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id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultrasonography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ultrasonography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_workup_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_workup_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other workup methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_workup_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prevalence_of_medical_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_of_medical_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Prevalence of medical diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_of_medical_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focused_shockwave_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focused_shockwave_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Focused shockwave therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focused_shockwave_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testosterone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testosterone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Testosterone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testosterone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vibrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Vibrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Alternative medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lexicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erectile dysfunction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektiele_disfunksie" title="Erektiele disfunksie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Erektiele disfunksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektile_Dysfunktion" title="Erektile Dysfunktion – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erektile Dysfunktion" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="عنانة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektil_disfunksiya" title="Erektil disfunksiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erektil disfunksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86" title="اِرکتیل دیسفئنکشن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اِرکتیل دیسفئنکشن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="লিঙ্গ উত্থান ত্রুটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিঙ্গ উত্থান ত্রুটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfunci%C3%B3_er%C3%A8ctil" title="Disfunció erèctil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disfunció erèctil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektiln%C3%AD_dysfunkce" title="Erektilní dysfunkce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erektilní dysfunkce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektile_Dysfunktion" title="Erektile Dysfunktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erektile Dysfunktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Στυτική δυσλειτουργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στυτική δυσλειτουργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2%C5%82_dla_lum%C3%A0ga" title="Mâł dla lumàga – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mâł dla lumàga" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfunci%C3%B3n_er%C3%A9ctil" title="Disfunción eréctil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disfunción eréctil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutitzearen_disfuntzio" title="Zutitzearen disfuntzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zutitzearen disfuntzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B8" title="اختلال نعوظ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختلال نعوظ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfonction_%C3%A9rectile" title="Dysfonction érectile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dysfonction érectile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADfheidhmi%C3%BA_ard%C3%BAch%C3%A1in" title="Mífheidhmiú ardúcháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mífheidhmiú ardúcháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%84" title="발기부전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발기부전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էրեկտիլ դիսֆունկցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրեկտիլ դիսֆունկցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="स्तंभन दोष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तंभन दोष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfungsi_ereksi" title="Disfungsi ereksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disfungsi ereksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukungavuki_kwepipi" title="Ukungavuki kwepipi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukungavuki kwepipi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfunzione_erettile" title="Disfunzione erettile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disfunzione erettile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אין-אונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אין-אונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ನಪುಂಸಕತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಪುಂಸಕತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იმპოტენცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იმპოტენცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektil%C4%81_disfunkcija" title="Erektilā disfunkcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erektilā disfunkcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erekcijos_disfunkcija" title="Erekcijos disfunkcija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erekcijos disfunkcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉദ്ധാരണശേഷിക്കുറവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉദ്ധാരണശേഷിക്കുറവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89" title="الضعف الجنسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الضعف الجنسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemah_tenaga_batin" title="Lemah tenaga batin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lemah tenaga batin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%B5%B7%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%A8" title="勃起不全 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="勃起不全" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektil_dysfunksjon" title="Erektil dysfunksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erektil dysfunksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ପୌରୁଷ ଅସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୌରୁଷ ଅସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="د نعوظ اختلال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نعوظ اختلال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaburzenia_erekcji" title="Zaburzenia erekcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaburzenia erekcji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_er%C3%A9til" title="Disfunção erétil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Disfunção erétil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эректильная дисфункция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эректильная дисфункция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erectile dysfunction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ලිංගික අප්‍රාණිකත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිංගික අප්‍රාණිකත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_disfunction" title="Erectile disfunction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erectile disfunction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="نامردي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نامردي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektilna_disfunkcija" title="Erektilna disfunkcija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erektilna disfunkcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacsi_la%27aanta" title="Kacsi la'aanta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kacsi la'aanta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erektioh%C3%A4iri%C3%B6" title="Erektiohäiriö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erektiohäiriö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="விறைக்க முடியாமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விறைக்க முடியாமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="నపుంసకత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నపుంసకత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8" title="ภาวะหย่อนสมรรถภาพทางเพศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะหย่อนสมรรถภาพทางเพศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Сусткамарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сусткамарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertle%C5%9Fme_bozuklu%C4%9Fu" title="Sertleşme bozukluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sertleşme bozukluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еректильна дисфункція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еректильна дисфункція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مردانہ کمزوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مردانہ کمزوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viznyoj" title="Viznyoj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Viznyoj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%91i_lo%E1%BA%A1n_c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Rối loạn cường dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rối loạn cường dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%B5%B7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="勃起功能障碍 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="勃起功能障碍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="ערעקטייל דיספאנקשען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערעקטייל דיספאנקשען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E7%97%BF" title="陽痿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="陽痿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%B5%B7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="勃起功能障碍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勃起功能障碍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184674#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Erectile dysfunction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Impotence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">sexual medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">andrology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Inability to gain or maintain an <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Low <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels,<sup id="cite_ref-Gokce_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokce-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ed-biotapublishing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed-biotapublishing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> certain <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neurogenic disorders<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-booksexualdisfunction_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksexualdisfunction-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ed-biotapublishing_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed-biotapublishing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-health.am_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health.am-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-health.am_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health.am-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gokce_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokce-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> diet,<sup id="cite_ref-dietcauseerectiledysfunction_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dietcauseerectiledysfunction-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erectandheartdisease_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erectandheartdisease-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kidney disease<sup id="cite_ref-Papa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Depends if psychological or physiological; absence of involuntary erections suggests physiological<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">Hypogonadism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">prolactinoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Adequate <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a><sup id="cite_ref-EuroGuideline_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroGuideline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penis_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Penis pump">Penis pump</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lecturioerect_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecturioerect-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Counseling">counseling</a> (psychological treatment)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">Sildenafil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadalafil" title="Tadalafil">Tadalafil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vardenafil" title="Vardenafil">Vardenafil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vardi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vardi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Erectile dysfunction</b> (<b>ED</b>), also referred to as <b>impotence</b>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> in males characterized by the persistent or recurring inability to achieve or maintain a <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penile</a> <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a> with sufficient rigidity and duration for satisfactory <a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity">sexual activity</a>. It is the most common sexual problem in males and can cause <a href="/wiki/Psychological_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological distress">psychological distress</a> due to its impact on <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> and sexual relationships. </p><p>The majority of ED cases are attributed to physical risk factors and predictive factors. These factors can be categorized as vascular, neurological, local penile, hormonal, and drug-induced. Notable predictors of ED include aging, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, obesity, <a href="/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">abnormal lipid levels in the blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a>, smoking, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse drug reactions">medication use</a>. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to psychosocial factors, encompassing conditions like depression, stress, and problems within relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>erectile dysfunction</i> does not encompass other erection-related disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">priapism</a>. </p><p>Treatment of ED encompasses addressing the underlying causes, lifestyle modification, and addressing psychosocial issues.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many instances, medication-based therapies are used, specifically <a href="/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor" title="PDE5 inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitors</a> like <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vardi_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vardi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These drugs function by dilating blood vessels, facilitating increased blood flow into the spongy tissue of the penis, analogous to opening a valve wider to enhance water flow in a fire hose. Less frequently employed treatments encompass <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> pellets inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>, the injection of smooth-muscle relaxants and vasodilators directly into the penis, <a href="/wiki/Penile_implant" title="Penile implant">penile implants</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Penis_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Penis pump">penis pumps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">vascular surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15947645_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15947645-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ED is reported in 18% of males aged 50 to 59 years, and 37% in males aged 70 to 75.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <p>ED is characterized by the persistent or recurring inability to achieve or maintain an <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> with sufficient rigidity and duration for satisfactory <a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity">sexual activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is defined as the "persistent or recurrent inability to achieve and maintain a penile erection of sufficient rigidity to permit satisfactory sexual activity for at least 3 months."<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_impact">Psychological impact</h3></div> <p>ED often has an impact on the emotional well-being of both males and their partners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many males do not seek treatment due to feelings of embarrassment. About 75% of diagnosed cases of ED go untreated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <p>Causes of or contributors to ED include the following: </p> <ul><li>Diets high in <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> are linked to <a href="/wiki/Heart_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart diseases">heart diseases</a>, and males with heart diseases are more likely to experience ED.<sup id="cite_ref-dietcauseerectiledysfunction_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dietcauseerectiledysfunction-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erectandheartdisease_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erectandheartdisease-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diets</a> show a lower risk for ED.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription drugs">Prescription drugs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRIs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beta_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta blockers">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, <a href="/wiki/Thiazides" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiazides">thiazides</a>, hormone modulators, and <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase inhibitors">5α-reductase inhibitors</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Neurogenic disorders (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">diabetic neuropathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">multiple system atrophy</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-booksexualdisfunction_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksexualdisfunction-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cavernosal disorders (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Peyronie%27s_disease" title="Peyronie's disease">Peyronie's disease</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMN_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperprolactinemia">Hyperprolactinemia</a> (e.g., due to a <a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">prolactinoma</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Psychological causes: <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">performance anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorders</a><sup id="cite_ref-health.am_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health.am-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surgery (e.g., radical <a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">prostatectomy</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-healthcommunities_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healthcommunities-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a>: after age 40 years, ageing itself is a <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factor (epidemiology)">risk factor</a> for ED, although numerous other pathologies that may occur with ageing, such as <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone deficiency">testosterone deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, among others, appear to have interacting effects<sup id="cite_ref-Gokce_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokce-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meldrum_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meldrum-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">Kidney disease</a>: ED and chronic kidney disease have pathological mechanisms in common, including vascular and hormonal dysfunction, and may share other comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus that can contribute to ED<sup id="cite_ref-Papa_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lifestyle habits, particularly <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, which is a key risk factor for ED as it promotes <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">arterial narrowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its propensity for causing <a href="/wiki/Detumescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Detumescence">detumescence</a> and erectile dysfunction, some studies have described <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> as an anaphrodisiacal substance.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>: preliminary research indicates that COVID-19 viral infection may affect sexual and reproductive health.<sup id="cite_ref-Sansone_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sansone-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tian_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tian-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Surgical intervention for a number of conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply.<sup id="cite_ref-healthcommunities_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healthcommunities-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ED is a common complication of treatments for prostate cancer, including <a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">prostatectomy</a> and destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a> by <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="External beam radiation">external beam radiation</a>, although the prostate gland itself is not necessary to achieve an erection. As far as inguinal hernia surgery is concerned, in most cases, and in the absence of postoperative complications, the operative repair can lead to a recovery of the sexual life of people with preoperative sexual dysfunction, while, in most cases, it does not affect people with a preoperative normal sexual life.<sup id="cite_ref-groin-cause_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groin-cause-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ED can also be associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased risk appears to be about 1.7-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns that use of pornography can cause ED<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have little support<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in epidemiological studies, according to a 2015 literature review.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunter_de_Win&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunter de Win (page does not exist)">Gunter de Win</a>, a Belgian professor and sex researcher, "Put simply, respondents who watch 60 minutes a week and think they're addicted were more likely to report sexual dysfunction than those who watch a care-free 160 minutes weekly."<sup id="cite_ref-Boom_2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boom_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_Geysemans_Van_Hal_Glazemakers_p._41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_Geysemans_Van_Hal_Glazemakers_p.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In seemingly rare cases, medications such as SSRIs, <a href="/wiki/Isotretinoin" title="Isotretinoin">isotretinoin</a> (Accutane) and <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a> (Propecia) are reported to induce long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">iatrogenic</a> disorders characterized by sexual dysfunction symptoms, including erectile dysfunction in males; these disorders are known as <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor#Sexual_dysfunction" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">post-SSRI sexual dysfunction</a> (PSSD), post-retinoid sexual dysfunction/post-Accutane syndrome (PRSD/PAS), and <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">post-finasteride syndrome (PFS)</a>. These conditions remain poorly understood and lack effective treatments, although they have been suggested to share a common etiology.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rarely impotence can be caused by <a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">aromatase</a> being active. See <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <p>Penile erection is managed by two mechanisms: the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft, and the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli. The former involves the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter involves the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>. In both cases, an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of the penile shaft by the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> leads to the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (NO), which causes the relaxation of the smooth muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis" title="Corpus cavernosum penis">corpora cavernosa</a> (the main erectile tissue of the penis), and subsequently penile erection. Additionally, adequate levels of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> (produced by the <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>) and an intact <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> are required for the development of a healthy erectile system. As can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-ed-biotapublishing_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed-biotapublishing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">Spinal cord injury</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_after_spinal_cord_injury" title="Sexuality after spinal cord injury">sexual dysfunction</a>, including ED. Restriction of blood flow can arise from impaired <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial</a> function due to the usual causes associated with <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, but can also be caused by <a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">prolonged exposure to bright light</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <p>In many cases, the diagnosis can be made based on the person's history of symptoms. In other cases, a physical examination and <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">laboratory investigations</a> are done to rule out more serious causes such as <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">prolactinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first steps is to distinguish between physiological and psychological ED. Determining whether involuntary erections are present is important in eliminating the possibility of psychogenic causes for ED.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obtaining full erections occasionally, such as <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_penile_tumescence" title="Nocturnal penile tumescence">nocturnal penile tumescence</a> when asleep (that is, when the mind and psychological issues, if any, are less present), tends to suggest that the physical structures are functionally working.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7483128_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7483128-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WebMD_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebMD-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, performance with <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">manual stimulation</a>, as well as any performance anxiety or acute situational ED, may indicate a psychogenic component to ED.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another factor leading to ED is <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, a well known cause of <a href="/wiki/Neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathy">neuropathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ED is also related to generally poor physical health, poor dietary habits, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, and most specifically <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vascular disease">peripheral vascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Screening for cardiovascular risk factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">dyslipidemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, is helpful.<sup id="cite_ref-LMCC_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, the simple search for a previously undetected <a href="/wiki/Groin_hernia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Groin hernia (disambiguation)">groin hernia</a> can prove useful since it can affect sexual functions in males and is relatively easily curable.<sup id="cite_ref-groin-cause_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groin-cause-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases (<a href="/wiki/DSM-IV" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV">DSM-IV</a>) lists ED. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonography">Ultrasonography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultrasonography_of_dilated_penile_sinusoids_during_erection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ultrasonography_of_dilated_penile_sinusoids_during_erection.jpg/220px-Ultrasonography_of_dilated_penile_sinusoids_during_erection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ultrasonography_of_dilated_penile_sinusoids_during_erection.jpg/330px-Ultrasonography_of_dilated_penile_sinusoids_during_erection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ultrasonography_of_dilated_penile_sinusoids_during_erection.jpg/440px-Ultrasonography_of_dilated_penile_sinusoids_during_erection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption>Transverse ultrasound image, ventral view of the penis. Image obtained after induction of an erection, 15 min after injection of prostaglandin E1, showing dilated sinusoids (arrows).<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesSouza2018_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesSouza2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Penile_ultrasonography" title="Penile ultrasonography">Penile ultrasonography</a> with <a href="/wiki/Doppler_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler ultrasound">doppler</a> can be used to examine the erect penis. Most cases of ED of organic causes are related to changes in blood flow in the corpora cavernosa, represented by occlusive artery disease (in which less blood is allowed to enter the penis), most often of atherosclerotic origin, or due to failure of the veno-occlusive mechanism (in which too much blood circulates back out of the penis). Before the Doppler sonogram, the penis should be examined in B mode, in order to identify possible tumors, fibrotic plaques, calcifications, or hematomas, and to evaluate the appearance of the cavernous arteries, which can be tortuous or atheromatous.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesSouza2018_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesSouza2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erection can be induced by injecting 10–20 μg of prostaglandin E1, with evaluations of the arterial flow every five minutes for 25–30 min (see image). The use of prostaglandin E1 is contraindicated in patients with predisposition to priapism (e.g., those with sickle cell anemia), anatomical deformity of the penis, or penile implants. Phentolamine (2 mg) is often added. Visual and tactile stimulation produces better results. Some authors recommend the use of sildenafil by mouth to replace the injectable drugs in cases of contraindications, although the efficacy of such medication is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesSouza2018_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesSouza2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the injection of the chosen drug, the flow pattern is monophasic, with low systolic velocities and an absence of diastolic flow. After injection, systolic and diastolic peak velocities should increase, decreasing progressively with vein occlusion and becoming negative when the penis becomes rigid (see image below). The reference values vary across studies, ranging from > 25 cm/s to > 35 cm/s. Values above 35 cm/s indicate the absence of arterial disease, values below 25 cm/s indicate arterial insufficiency, and values of 25–35 cm/s are indeterminate because they are less specific (see image below). The data obtained should be correlated with the degree of erection observed. If the peak systolic velocities are normal, the final diastolic velocities should be evaluated, those above 5 cm/s being associated with venogenic ED.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesSouza2018_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesSouza2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 381.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 379.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_artery_flow_in_flaccid_and_erected_state.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graphs representing the color Doppler spectrum of the flow pattern of the cavernous arteries during the erection phases. A: Single-phase flow with minimal or absent diastole when the penis is flaccid. B: Increased systolic flow and reverse diastole 25 min after injection of prostaglandin.[45]"><img alt="Graphs representing the color Doppler spectrum of the flow pattern of the cavernous arteries during the erection phases. A: Single-phase flow with minimal or absent diastole when the penis is flaccid. B: Increased systolic flow and reverse diastole 25 min after injection of prostaglandin.[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_artery_flow_in_flaccid_and_erected_state.jpg/569px-Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_artery_flow_in_flaccid_and_erected_state.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_artery_flow_in_flaccid_and_erected_state.jpg/853px-Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_artery_flow_in_flaccid_and_erected_state.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_artery_flow_in_flaccid_and_erected_state.jpg/1137px-Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_artery_flow_in_flaccid_and_erected_state.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graphs representing the color Doppler spectrum of the flow pattern of the cavernous arteries during the erection phases. A: Single-phase flow with minimal or absent diastole when the penis is flaccid. B: Increased systolic flow and reverse diastole 25 min after injection of prostaglandin.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesSouza2018_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesSouza2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_arterial_insufficiency.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longitudinal, ventral ultrasound of the penis, with pulsed mode and color Doppler. Flow of the cavernous arteries at 5, 15, and 25 min after prostaglandin injection (A, B, and C, respectively). The cavernous artery flow remains below the expected levels (at least 25–35 cm/s), which indicates ED due to arterial insufficiency.[45]"><img alt="Longitudinal, ventral ultrasound of the penis, with pulsed mode and color Doppler. Flow of the cavernous arteries at 5, 15, and 25 min after prostaglandin injection (A, B, and C, respectively). The cavernous artery flow remains below the expected levels (at least 25–35 cm/s), which indicates ED due to arterial insufficiency.[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_arterial_insufficiency.jpg/401px-Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_arterial_insufficiency.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_arterial_insufficiency.jpg/601px-Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_arterial_insufficiency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_arterial_insufficiency.jpg/801px-Doppler_ultrasonography_of_cavernous_arterial_insufficiency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Longitudinal, ventral ultrasound of the penis, with pulsed mode and color Doppler. Flow of the cavernous arteries at 5, 15, and 25 min after prostaglandin injection (A, B, and C, respectively). The cavernous artery flow remains below the expected levels (at least 25–35 cm/s), which indicates ED due to arterial insufficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesSouza2018_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesSouza2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_workup_methods">Other workup methods</h3></div> <dl><dt>Penile nerves function</dt> <dd>Tests such as the <a href="/wiki/Bulbocavernosus_reflex" title="Bulbocavernosus reflex">bulbocavernosus reflex</a> test are used to ascertain whether there is enough nerve sensation in the penis. The physician squeezes the glans (head) of the penis, which immediately causes the anus to contract if nerve function is normal. A physician measures the latency between squeeze and contraction by observing the anal sphincter or by feeling it with a gloved finger in the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)</dt> <dd>It is normal for a man to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">rapid eye movement (REM)</a>. Their absence may indicate a problem with nerve function or blood supply in the penis. There are two methods for measuring changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal erection: snap gauge and strain gauge. A significant proportion<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (December 2022)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> of males who have no sexual dysfunction nonetheless do not have regular nocturnal erections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Penile biothesiometry</dt> <dd>This test uses electromagnetic vibration to <a href="/wiki/Biothesiometry" title="Biothesiometry">evaluate sensitivity</a> and nerve function in the glans and shaft of the penis.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Dynamic infusion cavernosometry (DICC)</dt> <dd>Technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure. It gives a measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum during an erection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Corpus cavernosometry</dt> <dd><a href="#Corpus_Cavernosometry">Cavernosography</a> measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum. Saline is infused under pressure into the corpus cavernosum with a butterfly needle, and the flow rate needed to maintain an erection indicates the degree of venous leakage. The leaking veins responsible may be visualized by infusing a mixture of saline and x-ray contrast medium and performing a cavernosogram.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA), the images are acquired digitally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)</dt> <dd>This is similar to <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>. Magnetic resonance angiography uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide detailed images of the blood vessels. The doctor may inject into the patient's bloodstream a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agent</a>, which causes vascular tissues to stand out against other tissues, so that information about blood supply and vascular anomalies is easier to gather.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Erection Hardness Score</dt></dl> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Erection_Hardness_Score" title="Erection Hardness Score">Erection Hardness Score</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erection_Hardness_Score&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Erection_Hardness_Score" title="Erection Hardness Score">Erection Hardness Score</a> (EHS) is a single-item <a href="/wiki/Likert_scale" title="Likert scale">Likert scale</a> used to assess the subjective hardness of the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> as reported by the patient. It ranges from 0 (indicating the penis does not enlarge) to 4 (indicating the penis is completely hard and fully rigid). Developed in 1998, the EHS is widely used in clinical trials and is recognized for its ease of administration and strong association with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_function" title="Sexual function">sexual function</a> outcomes. It has been validated across various causes of erectile dysfunction and in patients treated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5), showing robust psychometric properties and responsiveness to treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Erection_Hardness_Score_:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erection_Hardness_Score_:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18971230_Male_sexual_dysfunction_ads_-_The_Helena_Weekly_Independent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/18971230_Male_sexual_dysfunction_ads_-_The_Helena_Weekly_Independent.jpg/330px-18971230_Male_sexual_dysfunction_ads_-_The_Helena_Weekly_Independent.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/18971230_Male_sexual_dysfunction_ads_-_The_Helena_Weekly_Independent.jpg/495px-18971230_Male_sexual_dysfunction_ads_-_The_Helena_Weekly_Independent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/18971230_Male_sexual_dysfunction_ads_-_The_Helena_Weekly_Independent.jpg/660px-18971230_Male_sexual_dysfunction_ads_-_The_Helena_Weekly_Independent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> One ad from 1897 claims to restore "perfect manhood. Failure is impossible with our method".<sup id="cite_ref-1897ads_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1897ads-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another "will quickly cure you of all nervous or diseases of the generative organs, such as Lost Manhood, Insomnia, Pains in the Back, Seminal Emissions, Nervous Debility, Pimples, Unfitness to Marry, Exhausting Drains, Varicocele and Constipation".<sup id="cite_ref-1897ads_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1897ads-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Federal Trade Commission warns that "phony cures" exist even today.<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_PhonyCures_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC_PhonyCures-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Treatment depends on the underlying cause. In general, <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a>, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic</a> type, is effective for preventing ED during midlife.<sup id="cite_ref-EuroGuideline_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroGuideline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counseling can be used if the underlying cause is psychological, including how to lower stress or anxiety related to sex.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medications by mouth and vacuum erection devices are first-line treatments,<sup id="cite_ref-EuroGuideline_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroGuideline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20, 24">: 20, 24 </span></sup> followed by injections of drugs into the penis, as well as penile implants.<sup id="cite_ref-EuroGuideline_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroGuideline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–26">: 25–26 </span></sup> Vascular reconstructive surgeries are beneficial in certain groups.<sup id="cite_ref-elsevier.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsevier.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatments, other than surgery, do not fix the underlying physiological problem, but are used as needed before sex.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor" title="PDE5 inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitors</a> <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a> (Viagra), <a href="/wiki/Vardenafil" title="Vardenafil">vardenafil</a> (Levitra) and <a href="/wiki/Tadalafil" title="Tadalafil">tadalafil</a> (Cialis) are prescription drugs which are taken by mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-EuroGuideline_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroGuideline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> As of 2018, sildenafil is available in the UK without a prescription.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a cream combining <a href="/wiki/Alprostadil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alprostadil">alprostadil</a> with the permeation enhancer <a href="/wiki/DDAIP" title="DDAIP">DDAIP</a> has been approved in Canada as a <a href="/wiki/First-line_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="First-line treatment">first line treatment</a> for ED.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penile injections, on the other hand, can involve one of the following medications: <a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">phentolamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">prostaglandin E1</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Alprostadil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alprostadil">alprostadil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EuroGuideline_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroGuideline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to injections, there is an alprostadil <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">suppository</a> that can be inserted into the urethra. Once inserted, an erection can begin within 10 minutes and last up to an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medications to treat ED may cause a side effect called <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">priapism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevalence_of_medical_diagnosis">Prevalence of medical diagnosis</h4></div> <p>In a study published in 2016, based on US health insurance claims data, out of 19,833,939 US males aged ≥18 years, only 1,108,842 (5.6%), were medically diagnosed with erectile dysfunction or on a PDE5I prescription (<i>μ</i> age 55.2 years, <i>σ</i> 11.2 years). Prevalence of diagnosis or prescription was the highest for age group 60–69 at 11.5%, lowest for age group 18–29 at 0.4%, and 2.1% for 30–39, 5.7% for 40–49, 10% for 50–59, 11% for 70–79, 4.6% for 80–89, 0.9% for ≥90, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-US_study_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_study-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focused_shockwave_therapy">Focused shockwave therapy</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_shockwave_therapy" title="Extracorporeal shockwave therapy">Focused shockwave therapy</a> involves passing short, high frequency acoustic pulses through the skin and into the penis. These waves break down any plaques within the blood vessels, encourage the formation of new vessels, and stimulate repair and tissue regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Focused shockwave therapy appears to work best for males with vasculogenic ED, which is a blood vessel disorder that affects blood flow to tissue in the penis. The treatment is painless and has no known side effects. Treatment with shockwave therapy can lead to a significant improvement of the IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testosterone">Testosterone</h3></div> <p>Men with low levels of testosterone can experience ED. Taking testosterone may help maintain an erection.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males with <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> are twice as likely to have lower levels of testosterone, and are three times more likely to experience ED than non-diabetic men.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pumps">Pumps</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penis_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Penis pump">penis pump</a></div> <p>A vacuum erection device helps draw blood into the penis by applying negative pressure. This type of device is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Penis_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Penis pump">penis pump</a> and may be used just prior to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>. Several types of FDA approved vacuum therapy devices are available under prescription. When pharmacological methods fail, a purpose-designed external vacuum pump can be used to attain erection, with a separate compression ring fitted to the base of the penis to maintain it. These pumps should be distinguished from other <a href="/wiki/Penis_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Penis pump">penis pumps</a> (supplied without compression rings) which, rather than being used for temporary treatment of impotence, are claimed to increase penis length if used frequently, or vibrate as an aid to <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>. More drastically, inflatable or rigid penile implants may be fitted surgically.<sup id="cite_ref-lecturioerect_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecturioerect-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vibrators">Vibrators</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vibrator_(sex_toy)" title="Vibrator (sex toy)">Vibrator (sex toy)</a></div> <p>The vibrator was invented in the late 19th century as a medical instrument for pain relief and the treatment of various ailments. Sometimes described as a massager, the vibrator is used on the body to produce <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">sexual stimulation</a>. Several clinical studies have found vibrators to be an effective solution for Erectile Dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of FDA registered vibrators for erectile dysfunction include <a href="/wiki/MysteryVibe" title="MysteryVibe">MysteryVibe</a>'s Tenuto<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Reflexonic's Viberect.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penile_implant" title="Penile implant">Penile implant</a></div> <p>Often, as a last resort, if other treatments have failed, the most common procedure is <a href="/wiki/Penile_implant" title="Penile implant">prosthetic implants</a> which involves the insertion of artificial rods into the penis.<sup id="cite_ref-EuroGuideline_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroGuideline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> Some sources show that vascular reconstructive surgeries are viable options for some people.<sup id="cite_ref-elsevier.com_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsevier.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) does not recommend alternative therapies to treat sexual dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many products are advertised as "<a href="/wiki/Herbal_viagra" title="Herbal viagra">herbal viagra</a>" or "natural" sexual enhancement products, but no clinical trials or scientific studies support the effectiveness of these products for the treatment of ED, and synthetic chemical compounds similar to sildenafil have been found as <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">adulterants</a> in many of these products.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 review indicated that ginseng had "only trivial effects on erectile function or satisfaction with intercourse compared to placebo".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zibik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zibik.jpg/220px-Zibik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zibik.jpg/330px-Zibik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zibik.jpg/440px-Zibik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption>An unhappy wife is complaining to the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> about her husband's impotence. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a>.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medicalisation_of_sexuality" title="Medicalisation of sexuality">Medicalisation of sexuality</a></div> <p>Attempts to treat the symptoms described by ED date back well over 1,000 years. In the 8th century, males of Ancient Rome and Greece wore talismans of rooster and goat genitalia, believing these talismans would serve as an aphrodisiac and promote sexual function.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLAREN_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLAREN-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> recommended ingesting roasted wolf penis as a remedy for impotence.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLAREN_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLAREN-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 16th and 17th centuries in France, male impotence was considered a crime, as well as legal grounds for a divorce. The practice, which involved inspection of the complainants by court experts, was declared obscene in 1677.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major publication describing a broad medicalization of sexual disorders was the first edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, medical folklore held that 90-95% of cases of ED were psychological in origin, but around the 1980s research took the opposite direction of searching for physical causes of sexual dysfunction, which also happened in the 1920s and 30s.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical causes as explanations continue to dominate literature when compared with psychological explanations as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erectile_dysfunction&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatments in the 80s for ED included <a href="/wiki/Penile_implant" title="Penile implant">penile implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">intracavernosal injections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first successful vacuum erection device, or <a href="/wiki/Penis_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Penis pump">penis pump</a>, was developed by Vincent Marie Mondat in the early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLAREN_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLAREN-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more advanced device based on a bicycle pump was developed by Geddings Osbon, a Pentecostal preacher, in the 1970s. In 1982, he received FDA approval to market the product.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_R._Brinkley" title="John R. Brinkley">John R. Brinkley</a> initiated a boom in male impotence treatments in the U.S. in the 1920s and 1930s, with radio programs that recommended expensive goat gland implants and "mercurochrome" injections as the path to restored male virility, including operations by surgeon <a href="/wiki/Serge_Voronoff" title="Serge Voronoff">Serge Voronoff</a>. </p><p>Modern drug therapy for ED made a significant advance in 1983, when British physiologist <a href="/wiki/Giles_Brindley" title="Giles Brindley">Giles Brindley</a> dropped his trousers and demonstrated to a shocked Urodynamics Society audience showing his <a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a>-induced erection.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current most common treatment for ED, the oral <a href="/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor" title="PDE5 inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitor</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a> (Viagra) was approved for use for <a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Pfizer Inc.">Pfizer</a> by the FDA in 1998, which at the time of release was the fastest selling drug in history.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sildenafil largely replaced <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRI</a> treatments for ED at the time<sup id="cite_ref-:42_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proliferated new types of specialised pharmaceutical marketing which emphasised social connotations of ED and Viagra rather than its physical effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h2></div> <p>Anthropological research presents ED not as a disorder but, as a normal, and sometimes even welcome sign of healthy aging. Wentzell's study of 250 Mexican males in their 50s and 60s found that "most simply did not see decreasing erectile function as a biological pathology".<sup id="cite_ref-Wentzell_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wentzell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The males interviewed described the decrease in erectile function "as an aid for aging in socially appropriate ways".<sup id="cite_ref-Wentzell_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wentzell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common theme amongst the interviewees showed that respectable older males shifted their focus toward the domestic sphere into a "second stage of life".<sup id="cite_ref-Wentzell_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wentzell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican males of this generation often pursued sex outside of marriage; decreasing erectile function acted as an aid to overcoming infidelity thus helping to attain the ideal "second stage" of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Wentzell_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wentzell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 56-year-old about to retire from the public health service said he would now "dedicate myself to my wife, the house, gardening, caring for the grandchildren—the Mexican classic".<sup id="cite_ref-Wentzell_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wentzell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wentzell found that treating ED as a pathology was antithetical to the social view these males held of themselves, and their purpose at this stage of their lives. </p><p>In the 20th and 21st centuries, anthropologists investigated how common treatments for ED are built upon assumptions of institutionalized social norms. In offering a range of clinical treatments to 'correct' a person's ability to produce an erection, biomedical institutions encourage the public to strive for prolonged sexual function. Anthropologists argue that a biomedical focus places emphasis on the biological processes of fixing the body thereby disregarding holistic ideals of health and aging.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By relying on a wholly medical approach, Western biomedicine can become blindsided by bodily dysfunctions which can be understood as appropriate functions of age, and not as a medical problem.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologists understand that a biosocial approach to ED considers a person's decision to undergo clinical treatment more likely a result of "society, political economy, history, and culture" than a matter of personal choice.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rejecting biomedical treatment for ED, males can challenge common forms of medicalized social control by deviating from what is considered the normal approach to dysfunction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicology">Lexicology</h2></div> <p>The Latin term <i>impotentia coeundi</i> describes simple inability to insert the penis into the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>; it is now mostly replaced by more precise terms, such as <i>erectile dysfunction</i> (ED). The study of ED within medicine is covered by <a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">andrology</a>, a sub-field within <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">urology</a>. Research indicates that ED is common, and it is suggested that approximately 40% of males experience symptoms compatible with ED, at least occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-erectile_dysfunction_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erectile_dysfunction-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition is also on occasion called <i>phallic impotence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its antonym, or opposite condition, is <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">priapism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gokce-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gokce_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gokce_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gokce_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGökçeYaman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gökçe Mİ, Yaman Ö (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562240">"Erectile dysfunction in the elderly male"</a>. <i>Turkish Journal of Urology</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 247–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5152%2Ftud.2017.70482">10.5152/tud.2017.70482</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562240">5562240</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28861293">28861293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Erectile+dysfunction+in+the+elderly+male&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-251&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5562240%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28861293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5152%2Ftud.2017.70482&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e&rft.aufirst=M%C4%B0&rft.au=Yaman%2C+%C3%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5562240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ed-biotapublishing-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ed-biotapublishing_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ed-biotapublishing_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ed-biotapublishing_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Biota Publishing. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61504-653-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61504-653-9"><bdi>978-1-61504-653-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110010913/https://books.google.com/books?id=elg-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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However, there were small to moderate positive correlations between self-perceived internet pornography addiction and erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation or sexual dissatisfaction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Pornography+Addiction%3A+An+Exploration+of+the+Association+Between+Use%2C+Perceived+Addiction%2C+Erectile+Dysfunction%2C+Premature+%28Early%29+Ejaculation%2C+and+Sexual+Satisfaction+in+Males+Aged+18-44+Years&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1582-1591&rft.date=2021-09&rft.issn=1743-6109&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34400111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsxm.2021.06.014&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft.au=Brown%2C+Jac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jsxm.2021.06.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrubbsGola2019" class="citation journal cs1">Grubbs JB, Gola M (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsxm.2018.11.004">"Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses"</a>. <i>The Journal of Sexual Medicine</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 111–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsxm.2018.11.004">10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-6109">1743-6109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30621919">30621919</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58592884">58592884</a>. <q>there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Is+Pornography+Use+Related+to+Erectile+Functioning%3F+Results+From+Cross-Sectional+and+Latent+Growth+Curve+Analyses&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-125&rft.date=2019-01&rft.issn=1743-6109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58592884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30621919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsxm.2018.11.004&rft.aulast=Grubbs&rft.aufirst=Joshua+B.&rft.au=Gola%2C+Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jsxm.2018.11.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandripetŠtulhofer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Landripet I, Štulhofer A (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12853">"Is Pornography Use Associated with Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions among Younger Heterosexual Men?"</a>. <i>The Journal of Sexual Medicine</i>. <b>12</b> (5): 1136–1139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12853">10.1111/jsm.12853</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25816904">25816904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Is+Pornography+Use+Associated+with+Sexual+Difficulties+and+Dysfunctions+among+Younger+Heterosexual+Men%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1136-1139&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsm.12853&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25816904&rft.aulast=Landripet&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=%C5%A0tulhofer%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjsm.12853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boom_2020-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boom_2020_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Boom2020" class="citation web cs1">Van Boom D (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/features/porn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real/">"Porn addiction is ruining lives, but scientists aren't convinced it's real"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103032850/https://www.cnet.com/features/porn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Porn+addiction+is+ruining+lives%2C+but+scientists+aren%27t+convinced+it%27s+real&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Van+Boom&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ffeatures%2Fporn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs_Geysemans_Van_Hal_Glazemakers_p.-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_Geysemans_Van_Hal_Glazemakers_p._41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsGeysemansVan_HalGlazemakers2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs T, Geysemans B, Van Hal G, Glazemakers I, Fog-Poulsen K, Vermandel A, et al. (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8569536">"Is online pornography consumption linked to offline sexual dysfunction in young men? A multivariate analysis based on an international web-based survey"</a>. <i>JMIR Public Health and Surveillance</i>. <b>7</b> (10). JMIR Publications Inc.: e32542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2F32542">10.2196/32542</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8569536">8569536</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34534092">34534092</a>. <q><b>Conclusions:</b> This prevalence of ED in young men is alarmingly high and the results of presented study suggest a significant association with PPC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JMIR+Public+Health+and+Surveillance&rft.atitle=Is+online+pornography+consumption+linked+to+offline+sexual+dysfunction+in+young+men%3F+A+multivariate+analysis+based+on+an+international+web-based+survey&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e32542&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8569536%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34534092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2F32542&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Geysemans%2C+B&rft.au=Van+Hal%2C+G&rft.au=Glazemakers%2C+I&rft.au=Fog-Poulsen%2C+K&rft.au=Vermandel%2C+A&rft.au=De+Wachter%2C+S&rft.au=De+Win%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8569536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiattiDiviccaroPanzicaMelcangi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Panzica G, Melcangi RC (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29675596/">"Post-finasteride syndrome and post-SSRI sexual dysfunction: two sides of the same coin?"</a>. <i>Endocrine</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 180–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12020-018-1593-5">10.1007/s12020-018-1593-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-0100">1559-0100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29675596">29675596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4974636">4974636</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227060439/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29675596/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJU+International&rft.atitle=How+%28not%29+to+communicate+new+scientific+information%3A+a+memoir+of+the+famous+Brindley+lecture&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=956-7&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38931340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16225508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2005.05797.x&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1464-410X.2005.05797.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValiquette2003" class="citation journal cs1">Valiquette L (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10865798">"A historical review of erectile dysfunction"</a>. <i>The Canadian Journal of Urology</i>. <b>10</b> (Suppl 1): 7–11. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12625844">12625844</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203061457/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10865798_A_historical_review_of_erectile_dysfunction">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Why now?"</a>. <i>The Journal of Sex Research</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 89–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224490109552075">10.1080/00224490109552075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4499">0022-4499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144377564">144377564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+view+of+women%27s+sexual+problems%3A+Why+new%3F+Why+now%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-96&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144377564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-4499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224490109552075&rft.aulast=Tiefer&rft.aufirst=Leonore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00224490109552075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wentzell-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wentzell_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wentzell_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wentzell_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wentzell_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wentzell_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWentzellLabuski2020" class="citation book cs1">Wentzell E, Labuski C (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-36222-5_2">"Role of Medical Anthropology in Understanding Cultural Differences in Sexuality"</a>. <i>Cultural Differences and the Practice of Sexual Medicine</i>. Trends in Andrology and Sexual Medicine. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-36222-5_2">10.1007/978-3-030-36222-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-36221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-36221-8"><bdi>978-3-030-36221-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214042890">214042890</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203061427/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-36222-5_2">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 17–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27197-5"><bdi>978-0-520-27197-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its treatment in a Mexican population: distinguishing between erectile function change and dysfunction". <i>Journal of Men's Health</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 56–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jomh.2008.09.009">10.1016/j.jomh.2008.09.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Men%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+erectile+dysfunction+and+its+treatment+in+a+Mexican+population%3A+distinguishing+between+erectile+function+change+and+dysfunction&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-62&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jomh.2008.09.009&rft.aulast=Wentzell&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Salmer%C3%B3n%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erectile_dysfunction-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-erectile_dysfunction_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoutenBohnenGroeneveldDohle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schouten BW, Bohnen AM, Groeneveld FP, Dohle GR, Thomas S, Bosch JL (July 2010). "Erectile dysfunction in the community: trends over time in incidence, prevalence, GP consultation and medication use – the Krimpen study: trends in ED". <i>J Sex Med</i>. <b>7</b> (7): 2547–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2010.01849.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01849.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20497307">20497307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Sex+Med&rft.atitle=Erectile+dysfunction+in+the+community%3A+trends+over+time+in+incidence%2C+prevalence%2C+GP+consultation+and+medication+use+%E2%80%93+the+Krimpen+study%3A+trends+in+ED&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2547-53&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2010.01849.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20497307&rft.aulast=Schouten&rft.aufirst=BW&rft.au=Bohnen%2C+AM&rft.au=Groeneveld%2C+FP&rft.au=Dohle%2C+GR&rft.au=Thomas%2C+S&rft.au=Bosch%2C+JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahane2011" class="citation web cs1">Kahane C (20 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psyartjournal.com/article/show/kahane-bad_timing_the_problematics_of_intimacy_">"Bad Timing: The Problematics of Intimacy in On Chesil Beach"</a>. <i>PsyArt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019040353/https://psyartjournal.com/article/show/kahane-bad_timing_the_problematics_of_intimacy_">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PsyArt&rft.atitle=Bad+Timing%3A+The+Problematics+of+Intimacy+in+On+Chesil+Beach.&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.aulast=Kahane&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsyartjournal.com%2Farticle%2Fshow%2Fkahane-bad_timing_the_problematics_of_intimacy_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllgeier1995" class="citation book cs1">Allgeier A (1995). <i>Sexual interactions</i>. D.C. Heath. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+interactions&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Allgeier&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2013" class="citation book cs1">Grimes J (2013). <i>Sexually Transmitted Disease: An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Issues</i>. p. 496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Disease%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Diseases%2C+Prevention%2C+Treatment+and+Issues&rft.pages=496&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonFariaHellstromKrishnamurti2010" class="citation journal cs1">Carson C, Faria G, Hellstrom WJ, Krishnamurti S, Minhas S, Moncada I, et al. (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2009.01626.x">"Implants, Mechanical Devices, and Vascular Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction"</a>. <i>Journal of Sexual Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (1). Wiley: 501–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2009.01626.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01626.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20092450">20092450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Implants%2C+Mechanical+Devices%2C+and+Vascular+Surgery+for+Erectile+Dysfunction&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=501-523&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2009.01626.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20092450&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Culley&rft.au=Faria%2C+Geraldo&rft.au=Hellstrom%2C+Wayne+J.+G.&rft.au=Krishnamurti%2C+Sudhakar&rft.au=Minhas%2C+Suks&rft.au=Moncada%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=Montague%2C+Drogo+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1743-6109.2009.01626.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErectile+dysfunction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184674" class="extiw" title="d:Q184674">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#97556145">HA01.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F52.2">F52.2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/N48.4">N48.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=302.72">302.72</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=607.84">607.84</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007172">D007172</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb21555.htm">21555</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/397803000">397803000</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3023-overview">med/3023</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/erectile-dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Template:Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Template talk:Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Male_genital_disease" title="Male genital disease">Male diseases</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicular disease">Testicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchitis" title="Orchitis">Orchitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocele_testis" title="Hydrocele testis">Hydrocele testis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">Testicular cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">Testicular torsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_infertility" title="Male infertility">Male infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspermia" title="Aspermia">Aspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthenozoospermia" title="Asthenozoospermia">Asthenozoospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoospermia" title="Azoospermia">Azoospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspermia" title="Hyperspermia">Hyperspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypospermia" title="Hypospermia">Hypospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligospermia" title="Oligospermia">Oligospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrospermia" title="Necrospermia">Necrospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratospermia" title="Teratospermia">Teratospermia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_testis" title="Ectopic testis">Ectopic testis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">Epididymis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">Epididymitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocele" title="Spermatocele">Spermatocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematocele" title="Hematocele">Hematocele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_prostatitis" title="Acute prostatitis">Acute prostatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_bacterial_prostatitis" title="Chronic bacterial prostatitis">Chronic bacterial prostatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_prostatitis/chronic_pelvic_pain_syndrome" title="Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome">Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_inflammatory_prostatitis" title="Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis">Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle#Inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesiculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanitis" title="Balanitis">Balanoposthitis / Balanitis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balanitis_plasmacellularis" title="Balanitis plasmacellularis">Balanitis plasmacellularis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoepitheliomatous_keratotic_and_micaceous_balanitis" title="Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis">Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimosis" title="Phimosis">Phimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphimosis" title="Paraphimosis">Paraphimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">Priapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erectile dysfunction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_orgasm" title="Spontaneous orgasm">Spontaneous orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyronie%27s_disease" title="Peyronie's disease">Peyronie's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_fracture" title="Penile fracture">Penile fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Balanitis xerotica obliterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_genital_arousal_disorder" title="Persistent genital arousal disorder">Persistent genital arousal disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fournier_gangrene" title="Fournier gangrene">Fournier gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">Varicocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoscrotum" title="Pneumoscrotum">Pneumoscrotum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematospermia" title="Hematospermia">Hematospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_ejaculation" title="Retrograde ejaculation">Retrograde ejaculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorgasmic_illness_syndrome" title="Postorgasmic illness syndrome">Postorgasmic illness syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and<br />sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">LGBT-affirming religious groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4200180-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Impotence"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064658">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Impuissance sexuelle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949144r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Impuissance sexuelle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949144r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="impotence"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121039&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="erektilní dysfunkce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph250770&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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