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<i><b>tondenhei</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="ja:屯田兵">屯田兵</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Soldiers stationed in the fields,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally "field-encampment soldiers"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> were <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonists</a> recruited after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> to develop and defend <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s northern frontier in <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> against foreign states, particularly <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>. (The term <a href="/wiki/Tonden" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonden">tonden</a> comes from ancient China, where colonist militias were also employed to defend imperial frontiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodansha_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodansha-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The first recruits in Japan were former <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> whose feudal lords had opposed the Meiji forces and whose domains were therefore abolished, leaving them without gainful employment. Later recruits included <a href="/wiki/Commoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Commoners">commoners</a> as well as samurai.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cultural_references"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tondenhei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg/220px-Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg/220px-Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg/330px-Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg/440px-Osamunai_Tondem_Heioku.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A tondenhei residence in Sapporo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> had encouraged Japanese to settle in Hokkaidō, especially after <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty port">treaty port</a> open to foreigners under the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> between Japan and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. After defeating the Tokugawa, the Meiji government created the <a href="/wiki/Kaitakushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaitakushi">Kaitakushi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%8B%93%E4%BD%BF" class="extiw" title="ja:開拓使">開拓使</a></span></span>)</span> (Colonization Office) for Hokkaidō. The Kaitakushi recruited many foreign advisors (<i><a href="/wiki/Oyatoi_gaikokujin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyatoi gaikokujin">oyatoi gaikokujin</a></i>) to help modernize the economy and in 1874 began recruiting ex-samurai to populate and defend the northern islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, the first group of almost 200 ex-samurai and their families arrived in Hokkaidō and settled in the Kotoni district of <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>. Within two years, more than 2,000 <i>tondenhei</i> families had arrived in Hokkaidō. <i>Tondenhei</i> villages usually held between 150 and 220 families. Most of the villages were on the western side of the island, in <a href="/wiki/Ishikari_River" title="Ishikari River">Ishikari River</a> valley near Sapporo and <a href="/wiki/Takikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Takikawa">Takikawa</a>, and in the fertile <a href="/wiki/Kamikawa_Subprefecture" title="Kamikawa Subprefecture">Kamikawa Basin</a> upstream from <a href="/wiki/Asahikawa" title="Asahikawa">Asahikawa</a>. But there were also military colonies near strategic ports in the south and east, such as <a href="/wiki/Muroran" title="Muroran">Muroran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkeshi">Akkeshi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nemuro,_Hokkaido" title="Nemuro, Hokkaido">Nemuro</a>. In all, over 7,000 <i>tondenhei</i> families helped found about 40 villages on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government furnished each soldier with a cold-weather uniform and each household with eight acres of land and a house with a Russian stove in it. All male settlers between 18 and 35 were assigned to regiments. As ex-samurai, they often had swords in addition to their military-issue firearms. They would farm during the summers and perform most of their military duties during the winter. Many samurai were unused to farming, especially raising such northern crops as beans and potatoes, but families worked together to adapt to the harsh climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Ethnology,_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin,_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Elaborate interior entirely lined in thatch and matting, with central hearth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg/150px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg/150px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg" data-alt="Elaborate interior entirely lined in thatch and matting, with central hearth" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg/225px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg/300px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Interior_of_the_house_of_Ainu_-_Saru_River_basin%2C_Hokkaid%C3%B4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reconstruction <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> house</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Vertical walls with a framework of round poles covered in thatch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png/150px-Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="910"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png/150px-Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png" data-alt="Vertical walls with a framework of round poles covered in thatch" data-width="150" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png/225px-Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png/300px-Sankebetsu_oldhouse01.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reconstruction settler's house, 1915</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the Kaitakushi was abolished in 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> assumed control of the units.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodansha_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodansha-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903 they incorporated them into the famous <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="7th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">7th Division</a> ("Bear Division"), which distinguished itself in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nomonhan_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomonhan Incident">Nomonhan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_border" title="China–Mongolia border">China–Mongolia border</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tondenhei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In the manga <i><a href="/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin" title="Rurouni Kenshin">Rurouni Kenshin</a></i>, a minor villain named Fuji cuts a deal with the Meiji government and agrees to become a <i>tondenhei</i> instead of facing trial. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tondenhei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kondei" title="Kondei">Kondei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgitai" title="Shōgitai">Shōgitai</a>, source of a number of early tondenhei</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_occupations" title="List of obsolete occupations">List of obsolete occupations</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tondenhei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM._Mason2012" class="citation book cs1">M. Mason (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh_nKKTJ00wC&q=tondenhei+literally&pg=PA34"><i>Dominant Narratives of Colonial Hokkaido and Imperial Japan: Envisioning the Periphery and the Modern Nation-State</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137289759" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137289759"><bdi>978-1137289759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominant+Narratives+of+Colonial+Hokkaido+and+Imperial+Japan%3A+Envisioning+the+Periphery+and+the+Modern+Nation-State&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1137289759&rft.au=M.+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHh_nKKTJ00wC%26q%3Dtondenhei%2Bliterally%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondenhei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodansha-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodansha_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodansha_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kodanshaencyclop0000koda/page/74"><i>Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 8</i></a>. Kodansha. 1983. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kodanshaencyclop0000koda/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870116285" title="Special:BookSources/9780870116285"><bdi>9780870116285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodansha+Encyclopedia+of+Japan%2C+vol.+8&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780870116285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkodanshaencyclop0000koda%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondenhei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrish,_Ann_B2009" class="citation book cs1">Irish, Ann B (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9EBuQK-NRQC&pg=PA120"><i>Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. pp. 119 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-44449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-44449-6"><bdi>978-0-786-44449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hokkaido%3A+A+History+of+Ethnic+Transition+and+Development+on+Japan%27s+Northern+Island&rft.pages=119+ff&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-786-44449-6&rft.au=Irish%2C+Ann+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-9EBuQK-NRQC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondenhei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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