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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Pidangan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pidangan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pidangan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_su.wikipedia.org&uselang=su" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:NyieunRekening&returnto=Rohangan+hapa" title="Najan henteu kudu, Anjeun leuwih hadé nyieun akun sarta asup log" class=""><span>Jieun akun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:AsupLog&returnto=Rohangan+hapa" title="Leuwih hadé asup log, sok sanajan teu wajib [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Asup log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Parabot pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:ObrolanKuring" title="Sawala ngeunaan éditan ti alamat IP ieu [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Obrolan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Eusi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eusi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sumputkeun</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mimiti</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Outer space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_humans_and_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_humans_and_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects on humans and animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_humans_and_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum-mechanical_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum-mechanical_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Quantum-mechanical definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum-mechanical_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pumping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pumping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pumping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pumping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outgassing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outgassing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Outgassing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outgassing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Quality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Quality</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tumbu_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tumbu_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Tumbu luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tumbu_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Eusi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rohangan hapa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 122 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 basa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%93" title="ኦና – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueito_(fisica)" title="Vueito (fisica) – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vueito (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="فراغ (فيزياء) – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراغ (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خوا – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الفضاء – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفضاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADu" title="Vacíu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vacíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9E%D0%BC" title="Вакуўм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вакуўм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শূন্যস্থান – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শূন্যস্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buit" title="Buit – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڤاکیووم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤاکیووم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwactod" title="Gwactod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwactod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Jérman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jérman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Κενό – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κενό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuo" title="Vakuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADo" title="Vacío – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaakum" title="Vaakum – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaakum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Huts (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A3" title="خلأ – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلأ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyhji%C3%B6" title="Tyhjiö – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyhjiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala" title="Lala – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide_(physique)" title="Vide (physique) – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vide (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesag_r%C3%BCm" title="Leesag rüm – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leesag rüm" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faku%C3%BCm" title="Fakuüm – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fakuüm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fol%C3%BAs" title="Folús – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Folús" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleiro" title="Baleiro – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baleiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ריק – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վակուում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վակուում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaw" title="Kawaw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kawaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftt%C3%A6mi" title="Lofttæmi – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lofttæmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoto_(fisica)" title="Vuoto (fisica) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vuoto (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვაკუუმი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაკუუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilem_(tasengama)" title="Ilem (tasengama) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilem (tasengama)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="សុញ្ញកាស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សុញ្ញកាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4" title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5" title="진공 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwakter" title="Gwakter – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwakter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumas" title="Vakuumas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakuumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangabangabaka" title="Mangabangabaka – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mangabangabaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="ശൂന്യത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൂന്യത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampagas" title="Hampagas – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hampagas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="လေဟာနယ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေဟာနယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueit" title="Vueit – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vueit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85" title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuide_(fisike)" title="Vuide (fisike) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vuide (fisike)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3%C5%BCnia" title="Próżnia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Próżnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="خالی تھاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خالی تھاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1cuo" title="Vácuo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vácuo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27usaq_p%27ulin" title="Ch'usaq p'ulin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'usaq p'ulin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacanti_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Vacanti (fìsica) – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vacanti (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbraz%C3%ABtia" title="Zbrazëtia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zbrazëtia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombwe" title="Ombwe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ombwe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெற்றிடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெற்றிடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="สุญญากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุญญากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basyo" title="Basyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%83%DB%87%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%85" title="ۋاكۇئۇم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋاكۇئۇم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="فراغ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فراغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Chân không – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chân không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakyum" title="Bakyum – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakyum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Vacuum" title="I-Vacuum – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Vacuum" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="וואקיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואקיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenhoengq" title="Caenhoengq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caenhoengq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – Tiongkok" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiongkok" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-khong" title="Chin-khong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Édit tutumbu antarbasa" class="wbc-editpage">Édit tutumbu</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ngaranspasi"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rohangan_hapa" title="Témbongkeun eusi kaca [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Kaca</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obrolan:Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sawala ngeunaan eusi kaca (kaca can aya) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sawala</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Sunda</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Témbongan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rohangan_hapa"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit" title="Édit ieu kaca [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Édit</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Édit sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=history" title="Vérsi heubeul ieu kaca [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Témbongkeun jujutan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Parabot" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Parabot</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Parabot</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sumputkeun</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rohangan_hapa"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit" title="Édit ieu kaca [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Édit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Édit sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=history"><span>Témbongkeun jujutan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Rohangan_hapa" title="Béréndélan sakabéh kaca wiki anu nutumbu ka dieu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Anu nutumbu ka dieu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:ParobahanPatali/Rohangan_hapa" rel="nofollow" title="Anu anyar robah dina kaca-kaca anu nutumbu ti dieu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Parobahan nu patali</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=su" title="Unjal berkas [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Unjal berkas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:KacaHusus" title="Daptar sadaya kaca husus [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kaca husus</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&oldid=651815" title="Tutumbu permanén ka ieu ieu vérsi"><span>Tutumbu permanén</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=info" title="Informasi leuwih jero ngeunaan ieu kaca"><span>Émbaran kaca</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:Kutip&page=Rohangan_hapa&id=651815&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Émbaran ngeunaan cara ngarujuk kaca ieu"><span>Cutat ieu artikel</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRohangan_hapa"><span>URL pondok</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRohangan_hapa"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Citak/ékspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Rohangan+hapa"><span>Jieun hiji pustaka</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rohangan_hapa&action=show-download-screen"><span>Undeur minangka PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&printable=yes" title="Vérsi citakeun ieu kaca [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Vérsi citakeun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Di proyék lianna </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vacuum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11475" title="Tutumbu ka item gudang data anu nyambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Pidangan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div 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width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Wiktionary-logo-su-without-text.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary logo"><img alt="Wiktionary logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wiktionary-logo-su-without-text.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-su-without-text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wiktionary-logo-su-without-text.svg/75px-Wiktionary-logo-su-without-text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wiktionary-logo-su-without-text.svg/100px-Wiktionary-logo-su-without-text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wiktionary logo</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Baca ogé pedaran <i><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary">Wikikamus</a></i> ngeunaan kecap <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://su.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rohangan_hapa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rohangan hapa">Rohangan hapa</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink"><i>Pikeun kagunaan séjén, tempo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa_(disambiguasi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohangan hapa (disambiguasi) (kaca can aya)">Rohangan hapa (disambiguasi)</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Rohangan hapa atawa <b>vacuum</b> nyaéta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume (kaca can aya)">volume</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohangan (kaca can aya)">rohangan</a> anu pada dasarna kosong ku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materi (kaca can aya)">materi</a>, saperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan (kaca can aya)">tekanan</a> gas éta rohangan kurang ti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_atmosfir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan atmosfir (kaca can aya)">tekanan atmosfir</a> baku. </p> <table align="center" style="border: 1px solid #79b; background: #FFFFDD; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;"> <tbody><tr><td width="1%"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Panneau_travaux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Panneau_travaux.png/40px-Panneau_travaux.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Panneau_travaux.png/60px-Panneau_travaux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Panneau_travaux.png/80px-Panneau_travaux.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></td> <td align="center"><b>Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pitulung_narjamahkeun" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Pitulung narjamahkeun">ditarjamahkeun</a> tina <a href="/wiki/Basa_Inggris" title="Basa Inggris">basa Inggris</a>.</b><br /> <small>Bantuanna didagoan pikeun <a class="external text" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit">narjamahkeun</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Latin term <b>in vacuo</b> is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum. The root of the word <i>vacuum</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a> adjective <i>vacuus</i> which méans "empty," but space can never be perfectly empty. A <b>perfect vacuum</b> with a gaséous pressure of absolute zero is a philosophical concept that is never observed in practice, not léast because <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum mechanics (kaca can aya)">quantum theory</a> predicts that no volume of space can be perfectly empty in this way. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physicist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physicist (kaca can aya)">Physicists</a> often use the term "vacuum" slightly differently. They discuss idéal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they simply call "vacuum" or "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free space (kaca can aya)">free space</a>" in this context, and use the term <b>partial vacuum</b> to refer to the imperfect vacua réalized in practice. </p><p>The quality of a vacuum is méasured in relation to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. The residual gas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pressure (kaca can aya)">pressure</a> is the primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly méasured in units called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (kaca can aya)">torr</a>, even in <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">metric</a> contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum mechanics (kaca can aya)">Quantum mechanics</a> sets limits on the best possible quality of vacuum. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outer space (kaca can aya)">Outer space</a> is a natural high quality vacuum, mostly of much higher quality than what can be créated artificially with current technology. Low quality artificial vacuums have been used for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suction (kaca can aya)">suction</a> for millennia. </p><p>Vacuum has been a frequent topic of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> debate since <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greek (kaca can aya)">Ancient Greek</a> times, but was not studied empirically until the <a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th century (kaca can aya)">17th century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> produced the first artifical vacuum in <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his théories of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmospheric pressure (kaca can aya)">atmospheric pressure</a>. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th century (kaca can aya)">20th century</a> with the introduction of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incandescent_light_bulb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incandescent light bulb (kaca can aya)">incandescent light bulbs</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum tube (kaca can aya)">vacuum tubes</a>, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_spaceflight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human spaceflight (kaca can aya)">human spaceflight</a> has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human héalth, and on life forms in general. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg/300px-Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg/450px-Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg/600px-Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>A large <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_chamber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum chamber (kaca can aya)">vacuum chamber</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Édit bab: Uses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Uses"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/220px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/330px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/440px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incandescent_light_bulb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incandescent light bulb (kaca can aya)">Light bulbs</a> contain a partial vacuum because the tungsten reaches such high temperatures that it would combust any oxygen molecules, usually backfilled with <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, which protects the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten (kaca can aya)">tungsten</a> filament</figcaption></figure> <p>Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first common use was in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incandescent_light_bulb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incandescent light bulb (kaca can aya)">incandescent light bulbs</a> to protect the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten (kaca can aya)">tungsten</a> filament from chemical degradation. Its chemical inertness is also useful for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_beam_welding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron beam welding (kaca can aya)">electron beam welding</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_vapor_deposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical vapor deposition (kaca can aya)">chemical vapor deposition</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_etching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dry etching (kaca can aya)">dry etching</a> in the fabrication of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiconductor_fabrication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiconductor fabrication (kaca can aya)">semiconductors</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optical coating (kaca can aya)">optical coatings</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_welding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold welding (kaca can aya)">cold welding</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_packing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum packing (kaca can aya)">vacuum packing</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_fryer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum fryer (kaca can aya)">vacuum frying</a>. The reduction of convection improves the thermal insulation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermos_bottle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermos bottle (kaca can aya)">thermos bottles</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulated_glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insulated glass (kaca can aya)">double-paned windows</a>. Deep vacuum promotes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outgassing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outgassing (kaca can aya)">outgassing</a> which is used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeze_drying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeze drying (kaca can aya)">freeze drying</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhesive (kaca can aya)">adhesive</a> preparation, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum distillation (kaca can aya)">distillation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metallurgy (kaca can aya)">metallurgy</a>, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum maké <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron microscope (kaca can aya)">electron microscopes</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum tube (kaca can aya)">vacuum tubes</a> possible, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathode_ray_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathode ray tube (kaca can aya)">cathode ray tubes</a>. The elimination of air <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friction (kaca can aya)">friction</a> is useful for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flywheel_energy_storage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flywheel energy storage (kaca can aya)">flywheel energy storage</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultracentrifuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultracentrifuge (kaca can aya)">ultracentrifuges</a>. </p><p>High to ultra-high vacuum is used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_film_deposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thin film deposition (kaca can aya)">thin film deposition</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surface science (kaca can aya)">surface science</a>. High vacuum allows for contamination-free material deposition. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high_vacuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultra-high vacuum (kaca can aya)">Ultra-high vacuum</a> is used in the study of atomically cléan substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale cléan surfaces for a réasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suction (kaca can aya)">Suction</a> is used in a wide variety of applications. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcomen_steam_engine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newcomen steam engine (kaca can aya)">Newcomen steam engine</a> used vacuum instéad of pressure to drive a piston. In the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="19th century">19th century</a>, vacuum was used for traction on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel (kaca can aya)">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>'s experimental <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmospheric railway (kaca can aya)">atmospheric railway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outer_space">Outer space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Édit bab: Outer space" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Outer space"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin-bottom:0.7em; font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-size:100%; padding:1x 0 1px 24px; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:middle; line-height:1em; background:#ffffff;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding:0.5px; vertical-align:middle; width:1em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Emoji_u1f50d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/15px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/23px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/30px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:103%;"><i>Artikel utama</i>:</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outer space (kaca can aya)">Outer space</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/330px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/495px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/660px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Outer space is not a perfect vacuum, but a tenuous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma (physics) (kaca can aya)">plasma</a> awash with charged particles, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electromagnetic field (kaca can aya)">electromagnetic fields</a>, and the occasional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star (kaca can aya)">star</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outer space (kaca can aya)">outer space</a> has the density and pressure of an almost perfect vacuum. It has effectively no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friction (kaca can aya)">friction</a>, which allows <a href="/w/index.php?title=Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star (kaca can aya)">stars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet (kaca can aya)">planets</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moon (kaca can aya)">moons</a> to move freely along idéal gravitational trajectories. But no vacuum is perfect, not even in interstellar space, where there are only a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter at 10 fPa (10<sup>−16</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (kaca can aya)">Torr</a>). The deep vacuum of space could maké it an attractive environment for certain processes, for instance those that require ultracléan surfaces; for small-scale applications, however, it is much more cost-effective to créate an equivalent vacuum on éarth than to léave the éarth's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_well&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravity well (kaca can aya)">gravity well</a>. </p><p>Stars, planets and moons keep their <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheres</a> by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no cléarly delinéated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decréases with distance from the object. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Earth_orbit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Earth orbit (kaca can aya)">low earth orbit</a> (about 300 km or 185 miles altitude) the atmospheric density is about 100 nPa (10<sup>−9</sup> Torr), still sufficient to produce significant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drag (kaca can aya)">drag</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satellite (kaca can aya)">satellites</a>. Most artificial satellites operate in this region, and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit. </p><p>Beyond planetary atmospheres, the pressure of photons and other particles from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun (kaca can aya)">sun</a> becomes significant. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spacecraft (kaca can aya)">Spacecraft</a> can be buffeted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_wind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar wind (kaca can aya)">solar winds</a>, but planets are too massive to be affected. The idéa of using this wind with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_sail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar sail (kaca can aya)">solar sail</a> has been proposed for interplanetary travel. </p><p>All of the observable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universe (kaca can aya)">universe</a> is filled with large numbers of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photon (kaca can aya)">photons</a>, the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_background_radiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic background radiation (kaca can aya)">cosmic background radiation</a>, and quite likely a correspondingly large number of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrino (kaca can aya)">neutrinos</a>. The current <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperature (kaca can aya)">temperature</a> of this radiation is about 3 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelvin (kaca can aya)">K</a>, or -270 degrees Celsius or -454 degrees Fahrenheit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_humans_and_animals">Effects on humans and animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Édit bab: Effects on humans and animals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Effects on humans and animals"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin-bottom:0.7em; font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-size:100%; padding:1x 0 1px 24px; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:middle; line-height:1em; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; background:#ffffff;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding:0.5px; vertical-align:middle; width:1em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Emoji_u1f50d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/30px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/45px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/60px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Tempo ogé</b>:</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_adaptation_to_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human adaptation to space (kaca can aya)">Human adaptation to space</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby,_1768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby%2C_1768.jpg/220px-An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby%2C_1768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby%2C_1768.jpg/330px-An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby%2C_1768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby%2C_1768.jpg/440px-An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby%2C_1768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5639" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption>This painting, <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_the_Air_Pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump (kaca can aya)">An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Wright_of_Derby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Wright of Derby (kaca can aya)">Joseph Wright of Derby</a>, 1768, depicts an experiment performed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Boyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Boyle (kaca can aya)">Robert Boyle</a> in 1660.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vacuum is primarily an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asphyxiant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asphyxiant (kaca can aya)">asphyxiant</a>. Humans exposed to vacuum will lose <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consciousness (kaca can aya)">consciousness</a> after a few seconds and die within minutes, but the symptoms are not néarly as graphic as commonly shown in pop culture. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Boyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Boyle (kaca can aya)">Robert Boyle</a> was the first to show that vacuum is lethal to small animals. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood (kaca can aya)">Blood</a> and other body fluids do boil (the medical term for this condition is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebullism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebullism (kaca can aya)">ebullism</a>), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapour pressure (kaca can aya)">vapour pressure</a> may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels, so some blood remains liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_suit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flight suit (kaca can aya)">flight suit</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle program (kaca can aya)">Shuttle</a> astronauts wéar a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 15 Torr (2 kPa).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even if ebullism is prevented, simple <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evaporation (kaca can aya)">evaporation</a> of blood can cause <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decompression_sickness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decompression sickness (kaca can aya)">decompression sickness</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_embolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air embolism (kaca can aya)">gas embolisms</a>. Rapid evaporative cooling of the skin will créate frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard. </p><p>Animal experiments show that rapid and complete recovery is the norm for exposures of fewer than 90 seconds, while longer full-body exposures are fatal and resuscitation has never been successful.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is only a limited amount of data available from human accidents, but it is consistent with animal data. Limbs may be exposed for much longer if bréathing is not impaired. Rapid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decompression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decompression (kaca can aya)">decompression</a> can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. If the victim holds his bréath during decompression, the delicate internal structures of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lung (kaca can aya)">lungs</a> can be ruptured, causing déath. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eardrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eardrum (kaca can aya)">Eardrums</a> may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption léading to asphyxiation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>, in one of a series of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazi_human_experimentation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazi human experimentation (kaca can aya)">experiments on human subjects</a> for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luftwaffe (kaca can aya)">Luftwaffe</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazism (kaca can aya)">Nazi regime</a> tortured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dachau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dachau concentration camp (kaca can aya)">Dachau concentration camp</a> prisoners by exposing them to vacuum in order to determine the human body's capacity to survive high-altitude conditions. </p><p>Some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extremophile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extremophile (kaca can aya)">extremophile</a> microrganisms, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tardigrade (kaca can aya)">Tardigrades</a>, can survive vacuum for a period of yéars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_interpretation">Historical interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Édit bab: Historical interpretation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Historical interpretation"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greece (kaca can aya)">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a> did not like to admit the existence of a vacuum, asking themselves "how can 'nothing' be something?". <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> found the idéa of a vacuum inconceivable. He believed that all physical things were instantiations of an abstract <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonic_ideal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonic ideal (kaca can aya)">Platonic ideal</a>, and he could not conceive of an "ideal" form of a vacuum. Similarly, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotle (kaca can aya)">Aristotle</a> considered the création of a vacuum impossible — nothing could not be something. Later Greek philosophers thought that a vacuum could exist outside the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos (kaca can aya)">cosmos</a>, but not within it. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Farabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Farabi (kaca can aya)">Al-Farabi</a> (850 - 970 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Era">CE</a>) appéars to have carried out the first recorded experiments concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Baro_0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Baro_0.png/100px-Baro_0.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Baro_0.png/150px-Baro_0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Baro_0.png/200px-Baro_0.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torricelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torricelli (kaca can aya)">Torricelli</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (element) (kaca can aya)">mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Barometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometer">barometer</a> produced the first sustained vacuum in a laboratory.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Ages (kaca can aya)">Middle Ages</a>, the catholic church held the idéa of a vacuum to be immoral or even heretical. The absence of anything implied the absence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="God (kaca can aya)">God</a>, and harkened back to the void prior to the création story in the book of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genesis (kaca can aya)">Genesis</a>. Medieval <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thought_experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thought experiment (kaca can aya)">thought experiments</a> into the idéa of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Burley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Burley (kaca can aya)">Walter Burley</a> postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising — that is, whether nature abhorred a vacuum. This speculation was shut down by the 1277 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_condemnations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris condemnations (kaca can aya)">Paris condemnations</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop (kaca can aya)">Bishop</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etienne_Tempier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etienne Tempier (kaca can aya)">Etienne Tempier</a>, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could créate a vacuum if he so wished.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Crookes_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crookes_tube.jpg/220px-Crookes_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crookes_tube.jpg/330px-Crookes_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crookes_tube.jpg/440px-Crookes_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crookes_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crookes tube (kaca can aya)">Crookes tube</a>, used to discover and study <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathode_rays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathode rays (kaca can aya)">cathode rays</a>, was an evolution of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geissler_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geissler tube (kaca can aya)">Geissler tube</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Opposition to the idéa of a vacuum existing in nature continued into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Revolution (kaca can aya)">Scientific Revolution</a>, with scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Casati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Casati (kaca can aya)">Paolo Casati</a> taking an anti-vacuist position. Building upon work by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (kaca can aya)">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> argued in 1643 that there was a vacuum at the top of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (element) (kaca can aya)">mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Barometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometer">barometer</a>. Some péople believe that, although Torricelli produced the first sustained vacuum in a laboratory, it was <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> who recognized it for what it was. In <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_von_Guericke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto von Guericke (kaca can aya)">Otto von Guericke</a> invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdeburg_hemispheres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdeburg hemispheres (kaca can aya)">Magdeburg hemispheres</a> experiment, showing that téams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been evacuated. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Boyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Boyle (kaca can aya)">Robert Boyle</a> improved Guericke's design and conducted experiments on the properties of vacuum. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hooke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hooke (kaca can aya)">Robert Hooke</a> also helped Boyle produce an air pump which helped to produce the vacuum. The study of vacuum then lapsed until <a href="/wiki/1855" title="1855">1855</a>, when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Geissler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Geissler (kaca can aya)">Heinrich Geissler</a> invented the mercury displacement pump and achieved a record vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (kaca can aya)">Torr</a>). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, and this renewed interest in vacuum. This, in turn, led to the development of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum tube (kaca can aya)">vacuum tube</a>. </p><p>In the 17th century, théories of the nature of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light (kaca can aya)">light</a> relied upon the existence of an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aether (kaca can aya)">aethereal medium</a> which would be the medium to convey waves of light (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newton (kaca can aya)">Newton</a> relied on this idéa to explain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Refraction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refraction (kaca can aya)">refraction</a> and radiated héat). This evolved into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminiferous_aether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luminiferous aether (kaca can aya)">luminiferous aether</a> of the 19th century, but the idéa was known to have significant shortcomings - specifically that if the éarth were moving through a material medium, the medium would have to be both extremely tenuous (because the éarth is not detectably slowed in its orbit), and extremely rigid (because vibrations propagate so rapidly). </p><p>While outer space has been likened to a vacuum, éarly physicists postulated that an invisible <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminiferous_aether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luminiferous aether (kaca can aya)">luminiferous aether</a> existed as a medium to carry light waves, or an "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aether (kaca can aya)">ether</a> which fills the interstellar space".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/1891" title="1891">1891</a> article by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crookes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crookes (kaca can aya)">William Crookes</a> noted: "the [freeing of] occluded gases into the vacuum of space".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even up until <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomer (kaca can aya)">astronomer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Henry_Pickering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Henry Pickering (kaca can aya)">Henry Pickering</a> commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelson-Morley_experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelson-Morley experiment (kaca can aya)">Michelson-Morley experiment</a>, using an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferometer (kaca can aya)">interferometer</a> to attempt to detect the change in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_of_light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speed of light (kaca can aya)">speed of light</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth">Earth</a> moving with respect to the aether, was a famous null result, showing that there réally was no static, pervasive medium throughout space and through which the éarth moved as though through a wind. While there is therefore no aether, and no such entity is required for the propagation of light, space between the stars is not completely empty. Besides the various particles which comprise <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_radiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic radiation (kaca can aya)">cosmic radiation</a>, there is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_background&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic background (kaca can aya)">cosmic background</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photon (kaca can aya)">photonic</a> radiation (light), including the thermal background at about 2.7 K, seen as a relic of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. None of these findings affect the outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment to any significant degree. </p><p>Einstein argued that physical objects are not located in space, but rather have a spatial extent. Seen this way, the concept of empty space loses its méaning.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, space is an abstraction, based on the relationships between local objects. Nevertheless, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_theory_of_relativity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General theory of relativity (kaca can aya)">general theory of relativity</a> admits a pervasive gravitational field, which, in Einstein's words<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, may be regarded as an "aether", with properties varying from one location to another. One must take care, though, to not ascribe to it material properties such as velocity and so on. </p><p>In 1930, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Dirac (kaca can aya)">Paul Dirac</a> proposed a modél of vacuum as an infinite séa of particles possessing negative energy, called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirac_sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirac sea (kaca can aya)">Dirac sea</a>. This théory helped refine the predictions of his éarlier formulated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirac_equation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirac equation (kaca can aya)">Dirac equation</a>, and successfully predicted the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>, discovered two yéars later in <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>. Despite this éarly success, the idéa was soon abandoned in favour of the more elegant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_field_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum field theory (kaca can aya)">quantum field theory</a>. </p><p>The development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum mechanics (kaca can aya)">quantum mechanics</a> has complicated the modérn interpretation of vacuum by requiring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_indeterminacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum indeterminacy (kaca can aya)">indeterminacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uncertainty_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uncertainty principle (kaca can aya)">uncertainty principle</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_interpretation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copenhagen interpretation (kaca can aya)">Copenhagen interpretation</a>, formulated in <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>, predict a fundamental uncertainty in the instantanéous méasurability of the position and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentum (kaca can aya)">momentum</a> of any particle, and which, not unlike the gravitational field, questions the emptiness of space between particles. In the late 20th century, this principle was understood to also predict a fundamental uncertainty in the number of particles in a region of space, léading to predictions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual particle (kaca can aya)">virtual particles</a> arising spontanéously out of the void. In other words, there is a lower bound on the vacuum, dictated by the lowest possible energy state of the quantized fields in any region of space. Ironically, Plato was right, if only by chance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantum-mechanical_definition">Quantum-mechanical definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Édit bab: Quantum-mechanical definition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Quantum-mechanical definition"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citakan:Detail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citakan:Detail (kaca can aya)">Citakan:Detail</a> In quantum mechanics, the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle vacuum}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle vacuum}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39a218ce6b172f05479af62897e0d64a22f2ad70" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.064ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle vacuum}"></span> is defined as the state (i.e. solution to the equations of the théory) with the lowest energy. To first approximation, this is simply a state with no particles, hence the name. </p><p>Even an idéal vacuum, thought of as the complete absence of anything, will not in practice remain empty. Consider a vacuum chamber that has been completely evacuated, so that the (classical) particle concentration is zero. The walls of the chamber will emit light in the form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_body_radiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black body radiation (kaca can aya)">black body radiation</a>. This light carries momentum, so the vacuum does have a radiation pressure. This limitation applies even to the vacuum of interstellar space. Even if a region of space contains no particles, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Microwave_Background&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic Microwave Background (kaca can aya)">Cosmic Microwave Background</a> fills the entire universe with black body radiation. </p><p>An idéal vacuum cannot exist even inside of a molecule. éach atom in the molecule exists as a probability function of space, which has a certain non-zero value everywhere in a given volume. Thus, even "between" the atoms there is a certain probability of finding a particle, so the space cannot be said to be a vacuum. </p><p>More fundamentally, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum mechanics (kaca can aya)">quantum mechanics</a> predicts that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum energy (kaca can aya)">vacuum energy</a> will be different from its naive, classical value. The quantum correction to the energy is called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zero-point_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zero-point energy (kaca can aya)">zero-point energy</a> and consists of énérgies of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual particle (kaca can aya)">virtual particles</a> that have a brief existence. This is called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_fluctuation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum fluctuation (kaca can aya)">vacuum fluctuation</a>. Vacuum fluctuations may also be related to the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmological_constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmological constant (kaca can aya)">cosmological constant</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmology_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmology (physics) (kaca can aya)">cosmology</a>. The best evidence for vacuum fluctuations is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_effect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimir effect (kaca can aya)">Casimir effect</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamb_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamb shift (kaca can aya)">Lamb shift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_field_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum field theory (kaca can aya)">quantum field theory</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=String_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="String theory (kaca can aya)">string theory</a>, the term "vacuum" is used to represent the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground state (kaca can aya)">ground state</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilbert_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilbert space (kaca can aya)">Hilbert space</a>, that is, the state with the lowest possible energy. In free (non-interacting) quantum field théories, this state is analogous to the ground state of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_harmonic_oscillator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum harmonic oscillator (kaca can aya)">quantum harmonic oscillator</a>. If the théory is obtained by quantization of a classical théory, éach <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stationary_point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stationary point (kaca can aya)">stationary point</a> of the energy in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Configuration_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Configuration space (kaca can aya)">configuration space</a> gives rise to a single vacuum. <a href="/w/index.php?title=String_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="String theory (kaca can aya)">String theory</a> is believed to have a huge number of vacua - the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=String_theory_landscape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="String theory landscape (kaca can aya)">string theory landscape</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pumping">Pumping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Édit bab: Pumping" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pumping"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:L-Pumpe2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/L-Pumpe2.png/220px-L-Pumpe2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/L-Pumpe2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The manual water pump draws water up from a well by creating a vacuum that water rushes in to fill. In a sense, it acts to evacuate the well, although the high leakage rate of dirt prevents a high quality vacuum from being maintained for any length of time.</figcaption></figure> <div class="noprint" style="margin-bottom:0.7em; font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-size:100%; padding:1x 0 1px 24px; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:middle; line-height:1em; background:#ffffff;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding:0.5px; vertical-align:middle; width:1em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Emoji_u1f50d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/15px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/23px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/30px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:103%;"><i>Artikel utama</i>:</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum pump (kaca can aya)">Vacuum pump</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Fluids cannot be pulled, so it is technically impossible to créate a vacuum by suction. Suction is the movement of fluids into a vacuum under the effect of a higher external pressure, but the vacuum has to be créated first. The éasiest way to créate an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaphragm_(anatomy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaphragm (anatomy) (kaca can aya)">diaphragm muscle</a> expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to incréase. This expansion reduces the pressure and créates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure. </p><p>To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repéatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum pump (kaca can aya)">positive displacement</a> pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small séaled cavity to créate a deep vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then séaled from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg/220px-Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg/330px-Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>A cutaway view of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbomolecular_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbomolecular pump (kaca can aya)">turbomolecular pump</a>, a momentum transfer pump used to achieve high vacuum</figcaption></figure> <p>The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum pump (kaca can aya)">Momentum transfer</a> pumps, which béar some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum pump (kaca can aya)">Entrapment</a> pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no séals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; éach type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen (kaca can aya)">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium">helium</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neon (kaca can aya)">neon</a>. </p><p>The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of séals, chamber géometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called <i>vacuum technique</i>. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high léakage rates. </p><p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_vacuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultra high vacuum (kaca can aya)">ultra high vacuum</a> systems, some very odd léakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palladium (kaca can aya)">palladium</a> becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> must be considered. Some oils and gréases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The porosity of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face. </p><p>The lowest pressures currently achievable in laboratory are about 10<sup>−13</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (kaca can aya)">Torr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outgassing">Outgassing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Édit bab: Outgassing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Outgassing"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin-bottom:0.7em; font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-size:100%; padding:1x 0 1px 24px; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:middle; line-height:1em; background:#ffffff;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding:0.5px; vertical-align:middle; width:1em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Emoji_u1f50d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/15px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/23px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/30px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:103%;"><i>Artikel utama</i>:</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outgassing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outgassing (kaca can aya)">Outgassing</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evaporation (kaca can aya)">Evaporation</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sublimation_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sublimation (chemistry) (kaca can aya)">sublimation</a> into a vacuum is called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outgassing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outgassing (kaca can aya)">outgassing</a>. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapour pressure (kaca can aya)">vapour pressure</a>, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a léak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on néarby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or réact with other materials. This is of gréat concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission. </p><p>The most prevalent outgassing product in man-made vacuum systems is water absorbed by chamber materials. It can be reduced by desiccating or baking the chamber, and removing absorbent materials. Outgassed water can condense in the oil of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_vane_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary vane pump (kaca can aya)">rotary vane pumps</a> and reduce their net speed drastically if gas ballasting is not used. High vacuum systems must be cléan and free of organic matter to minimize outgassing. </p><p>Ultra-high vacuum systems are usually baked, preferably under vacuum, to temporarily raise the vapour pressure of all outgassing materials and boil them off. Once the bulk of the outgassing materials are boiled off and evacuated, the system may be cooled to lower vapour pressures and minimize residual outgassing during actual operation. Some systems are cooled well below room temperature by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_nitrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquid nitrogen (kaca can aya)">liquid nitrogen</a> to shut down residual outgassing and simultanéously <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryopump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryopump (kaca can aya)">cryopump</a> the system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality">Quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Édit bab: Quality" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Quality"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system. Vacuum is primarily méasured by its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute pressure (kaca can aya)">absolute pressure</a>, but a complete characterization requires further paraméters, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperature (kaca can aya)">temperature</a> and chemical composition. One of the most important paraméters is the <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_free_path&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mean free path (kaca can aya)">mean free path</a></b> (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with éach other. As the gas density decréases, the MFP incréases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluid mechanics (kaca can aya)">fluid mechanics</a> do not apply. This vacuum state is called <i>high vacuum</i>, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Particle_gas_dynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Particle gas dynamics (kaca can aya)">particle gas dynamics</a>. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanometer (kaca can aya)">nm</a>, but at 100 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Millipascal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millipascal (kaca can aya)">mPa</a> (~1×10<sup>−3</sup> Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum tube (kaca can aya)">vacuum tubes</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crookes_radiometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crookes radiometer (kaca can aya)">Crookes radiometer</a> turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes. </p><p><i>Deep space</i> is generally much more empty than any artificial vacuum that we can créate, although many laboratories can réach lower vacuum than that of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_earth_orbit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low earth orbit (kaca can aya)">low earth orbit</a>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interplanetary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interplanetary (kaca can aya)">interplanetary</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interstellar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interstellar (kaca can aya)">interstellar</a> space, isotropic gas pressure is insignificant when compared to solar pressure, solar wind, and dynamic pressure, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. Astrophysicists prefer to use <a href="/w/index.php?title=Number_density&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Number density (kaca can aya)">number density</a> to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre. The average density of interstellar gas is about 1 atom per cubic centimeter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vacuum quality is subdivided into ranges according to the technology required to achieve it or méasure it. These ranges do not have universally agreed definitions (hence the gaps below), but a typical distribution is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmospheric pressure (kaca can aya)">Atmospheric pressure</a></td> <td>760 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (kaca can aya)">Torr</a></td> <td>101 kPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low vacuum</td> <td>760 to 25 Torr</td> <td>100 to 3 kPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medium vacuum</td> <td>25 to 1×10<sup>−3</sup> Torr</td> <td>3 kPa to 100 mPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>High vacuum</td> <td>1×10<sup>−3</sup> to 1×10<sup>−9</sup> Torr</td> <td>100 mPa to 100 nPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_vacuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultra high vacuum (kaca can aya)">Ultra high vacuum</a></td> <td>1×10<sup>−9</sup> to 1×10<sup>−12</sup> Torr</td> <td>100 nPa to 100 pPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extremely high vacuum</td> <td><1×10<sup>−12</sup> Torr</td> <td><100 pPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outer Space (kaca can aya)">Outer Space</a></td> <td>1×10<sup>−6</sup> to <3×10<sup>−17</sup> Torr</td> <td>100 µPa to <3fPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free space (kaca can aya)">Perfect vacuum</a></td> <td>0 Torr</td> <td>0 Pa </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Atmospheric pressure</b> is variable but standardized at 101.325 kPa (760 Torr)</li> <li><b>Low vacuum</b>, also called <i>rough vacuum</i> or <i>coarse vacuum</i>, is vacuum that can be achieved or méasured with rudimentary equipment such as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_cleaner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum cleaner (kaca can aya)">vacuum cleaner</a> and a liquid column <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manometer (kaca can aya)">manometer</a>.</li> <li><b>Medium vacuum</b> is vacuum that can be achieved with a single pump, but is too low to méasure with a liquid or mechanical manometer. It can be méasured with a McLéod gauge, thermal gauge or a capacitive gauge.</li> <li><b>High vacuum</b> is vacuum where the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_free_path&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mean free path (kaca can aya)">MFP</a> of residual gases is longer than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. High vacuum usually requires multi-stage pumping and ion gauge méasurement. Some texts differentiate between high vacuum and <i>very high vacuum.</i></li> <li><b>Ultra high vacuum</b> requires baking the chamber to remove trace gases, and other special procedures.</li> <li><b>Deep space</b> is generally much more empty than any artificial vacuum that we can créate. However, it is not High Vacuum with respect to the above definition, since the MFP of the molecules is smaller than the (infinite) size of the chamber.</li> <li><b>Perfect vacuum</b> is an idéal state that cannot be obtained in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laboratory (kaca can aya)">laboratory</a>, nor can it be found in outer space.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Édit bab: Examples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Examples"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>pressure in Pa</th> <th>pressure in Torr</th> <th>méan free path</th> <th>molecules per cm<sup>2</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_cleaner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum cleaner (kaca can aya)">Vacuum cleaner</a> </th> <td>approximately 80 kPa</td> <td>600 Torr</td> <td>70 nm</td> <td>10<sup>19</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquid ring (kaca can aya)">liquid ring</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum pump (kaca can aya)">vacuum pump</a> </th> <td>approximately 3.2 kPa</td> <td>24 Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeze_drying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeze drying (kaca can aya)">freeze drying</a> </th> <td>100 to 10 Pa</td> <td>1 to 0.1 Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_vane_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary vane pump (kaca can aya)">rotary vane pump</a> </th> <td>100 Pa to 100 mPa</td> <td>1 Torr to 10<sup>−3</sup> Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incandescent_light_bulb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incandescent light bulb (kaca can aya)">Incandescent light bulb</a> </th> <td>10 to 1 Pa</td> <td>0.1 to 0.01 Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermos_bottle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermos bottle (kaca can aya)">Thermos bottle</a> </th> <td>1 to 0.1 Pa</td> <td>10<sup>−2</sup> to 10<sup>−3</sup> Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Néar éarth <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outer space (kaca can aya)">outer space</a> </th> <td>approximately 100 µPa</td> <td>10<sup>−6</sup> Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum tube (kaca can aya)">Vacuum tube</a> </th> <td>10 µPa to 10 nPa</td> <td>10<sup>−7</sup> to 10<sup>−10</sup> Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryopump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryopump (kaca can aya)">Cryopumped</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_beam_epitaxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular beam epitaxy (kaca can aya)">MBE</a> chamber </th> <td>100 nPa to 1 nPa</td> <td>10<sup>−9</sup> to 10<sup>−11</sup> Torr</td> <td>1..10<sup>5</sup> km</td> <td>10<sup>9</sup>..10<sup>4</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pressure on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moon (kaca can aya)">Moon</a> </th> <td>approximately 1 nPa</td> <td>10<sup>−11</sup> Torr</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interstellar_medium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interstellar medium (kaca can aya)">Interstellar space</a> </th> <td>approximately 1 fPa</td> <td>10<sup>−17</sup> Torr</td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Édit bab: Measurement" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Measurement"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin-bottom:0.7em; font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-size:100%; padding:1x 0 1px 24px; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:middle; line-height:1em; background:#ffffff;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding:0.5px; vertical-align:middle; width:1em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Emoji_u1f50d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/15px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/23px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/30px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:103%;"><i>Artikel utama</i>:</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pressure_measurement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pressure measurement (kaca can aya)">Pressure measurement</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Vacuum is méasured in units of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pressure (kaca can aya)">pressure</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> unit of pressure is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal (unit) (kaca can aya)">pascal</a> (symbol Pa), but vacuum is usually méasured in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (kaca can aya)">torrs</a> (symbol Torr), named for Torricelli, an éarly Italian physicist (1608 - 1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (<a href="/w/index.php?title=MmHg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MmHg (kaca can aya)">mmHg</a>) in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manometer (kaca can aya)">manometer</a> with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is often also méasured using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inches_of_mercury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inches of mercury (kaca can aya)">inches of mercury</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Barometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometer">barometric</a> scale or as a percentage of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmospheric pressure (kaca can aya)">atmospheric pressure</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bar (unit) (kaca can aya)">bars</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosphere (unit) (kaca can aya)">atmospheres</a>. Low vacuum is often méasured in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inches_of_mercury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inches of mercury (kaca can aya)">inches of mercury</a> (inHg), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Millimeters_of_mercury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millimeters of mercury (kaca can aya)">millimeters of mercury</a> (mmHg) or kilopascals (kPa) below atmospheric pressure. "Below atmospheric" méans that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure (e.g. 29.92 inHg) minus the vacuum pressure in the same units. Thus a vacuum of 26 inHg is equivalent to an absolute pressure of 4 inHg (29.92 inHg - 26 inHg). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:McLeod_gauge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/McLeod_gauge.jpg/220px-McLeod_gauge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/McLeod_gauge.jpg/330px-McLeod_gauge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/McLeod_gauge.jpg/440px-McLeod_gauge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>A glass McLeod gauge, drained of mercury</figcaption></figure> <p>Many devices are used to méasure the pressure in a vacuum, depending on what range of vacuum is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Hydrostatic</b> gauges (such as the mercury column <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manometer (kaca can aya)">manometer</a>) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (element) (kaca can aya)">mercury</a> is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can méasure pressures ranging from 1 Torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=McLeod_gauge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McLeod gauge (kaca can aya)">McLeod gauge</a> which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLéod gauge can méasure vacuums as high as 10<sup>−6</sup> Torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct méasurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can méasure lower pressures, but only indirectly by méasurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect méasurements must be calibrated via a direct méasurement, most commonly a McLéod gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-measure_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measure-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Mechanical</b> or <b>elastic</b> gauges depend on a Bourdon tube, diaphragm, or capsule, usually made of metal, which will change shape in response to the pressure of the region in question. A variation on this idéa is the <b>capacitance manometer</b>, in which the diaphragm makes up a part of a capacitor. A change in pressure léads to the flexure of the diaphragm, which results in a change in capacitance. These gauges are effective from 10<sup>−3</sup> Torr to 10<sup>−4</sup> Torr. </p><p><b>Thermal conductivity</b> gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct héat decréases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is héated by running current through it. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermocouple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermocouple (kaca can aya)">thermocouple</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_Temperature_Detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistance Temperature Detector (kaca can aya)">Resistance Temperature Detector</a> (RTD) can then be used to méasure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses héat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirani_gauge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirani gauge (kaca can aya)">Pirani gauge</a> which uses a single platimum filament as both the héated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 Torr to 10<sup>−3</sup> Torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being méasured. </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_gauge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion gauge (kaca can aya)">Ion gauges</a></b> are used in ultrahigh vacua. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_filament_ionization_gauge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hot filament ionization gauge (kaca can aya)">hot cathode</a> version an electrically héated filament produces an electron béam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge. Hot cathode gauges are accurate from 10<sup>−3</sup> Torr to 10<sup>−10</sup> Torr. The principle behind <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_cathode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold cathode (kaca can aya)">cold cathode</a> version is the same, except that electrons are produced in a discharge créated by a high voltage electrical discharge. Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10<sup>−2</sup> Torr to 10<sup>−9</sup> Torr. Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction géometry, chemical composition of gases being méasured, corrosion and surface deposits. Their calibration can be invalidated by activation at atmospheric pressure or low vacuum. The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate méasurement.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Édit bab: Properties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Properties"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many properties of space approach non-zero values in a vacuum that approaches perfection. These idéal physical constants are often called <b>free space</b> constants. Some of the common ones are as follows: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_of_light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speed of light (kaca can aya)">speed of light</a> approaches 299,792,458 m/s, but is always slower</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_refraction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of refraction (kaca can aya)">Index of refraction</a> approaches 1.0, but is always higher</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_permittivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric permittivity (kaca can aya)">Electric permittivity</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"></span>) approaches 8.8541878176x10<sup>−12</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farad (kaca can aya)">farads</a> per <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meter</a> (F/m).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_permeability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetic permeability (kaca can aya)">Magnetic permeability</a> (μ<sub>0</sub>) approaches 4π×10<sup>−7</sup> N/A<sup>2</sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characteristic_impedance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Characteristic impedance (kaca can aya)">Characteristic impedance</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bfcd49ab63d30163ac54e60a8e24ff9ccd7bcd44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.642ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{0}}"></span>) approaches 376.73 Ω.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Édit bab: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Notes"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Billings, Charles E. (1973). "Barometric Pressure". Di edited by James F. Parker and Vita R. West. <i>Bioastronautics Data Book</i> (Second Edition ed.). NASA. NASA SP-3006.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.atitle=Barometric+Pressure&rft.au=Billings%2C+Charles+E.&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft.aulast=Billings&rft.btitle=Bioastronautics+Data+Book&rft.date=1973&rft.edition=Second+Edition&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=NASA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 maint: Extra text (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_Extra_text&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: Extra text (kaca can aya)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html">"Human Exposure to Vacuum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-03-25</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.btitle=Human+Exposure+to+Vacuum&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sff.net%2Fpeople%2FGeoffrey.Landis%2Fvacuum.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Webb P. (1968). "The Space Activity Suit: An Elastic Leotard for Extravehicular Activity". <i>Aerospace Medicine</i> <b>39</b>: 376–383.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Space+Activity+Suit%3A+An+Elastic+Leotard+for+Extravehicular+Activity&rft.jtitle=Aerospace+Medicine&rft.aulast=Webb+P.&rft.au=Webb+P.&rft.date=1968&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=376%E2%80%93383&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rohangan_hapa"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cooke JP, RW Bancroft (1966). "Some Cardiovascular Responses in Anesthetized Dogs During Repeated Decompressions to a Near-Vacuum". <i>Aerospace Medicine</i> <b>37</b>: 1148–1152.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+Cardiovascular+Responses+in+Anesthetized+Dogs+During+Repeated+Decompressions+to+a+Near-Vacuum&rft.jtitle=Aerospace+Medicine&rft.aulast=Cooke+JP%2C+RW+Bancroft&rft.au=Cooke+JP%2C+RW+Bancroft&rft.date=1966&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=1148%E2%80%931152&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rohangan_hapa"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Czarnik, Tamarack R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/ebullism.html">"EBULLISM AT 1 MILLION FEET: Surviving Rapid/Explosive Decompression"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-03-25</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.au=Czarnik%2C+Tamarack+R.&rft.aulast=Czarnik%2C+Tamarack+R.&rft.btitle=EBULLISM+AT+1+MILLION+FEET%3A+Surviving+Rapid%2FExplosive+Decompression&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sff.net%2Fpeople%2FGeoffrey.Landis%2Febullism.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Zahoor. <i>Muslim History</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.au=Zahoor&rft.aulast=Zahoor&rft.btitle=Muslim+History&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-natural/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-natural/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_8-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_8-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_D._Barrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John D. Barrow (kaca can aya)">Barrow, John D.</a> (2000). <i>The book of nothing : vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe</i> (1st American Ed. ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0099288451" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-09-928845-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.au=Barrow%2C+John+D.&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.btitle=The+book+of+nothing+%3A+vacuums%2C+voids%2C+and+the+latest+ideas+about+the+origins+of+the+universe&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=1st+American+Ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 maint: Extra text (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_Extra_text&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: Extra text (kaca can aya)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. H. Patterson, <i>Ess. Hist. & Art 10</i> 1862</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Crookes, The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science; with which is Incorporated the "Chemical Gazette." (1932)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickering, W. H., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1912MNRAS..72..740P">Solar system, the motion of the, relatively to the intersteller absorbing medium</a>" (1912) <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i> 72: 740</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">French Wikipedia article on Vacuum, citing appendix 5 of <i>Relativity - the Special and General Theory</i>, translated to French by Robert Lawson, 1961. (Please replace this with a more direct reference.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Einstein, A., Naturwissenschaften 6, 697-702 (1918)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ishimaru, H (1989). "Ultimate Pressure of the Order of 10<sup>-13</sup> Torr in an Aluminum Alloy Vacuum Chamber". <i>J. Vac. Sci. Technol.</i> <b>7</b> (3-II): 2439–2442.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ultimate+Pressure+of+the+Order+of+10%3Csup%3E-13%3C%2Fsup%3E+Torr+in+an+Aluminum+Alloy+Vacuum+Chamber&rft.jtitle=J.+Vac.+Sci.+Technol.&rft.aulast=Ishimaru%2C+H&rft.au=Ishimaru%2C+H&rft.date=1989&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3-II&rft.pages=2439%E2%80%932442&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rohangan_hapa"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">University of New Hampshire Experimental Space Plasma Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/ism/what1.html">"What is the Interstellar Medium"</a>. <i>The Interstellar Medium, an online tutorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-03-15</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Interstellar+Medium&rft.au=University+of+New+Hampshire+Experimental+Space+Plasma+Group&rft.aulast=University+of+New+Hampshire+Experimental+Space+Plasma+Group&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Interstellar+Medium%2C+an+online+tutorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ssg.sr.unh.edu%2Fism%2Fwhat1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">American Vacuum Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/avsguide/refguide/glossary.html">"Glossary"</a>. <i>AVS Reference Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-03-15</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.au=American+Vacuum+Society&rft.aulast=American+Vacuum+Society&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AVS+Reference+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Favsguide%2Frefguide%2Fglossary.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303023019/http://www.aip.org/avsguide/refguide/glossary.html">Archived</a> 2013-03-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK (kaca can aya)">National Physical Laboratory, UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/pressure/faqs/vacuum.html">"FAQ on Pressure and Vacuum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-03-25</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.au=National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+UK&rft.aulast=National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+UK&rft.btitle=FAQ+on+Pressure+and+Vacuum&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fpressure%2Ffaqs%2Fvacuum.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">John H., Moore; Christopher Davis, Michael A. Coplan and Sandra Greer (2002). <i>Building Scientific Apparatus</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0813340071" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8133-4007-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.au=John+H.%2C+Moore&rft.aufirst=Moore&rft.aulast=John+H.&rft.btitle=Building+Scientific+Apparatus&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitulung:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitulung:CS1 errors (kaca can aya)">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-measure-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-measure_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Beckwith, Thomas G.; Roy D. Marangoni and John H. Lienhard V (1993). "Measurement of Low Pressures". <i>Mechanical Measurements</i> (Fifth Edition ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 591–595. <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0201569477" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-201-56947-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3ARohangan+hapa&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+Low+Pressures&rft.au=Beckwith%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.btitle=Mechanical+Measurements&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=Fifth+Edition&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=591-595&rft.place=Reading%2C+MA&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitulung:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitulung:CS1 errors (kaca can aya)">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 maint: Extra text (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_Extra_text&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: Extra text (kaca can aya)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "Vacuum Techniques". <i>The Encyclopedia of Physics</i> (3rd edition). (1990). Ed. Robert M. Besançon. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. pp. 1278-1284. <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0442005229" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-442-00522-9</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.contributor=Robert+M.+Besan%C3%A7on&rft.title=&rft.edition=3rd+edition&rft.publisher=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold%2C+New+York&rft.pages=pp.+1278-1284&rft.date=1990"> </span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Édit bab: See also" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: See also"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decay_of_the_vacuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decay of the vacuum (kaca can aya)">Decay of the vacuum</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pair_production&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pair production (kaca can aya)">Pair production</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium_mass_spectrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helium mass spectrometer (kaca can aya)">Helium mass spectrometer</a> - technical instrumentation to detect a vacuum léak</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manifold_vacuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manifold vacuum (kaca can aya)">Engine vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_free_path&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mean free path (kaca can aya)">Mean free path</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negative pressure (kaca can aya)">Negative pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rarefaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rarefaction (kaca can aya)">Rarefaction</a> - reduction of a medium's density</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suction (kaca can aya)">Suction</a> - création of a partial vacuum</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_cementing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum cementing (kaca can aya)">Vacuum cementing</a> - natural process of solidifying homogenous "dust" in vacuum</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum engineering (kaca can aya)">Vacuum engineering</a> - vacuum engineering</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_angle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum angle (kaca can aya)">Vacuum angle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_flange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum flange (kaca can aya)">Vacuum flange</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tumbu_luar">Tumbu luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Édit bab: Tumbu luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tumbu luar"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avs.org/">American Vacuum Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/jvsta/">Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/jvstb/">Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html">FAQ on explosive decompression and vacuum exposure</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html">Discussion of the effects on humans of exposure to hard vacuum</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0012062">Vacuum Energy in High Energy Physics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vacuumscientists.com/">History of Vacuum Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051130221602/http://vacuumscientists.com/">Archived</a> 2005-11-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html">Short History of Vacuum Terminology and Technology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123215547/http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://void.mit.edu/~4.396/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page">Vacuum, Production of Space</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacegeek.org/ep9_flash.shtml">VIDEO on the nature of vacuum by Canadian astrophysicist Doctor P</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&EventId=258">"Much Ado About Nothing" by Professor John D. Barrow, Gresham College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185128/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&EventId=258">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dicomot ti "<a dir="ltr" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&oldid=651815">https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohangan_hapa&oldid=651815</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Husus:Kategori" title="Husus:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_Extra_text&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: Extra text (kaca can aya)">CS1 maint: Extra text</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Webarchive_template_wayback_links&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links (kaca can aya)">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Pages_containing_cite_templates_with_deprecated_parameters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters (kaca can aya)">Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kaca_ngagunakeun_tutumbu_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Kaca ngagunakeun tutumbu magis ISBN">Kaca ngagunakeun tutumbu magis ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_perlu_ditarjamahkeun_tina_basa_Inggris" title="Kategori:Artikel perlu ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris">Artikel perlu ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Kosong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Kosong (kaca can aya)">Kosong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kons%C3%A9p_fisika_dasar" title="Kategori:Konsép fisika dasar">Konsép fisika dasar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pros%C3%A9s_industri" title="Kategori:Prosés industri">Prosés industri</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Hampa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Hampa (kaca can aya)">Hampa</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Kaca ieu panungtungan diédit 9 April 2023, jam 05.46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Téks sadia dina <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisénsi Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; katangtuan tambahan kamungkinan lumaku. 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