list--item-info{position:relative;background:#ffffff;border:4px solid #f7f7f7;min-width:150px;text-align:center;padding:10px;}.avatar-list--item-info:after,.avatar-list--item-info:before{bottom:100%;left:50%;border:solid transparent;content:" ";height:0;width:0;position:absolute;pointer-events:none;}.avatar-list--item-info:after{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);border-bottom-color:#ffffff;border-width:12px;margin-left:-12px;}.avatar-list--item-info:before{border-color:rgba(247,247,247,0);border-bottom-color:#f7f7f7;border-width:18px;margin-left:-18px;}.avatar-list--item-drop-down{position:absolute;left:-67px;top:55px;display:none;}.avatar-list--item:hover .avatar-list--item-drop-down{display:block;}.avatar-list--username{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;margin:8px 0 2px 0;}.avatar-list--role{font-size:14px;}.avatar-list--rating .material-icons{font-size:16px;margin:10px 0 0 0;color:#edb823;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-toolbar{bottom:-52px !important;left:7px !important;top:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:auto !important;display:inline-block;right:auto;background:transparent;box-shadow:none;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-box{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 10px;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-box .redactor-placeholder:after{top:0;}.comment--show--replies{text-transform:capitalize;display:block;margin-bottom:0;}.comment--hide--replies i.material-icons,.comment--show--replies i.material-icons{font-size:16px;vertical-align:middle;}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{text-align:center;position:relative;background:#fff;z-index:999;display:inline-block;border:1px solid #e5e6e6;border-radius:4px;padding:0 11px 0 4px;line-height:22px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.replies{position:relative;text-align:center;}.reply-items{text-align:left;padding:10px 0;}.replies.level-two{margin-top:-10px;margin-bottom:-11px;padding-left:0;}.comment--login--message{font-size:12px;padding:8px 0 0;}.comment--login--message a{color:#0a7cc4;text-decoration:underline;}.comment--login--message a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.comment--login--message.requirements{color:#ed143d;}.flip-horizontal{-moz-transform:scaleX(-1);-webkit-transform:scaleX(-1);-o-transform:scaleX(-1);transform:scaleX(-1);-ms-filter:fliph;filter:fliph;}.flip-vertical{-moz-transform:scaleY(-1);-webkit-transform:scaleY(-1);-o-transform:scaleY(-1);transform:scaleY(-1);-ms-filter:flipv;filter:flipv;}.comment--item--menu{display:inline-block;padding:0 0 0 12px;}.comment--item--menu .material-icons{font-size:17px;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.comment--item--menu--drop-down{position:absolute;background:#fff;top:auto;bottom:25px;z-index:99;width:auto;right:1px;padding:9px 18px;box-shadow:0 1px 5px #ccc;line-height:23px;color:#666;text-transform:capitalize;font-size:12px;display:none;}.comment--item--action .comment--item--menu--drop-down a{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;margin:0;}.comment--item--menu:hover .comment--item--menu--drop-down{display:block;}.comment--signup .community-site-logo{width:90px;height:90px;border-radius:50%;background-size:cover;background-position:center;margin:0 auto 5px;}.comment--signup .site-avatar-edit{min-height:150px;}.comment--signup .site-avatar .input-data{display:none;}.community-site-logo .hover-menu.edit{background:url("/static/img/sprites/icons-buttons.png?3") -125px -214px;width:72px;height:72px;border-radius:50%;font-size:0;vertical-align:top;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input{display:block;width:80px;height:140px;overflow:hidden;z-index:99;left:0 !important;opacity:0;position:absolute;margin:0 auto !important;right:0;top:-115px !important;}.comment--item-avatar .comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input{width:60px;height:60px;top:-60px !important;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input input,.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input input::-webkit-file-upload-button{cursor:pointer;}.comment--signup .fake-input input{display:none;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .image-by-url{-moz-border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;padding:17px 15px 17px;vertical-align:top;font:18px "PT Sans",Tahoma,sans-serif;width:250px;}.community-site-logo .edit-mode .site-avatar{max-width:600px;max-height:none;margin:0 auto;}.community-site-logo .edit-mode .avatar-form{display:inline-block;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .or{color:#a8a8a8;padding:0 11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .buttons{padding:83px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .add-image-by-src{padding:18px 21px 17px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .add-image-by-src .upload-arrow{margin:4px 0 3px;display:block;height:12px;width:12px;background-image:url("/static/img/roar/icons.png?31");background-position:-382px -135px;background-size:458px 225px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .ch-cover-upload,.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .buttons .btn{width:175px;margin:0 5px;background:#5d97ce;color:#fff;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:3px;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode label{margin:20px 0 35px;font-size:24px;}.community-native-js-wrp .disabled,.community-native-wrp .disabled{opacity:0.6;}.comment--item--action a.disabled{opacity:0.5;cursor:progress;}.talk--load_more-wrp{text-align:center;}.talks--load_more{background:#8db7e0;border:1px solid #8db7e0;border-radius:3px;color:white;cursor:pointer;font-size:13px;font-weight:500;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:35px;position:relative;z-index:1;margin:30px 0 0 0;text-align:center;}.talks--load_more:hover{background:#5e99d4;}.community-site-logo.logo-preview .circle-loader{margin:0 auto;height:85px;width:85px;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader-box{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:7;min-height:200px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-top:-60px;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader{border:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2);border-left-color:#479ad2;animation-name:loader-spin;animation-duration:1s;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-timing-function:linear;position:relative;display:block;vertical-align:top;margin:0;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader,.community-native-wrp .circle-loader:after{border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;}.community-native-wrp .comment--item-avatar.editable .circle-loader,.community-native-wrp .comment--item-avatar.editable .circle-loader:after{margin-top:-40px;width:38px;height:38px;margin-left:-2px;}@keyframes loader-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes checkmark{0%{height:0;width:0;opacity:1;}20%{height:0;width:2em;opacity:1;}40%{height:4em;width:2em;opacity:1;}100%{height:4em;width:2em;opacity:1;}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.replies.level-two{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;}.comment--login,.comment--signup{max-width:100%;}}.comment_placeholder-wrp{background:#f1f1f1;width:100%;height:94px;}.animated-background{animation-duration:1s;animation-fill-mode:forwards;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-name:placeHolderShimmer;animation-timing-function:linear;background:#f6f7f8;background:linear-gradient(to right,#eeeeee 8%,#dddddd 18%,#eeeeee 33%);background-size:800px 104px;height:94px;position:relative;border-radius:4px;padding-top:1px;}.placeholder__textarea_top{background:white;height:15px;margin:2px 2px 0 2px;}.placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_left{background:white;height:20px;margin:0 2px;width:10px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_right{background:white;height:20px;margin:-28px 2px 0 117px;}.placeholder__textarea_bottom{background:white;height:15px;margin:0 2px 2px 2px;}.placeholder__button_b{background:#dadada;height:26px;width:20px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:19px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__button_i{background:#dadada;height:26px;width:20px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:19px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__button_publish{background:#1c2a50;height:26px;margin:0 2px 2px 2px;opacity:0.5;width:83px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;float:right;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:8px;}@keyframes placeHolderShimmer{0%{background-position:-468px 0;}100%{background-position:468px 0;}}.talk--messages .follow-button,.comment--item .comment--user-follow{color:#479ad2;font-size:14px;text-align:center;width:auto;border-radius:0;background:none;transition:unset;text-indent:unset;font-weight:bold;margin:0;height:17px;position:static;border:0;cursor:pointer;}.talk--messages .follow-button:hover{background:none;opacity:0.6;}.talk__review{font-weight:900;padding:8px 0;}.talk__review .wrapper__post_rating{cursor:default;}.input__post_rating_total{font-weight:900;padding:0 12px;}.input__post_rating_count{font-weight:400;}.wrapper__post_rating{cursor:pointer;}.wrapper__post_rating--disabled{cursor:default;}.input__post_rating_item svg,.input__post_rating_item--active svg{vertical-align:middle;fill:#ffc000;width:18px;height:18px;}.wrapper__post_rating--disabled i svg{fill:#777;}.input__post_rating_item .icon__star_empty,.input__post_rating_item--active .icon__star_full{display:inline;}.input__post_rating_item--active .icon__star_empty,.input__post_rating_item .icon__star_full{display:none;}.talk__author__add .talk__avatar .comment--item-avatar .fake-input{width:40px;}.comment--item-text .wrapper__post_rating--disabled i svg{height:12px;width:12px;} </style><script class="rm-i-script"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function() { window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalStylesheet("/static/css-build/roar/runner/social-ux-non-critical.css?v=rmxassetse8b874e39b339059e338b461576785bb", function(){ document.body.classList.add("rm-non-critical-loaded"); }); }); </script><script class="rm-i-script"> var __RUNNER_PUBLIC__ = { root: '#runner-root', events: { PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change.listicle_switch_page', URL_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change', LISTICLE_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.listicle_switch_page' } } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> window.__rebelmouseJsBaseUrl = "/static/js-build/"; window.__rebelmousePrimaryColor = "#FF4C00"; </script><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=192&height=192" sizes="192x192"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=48&height=48" sizes="48x48"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-07-07T13:00:01+00:00"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-07-10T18:16:36+00:00"/><meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/48576411181"/><link rel="amphtml" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/amp/energy-transition-2668553450"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="cta-climate-tech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="4"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="bold"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2348"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2355"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2284"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="8"></script><script> window.postid = "2668553450"; window.category = ["", "energy", "interview"]; window.tags = ["energy-transition", "grid", "renewable-energy", "decarbonization", "inverter-based-grid"]; window.custom_tags = ['energy transition', 'grid', 'renewable energy', 'decarbonization', 'inverter-based grid', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52505722', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52503415', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52503416', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52509809', 'Technology & Computing', 'Business and Finance', 'Education', 'Books and Literature', 'News and Politics', 'Economy', 'Industries', 'Business', 'Power and Energy Industry', 'Financial Industry', 'Technology Industry', 'Environmental Services Industry', 'Government Business', 'Green Solutions', 'Business Utilities'] console.log('tags - ', window.custom_tags) </script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2200"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="greek"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="notification"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="fix"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="featurebylinemobile"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="4"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="supercomputing"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="cssfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="newassemblerclass"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2225"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="ieeesignout"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="usermenuosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1719"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="invention"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="off"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="on"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2184"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1422"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="climatetech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2288"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2201"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="footerfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ppid" data-abtest-value="link"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="audosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="pdf" data-abtest-value="button2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1843"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="6"></script><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="bgsalp9vtqx07wdoczkh2jq79qvonr"/><meta property="fb:pages" content="48576411181"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="L-skWDKE3KKfxCj4MKcOwZUVoZ1L_MkSRLAsNxx-JIw"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="CTQnzy87CzDH0ZMNer4KvBtvb7X0tiJoehjRFhqPCis"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="nopod"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2349"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="cta" data-abtest-value="removed"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="ctaqa"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2210"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="notopad"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="page" data-abtest-value="sing"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2200"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="keepreadingoff"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1922"></script><style class="rm-i-styles" id="custom-post-styles-2668553450"> </style><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="primarytagfallback"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="primarytag"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="socialux" data-abtest-value="1"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="final" data-abtest-value="3"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="spectrumcover"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="parsely-title"></script><meta name="parsely-title" content="The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach"/><meta name="parsely-link" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy-transition"/><meta name="parsely-section" content="Energy"/><meta name="parsely-tags" content="energy transition,grid,renewable energy,decarbonization,inverter-based grid,SpectrumType.Interview"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1436"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="oldarrows"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="promo" data-abtest-value="promo"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="popupsoff"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="combined"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="popupnew"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="socialpopupnew"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function() { var cookie = 'rebelmouse_abtests='; cookie += "v1:165477109-A:1,B:2"; document.cookie = cookie + '; Path=/; SameSite=None; Secure'; })(); </script></head><body class="logged-out-user section-energy"><div id="fb-root"></div><div id="runner-root"></div><div id="curtain" class="curtain"></div><nav class="menu-global"><div class="main-menu-wrapper"><div class="menu-global__search-form hide-tablet-and-desktop"><form action="/search/"><button type="submit" class="menu-global__submit fa fa-search" value="" aria-label="Submit"></button><input name="q" class="menu-global__text-input" type="text" placeholder="Search..." aria-label="Search"/></form></div><div class="divider hide-tablet-and-desktop"></div><div class="divider"></div><ul id="main-menu" class="main-menu"></ul></div></nav><div class="all-content-wrapper"><div class="main v-sep"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Post"></span><div class="menu-overlay js-toggle" data-target="body" data-share-status-id="menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="menu-opened"></div><link rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" href="https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.css"/><script> window.PARSELY = window.PARSELY || {}; function isPublished(post){ return [0,1,2].includes(post.status) } window.PARSELY.autotrack = false; window.PARSELY.onload = function () { if(Object.keys(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post).length > 0 && !isPublished(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post)){ return; } var event = { url: location.href, urlref: document.referrer, js: 1 }; window.PARSELY.updateDefaults({ data: { level: localStorage.getItem("userMembershipStatus") || "anonymous" } }); window.PARSELY.beacon.trackPageView(event); }; </script><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5WJB5X2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Fonts"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Spectrum"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><svg width="0" height="0" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" style="position: absolute"><mask id="xLogoMask" style="mask-type: alpha" maskunits="userSpaceOnUse" x="1" y="1" width="18" height="18"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="black"></path></mask></svg><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS for Posts"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Article Components"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS for Comments"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><div class="topbar topbar--static" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16"><div class="" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Bar"></span><div class="dark_top_bar" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1"><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0"><div class="top_menu_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE.org</a><a class="list__item" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp" target="_blank">IEEE Xplore Digital Library</a><a class="list__item" href="https://standards.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Standards</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank">More Sites</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="access_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">Sign In</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/join" target="_self">Join IEEE</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1"><svg width="70px" height="21px" viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="topbar-sticky announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1"><div id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1_0" class="js-hidden-panel" data-offset="0"></div><div class="rebelbar-wrapper_static announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1_1"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Announcement Bar"></span><div class="announcement-bar" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0"><script> if (sessionStorage.getItem('anbarclose') || window.location.pathname == '/st/join') { document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px'; } </script><div class="formatted-text ql-editor"><p><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">See our latest special report, “Reinventing Invention: Stories From Innovation’s Edge”</a> →</p></div><div class="button-view button-view-hidden" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1"><div class="text-element" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1_0"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">View →</a></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="icon-close announcement-close" onclick="sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px';"> Close bar </a></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__TopBar Second Bar"></span><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0"><div class="site_logo" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0"><a href="/" title="Spectrum Logo"><svg width="214px" height="30px" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#0D0D0D" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="topbar__sticky-headline topbar__sticky-headline--post" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1_0">The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach</div></div><span class="floating-shares hide-desktop">Share</span><script> function createElementChangeListener(selector, callback, oneTime) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); let reported = false; document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { if (oneTime && reported) { return; } reported = true; callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (oneTime && reported) { return; } if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { reported = true; callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); if (oneTime) { mutationObserver.disconnect(); } } }); }); if (!oneTime || !reported) { mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } return mutationObserver; } </script><div class="topbar__static-headline" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_2_0">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div></div></div><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_1"><div class="search-form"><form action="/search/"><label for="q" class="hide-text">Search: </label><input placeholder="Type to search" type="text" name="q" id="q" class="search-form__text-input"/><button aria-label="Search" type="submit" class="search-form__submit" value="Search"><svg width="18px" height="19px" viewbox="0 0 18 19" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="1376---Sample-Front-Page" transform="translate(-826.000000, -102.000000)" stroke="#0D0D0D" stroke-width="1.5"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(816.857864, 96.000000)"><g id="Search-Icon" transform="translate(7.307612, 5.000000)"><path d="M11.631728,14.6819805 C15.2215789,14.6819805 18.131728,11.7718314 18.131728,8.18198052 C18.131728,4.59212964 15.2215789,1.68198052 11.631728,1.68198052 C8.04187711,1.68198052 5.13172798,4.59212964 5.13172798,8.18198052 C5.13172798,11.7718314 8.04187711,14.6819805 11.631728,14.6819805 Z M11.631728,14.5814755 L11.631728,21.5814755" id="Combined-Shape" transform="translate(11.631728, 11.631728) rotate(-45.000000) translate(-11.631728, -11.631728) "></path></g></g></g></g></svg></button></form></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Menu"></span><div class="main-menu-el" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item__title">Explore by topic</div><div class="menu-dropdown" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div></div></div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hambg-btn" data-target="body"><svg width="32px" height="18px" viewbox="0 0 32 18" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="992---Search---Open-filters---selected" transform="translate(-928.000000, -75.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Collapsed-Site-Header" transform="translate(0.000000, 56.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(432.857864, 12.000000)"><g id="Group" transform="translate(495.142136, 7.000000)"><rect id="Rectangle" x="0" y="0" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy" x="0" y="8" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy-2" x="0" y="16" width="32" height="2"></rect></g></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="huge-menu" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_17"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Huge Menu Links"></span><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1" class="dark_layout row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row px20"><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0" class="Top_hugeMenu col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0"><a href="/" class="hide-text">IEEE Spectrum<svg width="214px" height="30px" class="site_logo_menu" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#F2F2F2" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hm__close js--active" data-target="body" data-loaded="true"></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1" class="top-menu top-menu--big-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l6"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Topics</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Sections</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/type/feature/" target="_self">Features</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/news/" target="_self">News</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/opinion/" target="_self">Opinion</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/careers/" target="_self">Careers</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/diy/" target="_self">DIY</a><a class="list__item" href="/engineering-resources/" target="_self">Engineering Resources</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">More</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/newsletters/" target="_self">Newsletters</a><a class="list__item" href="/podcasts/" target="_self">Podcasts</a><a class="list__item" href="/special-reports/" target="_self">Special Reports</a><a class="list__item" href="/collections/" target="_self">Collections</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/explainer/" target="_self">Explainers</a><a class="list__item" href="/top-programming-languages" target="_self">Top Programming Languages</a><a class="list__item" href="https://robotsguide.com" target="_blank">Robots Guide ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://jobs.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Job Site ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/st/about" target="_self">About Us</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/contact" target="_self">Contact Us</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.parsintl.com/publications/ieee-media/" target="_blank">Reprints & Permissions ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://advertise.ieee.org/ " target="_blank">Advertising ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Follow IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="sm-mb-2" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2_1"><div class="social-links"><a class="social-links__link share-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open twitter"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-twitter"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEE.Spectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open facebook"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-facebook"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeespectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open instagram"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-instagram"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-threads" href="https://www.threads.net/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open threads"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-threads"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open linkedin"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-linkedin"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open youtube"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-youtube"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tiktok" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tiktok"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tiktok"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tumblr" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/customfeeds/feed/all-topics/rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tumblr"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tumblr"></span></a></div></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Support IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_1"><i>IEEE Spectrum</i> is the flagship publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science.</div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_2"><a class="color-inherit" href="/st/join" target="_self" rel="orange_button">Join IEEE</a></div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_3"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://ieee.omeda.com/ieee/r-main.do" target="_blank" rel="orange_button">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_5" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Footer"></span><div class="footer containerHidden" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0"><div class="" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0"><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0" class=" row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row "><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m10 l10"><div class="bottom_menu_links" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><div class="list" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/" target="_blank">About IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html" target="_blank">Contact & Support</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" target="_blank">Nondiscrimination Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" target="_blank">Terms</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="#" target="_self" rel="cookie-preferences">Cookie Preferences</a><a class="list__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/st/ppid-info" target="_self">Ad Privacy Options</a></div></div><div class="ftr-copy" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1">© Copyright 2024 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</div></div><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m2 l2"><svg viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Gated_Popup"></span><div class="gated-popup" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0"><div class="gated-popup__contents" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-gated gated-popup__close icon-close"></a><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf" style="display:none"> Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_save" style="display:none"> Saving articles to read later requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_member_content" style="display:none"> The Institute content is only available for members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf_issues" style="display:none"> Downloading full PDF issues is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Downloading this e-book is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_nxtbook" style="display:none"> Access to <i>Spectrum</i> 's Digital Edition is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_follow_topics" style="display:none"> Following topics is a feature exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_comments" style="display:none"> Adding your response to an article requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf for_save for_comments" style="display:none"> Create an account to access more content and features on <i>IEEE Spectrum</i> , including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. For more exclusive content and features, consider <a class="ieee_link" href="/st/join">Joining IEEE</a> . </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to all of Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to this e-book plus all of <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em> articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><div class="popup_links for_pdf for_save for_comments create_account" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div><div class="popup_links for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content for_ebooks" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE" target="_self">JOIN IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> var popupGatedElement=document.querySelector('.gated-popup'), closeGated, gatedCloseBtn = '.js--close-gated', gatedShownClass = 'gated-popup--shown'; closeGated = function () { popupGatedElement.classList.remove(gatedShownClass); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_save'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_ebooks'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf_issues'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_nxtbook'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_follow_topics'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_comments'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_member_content'); }; function openGatedPopup(type){ document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.create_account .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; // update popups for_member_content document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_member_content .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); // update popups for_pdf for_save for_comments document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_save .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); popupGatedElement.classList.add(type); popupGatedElement.classList.add(gatedShownClass); } document.querySelector(gatedCloseBtn).onclick= closeGated; </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Session_Popup"></span><div class="lightbox-popup" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0"><div class="lightbox-popup__contents" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-lightbox lightbox-popup__close icon-close hide-text">Close</a><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2 popup-heading-h2">Access Thousands of Articles — Completely Free</h2><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2"> Create an account and get exclusive content and features: <strong>Save articles, download collections,</strong> and <strong>talk to tech insiders</strong> — all free! For full access and benefits, <a class="ieee_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE">join IEEE</a> as a paying member. </h2><div class="popup_links signin_button" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum3c&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> function addPopSave(){ var save_post_links = document.querySelectorAll(".like-btn:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < save_post_links.length; i++) { save_post_links[i].removeAttribute("href"); save_post_links[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ openGatedPopup('for_save'); }); save_post_links[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><div class="rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial"></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="SS Default Post"></span><div class="" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1"><div class="top-leader-container" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_1"><div class="rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard"></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2" class="featured_columns row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0" class="article_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l9"><div class="mb-2 article_post current_post_media current_post" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[ss_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/row/column[1]/choose/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source_url="current_post" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,author,date,time_to_read,like_button,site_field_mini_bio,snark_line,photo_caption,photo_credit,date_modified,custom_field_TimeofRead,post_shares,body,section,primary_tag,page_views,badges,badges_sponsored,source_link,community_name,collection_button,community_comments,main_author,tags,follow_button,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="article_post current_post_media current_post" data-attr-layout_subheadline="top" data-attr-layout_date="top" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_like_button="top" data-attr-layout_author="top" data-attr-update_url_on_post_view="true" data-attr-all_share_buttons="Email,CopyLink,Whatsapp,Facebook,Twitter,Linkedin,Separator,Tumblr,GooglePlus,Pinterest,Reddit,Flipboard,SMS,Slack" data-attr-layout_separator="inactive" data-attr-layout_tumblr="inactive" data-attr-layout_googleplus="inactive" data-attr-layout_pinterest="inactive" data-attr-layout_reddit="inactive" data-attr-layout_flipboard="inactive" data-attr-layout_sms="inactive" data-attr-layout_slack="inactive" data-attr-layout_facebook="inactive" data-attr-layout_twitter="inactive" data-attr-layout_linkedin="inactive" data-attr-layout_copylink="active" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_photo_caption="bottom" data-attr-layout_photo_credit="bottom" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-layout_snark_line="top" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-energy-transition tag-grid tag-renewable-energy tag-decarbonization tag-inverter-based-grid post-section--topic/energy" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2668553450" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2668553450" data-category="Energy"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/interview/">Interview</a></div><h1 class="widget__headline h1"><span class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" data-type="text"> The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach </span></h1><div class="widget__subheadline"><h2 class="widget__subheadline-text h2" data-type="text"><p>A Q&A with Georgia Tech’s Deepak Divan</p></h2></div><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette" data-type="text">Robert N. Charette</a></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">07 Jul 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">12 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="5"></div><div class="snark-line"><div class="minibios-group"><p>Robert N. Charette is a Contributing Editor and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"><picture><source srcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=3600&height=2700 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=2400&height=1800 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=1200&height=900 1x"/><img fetchpriority="high" role="img" alt="a rectangle with greenery, solar panels, an electric car and wind turbines on top" aria-label="a rectangle with greenery, solar panels, an electric car and wind turbines on top" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-rectangle-with-greenery-solar-panels-an-electric-car-and-wind-turbines-on-top.jpg?id=52505722&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image rm-hero-media" width="3000" height="2250"/></picture></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="photo-credit"> Viaframe/Getty Images </div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2668553450" class="post-context post-context-2668553450"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2668553450,"7":"energy transition, grid, renewable energy, decarbonization, inverter-based grid","10":"energy transition","6":"energy","8":"07/07/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2668553450, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 544169527, 544169516], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1" class=" row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_0" class="tag_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l3"><div class="wrapper-lazy-loading rm-lazy-load-post-lcp-wrapper next-page-wrapper" data-skl-id="/root/blocks/block[ss_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/row/column[1]/row/column[1]/choose/otherwise/lazyload-" data-has-more="true" data-more-posts-exists="true" data-posts-sources="" data-ignore-page-number="false"></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1" class="current_post_content col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l9"><div class="" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1_0"><div class="non_member_follow" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1_0_0_1_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Open Current Default Post"></span><div class="mb-2 article_post article_post--body-and-tags" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-header_template="jinja/post/custom-css.html" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/choose[1]/otherwise/current_post-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-all_element_order="body,tags,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,author,all_sections,headline,subheadline,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,date,custom_field_PodcastTime,like_button,post_shares,custom_field_TimeofRead,page_views,badges,section,primary_tag,community_name,badges_sponsored,source_link,photo_caption,photo_credit,community_comments,snark_line,collection_button,follow_button,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,main_author,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,site_field_Twitter,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_Editor,site_field_Instagram,site_field_Facebook,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="3x2" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="article_post article_post--body-and-tags" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_body="top" data-attr-all_share_buttons="Email,CopyLink,Whatsapp,Facebook,Twitter,Linkedin,Separator,Tumblr,GooglePlus,Pinterest,Reddit,Flipboard,SMS,Slack" data-attr-layout_separator="inactive" data-attr-layout_tumblr="inactive" data-attr-layout_googleplus="inactive" data-attr-layout_pinterest="inactive" data-attr-layout_reddit="inactive" data-attr-layout_flipboard="inactive" data-attr-layout_sms="inactive" data-attr-layout_slack="inactive" data-attr-layout_facebook="inactive" data-attr-layout_twitter="inactive" data-attr-layout_linkedin="inactive" data-attr-layout_copylink="active" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-show_full_post_body="true" data-attr-layout_tags="bottom" data-attr-show_around_the_web="true" data-attr-layout_custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids="bottom" data-attr-source="" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-energy-transition tag-grid tag-renewable-energy tag-decarbonization tag-inverter-based-grid post-section--topic/energy" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2668553450" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2668553450" data-category="Energy"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><span class="js-scroll-trigger" data-target="body" data-triggers="render-rebelbar" data-toggle-class="with-floating-shares"></span><div id="utm_campaign"></div><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body css-listicle-body-2668553450" data-headline="The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach"><div class="body-description"><p>Unless U.S. energy policy and industry practice is systemically shaped to intercept and exploit the exponential improvements in clean-energy technology and cost reductions now occurring, the United States could end up with the worst of all situations by 2040: a dystopian grid where energy costs are high and reliability is poor, decarbonization progress is stalled, and the economic gains that have been made over the last century are at risk. </p><p>That’s a central premise of <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-49417-8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em>Energy 2040: Aligning Innovation, Economics and Decarbonization</em></a> by <a href="https://ece.gatech.edu/directory/deepakraj-m-divan" target="_blank">Deepak Divan</a>, professor and the founding director of the <a href="https://cde.gatech.edu/" target="_blank">Center for Distributed Energy</a> at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and recipient of the 2024 IEEE Medal in Power Engineering, and his coauthor <a href="https://research.gatech.edu/suresh-sharma" target="_blank">Suresh Sharma</a>, a former General Electric executive and the entrepreneur in residence at Georgia Tech. The book explores how new sources of energy are disrupting long-held beliefs and assumptions on how energy should be generated, transmitted and distributed. In the following interview <em><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/">IEEE Spectrum</a></em>contributing editor Robert N. Charette talks with Divan about how to align economic imperatives and climate goals for sustainability and affordability.</p><p><strong>One of the fundamental themes of your book is that the technological learning curve that has resulted in the rapid reduction in the costs of <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/renewable-energy">renewable energy</a> has been sustained for 50 to 70 years and shows no signs of slowing down. You also write that these declines were not predicted by experts in the field just two decades ago. What do you mean by the technological learning curve? What did you find in terms of cost reductions in different types of renewable energy as a result? And why were the experts so wrong in their predictions of renewable energy costs?</strong></p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p><strong>Deepak Divan:</strong> The technological learning curve is at the heart of our book. We spent a lot of time in the beginning of the book going through the history of why we are where we are because it is important to understand the process and nuances of how we got here. It is quite complicated, but I’ll try to simplify it. </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image rm-resized-container rm-resized-container-25 rm-float-left" data-rm-resized-container="25%" style="float: left;"><img alt="man smiling for a portrait in a suit jacket and white shirt against a gray background" class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image rm-resized-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="f1b4c0b8d19452f3a05a0de7d0bf2778" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/man-smiling-for-a-portrait-in-a-suit-jacket-and-white-shirt-against-a-gray-background.webp?id=52503415&width=980" height="895" id="4fc4c" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20895'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width: 100%" width="1000"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">Deepak Divan</small></p><p>We start at a place where science lagged technology and the market by a significant amount in the early years of the power industry. In other words, the processes of taking technology to market through innovation, through tinkering, through entrepreneurs who were willing to invest, helped create the underlying structure of today’s utility industry.</p><p>When the electricity grid was established, it was the Wild West, with every entrepreneur trying to get ahead of the others with their own proprietary solutions. However, it soon became clear that the grid, which was not just a single device but a physically coupled network of a large number of devices, needed to be coordinated and controlled as a whole—very different from most previous technological innovations. Everybody’s appliances needed to work with the same voltage and the same frequency, for instance. So, electricity providers were forced to make everything work seamlessly—challenging in a world before microprocessors and power electronics.<br/></p><p>Yet at the same time, the early electricity providers also focused on where the money was, so they ended up targeting those pieces of the market that had best return on their investments. As a result, big, broad swaths of the country, typically rural, were being left in the dark. This helped create the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Utility_Holding_Company_Act" target="_blank">Public Utility Holding Company Act</a> of 1934 that forced more regulation on the electricity industry. It also promised utilities better and more stable economic returns, but in exchange for providing universal access, and so we end up getting the grid that we have right now.<br/></p><p class="pull-quote">I keep thinking that <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/elon-musk">Elon Musk</a> should not be worrying so much about autonomous cars today. Give me an autonomous inverter first.<strong>—Deepak Divan</strong></p><p>However, industry regulations also strongly influenced the way electricity providers thought. With the utility industry now regulated, it was not possible to bring innovation to market very easily. Reliability was the most important objective and any new technological innovations that might reduce reliability were frowned upon. As a result, it took 10 to 20 years to bring new technologies to market.</p><p>So, the electricity industry went from a fast-moving, risk-taking one to an industry that was very, very slow moving, very risk averse. That was fine as long as technological innovation was also moving slowly.</p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p>Over the past two decades, however, something radically changed. Traditional learning curves, where one gained experience over time and the product or service cost went down a modest amount until the next <a href="https://hbr.org/2022/01/manage-your-organization-as-a-portfolio-of-learning-curves" target="_blank">S-shaped learning curve</a> began, started to disappear. Instead, the learning curve across many energy-related technologies and their resultant cost reductions started to happen without much notice over decades seemingly without limit, with few indications when they will ever saturate.</p><p>We’ve seen this in microelectronics ad nauseam, for example. We have also seen it reflected in the <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> space, where the learning curves began in the early 1970s. Since that time, there have been hundreds of technologies that have intersected and interconnected to create a 23 percent reduction in price for each doubling in sales volume with no signs that it’s going to slow down.</p><p>The same kind of curve is occurring in the battery space because, again, it is micromaterial-based and multiple new smart materials all coming together to give you both more kilowatts and kilowatt-hours. The battery market is now tasting success; it is attracting huge investments, again, with no signs of slowing down.</p><p><strong>Why did no one in the energy industry see this coming?</strong></p><p><strong>Divan:</strong> If we go back to around the year 2000, at that point, solar LCOE (<a href="https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/f25/LCOE.pdf" target="_blank">levelized cost of energy</a>) was $850 per megawatt-hour, and batteries were $1,200/KWh. There was nobody in their right mind who thought that that would ever become competitive with gas and coal sitting at around $35/KWh and $50/KWh.</p><p>No one believed that the learning rates in solar or batteries, for example, could be sustained. Everyone in the industry thought that the technology was gimmicky and was not really going to be able to scale. After all, solar panels are small little things. How could you compete with a 500-megawatt gas plant?</p><p>Additionally, the utilities all used similar 20-year integrated resource planning cycles. So, they were already making investments in terms of what needed to be done and there was not a consultancy in the world who was willing to advise them to say stop everything you’re doing and let’s start moving towards solar. There was no rational basis for that.</p><p>The energy industry also believed they had so much economic and policy clout, they could hold off any threat from renewable energy forever.</p><p class="pull-quote"><strong></strong>I do not think the transition to renewables and <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/evs">EVs</a> can be stopped, but I think it can be made extremely messy. <strong>—Deepak Divan</strong></p><p>A former CEO for <a href="https://www.pjm.com/" target="_blank">PJM</a>, the biggest grid operator in the United States, told me that even in 2010 there was not a single CEO of a grid operator, electric utility, automotive or oil company who thought that <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/electric-vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, solar power or batteries were going to be cost competitive any time soon.</p><p>But by 2015, new energy companies were disrupting energy incumbents’ long-held assumptions. This was reflected by an astounding 97.5 percent reduction in the cost of solar from 2000 to 2022, and this is installed cost! And similarly with batteries, there has been a 92 percent cost reduction over the same period that is just continuing because there are so many new technologies being brought into play.</p><p> As to why the biggest companies in the world that are responsible for a huge part of global GDP, have the smartest people in the world and are advised by the smartest consultants in the world, could not see this coming is a fundamental question that we have asked in the book.</p><p><strong>One of the implications you discuss is that the distributed energy resources, or DERs, like solar power, windmills and large-scale energy-storage systems are going to change the electric grid from a synchronous generator and inertia-driven system to an inverter-based resource (IBR) rich grid where grid voltage and frequency are not regulated by inertial sources. Can you explain the difference, why and what needs to happen both from a technology perspective to move to a decarbonized IBR grid?</strong></p><p><strong>Divan:</strong> Getting to an inverter-based grid is one of the things that the industry is struggling with on the technology side. Fundamentally, the existing grid is electromechanical in nature.</p><p>There are these big, rotating, energy-generating turbine-driven synchronous machines, and over 100 years we have figured out how to make them work to make the grid reliable. All the simplifications and efficiencies, all the standardizations and designs and synchronous generators that were needed have been figured out and now there is a system that works reasonably well. The grid that has been built in the United States has been called the largest machine ever built, with all these rotating machines possessing huge amounts of rotational inertia, all rotating together in lockstep because of the way synchronous machines operate.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image rm-resized-container rm-resized-container-25 rm-float-left" data-rm-resized-container="25%" style="float: left;"><img alt="an aeriel view of numerous wind turbines in a line on a green rolling hills" class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image rm-resized-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="86bec7173ca04e1f7c77afab485866fa" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-aeriel-view-of-numerous-wind-turbines-in-a-line-on-a-green-rolling-hills.jpg?id=52503416&width=980" height="1875" id="36402" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%202500%201875'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width: 100%" width="2500"/><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">RyanJLane/Getty Images</small></p><p> When even a small disturbance occurs anywhere on the grid, all of them continue to operate locked together and to share the power delivered, with the ability to clear any faults as they occur on the system. The entire system is structured around this model. While it is often called a smart grid, there’s nothing smart about it. It’s an extremely good grid but it’s really a passive grid. All the smarts are sitting 15 minutes away at the operator level. So, for 15 minutes, the system has to keep operating until the next command is received.</p><p>This enormous machine has several interesting characteristics that make it work well. One is that the grid has a lot of damping built into it. Anytime there is a deviation because of a disturbance on the system, there’s a restorative torque that automatically occurs on it.</p><p>Another characteristic is that it is usually thought that frequency is the universal parameter on the system, since all the generators essentially use a <a href="https://energycentral.com/c/iu/droop-control-mechanism-power-generators-%F0%9F%A4%96#:~:text=Conclusion:%20droop%20action%20is%20a,reliability%20of%20the%20power%20system." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">power-frequency droop principle</a> to share power equally. However, the problem is that in the synchronous generator world, frequency command is a DC quantity, while the three-phase AC voltages are generated and locked in by the machines’ action itself, not by control action.</p><p>Now, as synchronous generators are replaced with inverters, you don’t have any intrinsic rotation or inertia in the system. We don’t have any of the attributes of damping that are automatically built into it. Further, there are now <a href="https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/712166/dsp-vs-fpga-for-power-electronics-solar-inverters" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">inverters with DSPs [digital signal processors] and FPGAs [field-programmable gate arrays]</a> which allow the measurement of the grid voltage and to act very, very quickly.</p><p class="pull-quote">For the first time in our history, decarbonized climate-friendly solutions are also lower cost than traditional fossil-energy-based solutions. For the first time ever, what is good for our wallet is also good for the planet! <strong>—Deepak Divan</strong></p><p>In the early years and all the way until very recently, we only built what we call grid-following inverters. Essentially, the voltage of the grid was taken as given and power was pushed against it. The inverter followed the grid and power could be dispatched per utility command, which worked fine. This has allowed us to scale IBRs in many locations around the world.</p><p>The difficulty is as one gets to high penetration of inverter-based resources, the grid is no longer being formed nicely, and so the system can become unstable.</p><p>Now there is a need to start thinking about how the grid is going to be formed when we have an inverter-dominant grid. The issue is that one does not have that rotating machine, one doesn’t have that restorative torque, and one doesn’t have the system damping. None of those things are there.</p><p>Each inverter thinks it is very smart and it’s going to try to form the voltage based on local information. However, it is also going to have to interact with what another inverter is trying to do to form voltage and what another inverter is doing, and so on. This becomes a problem.</p><p>So as these inverters interact with each other, it’s often hard to keep them stable. While we have been able to demonstrate grid-forming inverters and every manufacturer now claims to have one, we do not exactly know what a grid-forming inverter should do, especially when done at scale, to ensure that they do not interact with each other, particularly when millions of inverters are deployed. This creates a challenge.</p><p>There is also the concern that each of these inverters is made by a different manufacturer. Some of them were made 20 years back, some were made 10 years back some and these now need to be compatible with what will be made in the next 10 years. They are no agreed standards. Standards are lagging by 10 years or more.</p><p>The question is what does one do, if it takes you 10 years to get a new standard out, and given that the rate of solar deployment is so high that in that time some 1,000 gigawatts of PV solar will be deployed, but none of it will be compliant with the future, as yet unknown, standard?</p><p><strong>How do you also stabilize the grid in this environment?</strong></p><p><strong>Divan: </strong>The utilities today have grown up without having to worry about any of these issues. They just focused on how to restore power, how to connect this to that, how to manage the workforce, and so on. Not this dynamic beast which they have few skills in dealing with. In fact, most big electric utilities have few people in their workforce who are skilled in power electronics, because the old system did not need it.</p><p>These are very complex issues and part of the challenge is that it is a different operational paradigm than today. We do not have these fundamental issues resolved. The important question, I think, and part of the problem is that nobody can stand in public and say, “Hey, there’s a problem here!”</p><p>I keep thinking that Elon Musk should not be worrying so much about autonomous cars today. Give me an autonomous inverter first. That is a much, much more important priority in the near term.</p><p><strong>In the book, you were careful to also lay out factors that could derail your energy vision for 2040. Could you discuss a few of them, and what might be done to avoid or minimize them?</strong></p><p><strong>Divan: </strong>I do not think the transition to renewables and EVs can be stopped, but I think it can be made extremely messy.</p><p>Major energy transformations have taken 50 to 70 years, and they have been very messy from a regulatory standpoint. People are pushing back against going to renewables, but I do not think they can win because at the end of the day, everybody is going to respond to the economics and functionality of inexpensive renewables and new holistic solutions.</p><p>Even if we in the United States do not do it because of the politics and incumbent resistance, the Chinese and others are going to continue to move the technology along and to drive the prices down. And so you know, you’re going to at some point say, oh, ****, I think we have to adopt this new stuff, because it’s going to seep into widespread use. By then, I am concerned that we will have been left behind.</p><p class="pull-quote">Nobody can argue with economics of renewables in the future; it is going to drive everything. However, if you do not think about the economics and government policies properly together, they will drive bad outcomes. <strong>—Deepak Divan</strong></p><p>Another issue that could make things messy is that the utilities do not have the ability to change easily. They must meet their reliability requirements in the near term, which becomes problematic when all these new technologies are coming in. They are not going to absorb these technologies easily.</p><p>In addition, the energy load is moving in. Data centers, especially those for AI, are coming online, as well as electric-vehicle charging, heat pumps and green hydrogen. How do you meet those requirements?</p><p>It is tempting to say, “Let’s go back to the old days and fire up the gas and coal plants.” While that is not the answer, that is something that easily could happen.</p><p>The point I am trying to make is that I do not believe this energy transition can be stopped, but it can be made extremely expensive. It can be made extremely messy and then we will have lost the climate battle at the same time. But it does not have to be so! For the first time in our history, decarbonized climate-friendly solutions are also lower cost than traditional fossil-energy-based solutions. For the first time ever, what is good for our wallet is also good for the planet!</p><p>Nobody is laying the difficulties out. Nobody. The hope with writing this book was to start this conversation because we are not seeing anybody addressing these issues holistically.</p><p>Unfortunately, most people are unable to act on something that has a long-term benefit but is more expensive in the near to midterm. They will only act in the short term. So, you have to give them a short-term reason for doing something by making it the attractive thing to do financially.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image rm-resized-container rm-resized-container-25 rm-float-left" data-rm-resized-container="25%" style="float: left;"><img alt="aerial view of trees and road in the shape of a electric plug" class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image rm-resized-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="27328831b9ccaa64e9e02744b3620599" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/aerial-view-of-trees-and-road-in-the-shape-of-a-electric-plug.jpg?id=52509809&width=980" height="1875" id="00136" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%202500%201875'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width: 100%" width="2500"/><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Viaframe/Getty Images</small></p><p>This is very important in my mind. Nobody can argue with economics of renewables in the future; it is going to drive everything. However, if you do not think about the economics and government policies properly together, they will drive bad outcomes.</p><p><strong>Who do you hope will read your book, and what are the two or three fundamental messages they should take away and, more importantly, act on and when?</strong></p><p><strong>Divan:</strong> I think the audience is everybody who is interested in energy in general, including researchers, engineers, policymakers, investors, entrepreneurs and students. People are interested in the topics we raise. Every time I go into a room, I have six people approach me and want to talk about it. They are reading something in the news, and they have only a narrow sliver of information. They are not able to connect all the dots together.</p><p>I think part of the problem is that this field is very complex and very nuanced, and when you try to simplify it, you can get to the wrong conclusions. My objective for writing the book was that we really do not hear this line of conversation in the industry. In other words, a holistic view of the problems confronting the industry is required because everything you do intersects with something else.</p><p>The utility industry does not fully understand this. When I go to the IEEE Power and Energy Society general meeting, I go to every conference room and I ask a question about the dynamics and scaling of IBRs and distributed systems. Nobody has an answer. This is scary. I mean, this whole industry is there, and they’re absorbing gigawatts after gigawatts of renewable energy and don’t have any idea what the hell is going happen as we move to a distributed energy resources dominant zero-carbon grid (which EPRI has also set as the target for 2050).</p><p>Again, oversimplifying is going to lead us to the wrong place, not looking holistically is going to lead us to the wrong place. We have an opportunity where we have alignment between economics and decarbonization for the first time. Let’s not blow it.</p><p><em>This article was updated on 10 July 2024 to correct the units in solar LCOE in 2000 to US $850 per megawatt-hour instead of per kilowatt-hour.</em><br/></p><div class="around-the-web"><div class="from-your-site__headline">From Your Site Articles</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/engineers-you-can-disrupt-climate-change" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineers: You Can Disrupt Climate Change ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/green-energy-jobs" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How the Green Energy Switch Will Affect Engineers' Jobs ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2659602311" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The EV Transition Is Harder Than Anyone Thinks ›</a></li></ul><div class="around-the-web__headline">Related Articles Around the Web</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="around-the-web__item"><a href="https://www.pjm.com/-/media/library/reports-notices/special-reports/2023/energy-transition-in-pjm-resource-retirements-replacements-and-risks.ashx" class="around-the-web__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Energy Transition in PJM: Resource Retirements, Replacements ... ›</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="" data-elid="2668553450" data-post-url="https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy-transition" data-authors="Robert N. Charette" data-headline="The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach" data-page-title="Q&A: The Energy Transition Requires a Holistic Approach - IEEE Spectrum"></span></div><div class="widget__head"></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="tags"><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/energy-transition">energy transition</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/grid">grid</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/renewable-energy">renewable energy</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/decarbonization">decarbonization</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/inverter-based-grid">inverter-based grid</a></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2668553450" class="post-context post-context-2668553450"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2668553450,"7":"energy transition, grid, renewable energy, decarbonization, inverter-based grid","10":"energy transition","6":"energy","8":"07/07/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2668553450, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 544169527, 544169516], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1"><div class="mb-2 post-author-list" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/current_post-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-all_element_order="author,headline,subheadline,section,community_name,date,date_modified,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,photo_caption,body,snark_line,page_views,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,like_button,source_link,collection_button,tags,primary_tag,main_author,all_sections,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_Instagram,site_field_member_badges,site_field_Twitter,site_field_LinkedIn,site_field_grade,site_field_Facebook,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_access,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_TimeofRead,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_author="top" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-show_authors_bio="true" data-attr-element_classes="post-author-list" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-energy-transition tag-grid tag-renewable-energy tag-decarbonization tag-inverter-based-grid post-section--topic/energy" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2668553450" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2668553450" data-category="Energy"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette" data-type="text">Robert N. Charette</a><div class="social-author__bio"><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/robert-charette-500309/" target="_blank">Robert N. Charette</a> is a Contributing Editor to <em>IEEE Spectrum</em> and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management. A self-described “risk ecologist,” he is interested in the intersections of business, political, technological, and societal risks. Charette is an award-winning author of multiple books and numerous articles on the subjects of risk management, project and program management, innovation, and entrepreneurship. A Life Senior Member of the IEEE, Charette was a recipient of the IEEE Computer Society’s Golden Core Award in 2008.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2668553450" class="post-context post-context-2668553450"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2668553450,"7":"energy transition, grid, renewable energy, decarbonization, inverter-based grid","10":"energy transition","6":"energy","8":"07/07/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2668553450, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 544169527, 544169516], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_2_1_0"><div class="post-partial article__comments"><div class="article-content__comments-wrapper"><div id="comments-widget"><div class="talk-comments-wrp community-native-wrp " data-talk_id="post:2668553450:comments" data-limit="3" data-order="best" data-is_amp="" data-count_top_level="2" data-count_featured="0" data-show_rating="False" data-all_element_order="avatar,title,date,site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade,message,update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-words-per-message="{"min": 1, "max": 100}" data-inactive_layout_attributes="update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-active_layout_attributes="site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade"><div class="editmode-section-title"></div><a href="#" class="hidden new-comments-notification" aria-label="New coments notification"></a><div class="comment-headline">The Conversation (2)</div><div class="add-comment"><div class="comment_placeholder-wrp"><div class="animated-background"><div class="placeholder__textarea_top"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_left"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_right"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_bottom"></div><div class="placeholder__button_b"></div><div class="placeholder__button_i"></div><div class="placeholder__button_publish"></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div></div><div class="comment-header"></div><div class="talk--messages"><div class="talk--messages__featured"></div><div class="talk--messages__top_level"><div id="comment-668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2668553450:comments" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default" title="Anjan Saha" alt="Anjan Saha" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Anjan Saha</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="July 11 2024, 08:33:43">11 Jul, 2024</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="M"> M </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>In the Global perspective of Clean & Green energy hype for promoting Renewable Sources of energy to power Our Industry,Houses,Transportation and irrigation in Agriculture entertainment i.e. almost in every sphere of our lives. Initially Governments tried to promote Solar Photovoltaics and Wind Turbines by offering </p><p>Subsidies, Soft Loan and Tax Relief to Investors in Renewable energy sectors. However these sectors were not lucrative to investors because of unreliability Solar & wind power and the recurring cost of BESS or other types energy storage facilities to make it reliable & Grid interactive. Power Politics & Vote Bank marred the Energy issue </p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.16c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92 1.61 0 2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92s-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="like" class="comment--item__like disabled" data-action="like" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" aria-label="like"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M1 21h4V9H1v12zm22-11c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-6.31l.95-4.57.03-.32c0-.41-.17-.79-.44-1.06L14.17 1 7.59 7.59C7.22 7.95 7 8.45 7 9v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h9c.83 0 1.54-.5 1.84-1.22l3.02-7.05c.09-.23.14-.47.14-.73v-2z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="unlike" class="comment--item__dislike disabled" data-action="dislike" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" aria-label="unlike"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M15 3H6c-.83 0-1.54.5-1.84 1.22l-3.02 7.05c-.09.23-.14.47-.14.73v2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h6.31l-.95 4.57-.03.32c0 .41.17.79.44 1.06L9.83 23l6.59-6.59c.36-.36.58-.86.58-1.41V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm4 0v12h4V3h-4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div><div class="replies level-two hidden"><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--show--replies" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" aria-label="show replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span class="comment--count">0</span> Replies </a><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--hide--replies hidden" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75" aria-label="hide replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> Hide replies </a><div class="reply-items hidden"></div><div class="talk--load_more__replies hidden" data-message_id="668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75">Show More Replies</div></div></div><div id="comment-668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2668553450:comments" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81MjUwMzUwMC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc0ODc5ODA5NH0.9HPssGn5SzqUZDdpE0hM5tK_ir41X2AbFT7MVcVRuv4/image.png?width=210" title="Jan Steinman" alt="Jan Steinman" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Jan Steinman</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="July 08 2024, 00:02:43">08 Jul, 2024</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="INDV"> INDV </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>This is refreshing, but I'm concerned that Divan is doing exactly what he is accusing the electrical grid people of doing: ignoring certain inconvenient facts.</p><p></p><p>It's going to take a lot of fossil fuel to make this transition — fossil fuel that may not be economical to obtain.</p><p></p><p>We are currently teetering on the edge of fossil fuel decline. It managed to grow in 2023, but just barely.</p><p></p><p>Everything balances on US fracked oil production, which comes up quickly, plateaus, then declines quickly. It is on the verge of plunging into decline in the next few years.</p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.16c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92 1.61 0 2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92s-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="like" class="comment--item__like disabled" data-action="like" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" aria-label="like"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M1 21h4V9H1v12zm22-11c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-6.31l.95-4.57.03-.32c0-.41-.17-.79-.44-1.06L14.17 1 7.59 7.59C7.22 7.95 7 8.45 7 9v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h9c.83 0 1.54-.5 1.84-1.22l3.02-7.05c.09-.23.14-.47.14-.73v-2z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="unlike" class="comment--item__dislike disabled" data-action="dislike" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" aria-label="unlike"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M15 3H6c-.83 0-1.54.5-1.84 1.22l-3.02 7.05c-.09.23-.14.47-.14.73v2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h6.31l-.95 4.57-.03.32c0 .41.17.79.44 1.06L9.83 23l6.59-6.59c.36-.36.58-.86.58-1.41V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm4 0v12h4V3h-4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div><div class="replies level-two hidden"><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--show--replies" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" aria-label="show replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span class="comment--count">0</span> Replies </a><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--hide--replies hidden" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0" aria-label="hide replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> Hide replies </a><div class="reply-items hidden"></div><div class="talk--load_more__replies hidden" data-message_id="668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0">Show More Replies</div></div></div></div></div><script type="rm-preact-state">{"authors": {"23105755": {"id": 24772714, "path": "u/anjan-saha", "title": "Anjan Saha", "image": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default", "about": "", "rating": 0, "owner_id": 23105755, "site_specific_data": {"last_name": "Saha", "Instagram": null, "Facebook": null, "Twitter": null, "first_name": "Anjan", "alumni_of": null, "LinkedIn": null, "grade": "M", "affiliation": null, "works_for": null, "member_of": null, "job_title": null, "member_badges": null, "mini_bio": null}}, "24671838": {"id": 26613585, "path": "u/jan_steinman", "title": "Jan Steinman", "image": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81MjUwMzUwMC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc0ODc5ODA5NH0.9HPssGn5SzqUZDdpE0hM5tK_ir41X2AbFT7MVcVRuv4/image.png?width=210", "about": "", "rating": 0, "owner_id": 24671838, "site_specific_data": {"last_name": "Steinman", "Instagram": null, "Facebook": null, "Twitter": null, "first_name": "Jan", "alumni_of": null, "LinkedIn": null, "grade": "INDV", "affiliation": null, "works_for": null, "member_of": null, "job_title": null, "member_badges": null, "mini_bio": null}}}, "forcedComments": [], "topLevelComments": [{"id": "668f98e7220eb8e44f0c1e75", "html": "\u003cp\u003eIn the Global perspective of Clean \u0026amp; Green energy hype for promoting Renewable Sources of energy to power Our Industry,Houses,Transportation and irrigation in Agriculture entertainment i.e. almost in every sphere of our lives. Initially Governments tried to promote Solar Photovoltaics and Wind Turbines by offering \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsidies, Soft Loan and Tax Relief to Investors in Renewable energy sectors. However these sectors were not lucrative to investors because of unreliability Solar \u0026amp; wind power and the recurring cost of BESS or other types energy storage facilities to make it reliable \u0026amp; Grid interactive. Power Politics \u0026amp; Vote Bank marred the Energy issue \u003c/p\u003e", "data": null, "payload": {"review_score": 5}, "status": "approved", "rating": 0, "author_id": 23105755, "created_ts": 1720686823, "updated_ts": 1720686823, "parents": "", "counts": {"replies": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "public": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "total_eq_1": false}}, "reports": 0}}, {"id": "668b2ca359d20db1011c3ca0", "html": "\u003cp\u003eThis is refreshing, but I'm concerned that Divan is doing exactly what he is accusing the electrical grid people of doing: ignoring certain inconvenient facts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt's going to take a lot of fossil fuel to make this transition \u2014 fossil fuel that may not be economical to obtain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe are currently teetering on the edge of fossil fuel decline. It managed to grow in 2023, but just barely.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEverything balances on US fracked oil production, which comes up quickly, plateaus, then declines quickly. It is on the verge of plunging into decline in the next few years.\u003c/p\u003e", "data": null, "payload": {"review_score": 5}, "status": "approved", "rating": 0, "author_id": 24671838, "created_ts": 1720396963, "updated_ts": 1720396963, "parents": "", "counts": {"replies": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "public": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "total_eq_1": false}}, "reports": 0}}], "featuredComments": []} </script><div class="talk--load_more-wrp "></div></div></div></div></div><script> var clickeableItems = [ ".talk-comments-wrp .add-comment", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment-item--publish", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__reply", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__like", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__dislike", ".talk-comments-wrp .replies"]; var talkItems = document.querySelectorAll(clickeableItems.join(",")) || []; talkItems.forEach(function(item) { item.addEventListener("click", function(event){ event.preventDefault(); event.stopPropagation(); openGatedPopup('for_comments'); }, true); }); </script></div><div class="mb-2 read_also_posts" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_1" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="filtered_parent_site" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/choose[3]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-from_regular_sections_of_current_post="true" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="webinar,whitepaper,sponsored,podcast,video,tests,issue-cover-posts,paper" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,section,primary_tag,author,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,community_name,subheadline,snark_line,page_views,photo_caption,follow_button,community_comments,body,collection_button,tags,source_link,main_author,post_shares,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="3" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_desktop_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="28" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="read_also_posts" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-artificial-intelligence tag-driving tag-advanced-driver-assistance-systems tag-monitoring post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2669871843" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2669871843" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669871843"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/driver-drowsiness-detection" aria-label="AI Dash Cams Give Wake-Up Calls to Drowsy Drivers"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Dashboard camera footage of a driver yawning as data generates about his behavior behind the wheel. " aria-label="Dashboard camera footage of a driver yawning as data generates about his behavior behind the wheel. " src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 2672 2004'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/dashboard-camera-footage-of-a-driver-yawning-as-data-generates-about-his-behavior-behind-the-wheel.jpg?id=54751021&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="2672" height="2004"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/">AI</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/driver-drowsiness-detection" aria-label="AI Dash Cams Give Wake-Up Calls to Drowsy Drivers" data-type="text"> AI Dash Cams Give Wake-Up Calls to Drowsy Drivers </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">9h</span></div><div class="time-to-read">5 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669871843" class="post-context post-context-2669871843"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Willie D. Jones","11":2669871843,"7":"artificial intelligence, driving, advanced driver assistance systems, monitoring","10":"advanced driver assistance systems","6":"transportation","8":"11/26/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669871843, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728259, 544169523, 539622579, 544169516], "authors": [20372183], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-virtual-reality tag-interfaces tag-taste tag-extended-reality post-section--topic/consumer-electronics" elid="2669996252" data-category="Consumer Electronics"><article elid="2669996252" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669996252"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/virtual-reality-taste" aria-label="This “Lollipop” Brings Taste to Virtual Reality"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="3D rendering of a mother and daughter wearing virtual reality headsets to see bubbles containing lollipops floating around them." aria-label="3D rendering of a mother and daughter wearing virtual reality headsets to see bubbles containing lollipops floating around them." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 2678 1674'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/3d-rendering-of-a-mother-and-daughter-wearing-virtual-reality-headsets-to-see-bubbles-containing-lollipops-floating-around-them.jpg?id=54978089&width=1200&height=750" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="2678" height="1674"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/consumer-electronics/">Consumer Electronics</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/virtual-reality-taste" aria-label="This “Lollipop” Brings Taste to Virtual Reality" data-type="text"> This “Lollipop” Brings Taste to Virtual Reality </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669996252" class="post-context post-context-2669996252"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Gwendolyn Rak","11":2669996252,"7":"virtual reality, interfaces, taste, extended reality","10":"virtual reality","6":"consumer-electronics","8":"11/25/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669996252, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544169523, 539618616, 544169516], "authors": [26761192], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-type-ti tag-ieee-news tag-ieee-canadian-foundation tag-ieee-scholarships tag-space-mapping tag-engineering-design-optimization tag-students post-section--topic/the-institute" elid="2669997888" data-category="The Institute"><article elid="2669997888" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669997888"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ieee-bandler-scholarship" aria-label="New IEEE Scholarship Honors Space-Mapping Pioneer"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Doctor John Bandler posing with a straight face aboard a boat while holding a camera and wearing a heavy coat." aria-label="Doctor John Bandler posing with a straight face aboard a boat while holding a camera and wearing a heavy coat." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 3024 2268'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/doctor-john-bandler-posing-with-a-straight-face-aboard-a-boat-while-holding-a-camera-and-wearing-a-heavy-coat.jpg?id=54978163&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="3024" height="2268"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/the-institute/">The Institute</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ieee-bandler-scholarship" aria-label="New IEEE Scholarship Honors Space-Mapping Pioneer" data-type="text"> New IEEE Scholarship Honors Space-Mapping Pioneer </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669997888" class="post-context post-context-2669997888"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"David Whyte","11":2669997888,"7":"type:ti, ieee news, ieee canadian foundation, ieee scholarships, space mapping, engineering design optimization, students","10":"ieee news","6":"the-institute","8":"11/25/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669997888, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544169523, 539626938, 544169516], "authors": [26877072], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1" class="widget_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l3"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Popular widget"></span><div class="popular_widget" id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0"><div class="" id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0"><div id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Related Stories </h2></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 " id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_1"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_2" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="multi_filtered_parent_site_newest_filtered_parent_site_newest" data-source-type="multi" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_1" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[popular_widget]/abtests/abtest[1]/choose/when[post_page==true]/choose/otherwise/element_wrapper/posts-" data-attr-source="multi" data-attr-limit="3" data-attr-strategy="fallback" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,section,author,community_name,date,date_modified,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,photo_caption,body,snark_line,page_views,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,like_button,source_link,collection_button,tags,primary_tag,main_author,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_TimeofRead,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-format="posts-custom"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-hydrogen-economy tag-hydrogen-storage tag-clean-energy tag-energy-transition tag-liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2669439759" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2669439759" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669439759"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/liquid-hydrogen-storage" aria-label="New Carrier Fluid Makes Hydrogen Way Easier to Transport" data-type="text"> New Carrier Fluid Makes Hydrogen Way Easier to Transport </a></h2></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669439759" class="post-context post-context-2669439759"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Willie D. Jones","11":2669439759,"7":"hydrogen economy, hydrogen storage, clean energy, energy transition, liquid organic hydrogen carriers","10":"hydrogen storage","6":"transportation","8":"10/31/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669439759, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 544169516, 539622579, 544169523, 2221589049, 598415773], "authors": [20372183], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-chip-fabrication tag-offshore-wind tag-renewable-energy tag-taiwan tag-tsmc tag-type-cover post-section--topic/energy" elid="2668999123" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2668999123" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2668999123"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2024/october/">October 2024</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/">Feature</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/taiwan-semiconductor" aria-label="TSMC’s Energy Demand Drives Taiwan’s Geopolitical Future" data-type="text"> TSMC’s Energy Demand Drives Taiwan’s Geopolitical Future </a></h2></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2668999123" class="post-context post-context-2668999123"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Peter Fairley","11":2668999123,"7":"chip fabrication, offshore wind, renewable energy, taiwan, tsmc, type:cover","10":"tsmc","6":"energy","8":"09/03/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2668999123, "providerId": 0, "sections": [544169537, 497728257, 2241528963, 539626628, 539619077, 544169516, 544169517, 2221589049, 539621009, 2241528953], "authors": [21078894], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-nuclear-weapons tag-ibm tag-5-questions tag-renewable-energy tag-nuclear-power post-section--topic/tech-history" elid="2669104494" data-category="History of Technology"><article elid="2669104494" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669104494"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/tech-history/">History of Technology</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2024/september/">September 2024</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/interview/">Interview</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/richard-garwin" aria-label="How the Designer of the First Hydrogen Bomb Got the Gig" data-type="text"> How the Designer of the First Hydrogen Bomb Got the Gig </a></h2></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669104494" class="post-context post-context-2669104494"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Glenn Zorpette","11":2669104494,"7":"nuclear weapons, ibm, 5 questions, renewable energy, nuclear power","10":"nuclear weapons","6":"tech-history","8":"09/02/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669104494, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 2241528962, 539626628, 539619077, 547191404, 544169516, 539619441, 544169527, 2241528953], "authors": [20372185], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar_ad_container" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1_0_1_1"><div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_3"><div class="non_member_follow" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_3_0_0_0"></div></div><div class="wrapper-lazy-loading rm-lazy-load-post-lcp-wrapper next-page-wrapper" data-skl-id="/root/blocks/block[ss_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/lazyload-" data-has-more="true" data-more-posts-exists="true" data-posts-sources="multi_filtered_parent_site_filtered_parent_site,post_sponsor_webinar_whitepaper,post_most_sections,post_sponsored" data-ignore-page-number="false"></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="JS post functions"></span><script> function feature_post_full_style(){ var feature_post_full = document.querySelectorAll(".feature_post_full:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < feature_post_full.length; i++) { var style_post_color = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostColor"); var style_post_position = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostImgPosition"); if(style_post_color){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_color.innerText.trim()); }else{ feature_post_full[i].classList.add('DarkGray'); } if(style_post_position){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_position.innerText.trim()); } feature_post_full[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Parsely Spectrum Tags"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Lightbox_Functionality"></span><div class="lightbox-layout" id="s__Lightbox_Functionality_0_0_36_0_0_1_1_1"><div class="lightbox__close hm__close"></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Social_Popup"></span></div></div><script class="rm-i-script" defer="defer" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-747464-1"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"] = r; (i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments);}),(i[r].l = 1 * new Date()); })(window, document, "script", "/", "ga"); ga('create', 'UA-747464-1', 'auto', {'name': 'b'}); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); var utmCampaignData = null;// ADD REFERRER AS SOURCE IF SOURCE IS NOT PRESENT OR IF ISN'T URL UTM if(utmCampaignData && (utmCampaignData.dataSource != "url" || !utmCampaignData['campaignSource'])) { var referrerAnchor = document.createElement('a'); referrerAnchor.setAttribute('href', document.referrer); if(referrerAnchor.href && referrerAnchor.host) { var splitHost = referrerAnchor.host.split("."); var nakedDomain = splitHost.length < 3 ? splitHost[0] : splitHost[1]; if (nakedDomain) { nakedDomain = nakedDomain[0].toUpperCase() + nakedDomain.substring(1); utmCampaignData['campaignSource'] = nakedDomain; } } } var configParams = { transport: 'beacon', send_page_view: false }; // DEFAULTS if (utmCampaignData) { configParams.campaignName = utmCampaignData.campaignName; configParams.campaignSource = utmCampaignData.campaignSource; configParams.campaignMedium = utmCampaignData.campaignMedium; configParams.campaignContent = utmCampaignData.campaignContent; if (utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword) { configParams.campaignKeyword = utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword; } } gtag('config', 'UA-747464-1', configParams);gtag('config', 'G-DPQFLXZCWN', configParams); window._ga_cd_params = window._ga_cd_params || {}; window._ga_cd_params["dimension9"] = 'test,cta-climate-tech';window._ga_cd_params["dimension5"] = "Robert N. Charette"; window._ga_cd_params["dimension11"] = '2668553450'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension7"] = "energy transition, grid, renewable energy, decarbonization, inverter-based grid"; window._ga_cd_params["dimension10"] = 'energy transition'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension6"] = 'energy'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension8"] = '07/07/2024'; if(window._ga_cd_params && Object.keys(window._ga_cd_params).length){ gtag('event', 'page_view', window._ga_cd_params); }else{ gtag('event', 'page_view'); } </script><script class="lazy-style" type="css"> .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26018263/origin.png)}.like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FF4C00'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23BFBFBF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.like .heart:hover,.like-btn.unlike .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23404040'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23bfbfbf'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23bfbfbf'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline-text:before,.podcast_collection .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline-text:before,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='7px'%20height='13px'%20viewBox='0%200%207%2013'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Typography'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-1152.000000,-384.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='1376'%20height='1600'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(1146.136039,384.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%20stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpolyline%20transform='translate(6.363961,6.500000)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-6.363961,-6.500000)'%20points='1.86396103%202%2010.863961%202%2010.863961%2011'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.fullwidth_post .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .like-btn.like .heart,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26705823/origin.jpg)}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/46469974/origin.jpg)}#notification .success{color:white!important;font-family:"Favorit-Mono"!important;font-size:12px!important;background:#ff4c00!important;text-transform:uppercase!important}.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-box-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-repeat:space;-webkit-mask-position:20px;-webkit-mask-origin:content-box;-webkit-mask-size:24px;background-color:currentColor}.tag-type-ti .body-description a,.tag-type-ti .body-description a u{text-underline-position:from-font;text-decoration-color:#005690;color:inherit;text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.feature_post_full .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ffffff"/></svg>') no-repeat center!important}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%230d0d0d"/></svg>') no-repeat center!important}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%230D0D0D'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .share-copy-link i,.feature_post_full.Yellow .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.posts-custom .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ffffff"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23005690"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a:hover i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23005690"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--prev:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--next:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}a.comment--item__like:after,a.comment--item__dislike:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")} </script><script class="rm-i-script" id="parsely-cfg" src="//cdn.parsely.com/keys/spectrum.ieee.org/p.js"></script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-medium-normal"> window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function loadFonts(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarText', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Regular.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '400', style: 'normal' }); window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarTextItalic', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Italic.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '400', style: 'italic' }); window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarText', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Bold.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '700', style: 'normal' });}); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://openfpcdn.io/fingerprintjs/v4/iife.min.js", function() { if (!localStorage.getItem('ppid')) { var fpPromise = FingerprintJS.load() fpPromise .then(fp => fp.get()) .then(result => { window.ppid=result.visitorId localStorage.setItem('ppid', result.visitorId); }) } else { window.ppid = localStorage.getItem('ppid') } }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js", function() { rblbid.addHook("beforePbjsAuction", (hbConfig, auctionInfo) => { window.auction = {}; var d = { key: "adxbid", val: function (e) { var realPrice = e.pbHg; if (e.pbHg == 0.0 || e.pbHg == 0.01) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":"0.01" , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return 0.01; } e.pbHg = parseFloat((e.pbHg - 0.01).toFixed(2)); if (e.pbHg >= 0.01 && e.pbHg < 1.02) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 1.02 && e.pbHg < 2.0) { var temp = e.pbHg.toString(); if (/\d+(\.\d+)?/.test(temp)) { var lastNum = parseInt(temp[temp.length - 1]); if (lastNum % 2 == 1) { e.pbHg = parseFloat(e.pbHg.toFixed(2)) - 0.01; } } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 2 && e.pbHg < 5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0; } else if (e.pbHg >= 5 && e.pbHg < 10) { function roundDown(number) { var decimalPart = number % 1; if (decimalPart < 0.5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart} else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart + 0.5 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart + 0.5}; } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0; } else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":10.00 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return (e.pbHg = "10.00"); } }, }; auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting.push(d); let adUnits = auctionInfo.adUnits.map(item=>{return item.code}); let slotRendered = function (event) { var slot = event.slot; auctionInfo.adUnits.filter((adUnit) => { if (adUnit.code == slot.getSlotElementId()) { console.group( "Moravac: ", slot.getSlotElementId(), "finished rendering." ); console.log("Is empty:", event.isEmpty); console.log("Prebid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price || 0); console.log("AdxBid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.adxbid) if(event.isEmpty && window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price){ //console.log("HB price is set but ad is empty"); //console.log("Reloading ad without AdXBID"); //slot.setTargeting('adxbid', '0.01'); //console.log("set: ", slot.getTargetingKeys()) //console.log("Refresh unit") //googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], {changeCorrelator: true}) //console.log("Refreshed") } adUnits = adUnits.filter(function(item) { return item !== slot.getSlotElementId() }) console.groupEnd(); } }); if (adUnits.length == 0){ googletag.pubads().removeEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); console.group( "Moravac: ", ); console.log("Listener removed for this auction") console.groupEnd(); } }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); }); return auctionInfo; }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ REBELMOUSE_STDLIB .createElementChangeListener('.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]', function(pdfLink){ pdfLink.href = 'javascript:void(0);'; pdfLink.classList.add('pdf-link-nonmember'); pdfLink.addEventListener('click', function(){ openGatedPopup('for_pdf_issues'); }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ //var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://oamssoqae.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://securesso.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); function getCookie(name) { const value = `; ${document.cookie}`; const parts = value.split(`; ${name}=`); if (parts.length === 2) return parts.pop().split(';').shift(); } fetch(ssoValidatorUrl, { method: 'GET', mode: 'cors', credentials: 'include', }).then(function (response) { // The API call was successful! if (response.ok) { response.json().then(function(result) { if (typeof result == 'object' && result.cookieValid && getCookie('user_logged_in') !== "1") { //SSO console.log('we should be logged in, redirect to SSO iDP'); //window.location.href = 'https://spectrumtest.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=' + window.location.href; window.location.href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } else if (typeof result == 'object' && !result.cookieValid) { //SLO console.log('we should be logged out, remove cookie and do not show user'); //document.cookie = "sessionid= ; expires = Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"; } }); } else { return Promise.reject(response); } }).then(function (data) { // This is the JSON from our response console.log(data); }).catch(function (err) { // There was an error console.warn('Something went wrong.', err); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function changeDateFormat(widget){ var dates_toChange=widget.querySelectorAll('.widget .social-date__text:not(.processed),.widget .social-date-modified__text:not(.processed)'); if(dates_toChange){ dates_toChange.forEach(function(date) { if(!date.innerHTML.trim()==""){ date.classList.add('processed') var date_string=date.innerHTML.toString(); var slpit_dateText=date_string.split(" "); if(slpit_dateText.length==1){ let plural=true; if(slpit_dateText[0].length==2){ if(slpit_dateText[0].charAt(0)=="1"){ plural=false; } } let modifier=plural ? 'hours ago':'hour ago'; if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='m'){ modifier=plural ? 'minutes ago':'minute ago'; } if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='s'){ modifier=plural ? 'seconds ago':'second ago'; } var new_dateText=slpit_dateText[0].slice(0,-1); date.innerHTML= new_dateText+" "+ modifier; date.classList.add("modified"); } } }); } } _createElementChangeListener= function (selector, callback) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } _createElementChangeListener(".widget",changeDateFormat); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ feature_post_full_style(); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-active" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function bootRpm(){ const INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES = ["tag-", "post-section-", "rm-fl-"]; function filterOutNoisyClassNames(className) { function doesClassNameStartWithPrefix(badPrefix) { return className.indexOf(badPrefix) === 0; } return !INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES.some(doesClassNameStartWithPrefix); } function signatureMaker(id, tagName, classList) { const cleanClassList = classList.filter(filterOutNoisyClassNames).sort(); return [id, tagName, cleanClassList]; } window.__rpmOptions = window.__rpmOptions || { lcpTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, clsTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, }; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://www.rebelmouse.com/pharos/client/v1/mjs/web.mjs", function(){}) }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ localStorage.setItem("userMembershipStatus", 'anonymous'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5WJB5X2'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("//app-ab24.marketo.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieee-mkto-cross-domain/enterprise-page-code.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let favoritProBook = new FontFace("Favorit-Pro-Book", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Book.woff2)", { style: 'normal' }); favoritProBook.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(favoritProBook); }); let telegrafFont = new FontFace("Telegraf", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/Telegraf/Telegraf-UltraBold-800.otf)", { style: 'normal' }); telegrafFont.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(telegrafFont); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener("span.comment--item-date", function(dateElement){ setTimeout(function(){ const datestring = dateElement.innerHTML.split(','); dateElement.setAttribute('data-date', datestring[0] + datestring[1]); }, 3000); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector(".access_links .list__item").href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ /* add tracking links */ const announcementsLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.announcement-bar .text-element > a, .announcement-bar .formatted-text > a'); for (const links of announcementsLinks) { links.classList.add('announcement-link'); } /* if close announcement bar, don't show again for same session */ function anbarclosedFunc() { sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); } document.querySelector(".button-learn-more-ebook").addEventListener("click",anbarclosedFunc); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector('.button-view').addEventListener('click', function() { PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Announcement Bar Invention - View Clicked'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]'); for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) { cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open') }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function otherPopupsNotOpen() { if (document.querySelector('.gated-popup--shown') == null && document.querySelector('.stop-scrolling') == null) return true; else return false; } function showLightBox() { return document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup').classList.add('lightbox-popup--shown'); } function trackClicks() { const titleLinks = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a')); const handler = function() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) + 1); } titleLinks.map(item => item.addEventListener('click', handler)); } function countClicks() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) == 3) { if (otherPopupsNotOpen()) { showLightBox(); updateSigninButtons(); } else sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) - 1); } } else { sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 0); } trackClicks(); } setTimeout(countClicks, 1000); var popupLightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup'), closeLightbox, lightboxCloseBtn = '.js--close-lightbox', lightboxShownClass = 'lightbox-popup--shown'; closeLightbox = function () { popupLightBoxElement.parentNode.removeChild(popupLightBoxElement); }; document.querySelector(lightboxCloseBtn).onclick = closeLightbox; function setCookie() { var now = new Date(); now.setTime(now.getTime() + 72 * 3600 * 1000); var expires = "pop_expires="+now; document.cookie = expires + ";path=/"; } function checkCookie() { var today = new Date(); var cookieset = document.cookie.split(';'); var value_expires = ""; cookieset.forEach((e) => { if(e.includes("pop_expires")) { value_expires = e; } }) var time_expire = new Date(value_expires.split("=")[1]); if(today <= time_expire){ return false; }else{ return true; } } var checkPage = true; if(window.location.href.indexOf("the-great-ai-reckoning") > -1) { //console.log("AI Special Report"); checkPage = false; } function updateSigninButtons() { document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } function checkPopup() { var checkClickCount = true; if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) > 2) checkClickCount = false; } if (checkCookie() && checkPage && otherPopupsNotOpen() && checkClickCount) { popupLightBoxElement.classList.add(lightboxShownClass); setCookie(); sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 4); updateSigninButtons(); } } setTimeout(checkPopup, 15000); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { addPopSave(); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelectorAll(".social-author__bio").forEach(function (item) { if(item.querySelector("a")){ item.querySelector("a").remove(); } var text = item.innerHTML; var dotSpace = text.indexOf(". ") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(". "); var dotEnd = text.indexOf(". <") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(".<"); var dotBr = text.indexOf(".\n") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(".\n"); var firstDot = Math.min(dotSpace, dotEnd, dotBr); var newtext = text.substring(0, firstDot+1); item.innerHTML = newtext; }); let authorsList = document.querySelectorAll(".post-author-list .social-author__name"); let authorsListBios = document.querySelectorAll(".post-author-list .social-author__bio p"); for (let i = 0; i < authorsList.length; i++) { authorsListBios[i].innerHTML += ' <a href="'+ authorsList[i].href + '">See full bio →</a>'; } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ var LightBoxLayout=document.querySelector('.lightbox-layout'), closeLightbox; function closeLightbox(){ var LightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox'); LightBoxElement.classList.remove('lightbox--shown'); LightBoxElement.classList.remove('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.remove('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.remove("fixed_scrolling"); } function checkLightboxForPost(item){ let theIds = item.querySelector(".custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids"); let lightboxImages = JSON.parse(theIds.innerText); let postLightbox = lightboxImages["imageShortcodeIds"]; for (var i=0; i<postLightbox.length; i++) { let theImgs = item.querySelectorAll("img"), getImg, theImage; for (var y=0; y<theImgs.length; y++) { if(theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src') != null){ getImg = theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src'); }else{ getImg = theImgs[y].src; } if(getImg.indexOf(postLightbox[i]) != -1){ if(theImgs[y].parentElement.classList.contains("share-tab-img")){ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement.parentElement; }else{ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement; } theImage.classList.add("lightbox_icon"); theImage.classList.add("lightbox_"+i); theImage.addEventListener("click", function(event) { this.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); this.classList.add('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.add("fixed_scrolling"); }); } } } } window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { let theIds = el.querySelector(".custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids"); if(theIds){ let lightboxImages = JSON.parse(theIds.innerText); let postLightbox = lightboxImages["imageShortcodeIds"]; let foundAll = postLightbox.length; for (var i=0; i<postLightbox.length; i++) { let theImgs = el.querySelectorAll("img"), getImg, theImage; for (var y=0; y<theImgs.length; y++) { if(theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src') != null){ getImg = theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src'); }else{ getImg = theImgs[y].src; } if(getImg.indexOf(postLightbox[i]) != -1){ if(theImgs[y].parentElement.classList.contains("share-tab-img")){ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement.parentElement; }else{ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement; } foundAll = foundAll - 1; theImage.classList.add("lightbox_icon"); theImage.classList.add("lightbox_"+i); theImage.addEventListener("click", function(event) { this.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); this.classList.add('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.add("fixed_scrolling"); }); } } } if(foundAll != 0){ el.querySelector(".widget__show-more").addEventListener("click", function(event) { checkLightboxForPost(this.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement); }); } } }); document.querySelector('.lightbox__close').onclick= closeLightbox; document.addEventListener("keyup", function(event) { // Number 27 is the "esc" key on the keyboard if (event.keyCode === 27) { closeLightbox(); } }); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-lowest" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.RM_AD_LOADER.push({ options: { threshold: 500, }, staticSelectors: [], dynamicSelectors: [], dependencies: ["https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js"], onDependanciesLoaded: function () { window.rblbid = window.rblbid || {}; rblbid.cmd = rblbid.cmd || []; window.custom_tags = "energy transition, grid, renewable energy, decarbonization, inverter-based grid, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52505722, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52503415, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52503416, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:52509809, Technology & Computing, Business and Finance, Education, Books and Literature, News and Politics, Economy, Industries, Business, Power and Energy Industry, Financial Industry, Technology Industry, Environmental Services Industry, Government Business, Green Solutions, Business Utilities" if(!window.custom_tags){ window.custom_tags = window.tags; } rblbid.cmd.push(function() { rblbid.layout('universal'); rblbid.setTargeting("is_testing","no"); rblbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_page_type", "postpage"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_post_id", window.postid); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_category", window.category); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_tags", window.tags ); rblbid.pubads().setPublisherProvidedId(window.ppid) rblbid.setTargeting("aud", "Interest432, Interest62, Interest35, Interest52, Interest307, Interest89, Interest99, Interest63, Interest119, Interest104, Interest124, Interest103, Interest86, Interest87, Interest88") }); function injectGooglePCDTag(segmentID, yourID) { const script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = true; script.id = 'google-pcd-tag'; script.src = `https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/pcd.js`; script.setAttribute('data-audience-pixel', `dc_iu=/22278042776/DFPAudiencePixel;dc_seg=${segmentID};ppid=${yourID}`); document.head.appendChild(script); } fetch("/r/kappa/api/v2/reader/pixelids?aud=Interest432, Interest62, Interest35, Interest52, Interest307, Interest89, Interest99, Interest63, Interest119, Interest104, Interest124, Interest103, Interest86, Interest87, Interest88").then(result=>result.json()).then(res => { res.forEach(pixaud=>{ // (function() { // var a = String(Math.floor(Math.random() * 10000000000000000)); // new Image().src = 'https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;dc_iu=/22278042776,22808949761/DFPAudiencePixel;ord=' + a + `;dc_seg=${pixaud};ppid=${window.ppid}?`; // })(); injectGooglePCDTag(pixaud, window.ppid); }) }) }, onInit: function() { }, }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let floatingShares = document.querySelector('.floating-shares'); floatingShares.onclick = function() { if (navigator.share) { navigator.share({ url: window.location.href }).then(() => { console.log('Thanks for sharing!'); }).catch(console.error); } else { alert("sharing "+ window.location.href); } } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let topbarHeadline = document.querySelector('.topbar__sticky-headline--post .text-element'); let windowHeight = window.innerHeight/2; if(!!window.IntersectionObserver){ let headlineObserver = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if(entry.isIntersecting){ var currentHeadline = entry.target.querySelector('.widget__headline-text'); if(currentHeadline) { topbarHeadline.textContent = currentHeadline.textContent; } } }); }, {rootMargin: "0px 0px -" + windowHeight + "px 0px"}); createElementChangeListener(".infinite_scroll .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); createElementChangeListener(".article_column .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); createElementChangeListener(".feature_post_full .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function menuClick() { document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'block'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.add('js--active'); document.body.classList.add("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function close(){ document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'none'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.remove('js--active'); document.body.classList.remove("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function addMenuClickListener() { var rebelMenu_first = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[0]; var rebelMenu_second = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[1]; var menuClose = document.getElementsByClassName('hm__close')[0]; rebelMenu_first.addEventListener('click', menuClick); rebelMenu_second.addEventListener('click', menuClick); menuClose.addEventListener('click', close); } addMenuClickListener(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function createIdleScrollListener(callback) { let ticking = false; return function onScrollIdle() { if (ticking) { return; } ticking = true; requestAnimationFrame(function A() { callback(); ticking = false; }); }; } var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky'); var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop; var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight; var currentPosition; stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px'; document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() { currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight; if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.add('active'); } } else { if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.remove('active'); } } })); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const lightboxesArray = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.lightbox_icon')) const fullWidth = function(){ const lightbox = this const windowWidth = window.innerWidth let imageSource = lightbox.querySelector('img').src const initialWidth = imageSource.match(/width=([^&]+)/)[1]; const result = imageSource.replace(initialWidth, windowWidth); return lightbox.querySelector('img').setAttribute('src', `${result}`) } lightboxesArray.map(lightbox => { lightbox.addEventListener('click', fullWidth) }) }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let scnt=1; let options = { // threshhold for intersection observer, so it triggers before or after element in viewport dependinng upon value rootMargin: '0px 0px 400px 0px' } function handleIntersection(entries) { entries.map((entry) => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { if(!entry.target.classList.contains('sidebar_sticky_parent')){ processAd(entry.target) //your call back here with the element that is intersected or in viewport } else { sidebar_ad_repeat(entry.target) } observer.unobserve(entry.target); // if you want to run it only once unobserve it } }); } window.IcreateElementChangeListener=function(selector, callback) { // look for elements that are injected later in the page. const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } const observer = new IntersectionObserver(handleIntersection,options); IcreateElementChangeListener(".sidebar_sticky_parent",function(item){ //looks for item in the dom even if they are lazy laoded observer.observe(item); // observe item }) function sidebar_ad_repeat(sidebar_div){ let ad_id="ieee_sidebar_"+scnt; rblbid.cmd.push(function() { sidebar_div.querySelector(".sidebar_repeat_ad").id=ad_id; sidebar_div.style.height="1800px"; scnt++; sidebar_div.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend','<div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div>') }); } });</script></body></html>