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href="#Two_months_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Two months old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_months_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_months_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_months_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Three months old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_months_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_months_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_months_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Four months old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_months_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_months_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_months_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Six months old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_months_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_months_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_months_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Seven months old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_months_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8–12_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8–12_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>8–12 months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8–12_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early childhood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_childhood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early childhood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toddler_(12–24_months)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toddler_(12–24_months)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Toddler (12–24 months)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toddler_(12–24_months)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Two-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Three-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Four-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Middle childhood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_childhood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle childhood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Five-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Six-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Seven-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eight-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Eight-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preteen/late_childhood_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preteen/late_childhood_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preteen/late childhood years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preteen/late_childhood_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preteen/late childhood years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preteen/late_childhood_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nine-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nine-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ten-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ten-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleven-year-old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleven-year-old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Eleven-year-old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleven-year-old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adolescence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adolescence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adolescence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twelve_years_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelve_years_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Twelve years old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelve_years_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motor_skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Motor skills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Language skills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Social skills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thirteen_years_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirteen_years_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Thirteen years old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirteen_years_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourteen_years_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourteen_years_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fourteen years old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourteen_years_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifteen_years_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifteen_years_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fifteen years old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifteen_years_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixteen_years_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteen_years_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sixteen years old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteen_years_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventeen_years_old" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventeen_years_old"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Seventeen years old</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventeen_years_old-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84" title="مراحل نمو الطفل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مراحل نمو الطفل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Стадии на детското развитие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стадии на детското развитие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etapes_de_desenvolupament_infantil" title="Etapes de desenvolupament infantil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etapes de desenvolupament infantil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etapas_del_desarrollo_infantil" title="Etapas del desarrollo infantil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etapas del desarrollo infantil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="बाल विकास के चरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल विकास के चरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatua_za_ukuaji_wa_mtoto" title="Hatua za ukuaji wa mtoto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hatua za ukuaji wa mtoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%90%E7%AB%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BA%E9%81%94" title="児童の発達 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="児童の発達" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazat_e_zhvillimit_t%C3%AB_f%C3%ABmij%C3%ABs" title="Fazat e zhvillimit të fëmijës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fazat e zhvillimit të fëmijës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="ළදරු හා ළමා සංවර්ධන අවධි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ළදරු හා ළමා සංවර්ධන අවධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Child development stages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%91c_ph%C3%A1t_tri%E1%BB%83n_c%E1%BB%A7a_tr%E1%BA%BB_em" title="Mốc phát triển của trẻ em – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mốc phát triển của trẻ em" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diswalpaedje_di_l%27_efant_(cronolodjeye)" title="Diswalpaedje di l' efant (cronolodjeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Diswalpaedje di l' efant (cronolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5" title="兒童發展階段 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兒童發展階段" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theoretical milestones of child development</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Baby development" redirects here. For the physical development of a child before birth, see <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Child_development_stages" title="Special:EditPage/Child development stages">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Child_development_stages" title="Talk:Child development stages">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The treatment in the "Language" sections in this article deals specifically with a child's acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> and <b>does not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit">improve this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Child_development_stages#Language_sections" title="Talk:Child development stages">talk page</a>. <i>(August 2010)</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Child_development_stages" title="Special:EditPage/Child development stages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Child+development+stages%22">"Child development stages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Child+development+stages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Child+development+stages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Child+development+stages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Child+development+stages%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Child+development+stages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Child_development_stages#Disputed" title="Talk:Child development stages">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1040468660">.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist human-growth-dev-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_development" title="Category:Human development">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human growth<br />and development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/100px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/150px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/200px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging and early adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Biological milestones</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Development and psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Pre- and perinatal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infant and child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence#psychology" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" title="Developmental stage theories">Developmental stage theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" title="Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">Cultural-historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/20px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/40px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Child development stages</b> are the theoretical milestones of <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">child development</a>, some of which are asserted in <a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">nativist</a> theories. This article discusses the most widely accepted developmental stages in children. There exists a wide variation in terms of what is considered "normal", caused by variations in genetic, cognitive, physical, family, cultural, nutritional, educational, and environmental factors. Many children reach some or most of these milestones at different times from the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holistic development sees the child in the round, as a whole person – physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, morally, culturally and spiritually. Learning about child development involves studying patterns of growth and development, from which guidelines for 'normal' development are construed. Developmental norms are sometimes called milestones – they define the recognized development pattern that children are expected to follow. Each child develops in a unique way; however, using norms helps in understanding these general patterns of development while recognizing the wide variation between individuals. </p><p>One way to identify <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive developmental disorders</a> is if infants fail to meet the development milestones in time or at all.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_milestones">Table of milestones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Table of milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_development_stages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Child_development_stages.svg/700px-Child_development_stages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Child_development_stages.svg/1050px-Child_development_stages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Child_development_stages.svg/1400px-Child_development_stages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Approximate outline of development periods in postnatal human development until what generally is regarded as adulthood. There are no universally unanimous definitions, so they vary considerably, but generally fall within the faded intervals at the flanks of the periods.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption><b>Developmental milestones</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr id="cite_ref-kidscount.ws_5-0" class="cite-bracket"> <th>Age </th> <th>Motor </th> <th>Speech </th> <th>Vision and hearing </th> <th>Social </th></tr> <tr> <td>1–1.5 months </td> <td>When held upright, holds head erect and steady. </td> <td>Cooes and babbles at parents and people they know </td> <td>Focuses on parents. </td> <td> <ul><li>Loves looking at new faces</li> <li>Starts to smile at parents</li> <li>Startled by sudden noises</li> <li>Recognition of familiar individuals</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.6–2 months </td> <td>When <a href="/wiki/Prone_position" title="Prone position">prone</a>, lifts self by arms; rolls from side to back. </td> <td> <ul><li>Vocalizes</li> <li>Cooes (makes vowel-like noises) or babbles.</li></ul> </td> <td>Focuses on objects as well as adults </td> <td> <ul><li>Loves looking at new faces</li> <li>Smiles at parent</li> <li>Starting to smile<sup id="cite_ref-nhs.uk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.1–2.5 months </td> <td> <ul><li>Rolls from tummy to side<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rests on elbows, lifts head 90 degrees</li> <li>Sits propped up with hands, head steady for a short time</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Changes sounds while verbalizing, "eee-ahhh"</li> <li>Verbalizes to engage someone in an interaction</li> <li>Blows bubbles, plays with tongue</li> <li>Deep belly laughs</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Hand regard: following the hand with the eyes<sup id="cite_ref-gp_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color vision adult-like.</li></ul> </td> <td>Serves to practice emerging visual skills.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also observed in blind children.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 months </td> <td> <ul><li>Prone: head held up for prolonged periods</li> <li>No <a href="/wiki/Grasp_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasp reflex">grasp reflex</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Makes vowel noises </td> <td> <ul><li>Follows dangling toy from side to side</li> <li>Turns head around to sound. Follows adults' gaze (<a href="/wiki/Joint_attention" title="Joint attention">joint attention</a>)</li> <li>Sensitivity to binocular cues emerges.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Squeals with delight appropriately</li> <li>Discriminates smile. Smiles often</li> <li>Laughs at simple things.</li> <li>Reaches out for objects.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 months </td> <td> <ul><li>Holds head steady</li> <li>Goes for objects and gets them</li> <li>Objects taken to the mouth</li></ul> </td> <td>Enjoys vocal play </td> <td> <ul><li>Able to reach hanging objects and grab them</li> <li>Noticing colors</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Adjusts hand shape to the shape of toy before picking up</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 months </td> <td> <ul><li>Transfers objects from one hand to the other</li> <li>Pulls self up to sit and sits erect with supports</li> <li>Rolls over from tummy to back</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_grasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmar grasp">Palmar grasp</a> of cube hand to hand eye coordination<sup id="cite_ref-nhs.uk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Double syllable sounds such as 'mum' and 'dada'</li> <li>Babbles (consonant-vowel combinations)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Localises sound 45 cm (18 in) lateral to either ear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">Visual acuity</a> adult-like (20/20)</li> <li>Sensitivity to pictorial depth cues (those used by artists to indicate depth) emerges</li></ul> </td> <td>May show <a href="/wiki/Stranger_anxiety" title="Stranger anxiety">stranger anxiety</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9–10 months </td> <td> <ul><li>Wiggles and <a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">crawls</a></li> <li>Sits unsupported</li> <li>Picks up objects with <a href="/wiki/Pincer_grasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pincer grasp">pincer grasp</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Babbles tunefully </td> <td>Looks for toys dropped </td> <td>Apprehensive about strangers<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 year </td> <td> <ul><li>Stands holding furniture<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stands alone for a second or two, then collapses with a bump</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">Babbles</a> 2 or 3 words repeatedly </td> <td>Drops toys, and watches where they go </td> <td> <ul><li>Cooperates with <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">dressing</a></li> <li>Waves goodbye</li> <li>Understands simple commands</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 months </td> <td> <ul><li>Can <a href="/wiki/Walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk">walk</a> alone<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Picks up a toy without falling over</li> <li>Gets up/down <a href="/wiki/Stairway" class="mw-redirect" title="Stairway">stairs</a> holding onto <a href="/wiki/Handrail" title="Handrail">rail</a></li> <li>Begins to jump with both feet</li> <li>Can build a <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a> of 3 or 4 cubes and throw a <a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">ball</a></li> <li>Supinate grasping position is usually seen as the first grasping position utilized.</li></ul> </td> <td>'Jargon': Many intelligible words </td> <td>Be able to recognize their favourite songs, and will try to join in. </td> <td> <ul><li>Demands constant mothering</li> <li>Drinks from a <a href="/wiki/Cup" title="Cup">cup</a> with both hands</li> <li>Feeds self with a spoon</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 years </td> <td> <ul><li>Able to <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">run</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Walks up and down stairs using two footsteps per <a href="/wiki/Step_(footing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Step (footing)">stair step</a></li> <li>Builds tower of 6 cubes</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Joins 2–3 <a href="/wiki/Word_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Word (linguistics)">words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a></li> <li>Able to repeat words that they hear.</li> <li>Gradually build their vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Able to recognize words<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_play" title="Parallel play">Parallel play</a></li> <li>Daytime bladder control</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 years </td> <td> <ul><li>Goes upstairs one footstep per stair step and downstairs two footsteps per stair step<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copying" title="Copying">Copies</a> <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circle</a>, imitates hand motions and draws man on request</li> <li>Builds tower of 9 <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cubes</a></li> <li>Pronate method of grasping develops</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Constantly asks <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">questions</a></li> <li>Speaks in sentences</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Cooperative play</li> <li>Undresses with assistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary companions</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 years </td> <td> <ul><li>Goes both up and down stairs using one footstep per stairstep</li> <li>Postural capacity needed to control balance in walking not attained yet</li> <li>Skips on one foot</li> <li>Imitates gate with cubes</li> <li>Copies a <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a></li> <li>Between 4 and 6 years, the classic tripod grip develops and is made more efficient.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Questioning at its height</li> <li>Many infantile substitutions in speech</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Dresses and undresses with assistance</li> <li>Attends to own <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a> needs</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 years </td> <td> <ul><li>Skips on both feet and hops.</li> <li>Begins to be able to control balance not attained at 3–4 years of age<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Begins to be able to control gravitational forces in walking</li> <li>Draws a <a href="/wiki/Stick_figure" title="Stick figure">stick figure</a> and copies a hexagonal based pyramid using graphing paper</li> <li>Gives age</li></ul> </td> <td>Fluent speech with few infantile substitutions in speech </td> <td> </td> <td>Dresses and undresses alone </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 years </td> <td> <ul><li>At this age, until age 7, the adult muscle activation pattern in walking is complete.</li> <li>Leads to head control and trunk coordination while walking, by at least age 8.</li> <li>Mechanical energy transfer exists</li> <li>Copies a <a href="/wiki/Rhombus" title="Rhombus">diamond</a></li> <li>Knows <a href="/wiki/Relative_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative direction">right from left</a> and number of <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">Fluent</a> speech </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 years </td> <td> <ul><li>Hand-eye coordination is well developed.</li> <li>Has good balance.</li> <li>Can execute simple gymnastic movements, such as somersaults.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Uses a vocabulary of several thousand words.</li> <li>Demonstrates a longer attention span.</li> <li>Uses serious, logical attention span.</li> <li>Able to understand reasoning and make the right decisions.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Contingent upon the health of the child.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Desires to be perfect and is quite self-critical,</li> <li>Worries more, may have low self-confidence.</li> <li>Tends to complain, has strong emotional reactions.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 years </td> <td> <ul><li>The child can tie his or her shoelaces.</li> <li>The child can draw a diamond shape.</li> <li>The child become increasingly skilled in hobbies, sports, and active play.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Have well-developed speech and use correct grammar most of the time.</li> <li>Become interested in reading books.</li> <li>Are still working on spelling and grammar in his or her written work.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Contingent upon the health of the child.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Show more independence from parents and family.</li> <li>Start to think about the future.</li> <li>Understand more about his or her place in the world. pay more attention to friendships and teamwork.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infancy">Infancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Infancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newborn">Newborn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Newborn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>Infants are usually born weighing between 5 pounds 8 ounces (2,500 g) and 8 pounds 13 ounces (4,000 g), but infants born <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">prematurely</a> often weigh less.<sup id="cite_ref-Newborn_growth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newborn_growth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Newborns typically lose 7–10% of their birth weight in the first few days, but they usually regain it within two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Newborn_growth_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newborn_growth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the first month, infants grow about 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5 to 3.8 cm) and gain weight at a rate of about 1 ounce (28 g) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Newborn_growth_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newborn_growth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Resting heart rate is generally between 70 and 190 beats per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulse_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulse-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Moves in response to stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Displays several <a href="/wiki/Infantile_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantile reflex">infantile reflexes</a>, including: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Primitive_reflexes#Rooting_reflex" title="Primitive reflexes">rooting reflex</a>, which causes the infant to suck when the nipple of a breast or bottle is placed in their mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moro_reflex" title="Moro reflex">Moro reflex</a>, which causes the infant to throw out their arms and legs when startled.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_tonic_neck_reflex" title="Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex">asymmetrical tonic neck reflex</a>, which is triggered when the head is turned to one side and causes the infant's arm on that side to straighten and the arm on the other side to bend.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Palmar_grasp_reflex" title="Palmar grasp reflex">palmar grasp reflex</a>, which causes the infant to grasp a finger placed in their palm and to curl their toes when the soles of their feet are touched.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Communication skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Turns head towards sounds and voices.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cries to communicate needs and stops crying when needs have been met.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Emotional development</b> </p> <ul><li>Soothed by touches and voices of parents.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to self-soothe when upset.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Is alert for periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Follows faces when quiet and alert.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stares at bright objects placed in front of the face for a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-3-5_days_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-5_days-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_month_old">One month old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: One month old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>Typically grows between 1 and 1.5 inches (2.5 and 3.8 cm) and gains about 2 pounds (910 g).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Hands kept in tight fists.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Equal movement of arms and legs on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to briefly hold up head when in <a href="/wiki/Prone_position" title="Prone position">prone position</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arm thrusts are jerky.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brings hands close to eyes and mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to move head from side to side when prone.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Head flops backward if not supported.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Infantile reflexes are strong.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Communication skills</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Startle_response" title="Startle response">Startles</a> at loud noises.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to make noises besides crying.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Social development</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to recognize voices of parents.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Emotional development</b> </p> <ul><li>Responds to parents' comforting when upset.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Becomes alert upon hearing pleasant sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Stares at objects, particularly brightly colored ones, when placed in front of face.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to follow faces.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_1_month_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_1_month-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Sensory development</b> </p> <ul><li>Focuses on things about 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) away.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eyes wander and may cross.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prefers <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white">black and white</a> and high-<a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> patterns, but prefers the human face over any other pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hearing is fully developed.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Has a preference for sweet smells and dislikes bitter and acidic smells.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recognizes scent of mother's milk.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enjoys soft and coarse sensations and does not like rough handling.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_1_month_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_1_month-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_months_old">Two months old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Two months old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>Typically grows at a similar rate to the previous month, usually growing between 1 and 1.5 inches (2.5 and 3.8 cm) and gaining about 2 pounds (910 g).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Resting heart rate is usually between 80 and 160 beats per minute, and it typically stays within that range until the infant is about one year old.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulse_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulse-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Can hold up head and chest while in prone position.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_2_month_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_2_month-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Movements of arms and legs become smoother.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Can hold head steady while in <a href="/wiki/Sitting" title="Sitting">sitting</a> position.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_2_month_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_2_month-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Certain infantile reflexes, such as the moro reflex and asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, begin to go away.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_2_month_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_2_month-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to open and close hands.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_2_month_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_2_month-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Communication skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to coo and make gurgling noises.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to turn head towards noises.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Begins to smile when interacted with.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_2_month_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_2_month-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pays attention to speaking people.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_2_month_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_2_month-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Social development</b> </p> <ul><li>Tries to look at parents.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Emotional development</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to briefly calm self by sucking on hands.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smiles when happy.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_2_month_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_2_month-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Pays attention to faces.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Follows objects with eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Capable of recognizing people from a distance.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Starts becoming fussy when activity does not change.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_months_old">Three months old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Three months old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>Typically grows 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5 to 3.8 cm) and gains 1.5 to 2 pounds (680 to 910 g).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Social development</b> </p> <ul><li>Develops a social smile.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_3_month_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_3_month-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Communicates and expresses more using face and body.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_3_month_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_3_month-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_months_old">Four months old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Four months old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>By this age, infants may have doubled their birth weights. They typically grow about 0.8 inches (2.0 cm) and gain about 1 to 1.5 pounds (450 to 680 g) during this month.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fat rolls ("Baby Fat") begin to appear on thighs, upper arms and neck.</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>May be able to <a href="/wiki/Rolling" title="Rolling">roll</a> from front to back.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Starts to reach and grasp for objects.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brings hands and objects to mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to control head while sitting.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Supports head and chest with arms while prone.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pushes on legs when feet are on a hard surface.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to shake toys and swing at dangling objects.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Communication skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to smile, laugh, squeal, and blow <a href="/wiki/Bubble_(physics)" title="Bubble (physics)">bubbles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Coos in response to parents' coos.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Turns towards voices.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uses different cries to communicate hunger, tiredness, and pain.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Social development</b> </p> <ul><li>Responds to affection.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Begins to initiate social interaction by cooing or <a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">babbling</a>.</li> <li>Smiles spontaneously at people.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enjoys playing with others.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Language development</b> </p> <ul><li>Starts to babble.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Begins to mimic sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Emotional development</b> </p> <ul><li>Smiles in response to events.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Begins to imitate <a href="/wiki/Facial_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Facial expressions">facial expressions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to soothe self.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Becomes excited when approached by caregivers.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Begins to easily get distracted by surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Begins to predict and anticipate routines.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Repeats behaviors that result in a desired effect.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grasps, mouths, and looks at toys.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_4_month_29-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_4_month-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lets caregivers know about mood.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to reach for objects using one hand.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to use hands and eyes together to accomplish tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recognizes familiar things from a distance.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4_month_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_4_month-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_months_old">Six months old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Six months old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>Typically grows between 0.5 and 0.75 inches (1.3 and 1.9 cm) and gains between 1 and 1.25 pounds (450 and 570 g)</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to push up to a <a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">crawling</a> position and may be able to rock on knees.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to sit with support.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to stand with help and bounce while standing.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An explorative study found, however, that 3- to 5-month-old infants can be taught independent standing, which was considered safe.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passes objects between hands.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some infantile reflexes, such as the palmar grasp reflex, go away.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grabs objects using a <a href="/wiki/Raking_grasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Raking grasp">raking grasp</a>, where fingers rake at objects to pick them up.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to roll from both front to back and back to front.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rocks back and forth and may crawl backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Communication skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Uses voice to get attention and to express emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enjoys taking turns making sounds with parents.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Social development</b> </p> <ul><li>Is socially active.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smiles to attract attention and responds when interacted with.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to tell if a person is a stranger.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enjoys playing with others, especially with parents.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Language development</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to <a href="/wiki/Blowing_a_raspberry" title="Blowing a raspberry">blow raspberries</a> and pronounce consonants such as "ba", "da", and "ga".<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recognizes own name and understands a few other words.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Makes sounds in response to sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Makes vowel noises, such as "ah", "eh", and "oh", while babbling.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Emotional development</b> </p> <ul><li>Recognizes familiar faces and responds happily to them.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Startles at loud noises and may cry out of fear.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Expresses happiness, pleasure, sadness, and anger.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Responds to the emotions of others.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Often seems to be happy.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Likes to look at self in <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Mouths objects to understand environment.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reaches for everything in view.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moves in the direction they wish to go.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Understands where dropped objects fall.<sup id="cite_ref-KH_6_month_31-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KH_6_month-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Looks at nearby objects.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_6_month_33-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_6_month-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_months_old">Seven months old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seven months old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>Typically grows between 0.5 and 0.75 inches (1.3 and 1.9 cm) and gains between 1 and 1.25 pounds (450 and 570 g).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Begins to sit without support of hands.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_7_month_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_7_month-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to support entire weight on legs.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_7_month_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_7_month-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Sensory development</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to see in full color.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_7_month_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_7_month-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abilities to see at a distance and to track moving objects improve.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_7_month_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_7_month-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Language development</b> </p> <ul><li>Responds to "<a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">no</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-HC_7_month_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_7_month-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Able to tell emotions from tone of voice.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_7_month_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_7_month-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to locate partially hidden objects.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_7_month_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_7_month-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8–12_months"><span id="8.E2.80.9312_months"></span>8–12 months</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 8–12 months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical</b> </p> <ul><li>Respiration rates vary with activity</li> <li>Environmental conditions, weather, activity, and clothing still affect variations in body temperature.</li> <li>Head and chest circumference remain equal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_fontanelle" title="Anterior fontanelle">Anterior fontanelle</a> begins to close.</li> <li>Continues to use abdominal muscles for breathing.</li> <li>More teeth appear, often in the order of two lower <a href="/wiki/Incisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisors">incisors</a> then two upper <a href="/wiki/Incisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisors">incisors</a> followed by four more incisors and two lower <a href="/wiki/Molars" class="mw-redirect" title="Molars">molars</a> but some babies may still be waiting for their first.</li> <li>Arm and hands are more developed than feet and legs (cephalocaudal development); hands appear large in proportion to other body parts.</li> <li>Legs may continue to appear bowed.</li> <li>"Baby fat" continues to appear on thighs, upper arms and neck.</li> <li>Feet appear flat as arch has not yet fully developed.</li> <li>Both eyes work in unison (true binocular coordination).</li> <li>Can see distant objects (4 to 6 m or 13 to 20 ft away) and points at them.</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Reaches with one hand leading to grasp an offered object or toy.</li> <li>Adjustment from grip emerges around 8 months.</li> <li>Manipulates objects, transferring them from one hand to the other.</li> <li>Explores new objects by poking with one finger.</li> <li>They adjust their grip based on touch at 8 months, not yet visual cues.</li> <li>Infants will begin to use visual cues while reaching and grasping after 9 months of age.</li> <li>Uses deliberate pincer grasp to pick up small objects, toys, and finger foods.</li> <li>Stacks objects; also places objects inside one another.</li> <li>Releases objects or toys by dropping or throwing; cannot intentionally put an object down because infants, at eight months, are not using visual sensory information while grasping an object.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="learning_to_stand"></span>Beginning to pull self to a standing position.</li> <li>Beginning to stand alone, leaning on furniture for support; moves around obstacles by side-stepping.</li> <li>Has good balance when sitting; can shift positions without falling.</li> <li>Creeps on hands and knees; crawls up and down stairs.</li> <li>The hip and knee joints exhibit a greater lag than the shoulder and elbow joints, which shows that motor skills develop in a cephalocaudal trend.</li> <li>The lags between joints decreases as age increases.</li> <li>The hip and knee joints are more strongly coupled than the shoulder and elbow joints in interlimb comparisons. This may be due to the weight bearing the hip and knee joints go through for standing and walking.</li> <li>Walks with adult support, holding onto adult's hand; may begin to walk alone.</li> <li>Walking alone leads to inconsistent steps, grasping objects for balance, and taking few steps without falling.</li> <li>Walking usually occurs to explore environment and not necessarily to obtain a specific task, goal, or object.</li> <li>Watches people, objects, and activities in the immediate environment.</li> <li>Responds to <a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">hearing tests</a> (voice localization); however, loses interest quickly and, therefore, may be difficult to test formally.</li> <li>Recognizes objects in reverse</li> <li>Drops thing intentionally and repeats and watches object</li> <li>Imitates activities like playing a drum</li> <li>Begins to develop expressive rather than <a href="/wiki/Receptive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptive language">receptive language</a> – child actually responding to what is said to them instead of only receiving and watching the interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_childhood">Early childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toddler_(12–24_months)"><span id="Toddler_.2812.E2.80.9324_months.29"></span>Toddler (12–24 months)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Toddler (12–24 months)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical</b> </p> <ul><li>Weight is now approximately three times the child's birth weight.</li> <li>Respiration rate varies with emotional state and activity.</li> <li>Rate of growth slows.</li> <li>Head size increases slowly; grows approximately 1.3 cm (0.51 in) every six months; anterior fontanelle is nearly closed at eighteen months as bones of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a> thicken.</li> <li>Anterior fontanelle closing or fully closed, usually at the middle of this year.</li> <li>Chest circumference is larger than head circumference.</li> <li>Legs may still appear bowed.</li> <li>Toddler will begin to lose the "baby fat" once he/she begins walking.</li> <li>Body shape changes; takes on more adult-like appearance; still appears top-heavy; abdomen protrudes, back is swayed.</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">Crawls</a> skillfully and quickly.</li> <li>Stands alone with feet spread apart, legs stiffened, and arms extended for support.</li> <li>Gets to feet unaided.</li> <li>Most children walk unassisted near the end of this period; falls often; not always able to maneuver around obstacles, such as furniture or toys.</li> <li>Children first recognize when to apply muscular force when walking in order to conserve energy; soon after, children learn to fine-tune muscle tissues to stabilize themselves.</li> <li>Uses furniture to lower self to floor; collapses backwards into a sitting position or falls forward on hands and then sits.</li> <li>Enjoys pushing or pulling toys while walking.</li> <li>Repeatedly picks up objects and throws them; direction becomes more deliberate.</li> <li>Attempts to run; has difficulty stopping and usually just drops to the floor.</li> <li>Crawls up stairs on all fours; goes down stairs in same position.</li> <li>Sits in a small chair.</li> <li>Carries toys from place to place.</li> <li>Enjoys crayons and markers for scribbling; uses whole-arm movement.</li> <li>Helps feed self; enjoys holding spoon (often upside down) and drinking from a glass or cup; not always accurate in getting utensils into mouth; frequent spills should be expected.</li> <li>Helps turn pages in book.</li> <li>Stacks two to six objects per day.</li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive development</b> </p> <ul><li>Enjoys object-hiding activities.</li> <li>Early in this period, the child always searches in the same location for a hidden object (if the child has watched the hiding of an object). Later, the child will search in several locations.</li> <li>Passes toy to other hand when offered a second object (referred to as "crossing the midline" – an important <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> development).</li> <li>Manages three to four objects by setting an object aside (on lap or floor) when presented with a new <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toy</a>.</li> <li>Puts toys in <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> less often.</li> <li>Enjoys looking at <a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">picture books</a>.</li> <li>Demonstrates understanding of functional relationships (objects that belong together): Puts <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bowl_(vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowl (vessel)">bowl</a> and then uses spoon as if eating; places <a href="/wiki/Teacup" title="Teacup">teacup</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saucer" title="Saucer">saucer</a> and sips from cup; tries to make doll stand up.</li> <li>Shows or offers toy to another person to look at.</li> <li>Names many everyday objects.</li> <li>Shows increasing understanding of spatial and <a href="/wiki/Shape" title="Shape">form</a> discrimination: puts all pegs in a <a href="/wiki/Pegboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegboard">pegboard</a>; places three geometric shapes in large formboard or <a href="/wiki/Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzle</a>.</li> <li>Places several small items (blocks, clothespins, cereal pieces) in a container or bottle and then dumps them out.</li> <li>Tries to make mechanical objects work after watching someone else do so.</li> <li>Responds with some facial movement, but cannot truly <a href="/wiki/Imitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Imitate">imitate</a> <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a>.</li> <li>Most children with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> are diagnosed at this age.</li></ul> <p><b>Language</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="jargoning"></span>Produces considerable "jargon": puts words and sounds together into speech-like (<a href="/wiki/Inflected" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected">inflected</a>) patterns.</li> <li>Holophrastic speech: uses one word to convey an entire thought; meaning depends on the inflection ("me" may be used to request more cookies or a desire to feed self). Later, produces two-word phrases to express a complete thought (<a href="/wiki/Telegraphic_speech" title="Telegraphic speech">telegraphic speech</a>): "More cookie", "Daddy bye-bye."</li> <li>Follows simple directions, "Give Daddy the cup."</li> <li>When asked, will point to familiar persons, animals, and toys.</li> <li>Identifies three body parts if someone names them: "Show me your nose (toe, ear)."</li> <li>Indicates a few desired objects and activities by name: "Bye-bye", "cookie"; verbal request is often accompanied by an insistent gesture.</li> <li>Responds to simple questions with "yes" or "no" and appropriate head movement.</li> <li>Speech is 25 to 50 percent intelligible during this period.</li> <li>Locates familiar objects on request (if child knows location of objects).</li> <li>Acquires and uses five to fifty words; typically these are words that refer to animals, food, and toys.</li> <li>Uses gestures, such as pointing or pulling, to direct adult attention.</li> <li>Enjoys rhymes and songs; tries to join in.</li> <li>Seems aware of reciprocal (back and forth) aspects of conversational exchanges; some turn-taking in other kinds of vocal exchanges, such as making and imitating sounds.</li></ul> <p><b>Social</b><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Less wary of strangers.</li> <li>Helps pick up and put away toys.</li> <li>Plays alone.</li> <li>Enjoys being held and read to.</li> <li>Often imitates adult actions in play.</li> <li>Enjoys adult attention; likes to know that an adult is near; gives hugs and kisses.</li> <li>Recognizes self in mirror.</li> <li>Enjoys the companionship of other children, but does not play cooperatively.</li> <li>Begins to assert independence; often refuses to cooperate with daily routines that once were enjoyable; resists getting dressed, putting on shoes, eating, taking a bath; wants to try doing things without help.</li> <li>May have a <a href="/wiki/Tantrum" title="Tantrum">tantrum</a> when things go wrong or if overly tired or frustrated.</li> <li>Exceedingly curious about people and surroundings; needs to be watched carefully to prevent them from getting into unsafe situations.</li></ul> <p><b>Walking development</b><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Young toddlers (12 months) have a wider midfoot than older toddlers (24 months).</li> <li>The foot will develop greater contact area during walking.</li> <li>Maximum force of the foot will increase.</li> <li>Peak pressure of the foot increases.</li> <li>Force-time integral increases in all except the midfoot.</li> <li>The lateral toes did not show a pattern in development of walking.</li> <li>Loading parameters of the foot generally increase, the midfoot develops opposite of the other regions in the foot.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-year-old">Two-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Two-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical</b> </p> <ul><li>Posture is more erect; abdomen still large and protruding, back swayed, because abdominal muscles are not yet fully developed.</li> <li>Respirations are slow and regular</li> <li>Body temperature continues to fluctuate with activity, emotional state, and environment.</li> <li>Brain reaches about 80 percent of its adult size.</li> <li>16 baby teeth almost finished growing out</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Can walk around obstacles and walk more erectly.</li> <li>Squats for long periods while playing.</li> <li>Climbs stairs unassisted (but not with alternating feet).</li> <li>Balances on one foot (for a few moments), jumps up and down, but may fall.</li> <li>Often achieves <a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">toilet training</a> during this year (depending on child's <a href="/wiki/Physical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical development">physical</a> and neurological development) although accidents should still be expected; the child will indicate readiness for toilet training.</li> <li>Throws large ball underhand without losing balance. Holds small cup or tumbler in one hand. Unbuttons large buttons; unzips large zippers.</li> <li>Opens doors by turning doorknobs.</li> <li>Grasps large crayon with fist; scribbles.</li> <li>Climbs up on chair, turns, and sits down.</li> <li>Stacks four to six objects on top of one another.</li> <li>Uses feet to propel wheeled riding toys.</li> <li>Most likely in the emerging stage of learning to run.</li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive</b> </p> <ul><li>Eye–hand movements better coordinated; can put objects together, take them apart; fit large pegs into pegboard.</li> <li>Begins to use objects for purposes other than intended (may push a block around as a boat).</li> <li>Does simple classification tasks based on single dimension (separates toy dinosaurs from toy cars).</li> <li>Seems fascinated by, or engrossed in, figuring out situations: where the tennis ball rolled, where the dog went, what caused a particular noise.</li> <li>Attends to self-selected activities for longer periods of time. Discovering cause and effect: squeezing the cat makes them scratch.</li> <li>Knows where familiar persons should be; notes their absence; finds a hidden object by looking in last hiding place first. (This is what <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a> termed <a href="/wiki/Object_permanence" title="Object permanence">object permanence</a>, which usually occurs during the <a href="/wiki/Sensorimotor_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensorimotor stage">sensorimotor stage</a> of Piaget's childhood <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of cognitive development">theory of cognitive development</a>)</li> <li>Names familiar objects.</li> <li>Recognizes, expresses, and locates pain.</li> <li>Expected to use "<a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a>", the causal relationships between actions and events.</li> <li>Tells about objects and events not immediately present (this is both a cognitive and linguistic advance).</li> <li>Expresses more curiosity about the world.</li></ul> <p><b> Language</b> </p> <ul><li>Enjoys participating while being read to.</li> <li>Realizes language is effective for getting desired responses.</li> <li>Uses 50 to 300 words; vocabulary continuously increasing.</li> <li>Has broken the linguistic code; in other words, much of a two-year-old's talk has meaning to them.</li> <li>Receptive language is more developed than expressive language; most two-year-olds understand significantly more than they can talk about.</li> <li>Utters three- and four-word statements; uses conventional word order to form more complete sentences.</li> <li>Refers to self as "me" or sometimes "I" rather than by name: "Me go bye-bye"; has no trouble verbalizing "mine".</li> <li>Expresses negative statements by tacking on a negative word such as "no" or "not": "Not more milk."</li> <li>Uses some plurals.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Stammering" class="mw-redirect" title="Stammering">stammerings</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Disfluencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfluencies">dysfluencies</a> are common.</li> <li>65 to 70 percent of speech is intelligible.</li> <li>Is able to verbalize needs.</li> <li>Asks a lot of questions.</li></ul> <p><b>Social and emotional</b> </p> <ul><li>Shows signs of <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> and caring: comforts another child if hurt or frightened; appears to sometimes be overly affectionate in offering hugs and kisses to children</li> <li>Continues to use physical aggression if frustrated or angry (for some children, this is more exaggerated than for others); Physical aggression usually lessens as verbal skills improve.</li> <li>Temper tantrums likely to peak during this year; extremely difficult to reason with during a tantrum.</li> <li>Impatient; finds it difficult to wait or take turns.</li> <li>Enjoys "helping" with household chores; imitates everyday activities: may try to toilet train a stuffed animal, feed a doll.</li> <li>"Bossy" with parents and caregivers; orders them around, makes demands, expects immediate compliance from adults.</li> <li>Watches and imitates the play of other children, but seldom interacts directly; plays near others, often choosing similar toys and activities (<a href="/wiki/Parallel_play" title="Parallel play">parallel play</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solitary play is often simple and repetitive.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Offers toys to other children, but is usually possessive of playthings; still tends to hoard toys.</li> <li>Making choices is difficult; wants it both ways.</li> <li>Often defiant; shouting "no" becomes automatic.</li> <li>Ritualistic; wants everything "just so"; routines carried out exactly as before; belongings placed "where they belong".<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-year-old">Three-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Three-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical</b> </p> <ul><li>Growth is steady though slower than in first two years.</li> <li>Adult height can be predicted from measurements of height at three years of age; males are approximately 53% of their adult height and females, 57%.</li> <li>Legs grow faster than arms.</li> <li>Circumference of head and chest is equal; head size is in better proportion to the body.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue" title="Brown adipose tissue">Baby fat</a>" disappears as neck appears.</li> <li>Posture is more erect; abdomen no longer protrudes.</li> <li>Slightly <a href="/wiki/Knock-kneed" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock-kneed">knock-kneed</a>.</li> <li>Can jump from low step</li> <li>Can stand up and walk around on tiptoes</li> <li>"Baby" teeth stage over.</li> <li>Needs to consume approximately 6,300 kJ (1,500 kcal) daily.</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Walks up and down stairs unassisted, using alternating feet; may jump from bottom step, landing on both feet.</li> <li>Can momentarily balance on one foot.</li> <li>Can kick big ball-shaped objects.</li> <li>Needs minimal assistance eating.</li> <li>Jumps on the spot.</li> <li>Can walk unassisted.</li> <li>Bends over without falling.</li> <li>Climbs objects well.</li> <li>Starts to run easily, with knee flexion being used to support body weight.</li> <li>Full control of feet in running movement</li> <li>Pedals a small tricycle.</li> <li>Throws a ball overhand; aim and distance are limited.</li> <li>Catches a large bounced ball with both arms extended.</li> <li>Enjoys swinging on a swing.</li> <li>Shows improved control of crayons or markers; uses vertical, horizontal and circular strokes.</li> <li>Holds crayon or marker between first two fingers and thumb (tripod grasp), not in a fist as earlier.</li> <li>Can turn pages of a book one at a time</li> <li>Enjoys building with blocks.</li> <li>Builds a tower of eight or more blocks.</li> <li>Enjoys playing with clay; pounds, rolls, and squeezes it.</li> <li>May begin to show hand dominance.</li> <li>Carries a container of liquid, such as a cup of milk or bowl of water, without much spilling; pours liquid from pitcher into another container.</li> <li>Manipulates large buttons and zippers on clothing.</li> <li>Washes and dries hands; brushes own teeth, but not thoroughly.</li> <li>Usually achieves complete <a href="/wiki/Bladder_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder Control">bladder control</a> during this time.</li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive development</b> </p> <ul><li>Listens attentively to age-appropriate stories.</li> <li>Makes relevant comments during stories, especially those that relate to home and family events.</li> <li>Likes to look at books and may pretend to "read" to others or explain pictures.</li> <li>Enjoys stories with riddles, guessing, and "suspense".</li> <li>Speech is understandable most of the time.</li> <li>Produces expanded <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>: "big, brown dog".</li> <li>Produces verbs with "ing" endings; uses "-s" to indicate more than one; often puts "-s" on already pluralized forms: geeses, mices.</li> <li>Indicates negatives by inserting "no" or "not" before a simple noun or verb phrase: "Not baby."</li> <li>Answers "What are you doing?", "What is this?", and "Where?" questions dealing with familiar objects and events.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobart,_C._Frankel_2009_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobart,_C._Frankel_2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-year-old">Four-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Four-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical development</b> </p> <ul><li>Head circumference is usually not measured after age three.</li> <li>Requires approximately 7,100 kJ (1,700 kcal) daily.</li> <li>Hearing acuity can be assessed by child's correct usage of sounds and language, and also by the child's appropriate responses to questions and instructions.</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Walks a straight line (tape or chalk line on the floor).</li> <li>Hops on one foot.</li> <li>Pedals and steers a wheeled toy with confidence; turns corners, avoids obstacles and oncoming "traffic".</li> <li>Climbs ladders, trees, playground equipment.</li> <li>Jumps over objects 12 to 15 cm (5 to 6 in) high; lands with both feet together.</li> <li>Runs, starts, stops, and moves around obstacles with ease.</li> <li>Uses arm movement to increase running speed</li> <li>Throws a ball overhand; distance and aim improving.</li> <li>Builds a tower with ten or more blocks.</li> <li>Forms shapes and objects out of clay: cookies, snakes and other simple animals.</li> <li>Reproduces some shapes and letters.</li> <li>Holds a crayon or marker using a tripod grasp.</li> <li>Paints and draws with purpose; may have an idea in mind, but often has problems implementing it so calls the creation something else.</li> <li>Becomes more accurate at hitting nails and pegs with hammer.</li> <li>Threads small wooden beads on a string.</li> <li>Can run in a circle</li> <li>Can jump</li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive</b> </p> <ul><li>Can recognize that certain words sound similar</li> <li>Names eighteen to twenty uppercase letters. Writes several letters and sometimes their name.</li> <li>A few children are beginning to read simple books, such as alphabet books with only a few words per page and many pictures.</li> <li>Likes stories about how things grow and how things operate.</li> <li>Delights in <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">wordplay</a>, creating silly language.</li> <li>Understands the concepts of "tallest", "biggest", "same", and "more"; selects the picture that has the "most houses" or the "biggest dogs".</li> <li>Rote counts to 20 or more.</li> <li>Understands the sequence of daily events: "When we get up in the morning, we get dressed, have breakfast, brush our teeth, and go to school."</li> <li>When looking at pictures, can recognize and identify missing puzzle parts (of person, car, animal).</li> <li>Very good storytellers.</li> <li>Counts 1 to 7 objects out loud, but not always in order</li> <li>Follows two to three step directions given individually or in a group</li> <li>May use the "-ed" ending improperly; for example: "I goed outside."</li></ul> <p><b>Language</b> </p> <ul><li>Uses the prepositions "on", "in", and "under".</li> <li>Uses possessives consistently: "hers", "theirs", "baby's".</li> <li>Answers "Whose?", "Who?", "Why?", and "How many?"</li> <li>Produces elaborate sentence structures: "The cat ran under the house before I could see what color it was."</li> <li>Speech is almost entirely intelligible.</li> <li>Begins to use the past tense of verbs correctly: "Mommy closed the door", "Daddy went to work."</li> <li>Refers to activities, events, objects, and people that are not present.</li> <li>Changes tone of voice and sentence structure to adapt to listener's level of understanding: To baby brother, "Milk gone?" To Mother, "Did the baby drink all of his milk?"</li> <li>States first and last name, gender, siblings' names, and sometimes own telephone number.</li> <li>Answers appropriately when asked what to do if tired, cold, or hungry. Recites and sings simple songs and <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhymes</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Social development</b> </p> <ul><li>Outgoing; friendly; overly enthusiastic at times.</li> <li>Moods change rapidly and unpredictably; laughing one minute, crying the next; may throw tantrum over minor frustrations (a block structure that will not balance); sulk over being left out.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary playmates</a> or companions are common; holds conversations and shares strong emotions with this invisible <a href="/wiki/Friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Friend">friend</a>.</li> <li>Boasts, exaggerates, and "bends" the truth with made-up stories or claims of boldness; tests the limits with "bathroom" talk.</li> <li>Cooperates with others; participates in group activities.</li> <li>Shows pride in accomplishments; seeks frequent adult approval.</li> <li>Often appears selfish; not always able to take turns or to understand taking turns under some conditions; tattles on other children.</li> <li>Insists on trying to do things independently, but may get so frustrated as to verge on tantrums when problems arise: paint that drips, paper airplane that will not fold right.</li> <li>Enjoys role-playing and make-believe activities.</li> <li>Relies (most of the time) on verbal rather than physical aggression; may yell angrily rather than hit to make a point; threatens: "You can't come to my birthday party."</li> <li>Name-calling and taunting are often used as ways of excluding other children.</li> <li>Can be bossy at times, telling their parents to stop talking, or telling their friends to "Come here right now."</li> <li>Establishes close relationships with playmates; beginning to have "best" friends.</li> <li>Begins to ask questions about own and others' bodies<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May attempt to see others naked in the bathroom<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_childhood">Middle childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Middle childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five-year-old">Five-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Five-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical</b> </p> <ul><li>Head size is approximately that of an adult's.</li> <li>May begin to lose "baby" (deciduous) teeth.</li> <li>Body is adult-like in proportion.</li> <li>Requires approximately 7,500 kJ (1,800 kcal) daily</li> <li>Visual tracking and binocular vision are well developed.</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Walks backwards, toe to heel.</li> <li>Walks unassisted up and down stairs, alternating feet.</li> <li>May learn to turn somersaults (should be taught the right way in order to avoid injury).</li> <li>Can touch toes without flexing knees.</li> <li>Walks a balance beam.</li> <li>Learns to skip using alternative feet.</li> <li>Catches a ball thrown from 1 m (3.3 ft) away.</li> <li>Rides a <a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">tricycle</a> or wheeled toy with speed and skillful steering; some children learning to ride bicycles, usually with <a href="/wiki/Training_wheels" title="Training wheels">training wheels</a>.</li> <li>Jumps or hops forward ten times in a row without falling.</li> <li>Balances on either foot with good control for ten seconds.</li> <li>Builds three-dimensional structures with small cubes by copying from a picture or model.</li> <li>Reproduces many shapes and letters: square, triangle, A, I, O, U, C, H, L, T.</li> <li>Demonstrates fair control of pencil or marker; may begin to color within the lines.</li> <li>Cuts on the line with scissors (not perfectly).</li> <li>Hand dominance is fairly well established</li></ul> <p><b>Cognitive</b> </p> <ul><li>Forms rectangle from two triangular cuts.</li> <li>Builds steps with set of small blocks.</li> <li>Understands concept of same shape, same size.</li> <li>Sorts objects on the basis of two dimensions, such as color and form.</li> <li>Sorts a variety of objects so that all things in the group have a single common feature (classification skill: all are food items or boats or animals).</li> <li>Understands the concepts of smallest and shortest; places objects in order from shortest to tallest, smallest to largest.</li> <li>Identifies objects with specified serial position: first, second, last.</li> <li>Rote counts to 20 and above; many children count to 100.</li> <li>Recognizes numerals from 1 to 10.</li> <li>Understands the concepts of less than: "Which bowl has less water?"</li> <li>Understands the terms dark, light, and early: "I got up early, before anyone else. It was still dark."</li> <li>Relates clock time to daily schedule: "Time to turn on the TV when the little hand points to 5."</li> <li>Some children can tell time on the hour: five o'clock, two o'clock.</li> <li>Knows what a <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> is for.</li> <li>Recognizes and identifies <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>; beginning to count and save money.</li> <li>Many children know the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> and names of upper- and lowercase letters.</li> <li>Understands the concept of half; can say how many pieces an object has when it has been cut in half.</li> <li>Asks innumerable questions: Why? What? Where? When? How? Who?</li> <li>Eager to learn new things. Curious and inquisitive.</li></ul> <p><b>Language development</b> </p> <ul><li>Vocabulary of 1,500 words plus.</li> <li>Tells a familiar <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">story</a> while looking at pictures in a book.</li> <li>Defines simple words by function: a ball is to bounce; a bed is to sleep in.</li> <li>Identifies and names four to eight colours.</li> <li>Recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humor</a> in simple <a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">jokes</a>; makes up jokes and <a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">riddles</a>.</li> <li>Produces <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a> with five to seven words; much longer sentences are not unusual.</li> <li>States the name of own city or town, <a href="/wiki/Birthday" title="Birthday">birthday</a>, and parents' names.</li> <li>Answers telephone appropriately; calls person to phone or takes a brief message</li> <li>Speech is almost entirely grammatically correct.</li> <li>Uses "would" and "could" appropriately.</li> <li>Uses past tense of <a href="/wiki/Irregular_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a> consistently: "went", "caught", "swam."</li> <li>Uses past-tense <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> (-ed) appropriately to mark regular verbs: "jumped", "rained", "washed".</li></ul> <p><b>Social development</b> </p> <ul><li>Enjoys and often has one or two focus friendships.</li> <li>Plays cooperatively (can lapse), is generous, takes turns, shares toys.</li> <li>Participates in group play and shared activities with other children; suggests imaginative and elaborate play ideas.</li> <li>Shows affection and caring towards others especially those "below" them or in pain</li> <li>Generally subservient to parent or caregiver requests.</li> <li>Needs comfort and reassurance from adults but is less open to comfort.</li> <li>Has better self-control over swings of emotions.</li> <li>Likes entertaining people and making them laugh.</li> <li>Enjoys conversing with other people.</li> <li>Boasts about accomplishments.</li> <li>Often has an <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">imaginary friend</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six-year-old">Six-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Six-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Physical</b> </p> <ul><li>Weight gains reflect significant increases in <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> mass.</li> <li>Heart rate and respiratory rates are close to adults.</li> <li>Body may appear lanky as through period of rapid growth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">Baby teeth</a> beginning to be replaced by permanent ones, starting with the two lower front teeth</li> <li>20/20 eyesight; if below 20/40 should see a professional.</li> <li>The most common vision problem during middle childhood is <a href="/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">myopia</a>, or nearsightedness.<sup id="cite_ref-Berk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uses 6,700 to 7,100 kJ (1,600 to 1,700 kcal) a day.</li></ul> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Gains greater control over large and fine motor skills; movements are more precise and deliberate, though some clumsiness persists.</li> <li>Enjoys vigorous running, jumping, climbing, and throwing etc.</li> <li>Has trouble staying still.</li> <li>Span of attention increases; works at tasks for longer periods of time.</li> <li>Can concentrate effort but not always consistently.</li> <li>Understands time (today, tomorrow, yesterday) and simple motion (some things go faster than others).</li> <li>Recognizes seasons and major activities done at certain times.</li> <li>Has fun with problem solving and sorting activities like stacking, puzzles, and mazes</li> <li>Enjoys the challenge of puzzles, counting and sorting activities, paper-and-pencil mazes, and games that involve matching letters and words with pictures.</li> <li>Recognizes some words by sight; attempts to sound out words</li> <li>In some cases the child may be reading well.</li> <li>Functioning which facilitates learning to ride a bicycle, swim, swing a bat, or kick a ball.</li> <li>Enjoys making things.</li> <li>Reverses or confuses certain letters: b/d, p/g, g/q, t/f.</li> <li>Able to trace objects.</li> <li>Folds and cuts paper into simple shapes.</li> <li>Can tie laces, string (like shoes).</li></ul> <p><b>Language</b> </p> <ul><li>Can identify right and left hands fairly consistently.</li> <li>Holds onto positive beliefs involving the unexplainable (magic or fantasy)</li> <li>Arrives at some understanding about death and dying; expresses fear that parents may die.</li> <li>Talks a lot.</li> <li>Loves telling <a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">jokes</a> and riddles; often, the humor is far from subtle.</li> <li>In some cases, may use <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a> sometimes.</li> <li>Enthusiastic and inquisitive about surroundings and everyday events.</li> <li>Able to carry on adult-like conversations; asks many questions.</li> <li>Learns 5 to 10 words a day; vocabulary of 10,000–14,000.</li> <li>Uses appropriate verb tenses, word order, and sentence structure.</li></ul> <p><b>Social and emotional</b> </p> <ul><li>Uses language rather than tantrums or physical aggression to express displeasure: "That's mine! Give it back, you dummy."</li> <li>Talks self through steps required in simple problem-solving situations (though the "logic" may be unclear to adults).</li> <li>Has mood swings towards <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">primary caregiver</a> depending on the day</li> <li>Friendship with parent is less depended on but still needs closeness and nurturing.</li> <li>Anxious to please; needs and seeks adult approval, reassurance, and praise; may complain excessively about minor hurts to gain more attention.</li> <li>Often cannot view the world from another's point of view</li> <li>Self-perceived failure can make the child easily disappointed and frustrated.</li> <li>Cannot handle things not going their own way</li> <li>Does not understand ethical behavior or moral standards especially when doing things that have not been given rules</li> <li>Understands when he or she has been thought to be "bad"; values are based on others' enforced values.</li> <li>May be increasingly fearful of the unknown like things in the dark, noises, and animals.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven-year-old">Seven-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Seven-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Well-developed <a href="/wiki/Eye%E2%80%93hand_coordination" title="Eye–hand coordination">hand-eye coordination</a></li> <li>Good sense of balance</li> <li>Capable of basic gymnastics moves such as somersaults</li></ul> <p><b>Writing grips</b> </p> <ul><li>The dynamic tripod grip is the final stage of holding writing implements</li></ul> <p><b>Language</b> </p> <ul><li>Vocabulary now numbers at least a few thousand words</li> <li>Capable of telling time</li> <li>Begins to understand how sounds form words</li></ul> <p><b>Social and emotional</b> </p> <ul><li>Highly self-critical and eager to please</li> <li>Can understand right and wrong</li> <li>Increased ability at problem solving and reasoning</li> <li>Can feel shame and guilt</li> <li>Complains a lot and has strong emotional swings</li> <li>Occasionally has meltdowns over minor frustrations, mainly for attention</li> <li>Ability to deal with mistakes and failure improves</li> <li>Beginning of sexual attraction to/interest in peers<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Explore genitalia with other children their age. This occurrence typically begins with children "playing doctor" or who say "show me yours and I'll show mine." The event is the child showing interest in "naughty parts" which are perceived as forbidden<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reluctant to undress in front of others and wish to have more privacy from parents<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight-year-old">Eight-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eight-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Motor development</b> </p> <ul><li>Has good finger control</li> <li>Increased physical strength and endurance</li> <li>Almost able to converse at an adult level</li> <li>Wants to understand how and why things work</li> <li>Clear, logical thinking skills</li> <li>Exhibits a clear preference for certain subjects and activities</li></ul> <p><b>Language skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Enjoys reading</li> <li>Can start to understand how opposites work</li> <li>Can now speak clearly</li></ul> <p><b>Social and emotional</b> </p> <ul><li>Starts to develop a close circle of same-sex friends</li> <li>Becomes more susceptible to peer pressure</li> <li>Enjoys group activities</li> <li>Prone to <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a> and melodramatics</li> <li>Extremely impatient and may have a hard time waiting for special events</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preteen/late_childhood_years"><span id="Preteen.2Flate_childhood_years"></span>Preteen/late childhood years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Preteen/late childhood years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine-year-old">Nine-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nine-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Motor skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Quite good at handling tools</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_motor_skill" title="Fine motor skill">Manual dexterity</a> and hand-eye coordination are well-developed</li> <li>Capable of drawing in detail</li> <li>May persist with a particular physical activity to the point of exhaustion</li></ul> <p><b>Language skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Good at memorizing and recalling information, but typically does not show a deep understanding of it</li> <li>Capable of concentrating and resuming a task after an interruption</li> <li>Eager to learn skills</li> <li>Starts to understand right vs wrong in place of good vs bad</li></ul> <p><b>Social skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Often displays an intense revulsion of the opposite sex</li> <li>Will use physical complaints as a means of getting out of undesired tasks</li> <li>Generally dependable and can be trusted with basic responsibilities</li> <li>Prone to wide mood swings</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten-year-old">Ten-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ten-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Motor skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Capable of demanding motor/endurance tasks like bicycling and team sports</li> <li>Girls may begin <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">breast development</a> and followed by a change in facial shape</li> <li>Adult-like motor planning</li> <li>Motor planning includes an individual's choice of movements and trajectory of such movements. Children begin to display motor planning in preference of certain body parts such as hand preference. For instance, left-handed children will start to plan how they can perform a motor skill, like throwing a ball, but execute it with their left hand. The preferred hand selection of children would also be displayed in other motor tasks.</li> <li>Children show significant increase in sensitivity to end-state comfort (ESC)</li> <li>ESC is the preference to initially use unusual uncomfortable postures and movements to end in a comfortable position. One common method of studying end-state comfort is the task of over-turned glass. In this task, individuals are asked to use one hand to pick up a drinking glass that is placed up-side down, turn it upright, and pour water from a given cup into the glass. Once the children begins to grab the upside-down glass with thumb pointing down, then they have displayed end-state comfort. As a result, once they have turned over the glass, the child would have ended with palm holding the glass in a comfortable position.</li> <li>The number of grips conforming to ESC strongly increased with age.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Language skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Still does not display a deep understanding of subjects</li> <li>Does not yet fully understand right from wrong</li> <li>Not yet good at organizing or planning things in a practical way</li></ul> <p><b>Social skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Some sexual attraction to/interest in peers<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Not as moody as 7- to 9-year-olds; overall disposition tends to be cheerful and fun-oriented</li> <li>Friendships are highly important, with friends usually of the same sex. This is not consistent to every individual, nor important overall</li> <li>Can have a short temper, but has learned to adjust anger levels according to the appropriateness of the situation</li> <li>Gets along well with parents, eager to please</li> <li>Has fewer fears than at younger ages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleven-year-old">Eleven-year-old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eleven-year-old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Motor skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Extremely jumpy and has a hard time sitting still</li> <li>Girls typically begin growth of <a href="/wiki/Pubic_hair" title="Pubic hair">pubic hair</a>; most boys either haven't begun puberty or it isn't obvious yet</li> <li>Rapid height gains</li> <li>Better ability at making decisions</li> <li>Begins to understand that not everyone holds the same beliefs</li> <li>Early acne is common in girls</li></ul> <p><b>Language skills</b> </p> <ul><li>Able to use logic and debate others quite well</li> <li>School reports may combine visual, oral, and written material</li></ul> <p><b>Social and emotional development</b> </p> <ul><li>Often critical of others, stubborn, and egotistical</li> <li>Tends to display anger physically by hitting people/objects, throwing things, or slamming doors</li> <li>Friends are important, but with more arguments than before</li> <li>May be worrisome and afraid of things</li> <li>Caring about what others think is more common</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adolescence">Adolescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adolescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Child_development_stages" title="Special:EditPage/Child development stages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelve_years_old">Twelve years old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Twelve years old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motor_skills">Motor skills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Motor skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Girls are developing breasts, filled out pubic hair, underarm hair, and may begin <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>. </p><p>Changes in boys less dramatic, but enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> typically occurs along with the growth of fine <a href="/wiki/Pubic_hair" title="Pubic hair">pubic hair</a> and frequent, random <a href="/wiki/Erections" class="mw-redirect" title="Erections">erections</a>. Their voice may begin to <a href="/wiki/Voice_change" title="Voice change">change</a> as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language_skills">Language skills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Language skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Capable of categorizing information to make better sense of it. Reads adult books and magazines on subjects of interest. Capable of proofreading homework for spelling, grammar, and logic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_skills">Social skills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Social skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall disposition is pleasant and upbeat. Can become extremely excited over subjects of interest or accomplishments. Strongly prone to peer pressure and following trends. More stable friendships with fewer melodramatics than at 11. May begin to have sexual attraction to/interest in peers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirteen_years_old">Thirteen years old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Thirteen years old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Menstruation in girls is common</li> <li>Growth spurts, ejaculations and voice changes are common in boys, as well as "peach fuzz", small strands of facial hair above their lip along with fine underarm hair</li> <li>Moody and uncomfortable with themselves and their surroundings</li> <li>Likes to be alone and values privacy</li> <li>May believe the world is out to get them</li> <li>Insecure about their bodies</li> <li>May not get along well with adults</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourteen_years_old">Fourteen years old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fourteen years old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boys may begin growth of fine facial hair</li> <li>Generally pleasant, sunny disposition</li> <li>Often a high interest in extracurricular activities</li> <li>May want to please and be popular</li> <li>Has a large circle of friends of both sexes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifteen_years_old">Fifteen years old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fifteen years old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Typically argumentative and unwilling to share their problems with others</li> <li>May want to be independent and free of their family</li> <li>Typically gets along better with siblings than parents</li> <li>Friendships are highly important</li> <li>Romantic interests are common.</li> <li>In some jurisdictions, many teenagers at this age are starting to drive with a learner's permit, allowing them to drive with someone else in the car.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteen_years_old">Sixteen years old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sixteen years old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boys typically begin to grow thick facial hair</li> <li>Good overall relationship with family</li> <li>Begins to see parents as human beings instead of authority figures</li> <li>Friendships highly important, may have a wide circle of friends of both sexes</li> <li>Many teenagers at this age are starting to drive on their own.</li> <li>Many teenagers at this age get their first jobs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventeen_years_old">Seventeen years old</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Seventeen years old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Most teens have reached sexual maturity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> is more common</li> <li>Romantic interests are more common</li> <li>Love interests can be intense</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Attachment in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_cusp" title="Behavioral cusp">Behavioral cusp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Connected_Baby" title="The Connected Baby">The Connected Baby</a></i> (documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_differences_in_solitary_facial_expressions" title="Developmental differences in solitary facial expressions">Developmental differences in solitary facial expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Erikson's stages of psychosocial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_visual_development" title="Infant visual development">Infant visual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_infants_and_toddlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in infants and toddlers">Sign language in infants and toddlers</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180314/https://www.goldlearners.com/preschooler">"Child Developmental Milestones by Age"</a>. <i>Gold Learners</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kidshealth.org&rft.atitle=Your+Child%27s+Development%3A+2+Months+%28for+Parents%29+-+Nemours+KidsHealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkidshealth.org%2Fen%2Fparents%2Fdevelopment-2mos.html%23catgrowth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+development+stages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC_2_month-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2_month_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-2mo.html">"Important Milestones: Your Baby By Two Months"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Early Years Matters, Bury, UK (last accessed 12 March)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//sexual_development_and_behavior_in_children.pdf">"Sexual Development and Behavior in Children"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sexual+Development+and+Behavior+in+Children&rft.pub=National+Child+Traumatic+Stress+Network+%28NCTSN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nctsn.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2F%2Fsexual_development_and_behavior_in_children.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+development+stages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJovanovicSchwarzer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jovanovic, B; Schwarzer, G (2017). "The influence of grasping habits and object orientation on motor planning in children and adults". <i>Developmental Psychobiology</i>. <b>59</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">949–</span>957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdev.21573">10.1002/dev.21573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29071707">29071707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23941550">23941550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Psychobiology&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+grasping+habits+and+object+orientation+on+motor+planning+in+children+and+adults&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E949-%3C%2Fspan%3E957&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23941550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29071707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdev.21573&rft.aulast=Jovanovic&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Schwarzer%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+development+stages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccrcca.org/parents/your-childs-growth-and-development">"Child Development Ages & Stages"</a>. Child Care Resource Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Development+Ages+%26+Stages&rft.pub=Child+Care+Resource+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccrcca.org%2Fparents%2Fyour-childs-growth-and-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+development+stages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Doherty, J. and Hughes, M. (2009). Chapters 6 and 7. <i>Child Development Theory and Practice 0-11</i>. Essex: Pearson.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSegal1998" class="citation book cs1">Segal, Marilyn (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yourchildatplayc00sega/page/292"><i>Your Child at Play: Three to Five Years</i></a></span>. New York. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yourchildatplayc00sega/page/292">292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55704-337-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55704-337-X"><bdi>1-55704-337-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Child+at+Play%3A+Three+to+Five+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=292&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55704-337-X&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyourchildatplayc00sega%2Fpage%2F292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+development+stages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard2018" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lauren (2018). <i>How to Accompany Your Child</i>. Newmarket Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Accompany+Your+Child&rft.pub=Newmarket+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+development+stages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">Gestational age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and after</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_development" title="Early childhood development">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early years <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">Childhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging adulthood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">Adulthood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Elder adult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Attachment_theory71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Attachment_theory" title="Template:Attachment theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Attachment_theory" title="Template talk:Attachment theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Attachment_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Attachment theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Attachment_theory71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment in adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Attachment in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_disorder" title="Attachment disorder">Attachment disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_and_health" title="Attachment and health">Attachment and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_measures" title="Attachment measures">Attachment measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-maturational_model_of_attachment_and_adaptation" title="Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation">Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_as_attachment_figures" title="Fathers as attachment figures">Fathers as attachment figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Human bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Maternal deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">Reactive attachment disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Blatz" title="William E. Blatz">William E. Blatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_McKinsey_Crittenden" title="Patricia McKinsey Crittenden">Patricia McKinsey Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Main" title="Mary Main">Mary Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Spitz" title="René Spitz">René Spitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clinical applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment-based_therapy" title="Attachment-based therapy">Attachment-based therapy (children)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment-based_psychotherapy" title="Attachment-based psychotherapy">Attachment-based psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyadic_developmental_psychotherapy" title="Dyadic developmental psychotherapy">Dyadic developmental psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_attachment_theory" title="History of attachment theory">History of attachment theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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