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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Editar </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="hatnote"> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/20px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/30px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/40px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200"> Nota: Se procura pela banda grunge, consulte <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana_(banda)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nirvana (banda)">Nirvana (banda)</a>; para demais casos, veja <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana_(desambigua%C3%A7%C3%A3o)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Nirvana (desambiguação)">Nirvana (desambiguação)</a>. </div> Nirvana (em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>: निर्वाण nirvāṇa sa; <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A1li?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Páli">Páli</a>: nibbāna; <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A1crito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prácrito">Prácrito</a>: ṇivvāṇa; literalmente, "apagado", como uma lâmpada a óleo<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gombrich2-1">[1]</a>) é um conceito nas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%B5es_indianas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiões indianas">Religiões indianas</a> (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo">Budismo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduísmo">Hinduísmo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jainismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jainismo">Jainismo</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siquismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siquismo">Siquismo</a>), representando a extinção das paixões, que é o estado último de libertação <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soteriologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soteriologia">soteriológica</a> e a libertação do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukkha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a> (sofrimento) e do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsara_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samsara (budismo)">saṃsāra</a>, o ciclo de nascimento e renascimento.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Meister2009p252-2">[2]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EB=Nirvana2-3">[3]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Nas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%B5es_indianas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiões indianas">Religiões indianas</a>, o nirvana é sinônimo de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moksha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moksha">moksha</a> e mukti.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a> Todas as religiões indianas afirmam que o nirvana é um estado de quietude perfeita, liberdade, maior felicidade, bem como a libertação do apego e do sofrimento mundano e o fim do samsara, o ciclo da existência.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flood-8">[7]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[8]</a> No entanto, as tradições não budistas e budistas descrevem esses termos para a libertação de maneira diferente.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Loy_1982_pp._65%E2%80%9374-10">[9]</a> Na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia_hindu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofia hindu">Filosofia hindu</a>, é a união ou a realização da identidade de Atman com <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brahman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, dependendo da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduísmo">tradição hindu</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201246-13">[12]</a> No <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jainismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jainismo">Jainismo</a>, o nirvana também é o objetivo soteriológico, representando a libertação de uma alma do vínculo cármico e do samsara.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> No Budismo, o nirvana refere-se ao abandono dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dez_grilh%C3%B5es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dez grilhões">dez grilhões</a>, marcando o fim do renascimento ao extinguir as fogueiras que mantêm o processo de renascimento.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199081%E2%80%9384-15">[14]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="pt" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Índice</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etimologia">1 Etimologia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vis%C3%A3o_Geral">2 Visão Geral</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Budismo">3 Budismo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hindu%C3%ADsmo">4 Hinduísmo</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moksha">4.1 Moksha</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brahma-nirvana_no_Bhagavad_Gita">4.2 Brahma-nirvana no Bhagavad Gita</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jainismo">5 Jainismo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sikhismo">6 Sikhismo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Manique%C3%ADsmo">7 Maniqueísmo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ver_tamb%C3%A9m">8 Ver também</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Refer%C3%AAncias">9 Referências</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notas">9.1 Notas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cita%C3%A7%C3%B5es">9.2 Citações</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliografia_citada">9.3 Bibliografia citada</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leituras_adicionais">10 Leituras adicionais</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liga%C3%A7%C3%B5es_externas">11 Ligações externas</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Etimologia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> As ideias de libertação espiritual, com o conceito de alma e Brahman, aparecem nos textos védicos e Upanishads, como no verso 4.4.6 da Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> O termo nirvana, no sentido soteriológico de "apagado, extinto", estado de libertação, aparece em muitos lugares nos Vedas e ainda mais no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> pós-budista, no entanto, a opinião popular não credita aos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vedas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> ou aos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upanishad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>. Collins afirma: "os budistas parecem ter sido os primeiros a chamá-lo de nirvana".<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998137%E2%80%93138-18">[17]</a> Isso pode ter sido um uso deliberado das palavras no budismo primitivo, sugere Collins, uma vez que Atman e Brahman foram descritos nos textos védicos e Upanishads com a imagem do fogo, como algo bom, desejável e libertador.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998216%E2%80%93217-19">[18]</a> Collins afirma que a palavra nirvāṇa vem da raiz verbal vā "soprar" na forma de particípio passado vāna "soprado", prefixada com o pré-verbo nis significando "para fora". Portanto, o significado original da palavra é "apagado, extinto". (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a> altera os sons: o v de vāna faz com que nis se torne nir, e então o r de nir provoca <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retroflex%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflexão">retroflexão</a> do n subsequente: nis+vāna > nirvāṇa).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201063%E2%80%9364-20">[19]</a> No entanto, o significado budista de nirvana também tem outras interpretações. L. S. Cousins disse que no uso popular nirvana era "o objetivo da disciplina budista,... a remoção final dos elementos mentais perturbadores que obstruem um estado pacífico e claro da mente, juntamente com um estado de despertar do sono mental que eles induzem."<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Visão_Geral">Visão Geral</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Visão Geral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Nirvāṇa é um termo encontrado nos textos de todas as principais <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%B5es_indianas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiões indianas">religiões indianas</a> – <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduísmo">Hinduísmo</a>,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">[21]</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jainismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jainismo">Jainismo</a>,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Glasenapp1999p234-23">[22]</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo">Budismo</a>,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200468-24">[23]</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhismo">Sikhismo</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruthi2004200-25">[24]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuikerSpielvogel200852%E2%80%9353-26">[25]</a> Ele se refere à profunda paz mental adquirida com moksha, a libertação de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> ou liberação de um estado de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukkha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukkha">sofrimento</a>, após a prática espiritual ou <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sadhana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sadhana">Sadhana</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[note 2]</a> A libertação de Saṃsāra se desenvolveu como um objetivo final e valor soteriológico na cultura indiana, e é chamada por diferentes termos como nirvana, moksha, mukti e kaivalya. Esse esquema básico subjaz ao Hinduísmo, Jainismo e Budismo, onde "o objetivo final é o estado atemporal de moksha, ou, como os budistas parecem ter sido os primeiros a chamar, nirvana."<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201031-31">[29]</a> Embora o termo ocorra nas literaturas de várias tradições indianas antigas, o conceito é mais comumente associado ao Budismo. Alguns escritores acreditam que o conceito foi adotado por outras religiões indianas após ser estabelecido no Budismo, mas com diferentes significados e descrições, como o uso de (Moksha) no texto hindu <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahabharata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">[21]</a> A ideia de moksha está conectada à cultura védica, onde ela transmitia uma noção de amrtam, "imortalidade",<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201029-32">[30]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998136-33">[31]</a> e também uma noção de um estado atemporal, "não nascido", ou "o ponto imóvel do mundo giratório do tempo". Era também sua estrutura atemporal, a totalidade subjacente "aos raios da invariante, mas incessante roda do tempo".<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[note 3]</a> A esperança de vida após a morte começou com as noções de ir para os mundos dos Ancestrais ou dos Deuses ou o céu.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201029-32">[30]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[note 4]</a> Os primeiros <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vedas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vedas">textos védicos</a> incorporam o conceito de vida, seguido de uma vida após a morte no céu e no inferno, baseada em virtudes cumulativas (mérito) ou vícios (demérito).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[32]</a> No entanto, os antigos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rishi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishi">Rishis</a> védicos desafiaram essa ideia de vida após a morte como simplista, pois as pessoas não vivem uma vida igualmente moral ou imoral. Entre vidas geralmente virtuosas, algumas são mais virtuosas; enquanto o mal também tem graus, e tanto o céu permanente quanto o inferno permanente são desproporcionais. Os pensadores védicos introduziram a ideia de uma vida após a morte no céu ou no inferno em proporção ao mérito de cada um, e quando isso acaba, a pessoa retorna e renasce.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier201184%E2%80%9386-37">[33]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krishan1997p17-39">[35]</a> A ideia de renascimento após "esgotar o mérito" também aparece em textos budistas.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Esta ideia aparece em muitos textos antigos e medievais, como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>, ou o ciclo interminável de vida, morte, renascimento e re-morte, como na seção 6:31 do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahabharata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier201184–86,_Citação:_"Eles_alcançam_o_mundo_sagrado_de_Indra_e_desfrutam_dos_prazeres_celestiais_dos_deuses_no_céu;_mas,_tendo_desfrutado_do_vasto_mundo_celestial,_eles_voltam_ao_mundo_dos_mortais_quando_seu_mérito_se_esgota._Portanto,_seguindo_as_injunções_dos_três_Vedas_com_o_desejo_de_prazeres,_eles_viajam_para_cá_e_para_lá._(Mahābhārata_6.31:20–1)"_41-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier201184%E2%80%9386,_Cita%C3%A7%C3%A3o:_%22Eles_alcan%C3%A7am_o_mundo_sagrado_de_Indra_e_desfrutam_dos_prazeres_celestiais_dos_deuses_no_c%C3%A9u;_mas,_tendo_desfrutado_do_vasto_mundo_celestial,_eles_voltam_ao_mundo_dos_mortais_quando_seu_m%C3%A9rito_se_esgota._Portanto,_seguindo_as_injun%C3%A7%C3%B5es_dos_tr%C3%AAs_Vedas_com_o_desejo_de_prazeres,_eles_viajam_para_c%C3%A1_e_para_l%C3%A1._(Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata_6.31:20%E2%80%931)%22-41">[37]</a> e no verso 9.21 do Bhagavad Gita.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ykrishanp24-43">[39]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[note 5]</a> O Saṃsāra, a vida após a morte e o que impacta o renascimento passaram a ser vistos como dependentes do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma">karma</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201030-47">[42]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Budismo">Budismo</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Budismo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg/275px-Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4088" data-file-height="3414"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 275px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg/275px-Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg" data-width="275" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg/413px-Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg/550px-Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pintura mural tradicional retratando <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gautama_Buda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buda">Gautama Buda</a> entrando em parinirvana, pavilhão da assembleia do Dharma, Wat Botum Wattey Reacheveraram, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phnom_Penh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camboja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camboja">Camboja</a> </figcaption> </figure> Nirvana (nibbana) significa literalmente "extinguir" ou "apagar".<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998191-48">[43]</a> É o termo mais utilizado, assim como o mais antigo, para descrever o objetivo soteriológico no Budismo: o apagamento das paixões, que também libera do ciclo de renascimento (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsara_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samsara (budismo)">saṃsāra</a>).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589%E2%80%93590-49">[44]</a> Nirvana faz parte da Terceira Verdade sobre a "cessação do dukkha" na doutrina das <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quatro_Nobres_Verdades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quatro Nobres Verdades">Quatro Nobres Verdades</a> do Budismo.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589%E2%80%93590-49">[44]</a> É o objetivo do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobre_Caminho_%C3%93ctuplo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobre Caminho Óctuplo">Nobre Caminho Óctuplo</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004194%E2%80%93195-50">[45]</a> A tradição budista acredita que o Buda tenha realizado dois tipos de nirvana: um no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Despertar_(budismo)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Despertar (budismo) (página não existe)">despertar</a> e outro em sua morte.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014590-51">[46]</a> O primeiro é chamado de sopadhishesa-nirvana (nirvana com resíduo), o segundo é <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parinirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a> ou anupadhishesa-nirvana (nirvana sem resíduo, ou nirvana final).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014590-51">[46]</a> Na tradição budista, o nirvana é descrito como o apagamento dos "fogos", que também se diz serem a causa dos renascimentos e do sofrimento associado.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EB_nirvana-52">[47]</a> Os textos budistas identificam esses "três fogos"<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200665-53">[48]</a> ou "três venenos" como raga (ganância, sensualidade), dvesha (aversão, ódio) e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avidyā (Budismo)">avidyā</a> ou moha (ignorância, ilusão).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200666-54">[49]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589-55">[50]</a> O estado de nirvana também é descrito no Budismo como a cessação de todas as aflições, a cessação de todas as ações, a cessação dos renascimentos e do sofrimento que são consequência das aflições e ações,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589%E2%80%93590-49">[44]</a> o apagar de um fogo por falta de combustível, abandonar a trama (vana) de vida após vida,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201063-64-56">[51]</a> e a eliminação do desejo.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[52]</a> A libertação é descrita como idêntica ao conceito de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatta">anatta</a> (anatman, não-eu, ausência de um eu).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[53]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-suehamilton18-59">[54]</a> No Budismo, a libertação é alcançada quando todas as coisas e seres são entendidos como sem Eu.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-suehamilton18-59">[54]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[55]</a> O Nirvana também é descrito como idêntico à realização de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunyata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a> (vazio), onde não há essência ou natureza fundamental em nada, e tudo é vazio.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Choong1999p85-61">[56]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[57]</a> No entanto, no Budismo Theravada também é visto como o único existente incondicionado,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[58]</a> não apenas a "destruição do desejo", mas um existente separado que é "o objeto do conhecimento" do caminho budista.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201054-64">[59]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Hinduísmo">Hinduísmo</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Hinduísmo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Os textos mais antigos do Hinduísmo, como os Vedas e os primeiros Upanixades, não mencionam o termo soteriológico Nirvana.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">[21]</a> Este termo é encontrado em textos como o Bhagavad Gita<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">[21]</a> e no Nirvana Upanishad, provavelmente composto na era pós-Buda.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925%E2%80%939,_227%E2%80%93235,_Cita%C3%A7%C3%A3o:_%22Nirvana_Upanishad...%22-65">[60]</a> O conceito de Nirvana é descrito de maneira diferente na literatura budista e hindu.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248%E2%80%9349-66">[61]</a> O hinduísmo tem o conceito de Atman – a alma, o eu<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[63]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[64]</a> – afirmado como existente em todos os seres vivos, enquanto o Budismo, por meio de sua doutrina anatman, afirma que não há Atman em nenhum ser.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5sourcesanatta-70">[65]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Nirvana no Budismo é "aquietar a mente, cessar os desejos e ações" até o vazio, afirma Jeaneane Fowler, enquanto nirvana em textos hindus pós-budistas é também "aquietar a mente, mas não inação" e "não vazio", ao invés disso, é o conhecimento do verdadeiro Eu (Atman) e a aceitação de sua universalidade e unidade com Brahman.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248%E2%80%9349-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Moksha">Moksha</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Moksha" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moksha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> </div> O antigo conceito soteriológico no Hinduísmo é o moksha, descrito como a libertação do ciclo de nascimento e morte por meio do autoconhecimento e da conexão eterna do Atman (alma, eu) com o Brahman metafísico. Moksha é derivado da raiz muc* (em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>: मुच्) que significa libertar, deixar ir, soltar, liberar; Moksha significa "libertação, liberdade, emancipação da alma".<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mmw-72">[67]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Nos Vedas e primeiros Upanixades, a palavra mucyate (em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>: मुच्यते)<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mmw-72">[67]</a> aparece, que significa ser libertado ou liberado – como um cavalo de seu arnês. As tradições dentro do Hinduísmo afirmam que há vários caminhos (em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>: marga) para moksha: jnana-marga, o caminho do conhecimento; bhakti-marga, o caminho da devoção; e karma-marga, o caminho da ação.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Brahma-nirvana_no_Bhagavad_Gita">Brahma-nirvana no Bhagavad Gita</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Brahma-nirvana no Bhagavad Gita" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O termo Brahma-nirvana aparece nos versos 2.72 e 5.24-26 do Bhagavad Gita.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[70]</a> Refere-se ao estado de liberação ou união com o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brahman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flood-8">[7]</a> De acordo com Easwaran, é uma experiência de bem-aventurança sem ego.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaswaran2007268-76">[71]</a> Segundo Zaehner, Johnson e outros estudiosos, nirvana no Gita é um termo budista adotado pelos hindus.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">[21]</a> Zaehner afirma que foi usado pela primeira vez nos textos hindus no Bhagavad Gita e que a ideia expressa no verso 2.71–72 de "suprimir os desejos e o ego" também é budista.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">[21]</a> Segundo Johnson, o termo nirvana foi emprestado dos budistas para confundir os próprios budistas, ligando o estado de nirvana budista à tradição védica pré-budista de um absoluto metafísico chamado Brahman.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">[21]</a> De acordo com <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, a compreensão hindu e budista de nirvana são diferentes, pois o nirvana dos budistas é <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shunyata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">shunyata</a>, o vazio, mas o nirvana do Gita significa paz e, por isso, é descrito como brahma-nirvana (união com Brahman).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[72]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Jainismo">Jainismo</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Jainismo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg/250px-Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="729"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg/250px-Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg/375px-Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg/500px-Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kalpasutra representando o Nirvana de Mahavira. </figcaption> </figure> Os termos moksha e nirvana são frequentemente usados de forma intercambiável nos textos Jainistas.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[73]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG/250px-Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG/250px-Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG/375px-Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG/500px-Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Rishabhanatha, considerado o primeiro <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tirthankara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> a alcançar nirvana. </figcaption> </figure> O Sutra Uttaradhyana fornece um relato de Sudharman – também chamado Gautama, um dos discípulos de Mahavira – explicando o significado de nirvana para Kesi, um discípulo de Parshva.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jacobi_1895-80">[75]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[note 6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68288478">.mw-parser-output .flexquote{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-color:#F1F1F1;border-left:3px solid #C7C7C7;font-size:100%;margin:1em 4em;padding:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.quote{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.separator{border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7;border-top:1px solid #C7C7C7;margin:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.cite{text-align:right}@media all and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{flex-direction:column}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .flexquote{background-color:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .flexquote{background-color:transparent}}</style> <blockquote class="flexquote" style="padding:0 1.2em; border-left:5px solid #c8ccd1;margin:30px"> <div class="w-quote-texto"> Há um lugar seguro à vista de todos, mas de difícil acesso, onde não há velhice nem morte, nem dor ou doença. É o que se chama nirvāṇa, ou liberdade da dor, ou perfeição, que está à vista de todos; é o lugar seguro, feliz e tranquilo que os grandes sábios alcançam. Esse é o lugar eterno, visível para todos, mas difícil de ser alcançado. Aqueles sábios que o alcançam estão livres de tristezas, eles puseram fim ao fluxo da existência. (81–4) – Traduzido por Hermann Jacobi, 1895 </div> </blockquote> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Sikhismo">Sikhismo</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Sikhismo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> O conceito de libertação como "extinção do sofrimento", juntamente com a ideia de sansara como o "ciclo de renascimento", também faz parte do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhismo">Sikhismo</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Nirvana aparece em textos Sikh como o termo Nirban.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[77]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Singha2000p148-84">[78]</a> No entanto, o termo mais comum é Mukti ou Moksh,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[79]</a> um conceito de salvação onde o amor e a devoção a Deus são enfatizados para a libertação do ciclo interminável de renascimentos.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Singha2000p148-84">[78]</a> No Sikhismo, Nirvana não é um conceito de vida após a morte, mas um objetivo para a vida. Além disso, o nirvana/mukti Sikh é alcançado por meio da devoção ao satguru/verdade, que o liberta da reencarnação bharam/superstição/falsa crença. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Maniqueísmo">Maniqueísmo</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Maniqueísmo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> O termo Nirvana (também mencionado como parinirvana) é encontrado no trabalho maniqueísta dos séculos XIII ou XIV, "A grande canção para Mani" e "A história da morte de Mani", referindo-se ao <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pleroma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pleroma">reino da luz</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[80]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Ver_também">Ver também</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ataraxia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dzogchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deus_no_Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deus no Budismo">Deus no Budismo</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jannah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jannah">Jannah</a> (Islã)</li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jnana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jnana">Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parabrahman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parabrahman">Parabrahman</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fal%C3%A1cia_Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falácia Nirvana">Falácia Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satori?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salva%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Salvação">Salvação nas religiões indianas</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shangri-La?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shangri-La">Shangri-La</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yoga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Referências">Referências</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Referências" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notas">Notas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Notas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> Também chamado de vimoksha, vimukti. O Dicionário Soka Gakkai do Budismo: "Vimoksha [解脱] (Skt; Jpn gedatsu). Emancipação, liberação ou libertação. As palavras sânscritas vimukti, mukti e moksha também têm o mesmo significado. Vimoksha significa libertação dos grilhões dos desejos terrenos, ilusão, sofrimento e transmigração. Embora o budismo estabeleça vários tipos e estágios de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ilumina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Budismo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Iluminação no Budismo (página não existe)">iluminação</a>, a suprema emancipação é o nirvana,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vimoksha-6">[6]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Às vezes é referido como bhavana, que se refere ao "desenvolvimento" ou "cultivo" espiritual.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PED-27">[26]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MWD-28">[27]</a> no sentido de "chamar à existência".<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198067-29">[28]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> A roda é um símbolo típico védico, ou indo-europeu, que se manifesta em vários símbolos da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_v%C3%A9dica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religião védica">religião védica</a> e do Budismo e Hinduísmo. Veja, por exemplo, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharmacakra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmacakra">Dharmacakra</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chakra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakra">Chakra</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chakravartin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalachakra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukkha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukkha">Dukkha</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandala">Mandala</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> Veja também <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9u_(religi%C3%A3o)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cristianismo" title="Céu (religião)">Céu (Cristianismo)</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valhala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valhala">Valhala</a></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> Muitos textos discutem essa teoria do renascimento com os conceitos de Devayana (caminho dos deuses) e Pitryana (caminho dos ancestrais).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[41]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> A autenticidade deste texto é questionável, pois Parshva, na tradição Jainista, viveu cerca de 250 anos antes de Mahavira, e seu discípulo Kesi teria alguns séculos de idade quando conheceu o discípulo de Mahavira. Veja Jacobi (1895), notas de rodapé.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citações">Citações</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Citações" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gombrich2-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gombrich2_1-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Richard_Gombrich&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Richard Gombrich (página não existe)">Richard Gombrich</a>, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo. Routledge</li> <li id="cite_note-Meister2009p252-2"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Meister2009p252_2-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Chad Meister (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpOCT3qFirJMC%26pg%3DPA25">Introducing Philosophy of Religion</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 25. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-134-14179-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-134-14179-1">978-1-134-14179-1</a>. <q>Budismo: o objetivo soteriológico é o nirvana, a libertação da roda do samsara e a extinção de todos os desejos, anseios e sofrimento.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Chad+Meister&rft.btitle=Introducing+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-134-14179-1&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOCT3qFirJMC%26pg%3DPA25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB=Nirvana2-3"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EB=Nirvana2_3-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415925/nirvana">«Donald S. lopez Jr., Nirvana, Encyclopædia Britannica»</a>. 29 de setembro de 2023. Consultado em 23 de junho de 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222948/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415925/nirvana">Cópia arquivada em 4 de maio de 2015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=Donald+S.+lopez+Jr.%2C+Nirvana%2C+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F415925%2Fnirvana&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Kristin Johnston Largen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdNoXJVD_XEkC">What Christians Can Learn from Buddhism: Rethinking Salvation</a>. [S.l.]: Fortress Press. pp. 107–108. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4514-1267-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4514-1267-3">978-1-4514-1267-3</a>. <q>Uma importante ressalva deve ser feita: para muitos budistas leigos em todo o mundo, o renascimento em um reino superior – em vez da realização do nirvana – tem sido o principal objetivo religioso. [...] Enquanto muitos budistas enfatizam fortemente o valor soteriológico do ensinamento do Buda sobre o nirvana [escapando do samsara], muitos outros budistas concentram sua prática em objetivos mais tangíveis, em particular no renascimento propício na próxima vida.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Kristin+Johnston+Largen&rft.btitle=What+Christians+Can+Learn+from+Buddhism%3A+Rethinking+Salvation&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1267-3&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNoXJVD_XEkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books6/Ajahn_Brahm_In_the_Presence_of%2520Nibbana.htm">«IN THE PRESENCE OF NIBBANA Faith in the Buddhist Path to Enlightenment»</a>. What-Buddha-Taught.net. Consultado em 22 de outubro de 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117131624/http://dhammatalks.net/Books6/Ajahn_Brahm_In_the_Presence_of">Cópia arquivada em 17 de janeiro de 2021</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=IN+THE+PRESENCE+OF+NIBBANA+Faith+in+the+Buddhist+Path+to+Enlightenment&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=What-Buddha-Taught.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhammatalks.net%2FBooks6%2FAjahn_Brahm_In_the_Presence_of%2520Nibbana.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vimoksha-6"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vimoksha_6-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id%3D2602">«The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, vimoksha»</a>. Consultado em 17 de fevereiro de 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011614/http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id%3D2602">Cópia arquivada em 22 de fevereiro de 2014</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=The+Soka+Gakkai+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%2C+vimoksha&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgilibrary.org%2Fsearch_dict.php%3Fid%3D2602&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-8">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Flood_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Flood_8-1">b</a> Gavin Flood, Nirvana. In: John Bowker (ed.), Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Anindita N. Balslev (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DH1clDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29">On World Religions: Diversity, Not Dissension</a>. [S.l.]: SAGE Publications. pp. 28–29. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-93-5150-405-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-93-5150-405-4">978-93-5150-405-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Anindita+N.+Balslev&rft.btitle=On+World+Religions%3A+Diversity%2C+Not+Dissension&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-405-4&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1clDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loy_1982_pp._65–74-10"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Loy_1982_pp._65%E2%80%9374_10-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Loy, David (1982). «Iluminação no Budismo e Advaita Vedanta». Philosophy Documentation Center. International Philosophical Quarterly. 22 (1): 65–74. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.5840%252Fipq19822217">10.5840/ipq19822217</a>. <q>O que mais distingue a filosofia indiana da ocidental é que todos os importantes sistemas indianos apontam para o mesmo fenômeno: Iluminação ou Libertação. A iluminação tem nomes diferentes nos vários sistemas – kaivalya, nirvana, moksha, etc. – e é descrita de diferentes maneiras...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.atitle=Ilumina%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Budismo+e+Advaita+Vedanta&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.pages=65-74&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fipq19822217&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Brian Morris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPP1">Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-521-85241-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-521-85241-8">978-0-521-85241-8</a>. <q>Houve alguma disputa quanto ao significado exato do nirvana, mas claramente a teoria budista de ausência de alma parece implicar uma perspectiva bem diferente da filosofia Vedantista, em que a alma ou o eu individual [atman] é visto como idêntico à alma do mundo ou Brahman [deus] (sobre a doutrina de anatta [sem alma] ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85241-8&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPP1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Gwinyai H. Muzorewa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeIhKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54">The Great Being</a>. [S.l.]: Wipf. pp. 52–54. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-57910-453-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-57910-453-5">978-1-57910-453-5</a>. <q>Mesmo o Atman depende do Brahman. De fato, os dois são essencialmente os mesmos. [...] A teologia hindu acredita que o Atman, em última análise, se torna um com o Brahman. A verdadeira identidade de uma pessoa está em perceber que o Atman em mim e o Brahman – o fundamento de toda a existência – são semelhantes. [...] O parente mais próximo do Atman é o Atman de todos os seres vivos, que está fundamentado no Brahman. Quando o Atman se esforça para ser como o Brahman, é apenas porque percebe que essa é sua origem – Deus. [...] A separação entre o Atman e o Brahman é comprovadamente impermanente. O que é, em última análise, permanente é a união entre o Atman e o Brahman. [...] Assim, a luta da vida é para que o Atman seja libertado do corpo, que é impermanente, para se unir ao Brahman, que é permanente – essa doutrina é conhecida como Moksha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Gwinyai+H.+Muzorewa&rft.btitle=The+Great+Being&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-453-5&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=Wipf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIhKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201246-13"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201246_13-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFowler2012">Fowler 2012</a>, p. 46: "Shankara interpretou todo o Gita como exaltando o caminho do conhecimento como o melhor meio para moksha, e uma identidade total do atman com Brahman..."</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> John E. Cort (1990), MODELOS DE E PARA O ESTUDO DOS JAINAS, Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, Vol. 2, No. 1, Brill Academic, páginas 42–71</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199081–84-15"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199081%E2%80%9384_15-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins1990">Collins 1990</a>, pp. 81–84.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Peter Harvey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DoZCvAwAAQBAJ">Buddhism</a>. [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 98–99. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4411-4726-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4411-4726-4">978-1-4411-4726-4</a>. <q>[Nirvana é] além dos processos envolvidos em morrer e renascer. [...] Nirvana é vazio, estando livre de qualquer fundamento para a ilusão de um Eu permanente e substancial, e porque não pode ser conceitualizado em qualquer visão que o ligue ao 'eu' ou 'meu' ou 'Eu'. É conhecido nesse sentido por alguém com profunda visão de que tudo é não-Eu (anatta), vazio de Eu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft.btitle=Buddhism&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4726-4&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZCvAwAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Max Müller (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPjiD_XWea7cC">Theosophy Or Psychological Religion</a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 307–310. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-108-07326-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-108-07326-4">978-1-108-07326-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.btitle=Theosophy+Or+Psychological+Religion&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-108-07326-4&rft.pages=307-310&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjiD_XWea7cC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998137–138-18"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998137%E2%80%93138_18-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, pp. 137–138.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998216–217-19"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998216%E2%80%93217_19-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 216–217.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201063–64-20"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201063%E2%80%9364_20-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins2010">Collins 2010</a>, pp. 63–64.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [S.l.: s.n.] 2000. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/conciseroutledge00edwa/page/632/mode/2up?q%3Dnirvana">632</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=632&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248-22">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248_22-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248_22-2">c</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248_22-3">d</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248_22-4">e</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248_22-5">f</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248_22-6">g</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFowler2012">Fowler 2012</a>, p. 48.</li> <li id="cite_note-Glasenapp1999p234-23"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Glasenapp1999p234_23-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Helmuth von Glasenapp (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC">Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</a>. [S.l.]: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 234, 492. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-81-208-1376-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-81-208-1376-2">978-81-208-1376-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Helmuth+von+Glasenapp&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1376-2&rft.pages=234%2C+492&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200468-24"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200468_24-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. 68.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruthi2004200-25"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPruthi2004200_25-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPruthi2004">Pruthi 2004</a>, p. 200.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuikerSpielvogel200852–53-26"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuikerSpielvogel200852%E2%80%9353_26-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2008">Duiker & Spielvogel 2008</a>, pp. 52–53.</li> <li id="cite_note-PED-27"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PED_27-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Pali Text Society (1921–1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?page%3D503">«Bhāvanā»</a>. The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary. London: Chipstead. p. 503. Consultado em 27 de janeiro de 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723091016/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?page%3D503">Cópia arquivada em 23 de julho de 2021</a> – via Digital Dictionaries of South Asia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.atitle=Bh%C4%81van%C4%81&rft.au=Pali+Text+Society&rft.date=1921%2F1925&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pali+Text+Society%27s+Pali-English+dictionary&rft.pages=503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fpali_query.py%3Fpage%3D503&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWD-28"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MWD_28-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Monier-Williams (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf">«Bhāvana" and "Bhāvanā»</a> (PDF). p. 755. Consultado em 9 de dezembro de 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304063707/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf">Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 4 de março de 2009</a> – via U. Cologne</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Monier-Williams&rft.btitle=Bh%C4%81vana%22+and+%22Bh%C4%81van%C4%81&rft.date=1899&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=755&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanpdf%2Fmw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198067-29"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198067_29-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNyanatiloka1980">Nyanatiloka 1980</a>, p. 67.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201031-31"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201031_31-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins2010">Collins 2010</a>, p. 31.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201029-32">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201029_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201029_32-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins2010">Collins 2010</a>, p. 29.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998136-33"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998136_33-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 136.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUD8TAAAAYAAJ">Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics</a>. [S.l.]: T. & T. Clark. pp. 616–618. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780567065124?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780567065124">9780567065124</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft.au=John+Alexander+Selbie&rft.au=Louis+Herbert+Gray&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.date=1922&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780567065124&rft.pages=616-618&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUD8TAAAAYAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier201184–86-37"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier201184%E2%80%9386_37-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFrazier2011">Frazier 2011</a>, pp. 84–86.</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Atsushi Hayakawa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dw7LtAgAAQBAJ">Circulation of Fire in the Veda</a>. [S.l.]: LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 101–103 with footnote 262. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-3-643-90472-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-3-643-90472-0">978-3-643-90472-0</a>. <q>O conceito de punarmrtyu apareceu, o que transmite que mesmo aqueles que participaram de rituais morrem novamente na vida após a morte quando o mérito do ritual se esgota.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Atsushi+Hayakawa&rft.btitle=Circulation+of+Fire+in+the+Veda&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90472-0&rft.pages=101-103+with+footnote+262&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw7LtAgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishan1997p17-39"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krishan1997p17_39-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Krishan, Yuvraj (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_Bi6FWX1NOgC%26q%3DThe%2520Doctrine%2520of%2520Karma%253A%2520Its%2520Origin%2520and%2520Development%2520in%2520Br%25C4%2581hma%25E1%25B9%2587ical%252C%2520Buddhist%252C%2520and%2520Jaina%2520Traditions%26pg%3DPA17">The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions</a>. [S.l.]: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 17–27. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9788120812338?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9788120812338">9788120812338</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214453/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_Bi6FWX1NOgC%26q%3DThe%2520Doctrine%2520of%2520Karma%253A%2520Its%2520Origin%2520and%2520Development%2520in%2520Br%25C4%2581hma%25E1%25B9%2587ical%252C%2520Buddhist%252C%2520and%2520Jaina%2520Traditions%26pg%3DPA17">Cópia arquivada em 2021</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Yuvraj&rft.aulast=Krishan&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Karma%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development+in+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87ical%2C+Buddhist%2C+and+Jaina+Traditions&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9788120812338&rft.pages=17-27&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Bi6FWX1NOgC%26q%3DThe%2520Doctrine%2520of%2520Karma%253A%2520Its%2520Origin%2520and%2520Development%2520in%2520Br%25C4%2581hma%25E1%25B9%2587ical%252C%2520Buddhist%252C%2520and%2520Jaina%2520Traditions%26pg%3DPA17&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ; <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUZAxAQAAIAAJ">The New Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 8. [S.l.]: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 1998. p. 533. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-85229-633-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-85229-633-2">978-0-85229-633-2</a>. <q>[Esses textos Upanishádicos] registram as tradições dos sábios (Rishis) da época, notavelmente Yajnavalkya, que foi pioneiro em novas ideias religiosas. [...] Durante todo o período védico, a ideia de que o mundo dos deuses não era o fim – e que mesmo no céu a morte era inevitável – estava crescendo. [...] Esta doutrina do samsara (reencarnação) é atribuída ao sábio Uddalaka Aruni, [...] No mesmo texto, a doutrina do karma (ações ) é atribuída a Yajnavalkya...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-633-2&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZAxAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Patrul Rinpoche (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D40i38mGQ6aAC">The Words of My Perfect Teacher</a>. Boston: Shambhala. pp. 95–96. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-7619-9027-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-7619-9027-7">978-0-7619-9027-7</a>. <q>Depois de desfrutar da felicidade de um reino celestial, quando seu mérito acaba, ele renascerá aqui.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9027-7&rft.pages=95-96&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40i38mGQ6aAC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <cite class="citation web">Patrul Rinpoche (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://padmasambhavagururinpoche.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Patrul-Rinpoche-Words-Of-My-Perfect-Teacher.pdf">«The Words of My Perfect Teacher»</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510105749/http://padmasambhavagururinpoche.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Patrul-Rinpoche-Words-Of-My-Perfect-Teacher.pdf">Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 10 de maio de 2017</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpadmasambhavagururinpoche.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2FPatrul-Rinpoche-Words-Of-My-Perfect-Teacher.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier201184–86,_Citação:_"Eles_alcançam_o_mundo_sagrado_de_Indra_e_desfrutam_dos_prazeres_celestiais_dos_deuses_no_céu;_mas,_tendo_desfrutado_do_vasto_mundo_celestial,_eles_voltam_ao_mundo_dos_mortais_quando_seu_mérito_se_esgota._Portanto,_seguindo_as_injunções_dos_três_Vedas_com_o_desejo_de_prazeres,_eles_viajam_para_cá_e_para_lá._(Mahābhārata_6.31:20–1)"-41"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier201184%E2%80%9386,_Cita%C3%A7%C3%A3o:_%22Eles_alcan%C3%A7am_o_mundo_sagrado_de_Indra_e_desfrutam_dos_prazeres_celestiais_dos_deuses_no_c%C3%A9u;_mas,_tendo_desfrutado_do_vasto_mundo_celestial,_eles_voltam_ao_mundo_dos_mortais_quando_seu_m%C3%A9rito_se_esgota._Portanto,_seguindo_as_injun%C3%A7%C3%B5es_dos_tr%C3%AAs_Vedas_com_o_desejo_de_prazeres,_eles_viajam_para_c%C3%A1_e_para_l%C3%A1._(Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata_6.31:20%E2%80%931)%22_41-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFrazier2011">Frazier 2011</a>, pp. 84–86, Citação: "Eles alcançam o mundo sagrado de Indra e desfrutam dos prazeres celestiais dos deuses no céu; mas, tendo desfrutado do vasto mundo celestial, eles voltam ao mundo dos mortais quando seu mérito se esgota. Portanto, seguindo as injunções dos três Vedas com o desejo de prazeres, eles viajam para cá e para lá. (Mahābhārata 6.31:20–1)".</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Christopher Key Chapple, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCOuy5CDAqt4C">The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition</a>. Traduzido por Winthrop Sargeant. [S.l.]: State University of New York Press. p. 397. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4384-2840-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4384-2840-6">978-1-4384-2840-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075137/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCOuy5CDAqt4C">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a>. <q>Depois de desfrutar do vasto mundo celestial, eles entram no mundo dos mortais quando seu mérito se esgota. Assim, conformando-se à lei dos três Vedas, desejando prazeres, eles obtêm o estado de ir e voltar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+Twenty-fifth%93Anniversary+Edition&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2840-6&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOuy5CDAqt4C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ykrishanp24-43"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ykrishanp24_43-0">↑</a> Yuvraj Krishan (1988), Is Karma Evolutionary?, Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Volume 6, páginas 24–26</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Surendranath Dasgupta (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNjI9AAAAIAAJ">A History of Indian Philosophy</a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 520–522</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Surendranath+Dasgupta&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=520-522&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNjI9AAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Paul Deussen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDI7cCgAAQBAJ">The System of the Vedanta: According to Badarayana's Brahma-Sutras and Shankara's Commentary thereon</a>. [S.l.]: KB Classics. pp. 357–359. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-5191-1778-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-5191-1778-6">978-1-5191-1778-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Paul+Deussen&rft.btitle=The+System+of+the+Vedanta%3A+According+to+Badarayana%27s+Brahma-Sutras+and+Shankara%27s+Commentary+thereon&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-5191-1778-6&rft.pages=357-359&rft.pub=KB+Classics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDI7cCgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201030-47"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201030_47-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins2010">Collins 2010</a>, p. 30.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998191-48"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998191_48-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 191.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589–590-49">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589%E2%80%93590_49-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589%E2%80%93590_49-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589%E2%80%93590_49-2">c</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, pp. 589–590.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004194–195-50"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004194%E2%80%93195_50-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, pp. 194–195.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014590-51">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014590_51-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014590_51-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 590.</li> <li id="cite_note-EB_nirvana-52"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EB_nirvana_52-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055914/nirvana">«nirvana»</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235521/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055914/nirvana">Cópia arquivada em 2008</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.atitle=nirvana&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9055914%2Fnirvana&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200665-53"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200665_53-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, p. 65.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200666-54"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200666_54-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, p. 66.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589-55"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014589_55-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 589.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201063-64-56"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201063-64_56-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins2010">Collins 2010</a>, pp. 63-64.</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Charles S. Prebish (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DcILDj-pXQVYC">Buddhism: A Modern Perspective</a>. [S.l.]: Penn State Press. pp. 134–135. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-271-03803-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-271-03803-2">978-0-271-03803-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Charles+S.+Prebish&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Modern+Perspective&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-271-03803-2&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcILDj-pXQVYC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins1990">Collins 1990</a>, pp. 82, 84: "Como todas as outras coisas ou conceitos (dhammā), ele é anattā, 'não-eu'. Enquanto todas as 'coisas condicionadas' (samkhāra – ou seja, todas as coisas produzidas pelo karma) são 'insatisfatórias e impermanentes' (sabbe samkhāra dukkhā . . . aniccā), todos os dhammā, sejam coisas condicionadas ou o incondicionado nibbāna, são 'não-eu' (sabbe dhammā anattā). [...] A absoluta indescritibilidade do nirvana, junto com sua classificação como anattā, 'não-eu', ajudou a manter a separação intacta, precisamente devido à impossibilidade de um discurso mútuo."</li> <li id="cite_note-suehamilton18-59">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-suehamilton18_59-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-suehamilton18_59-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Sue Hamilton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiR-OAQAAQBAJ">Early Buddhism: A New Approach : the I of the Beholder</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 18–21. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-7007-1280-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-7007-1280-9">978-0-7007-1280-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Sue+Hamilton&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhism%3A+A+New+Approach+%3A+the+I+of+the+Beholder&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1280-9&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiR-OAQAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Citação: "A interpretação corrigida que ofereceram, amplamente aceita até hoje, ainda associava o anatta com o nirvana. O que significa, agora se diz, é que para alcançar a libertação você precisa entender que você não é, e nem tem, e nunca foi ou teve, um eu permanente."</li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dv0Rpvycf1t0C%26pg%3DPA61">Buddhist Thought</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. 61 páginas. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-415-20701-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-415-20701-0">978-0-415-20701-0</a>. <q>Ele não menciona a descoberta do Verdadeiro Eu no Anattalakkhana Sutta. Como vimos, o Buda explica como a libertação vem ao deixar ir todo o desejo e apego simplesmente por ver que as coisas não são o Eu, anatta. Isso é tudo. Corta-se a força que leva ao renascimento e ao sofrimento. Não há necessidade de postular um Eu além de tudo isso. De fato, qualquer Eu postulado levaria ao apego, pois parece que, para o Buda, um Eu que se enquadre na descrição poderia ser legitimamente objeto de apego. Não há absolutamente nenhuma sugestão de que o Buda tenha pensado que existe algum fator adicional chamado de Eu (ou com qualquer outro nome, mas que se enquadre na descrição do Eu) além dos cinco agregados."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Anthony+Tribe&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20701-0&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0Rpvycf1t0C%26pg%3DPA61&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choong1999p85-61"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Choong1999p85_61-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Mun-Keat Choong (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHJafx7uO0VsC">The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism</a>. [S.l.]: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 85–88. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-81-208-1649-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-81-208-1649-7">978-81-208-1649-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055835/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHJafx7uO0VsC">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a>. <q>O vazio é um ensinamento caracteristicamente budista. O presente estudo trata desse ensinamento do vazio (P. sunnata, Skt. sunyata) como apresentado nos textos do budismo primitivo. [...] O ensinamento do vazio é reconhecido como a filosofia central do início do Mahayana. No entanto, esse ensinamento existe tanto no budismo primitivo quanto no budismo Mahayana primitivo, onde está conectado ao significado da gênese condicionada, o caminho do meio, o nirvana e o não-eu (P. anatta, Skt. anatman).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Mun-Keat+Choong&rft.btitle=The+Notion+of+Emptiness+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1649-7&rft.pages=1-4%2C+85-88&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJafx7uO0VsC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ,</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Ray Billington (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdACFAgAAQBAJ">Understanding Eastern Philosophy</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 58–60, 136. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-134-79348-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-134-79348-8">978-1-134-79348-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055833/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdACFAgAAQBAJ">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Ray+Billington&rft.btitle=Understanding+Eastern+Philosophy&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-134-79348-8&rft.pages=58-60%2C+136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdACFAgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Citação (p 59-60): "Podemos entender melhor o que anatman implica se examinarmos o conceito de vazio de Nagarjuna: shunyata ou vazio. Nagarjuna argumentou que não existe tal coisa como a natureza fundamental, ou essência, de qualquer coisa. (...) Em uma palavra, tudo é vazio, shunyata; em vez de essência, há um vazio. (...) tudo é vazio."; Citação (p 136): "O que podemos dizer, qualquer que seja o ramo do budismo que tenhamos em mente, é que o estado de nirvana, ao qual todos os budistas aspiram, é como samadhi, um estado não dual. (...) o conceito budista de mente iluminada – bodhichitta – refere-se a um estado além do desejo (dukkha), onde aquele que busca o nirvana alcançou shunyata, o vazio ou o vazio descrito nas páginas 58–9."</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">John J. Makransky (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DI4qmkptncxQC">Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet</a>. [S.l.]: State University of New York Press. p. 85. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-7914-3431-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-7914-3431-4">978-0-7914-3431-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=John+J.+Makransky&rft.btitle=Buddhahood+Embodied%3A+Sources+of+Controversy+in+India+and+Tibet&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3431-4&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI4qmkptncxQC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201054-64"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201054_64-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCollins2010">Collins 2010</a>, p. 54.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925–9,_227–235,_Citação:_"Nirvana_Upanishad..."-65"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925%E2%80%939,_227%E2%80%93235,_Cita%C3%A7%C3%A3o:_%22Nirvana_Upanishad...%22_65-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 5–9, 227–235, Citação: "Nirvana Upanishad...".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler201248–49-66">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248%E2%80%9349_66-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler201248%E2%80%9349_66-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFowler2012">Fowler 2012</a>, pp. 48–49.</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/atman">«Atman (no Oxford Dictionaries)»</a>. Oxford University Press. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230210157/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/atman">Cópia arquivada em 2014</a>. <q>Citação: 1. verdadeiro eu do indivíduo; 2. a alma de uma pessoa</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=Atman+%28no+Oxford+Dictionaries%29&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fatman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. [S.l.]: Infobase. p. 51. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8160-7564-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8160-7564-5">978-0-8160-7564-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOgMmceadQ3gC">Cópia arquivada em 2022</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Infobase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ; Citação: O atman é o eu ou a alma.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">David Lorenzen (2004). Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene, eds. The Hindu World. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 208–209. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781134608751?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9781134608751">9781134608751</a>. <q>Movimentos advaita e nirguni, por outro lado, enfatizam um misticismo interior no qual o devoto busca descobrir a identidade da alma individual (atman) com o solo universal do ser (brahman) ou encontrar Deus dentro de si mesmo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=David+Lorenzen&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+World&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781134608751&rft.pages=208-209&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5sourcesanatta-70"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5sourcesanatta_70-0">↑</a> [a] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042635/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Arquivado em</a> 22 janeiro 2021 no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Citação: "Anatta no Budismo, a doutrina de que não há nos seres humanos uma alma permanente, subjacente. O conceito de anatta, ou anatman, é uma ruptura com a crença hindu no atman ("o eu")."; [b] Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editores: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0791422175?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0791422175">978-0791422175</a>, página 64; "Central para a soteriologia budista é a doutrina do não-eu (Pali: anattā, Sânscrito: anātman, a doutrina oposta do ātman é central no pensamento brahmânico). Em resumo, esta é a [budista] doutrina de que os seres humanos não têm alma, não têm eu, não têm essência imutável."; [c] John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-8120801585?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-8120801585">978-8120801585</a>, página 63, Citação: "As escolas budistas rejeitam qualquer conceito de Ātman. Como já observamos, esta é a distinção básica e inerradicável entre o Hinduísmo e o Budismo"; [d] Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206211126/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Arquivado em</a> 6 fevereiro 2015 no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philosophy Now; [e] David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, páginas 65–74</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> [a] <cite class="citation book">Christmas Humphreys (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DV3rYtmCZEIEC">Exploring Buddhism</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 42–43. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-136-22877-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-136-22877-3">978-1-136-22877-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DV3rYtmCZEIEC">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Christmas+Humphreys&rft.btitle=Exploring+Buddhism&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22877-3&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3rYtmCZEIEC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  [b] <cite class="citation book">Richard Gombrich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjZyJAgAAQBAJ">Theravada Buddhism</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 47. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-134-90352-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-134-90352-8">978-1-134-90352-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703145618/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjZyJAgAAQBAJ">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a>. <q>Ensinamento do Buda de que os seres não têm alma, não têm essência duradoura. Esta 'doutrina do não-eu' (anatta-vada) ele expôs em seu segundo sermão.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90352-8&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZyJAgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ,</li> <li id="cite_note-mmw-72">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mmw_72-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mmw_72-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0800/mw__0853.html">मुच</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227230613/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0800/mw__0853.html">Arquivado em</a> 27 dezembro 2019 no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Alemanha (2008)</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Heinrich Robert Zimmer (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbRQ5fpTmwoAC%26pg%3DPA41">Philosophies of India</a>. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. p. 41. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-691-01758-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-691-01758-1">0-691-01758-1</a>. <q>Moksa, da raiz muc, "soltar, libertar, deixar ir, liberar, livrar" [...] significa "libertação, fuga, liberdade, liberação, resgate, emancipação final da alma."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Heinrich+Robert+Zimmer&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.date=1951&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRQ5fpTmwoAC%26pg%3DPA41&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Chad Meister (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpOCT3qFirJMC">Introducing Philosophy of Religion</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 25. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-134-14179-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-134-14179-1">978-1-134-14179-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Chad+Meister&rft.btitle=Introducing+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-134-14179-1&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOCT3qFirJMC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Christopher Key Chapple, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCOuy5CDAqt4C">The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition</a>. Traduzido por Winthrop Sargeant. [S.l.]: State University of New York Press. pp. 157, 266–268. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4384-2840-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4384-2840-6">978-1-4384-2840-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075137/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCOuy5CDAqt4C">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+Twenty-fifth%93Anniversary+Edition&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2840-6&rft.pages=157%2C+266-268&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOuy5CDAqt4C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaswaran2007268-76"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaswaran2007268_76-0">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFEaswaran2007">Easwaran 2007</a>, p. 268.</li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Mahatma Gandhi (2009). John Strohmeier, ed. The Bhagavad Gita – According to Gandhi. [S.l.]: North Atlantic Books. p. 34. <q>O nirvana dos budistas é shunyata, o vazio, mas o nirvana do Gita significa paz e é por isso que é descrito como brahma-nirvana [união com Brahman]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita+%93+According+to+Gandhi&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Jaini, Padmanabh (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/81-208-1691-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/81-208-1691-9">81-208-1691-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Jaina+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=81-208-1691-9&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> : "Moksa e Nirvana são sinônimos no Jainismo". p. 168</li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> Michael Carrithers, Caroline Humphrey (1991) The Assembly of listeners: Jains in society Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0521365058?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0521365058">0521365058</a>: "Nirvana: Um sinônimo de libertação, liberação, moksa." p. 297</li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobi_1895-80"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jacobi_1895_80-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Jacobi, Hermann; Ed. F. Max Müller (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm">Uttaradhyayana Sutra, Jain Sutras Part II, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 45</a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704214930/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm">Cópia arquivada em 2009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Ed.+F.+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.btitle=Uttaradhyayana+Sutra%2C+Jain+Sutras+Part+II%2C+Sacred+Books+of+the+East%2C+Vol.+45&rft.date=1895&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe45%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC">The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. [S.l.]: Sussex Academic Press. p. 68. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-898723-13-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 219–220. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4411-5366-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4411-5366-1">978-1-4411-5366-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singha2000p148-84">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Singha2000p148_84-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Singha2000p148_84-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">H. S. Singha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26pg%3DPA148">The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</a>. [S.l.]: Hemkunt Press. p. 148. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-81-7010-301-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-81-7010-301-1">978-81-7010-301-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=H.+S.+Singha&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26pg%3DPA148&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">W. H. McLeod (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA134">The A to Z of Sikhism</a>. [S.l.]: Scarecrow. pp. 134–. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8108-6344-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8108-6344-6">978-0-8108-6344-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA134&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-834-82414-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-834-82414-0">978-0-834-82414-0</a> page 669</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliografia_citada">Bibliografia citada</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia citada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <ul> <li><cite class="citation book">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-4008-4805-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-4008-4805-8">978-1-4008-4805-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Collins, Steven (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8sLMkNn26-gC">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-521-39726-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-521-39726-1">978-0-521-39726-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Collins, Steven (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZ2go_y5KYyoC">Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities</a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-521-57054-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-521-57054-1">978-0-521-57054-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060830/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZ2go_y5KYyoC">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.btitle=Nirvana+and+Other+Buddhist+Felicities&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57054-1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2go_y5KYyoC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Collins, Steven (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dd5pshUYiUVwC">Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative</a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-521-88198-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-521-88198-2">978-0-521-88198-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.btitle=Nirvana%3A+Concept%2C+Imagery%2C+Narrative&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88198-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5pshUYiUVwC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dbj8HX6sWhYAC">World History: To 1800</a>. [S.l.]: Wadsworth. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780495050537?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780495050537">9780495050537</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Spielvogel%2C+Jackson+J.&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+To+1800&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780495050537&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbj8HX6sWhYAC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Easwaran, Eknath (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbcnJAAAAQBAJ">The Bhagavad Gita:(Classics of Indian Spirituality)</a>. [S.l.]: Nilgiri Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781586380199?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9781586380199">9781586380199</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192828/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbcnJAAAAQBAJ">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Eknath&rft.aulast=Easwaran&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A%28Classics+of+Indian+Spirituality%29&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781586380199&rft.pub=Nilgiri+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcnJAAAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Frazier, Jessica (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNv_a5cMEwngC">The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies</a>. [S.l.]: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8264-9966-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8264-9966-0">978-0-8264-9966-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Companion+to+Hindu+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNv_a5cMEwngC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzU4E5ZidVr0C%26q%3DThe%2520Bhagavad%2520Gita%253A%2520A%2520Text%2520and%2520Commentary%2520for%2520Students%26pg%3DPP1">The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students</a>. [S.l.]: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781845193461?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9781845193461">9781845193461</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+A+Text+and+Commentary+for+Students&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781845193461&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzU4E5ZidVr0C%26q%3DThe%2520Bhagavad%2520Gita%253A%2520A%2520Text%2520and%2520Commentary%2520for%2520Students%26pg%3DPP1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_inativa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Ligação inativa">[ligação inativa]</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gombrich, Richard F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhQOAAgAAQBAJ">How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings</a>. [S.l.]: Routledge. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-134-19639-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-134-19639-5">978-1-134-19639-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053959/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhQOAAgAAQBAJ">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.btitle=How+Buddhism+Began%3A+The+Conditioned+Genesis+of+the+Early+Teachings&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-134-19639-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQOAAgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Keown, Damien (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D985a1M7L1NcC">A Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-19-157917-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-19-157917-2">978-0-19-157917-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157917-2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D985a1M7L1NcC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Nyanatiloka, Mahathera (1980). Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Terms And Doctrines 4th ed. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Mahathera&rft.aulast=Nyanatiloka&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Dictionary%3A+Manual+of+Terms+And+Doctrines&rft.date=1980&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Kandy%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Olivelle, Patrick (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfB8uneM7q1cC%26q%3DThe%2520Samnyasa%2520Upanisads%253A%2520Hindu%2520Scriptures%2520on%2520Asceticism%2520and%2520Renunciation%26pg%3DPP1">The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation</a>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780195361377?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780195361377">9780195361377</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads%3A+Hindu+Scriptures+on+Asceticism+and+Renunciation&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780195361377&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfB8uneM7q1cC%26q%3DThe%2520Samnyasa%2520Upanisads%253A%2520Hindu%2520Scriptures%2520on%2520Asceticism%2520and%2520Renunciation%26pg%3DPP1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pruthi, R. K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKxndvJs3wUkC">Sikhism And Indian Civilization</a>. [S.l.]: Discovery Publishing House. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9788171418794?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9788171418794">9788171418794</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.btitle=Sikhism+And+Indian+Civilization&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9788171418794&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxndvJs3wUkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Trainor, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_PrloTKuAjwC">Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide</a>. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-19-517398-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-19-517398-7">978-0-19-517398-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060833/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_PrloTKuAjwC">Cópia arquivada em 2023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.aulast=Trainor&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517398-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PrloTKuAjwC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Leituras_adicionais">Leituras adicionais</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Leituras adicionais" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><cite class="citation book">Brahm, Ajahn (2006). Mindfulness, Bliss, and Beyond: A Meditator's Handbook. [S.l.]: Wisdom Publications. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-86171-275-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-86171-275-5">978-0-86171-275-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.aufirst=Ajahn&rft.aulast=Brahm&rft.btitle=Mindfulness%2C+Bliss%2C+and+Beyond%3A+A+Meditator%27s+Handbook&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-275-5&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kawamura (1981). Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism. [S.l.]: Wilfrid Laurier University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Kawamura&rft.btitle=Bodhisattva+Doctrine+in+Buddhism&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Livros" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">Falta ISBN</a>]</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Lindtner, Christian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/BackCopiesOfBuddhistStudiesReview">«Problems of Pre-Canonical Buddhism»</a>. Buddhist Studies Review. 14 (2): 109–139. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1558%252Fbsrv.v14i2.14851">10.1558/bsrv.v14i2.14851</a> <noscript> <img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Acessível livremente" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Pre-Canonical+Buddhism&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.aulast=Lindtner&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Buddhist+Studies+Review&rft.pages=109-139&rft.volume=14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBackCopiesOfBuddhistStudiesReview&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fbsrv.v14i2.14851&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). Buddhist Thought. [S.l.]: Routledge. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-415-20701-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-415-20701-0">978-0-415-20701-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ANirvana&rft.au=Tribe%2C+Anthony&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20701-0&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Ligações_externas">Ligações externas</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/22px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/22px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikiquote" data-width="22" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/33px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/44px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <figcaption> Wikiquote </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;"> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikiquote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> possui citações de ou sobre: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nirvana" class="extiw" title="q:Nirvana">Nirvana</a> </div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 250px; padding: 5px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikcionário" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 38px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikcionário" data-width="40" data-height="38" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <figcaption> Wikcionário </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;"> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikcion%C3%A1rio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikcionário">Wikcionário</a> tem o verbete <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/Especial:Pesquisar/nirvana" class="extiw" title="wikt:Especial:Pesquisar/nirvana">nirvana</a>. </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724060138/http://seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf">Nibbana-The Mind Stilled Vol. I : Sermons on Nibbana</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nirvanasutranet.com/">Tradução para o inglês do Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306145411/https://nirvanasutranet.com/">Arquivado em</a> 6 março 2023 no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> </ul> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"> <li style="display: inline;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Lotus-buddha.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal do budismo"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/25px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="74"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/25px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/38px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/50px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Budismo">Portal do budismo</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Línguas</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7" title="نرفانا — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نرفانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7" title="نيرفانا — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيرفانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нірвана — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нірвана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нирвана — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нирвана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%258F" title="နိဗ္ဗာန်ႏ — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နိဗ္ဗာန်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A3" title="নির্বাণ — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্বাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%25A4%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2594%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="བདེ་བར་གཤེགས་པའི་གནས། — tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བདེ་བར་གཤེགས་པའི་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(relijion)" title="Nirvana (relijion) — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nirvana (relijion)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7" title="نیرڤانا — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیرڤانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirv%25C3%25A1na" title="Nirvána — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nirvána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirfana" title="Nirfana — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nirfana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259D%25CE%25B9%25CF%2581%25CE%25B2%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1" title="Νιρβάνα — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιρβάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvano" title="Nirvano — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nirvano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(espiritualidad)" title="Nirvana (espiritualidad) — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nirvana (espiritualidad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvaana" title="Nirvaana — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nirvaana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7" title="نیروانا — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(monde_indien)" title="Nirvana (monde indien) — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nirvana (monde indien)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(trassendence)" title="Nirvana (trassendence) — friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nirvana (trassendence)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirbhe%25C3%25A1na" title="Nirbheána — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nirbheána" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B5%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25A3" title="નિર્વાણ — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિર્વાણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594" title="נירוואנה — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נירוואנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="निर्वाण — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वाण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirv%25C3%25A1na" title="Nirvána — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nirvána" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2586%25D5%25AB%25D6%2580%25D5%25BE%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1" title="Նիրվանա — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիրվանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(b%25C3%25BAddismi)" title="Nirvana (búddismi) — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nirvana (búddismi)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B6%2585%25E6%25A7%2583" title="涅槃 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="涅槃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="ნირვანა — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნირვანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нирвана — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нирвана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2596%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259F%2587%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2596%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259C%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2593" title="ព្រះនិព្វាន — khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះនិព្វាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25A3" title="ನಿರ್ವಾಣ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರ್ವಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2597%25B4%25EB%25B0%2598" title="열반 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нирвана — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нирвана" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirv%25C4%2581%25E1%25B9%2587a" title="Nirvāṇa — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nirvāṇa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirv%25C4%2581na" title="Nirvāna — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nirvāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нирвана — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нирвана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="निर्वाण — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निर्वाण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA" title="နိဗ္ဗာန် — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိဗ္ဗာန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="निर्वाण — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निर्वाण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="निर्वाण — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निर्वाण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(bodisme)" title="Nirvana (bodisme) — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nirvana (bodisme)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A3" title="ਨਿਰਵਾਣ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਰਵਾਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nirwana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="نروان — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نروان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нирвана — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нирвана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25AB" title="නිර්වාණ — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිර්වාණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirv%25C3%25A1na" title="Nirvána — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nirvána" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нирвана — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нирвана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599" title="นิพพาน — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิพพาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нірвана — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нірвана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="نروان — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نروان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nirvana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%25E1%25BA%25BFt-b%25C3%25A0n" title="Niết-bàn — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Niết-bàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(relihiyon)" title="Nirvana (relihiyon) — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nirvana (relihiyon)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B6%2585%25E6%25A7%2583" title="涅槃 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="涅槃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B6%2585%25E6%25A7%2583" title="涅槃 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="涅槃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%25A2%258C%25BD" title="𢌽 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="𢌽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 00h37min de 25 de setembro de 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Conteúdo disponibilizado nos termos da <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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