CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# article: https://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"CollectionPage","description":"/files/11360/08_Spectrum_2021.pdf","keywords":"August 2021","name":"August 2021","primaryImageOfPage":{"caption":"August 2021 main image","contentUrl":"https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNzA3MjYyMC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTM2MjM5NH0.SIht2qEdJcQU43exsB8cASv3WJziDa3XZDHGHJkpYrE/img.jpg"},"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/"}</script><meta charset="utf-8"/><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer ||[]; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('consent','default',{ 'ad_storage':'denied', 'analytics_storage':'denied', 'ad_user_data':'denied', 'ad_personalization':'denied', 'personalization_storage':'denied', 'functionality_storage':'granted', 'security_storage':'granted', 'wait_for_update': 500 }); gtag("set", "ads_data_redaction", true); </script><script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/04dfdd03-699a-4224-a9f1-d3ca23cdf4e9/osano.js"></script><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><script type="text/javascript"> navigator.userAgent.includes("Chrome")&&function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,c=["click","contextmenu","dblclick","gotpointercapture","keydown","keypress","keyup","lostpointercapture","mousedown","mouseup","mousemove","pointercancel","pointerdown","pointerenter","pointerleave","pointermove","pointerover","pointerup","touchcancel","touchend","touchmove","touchstart"],s=["scroll","wheel"],u=new r,p=new r,l=new r,d=25,f=25,v="_rmStopped",m="_rmImmediatelyStopped",h=e.setTimeout,y=e.clearTimeout,g=n.prototype,E=null;function L(e){return function(e){return new Promise((function(t){h(t,e||0)}))}(e)}function w(e){return i&&"scheduling"in i&&"isInputPending"in i.scheduling&&i.scheduling.isInputPending({includeContinuous:!0})?L(e).then((function(){return w(e)})):L(e)}function I(e,t,r,i,o){if(!(r[m]||i===n.BUBBLING_PHASE&&r[v]&&element!==r.target)){var a,c={get:(a={currentTarget:o},function(e,t,n){if(t in a)return a[t];var r=Reflect.get(e,t);return r instanceof Function?function(){return Reflect.apply(r,e,arguments)}:r})},s=new Proxy(r,c);try{e&&"handleEvent"in e?e.handleEvent.call(e,s):e.call(t,s)}catch(e){console.error(e)}}}function P(e){return function(t){var n=this,r=t.eventPhase,i=t.currentTarget,o={canceled:!1};"dataset"in n&&n.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,n,t,r,i):(l.has(e)&&(l.get(e).canceled=!0),l.set(e,o),w(f).then((function(){o.canceled||(I(e,n,t,r,i),l.delete(e))})))}}function _(e){return function(t){var r=this,i=t.eventPhase,o=t.currentTarget,a=t.timeStamp;new n("rm").timeStamp-a<d||"dataset"in r&&r.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,r,t,i,o):(E&&(E.style.display="none",E.style.opacity="0",E.style.display="block",E.style.opacity="1"),w().then((function(){I(e,r,t,i,o)})))}}function k(e,t,n,r,i){if(!n.has(r)){var o=i(r);n.set(r,o)}var a=Array.from(t);a[1]=n.get(r),e._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(e,a)}function A(t,n){var r=this||e;if(n){if(s.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,p,n,P);if(c.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,u,n,_)}r._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(r,arguments)}function x(t,n){var r=this||e,i=n;n&&(c.includes(t)&&u.has(n)?i=u.get(n):s.includes(t)&&p.has(n)&&(i=p.get(n)));var o=Array.from(arguments);o[1]=i,r._rmInpRemoveEventListener.apply(r,o)}function T(e){e._rmInpAddEventListener=e.addEventListener,e._rmInpRemoveEventListener=e.removeEventListener,e.addEventListener=A,e.removeEventListener=x}function S(e){c.forEach((function(t){var n="on"+t;Object.defineProperty(e,n,{set:function(e){var n=this,r="__rmInpOn"+t;n[r]&&n.removeEventListener(t,n[r],{passive:!0}),n[r]=e,n.addEventListener(t,e,{passive:!0})}})}))}function b(e,t){return function(){this[e]=!0,t.apply(this,arguments)}}function C(e,t,n){return w().then((function(){e.apply(t,n)})).catch(console.error)}t.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(function(){var e;(e=t.createElement("div")).style.height="100px",e.style.width="100px",e.style.backgroundColor="#ffffff03",e.style.position="fixed",e.style.top="1px",e.style.left="1px",e.style.transform="translateX(-100px)",t.body.appendChild(e),E=e})),T(e),T(t),T(Element.prototype),S(e),S(t),S(HTMLElement.prototype),o=g.stopPropagation,a=g.stopImmediatePropagation,g.stopPropagation=b(v,o),g.stopImmediatePropagation=b(m,a),function(){var t=new r;function n(e){t.has(e)?y(t.get(e)):y(e)}e.setTimeout=function(e,t){var n=this,r=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);return h((function(){C(e,n,r)}),t)},e.setInterval=function(e,n){var r=this,i=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);function o(){var e=h(a,n);t.set(c,e)}function a(){C(e,r,i).then(o)}var c=h(a,n);t.set(c,c)},e.clearInterval=n,e.clearTimeout=n}()}(window,document,Event,Map,navigator); </script><link rel="canonical" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2022/May/"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@"/><meta name="twitter:site:id" content=""/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNzA3MjYyMC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTM2MjM5NH0.SIht2qEdJcQU43exsB8cASv3WJziDa3XZDHGHJkpYrE/img.jpg"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="200167090048537"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE Spectrum"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNzA3MjYyMC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTM2MjM5NH0.SIht2qEdJcQU43exsB8cASv3WJziDa3XZDHGHJkpYrE/img.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="210"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="2000"/><meta property="og:title" content="August 2021 Issue - IEEE Spectrum"/><meta property="og:description" content="/files/11360/08_Spectrum_2021.pdf"/><meta name="description" content="/files/11360/08_Spectrum_2021.pdf"/><meta name="referrer" content="always"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://user-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://pages-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA = {"isUserLoggedIn": false, "site": {"id": 20265424, "isCommunitySite": false}, "runner": {"id": 20265424}, "post": {}, "path": "/magazine/2021/august/", "pathParams": {}, "resourceId": "sp_553638707", "fbId": "200167090048537", "fbAppVersion": "v2.5", "clientGaId": "UA-747464-1", "messageBusUri": "wss://messages.rebelmouse.io", "section": {"id": 553638707}, "tag": {"slug": null}, "fullBootstrapUrl": "/res/bootstrap/data.js?site_id=20265424\u0026resource_id=sp_553638707\u0026path_params=%7B%7D\u0026warehouse10x=1\u0026override_device=desktop\u0026page_id=553638707", "whitelabel_menu": {}, "useRiver": true, "engine": {"recaptchaSiteKey": null, "lazyLoadShortcodeImages": true, "backButtonGoToPage": true, "changeParticleUrlScroll": false, "countKeepReadingAsPageview": true, "defaultVideoPlayer": "", "theoPlayerLibraryLocation": "", "trackPageViewOnParticleUrlScroll": false, "webVitalsSampleRate": 100, "overrideDevicePixelRatio": null, "image_quality_level": 85, "sendEventsToCurrentDomain": false, "enableLoggedOutUserTracking": false}}; </script><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_ASSETS_URL = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/"; window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_SSL_DOMAIN = "https://spectrum.ieee.org"; window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB = {}; window.RM_OVERRIDES = {}; window.RM_AD_LOADER = []; </script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.6dd57737d73e2cefa676.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.5cf2d86defc2a8468262.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.7c6b21900ce170cda6bd.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.a23ceda6b8448f51fcb3.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.31cf81e3384788188e0d.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.7f23064d1f64f976ca2f.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.js"></script><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#647187"/><script class="rm-i-script"> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) { window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js').then(function(registration) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration successful with scope: ', registration.scope); }, function(err) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration failed: ', err); }); }); } else { console.log('ServiceWorker not enabled'); } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> // fallback error prone google tag setup var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IEEE Spectrum" href="/feeds/magazine/2021/august.rss"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1.0"/><title>August 2021 - IEEE Spectrum</title><style class="rm-i-styles"> article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block;}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;}audio:not([controls]){display:none;}[hidden]{display:none;}html{font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;font-size:1em;line-height:1.4;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:#5A5858;}::-moz-selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}::selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}:focus{outline:5px auto #2684b1;}a:hover,a:active{outline:0;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}blockquote{margin:1em 40px;}dfn{font-style:italic;}hr{display:block;height:1px;border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc;margin:1em 0;padding:0;}ins{background:#ff9;color:#000;text-decoration:none;}mark{background:#ff0;color:#000;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,serif;_font-family:'courier new',monospace;font-size:1em;}pre{white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word;}q{quotes:none;}q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none;}small{font-size:85%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sup{top:-0.5em;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}ul,ol{margin:1em 0;padding:0 0 0 40px;}dd{margin:0 0 0 40px;}nav ul,nav ol{list-style:none;list-style-image:none;margin:0;padding:0;}img{border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic;vertical-align:middle;}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden;}figure{margin:0;}form{margin:0;}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;padding:0;}label{cursor:pointer;}legend{border:0;padding:0;}button,input{line-height:normal;}button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:button;}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;box-sizing:content-box;}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0;}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical;}input:invalid,textarea:invalid{background-color:#fccfcc;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}td{vertical-align:top;}.ir{display:block;border:0;text-indent:-999em;overflow:hidden;background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat;text-align:left;direction:ltr;}.ir br{display:none;}.hidden{display:none !important;visibility:hidden;}.visuallyhidden{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;}.visuallyhidden.focusable:active,.visuallyhidden.focusable:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto;}.invisible{visibility:hidden;}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;}.clearfix:after{clear:both;}.clearfix{zoom:1;}.zindex20{z-index:20;}.zindex30{z-index:30;}.zindex40{z-index:40;}.zindex50{z-index:50;}html{font-size:11.25px;font-family:serif;line-height:1.66;color:#0D0D0D;font-weight:normal;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:serif;color:#0D0D0D;}.col,body{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}a{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}a:hover{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}.with-primary-color{color:#FF4C00;}.with-primary-color:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.js-tab,.js-keep-reading,.js-toggle{cursor:pointer;}.noselect{-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-khtml-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.tabs__tab{display:inline-block;padding:10px;}.tabs__tab-content{display:none;}.tabs__tab-content.active{display:block;}button:focus,input[type="text"],input[type="email"]{outline:0;}audio,canvas,iframe,img,svg,video{vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%;}textarea{resize:vertical;}.main{background-color:#bdbdbd;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}.valign-wrapper{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.valign-wrapper .valign{display:block;}#notification{position:fixed;}.article-module__controls-placeholder{position:absolute;}.display-block{display:block;}.cover-all{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;}.full-width{width:100%;}.fa{font-family:FontAwesome,"fontawesome-mini" !important;}.fa.fa-instagram{font-size:1.15em;}.fa-googleplus:before{content:"\f0d5";}.post-partial,.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important;}.attribute-data{margin:0 10px 10px 0;padding:5px 10px;background-color:#FF4C00;color:white;border-radius:3px;margin-bottom:10px;display:inline-block;}.attribute-data[value=""]{display:none;}.badge{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;}.badge-image{border-radius:100%;}.js-expandable.expanded .js-expand,.js-expandable:not(.expanded) .js-contract{display:none;}.js-scroll-trigger{display:block;width:100%;}.sticky-target:not(.legacy){position:fixed;opacity:0;top:0;will-change:transform;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.sticky-target.legacy{position:relative;}.sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{position:fixed;}.color-inherit:hover,.color-inherit{color:inherit;}.js-appear-on-expand{transition:all 350ms;height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;}.content-container{display:none;}.expanded .content-container{display:block;}.expanded .js-appear-on-expand{opacity:1;height:auto;}.logged-out-user .js-appear-on-expand{height:0;opacity:0;}.h1,.h2{margin:0;padding:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal;}.lazyload-placeholder{display:none;position:absolute;text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.1);top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;}div[runner-lazy-loading] .lazyload-placeholder,iframe[runner-lazy-loading] + .lazyload-placeholder{display:block;}.abs-pos-center{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.relative{position:relative;}.runner-spinner{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;width:50px;}.runner-spinner:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:100%;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-circular{animation:rotate 2s linear infinite;height:100%;transform-origin:center center;width:100%;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.position-relative{position:relative;}.collection-button{display:inline-block;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-path{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation:dash 1.5s ease-in-out infinite,color 6s ease-in-out infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper a{color:rgba(59,141,242,1);margin:0 5px;}@keyframes rotate{100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes dash{0%{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;}50%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-35px;}100%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-124px;}}@keyframes color{100%,0%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,1);}40%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);}66%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);}80%,90%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);}}.js-section-loader-feature-container > .slick-list > .slick-track > .slick-slide:not(.slick-active){height:0;visibility:hidden;}.rebellt-item-media-container .instagram-media{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.js-hidden-panel{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;transition:all 300ms;z-index:10;}.js-hidden-panel.active{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0);}.content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:90%;}.ad-tag{text-align:center;}.ad-tag__inner{display:inline-block;}.content .ad-tag{margin-left:-5%;margin-right:-5%;}@media (min-width:768px){.content .ad-tag{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}.user-prefs{display:none;}.no-mb:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;}.no-mt:not(:first-child){margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{content:'';display:block;overflow:hidden;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.sm-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.sm-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.sm-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.sm-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.sm-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.md-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.md-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.md-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.md-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.md-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.lg-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.lg-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.lg-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.lg-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.lg-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}.sm-cp-0{padding:0;}.sm-cp-1{padding:10px;}.sm-cp-2{padding:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-cp-0{padding:0;}.md-cp-1{padding:10px;}.md-cp-2{padding:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-cp-0{padding:0;}.lg-cp-1{padding:10px;}.lg-cp-2{padding:20px;}}.mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}.mb-2 > :last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:40px;}}.v-sep > *:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.hide-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet-and-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.hide-tablet-and-desktop{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.hide-desktop{display:none !important;}}.row.px10{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}.row.px10 > .col{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}.row.px20{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}.row.px20 > .col{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.row{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;}.row:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-20px;}.col{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.col{margin-bottom:40px;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-40px;}}.row .col{float:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.row .col.pull-right{float:right;}.row .col.s1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.s2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.s3{width:25%;}.row .col.s4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.s5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.s6{width:50%;}.row .col.s7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.s8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.s9{width:75%;}.row .col.s10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.s11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.s12{width:100%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.row .col.m1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.m2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.m3{width:25%;}.row .col.m4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.m5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.m6{width:50%;}.row .col.m7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.m8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.m9{width:75%;}.row .col.m10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.m11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.m12{width:100%;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.row .col.l1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.l2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.l3{width:25%;}.row .col.l4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.l5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.l6{width:50%;}.row .col.l7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.l8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.l9{width:75%;}.row .col.l10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.l11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.l12{width:100%;}}.widget{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#FF4C00;}.widget__headline{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0D0D0D;cursor:pointer;}.widget__headline-text{font-family:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:break-word;}.widget__section-text{display:block;}.image,.widget__image{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block;z-index:0;}.widget__play{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;text-align:center;}.rm-widget-image-holder{position:relative;}.rm-video-holder{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;}.rm-zindex-hidden{display:none;z-index:-1;}.rm-widget-image-holder .widget__play{top:0;left:0;}.image.no-image{background-color:#e4e4e4;}.widget__video{position:relative;}.widget__video .rm-scrop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.widget__video.rm-video-tiktok{max-width:605px;}.widget__video video,.widget__video iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;}.widget__product-vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link{margin:15px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link-btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.widget__product-buy-btn:hover{color:#fff;}.widget__product-price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0.85em;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2,.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2{width:48%;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{width:32%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile),.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:48%;}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:32%;}}.rebellt-item.parallax{background-size:cover;background-attachment:fixed;position:relative;left:calc(-50vw + 50%);width:100vw;min-height:100vh;padding:0 20%;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:inherit;text-align:center;z-index:3;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile{background-position:center;margin-bottom:0;padding:0 15%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:after{content:"";display:block;padding-bottom:100%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:after{padding-bottom:90vh;}.rebellt-item.parallax h3,.rebellt-item.parallax p{color:white;text-shadow:1px 0 #000;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile p{font-size:18px;font-weight:400;}.rebellt-ecommerce h3{font-size:1.8em;margin-bottom:15px;}.rebellt-ecommerce--vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-ecommerce--buy{margin:15px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn:hover{color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:50px;line-height:50px;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.2rem;border-left:none;border-right:none;background-color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{position:relative;height:100%;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px;max-width:1300px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo{float:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-height:50px;max-width:190px;}.rebelbar--fake.skin-simple{position:relative;border-color:#fff;}.rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:3;}.with-fixed-header .rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:fixed;top:0;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{position:relative;cursor:pointer;float:left;text-align:center;font-size:0;width:50px;margin-left:-15px;height:100%;color:#0D0D0D;}.rebelbar.skin-simple i{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;padding:0 100px 0 40px;overflow:hidden;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list{margin:0 -15px;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links li{display:inline-block;padding:0 15px;text-align:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link{color:#0D0D0D;display:block;font-size:1.8rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list.js--active .rebelbar__more-sections-button{visibility:visible;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__more-sections-button{cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections{visibility:hidden;position:fixed;line-height:70px;left:0;width:100%;background-color:#1f1f1f;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections a{color:white;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections.opened{visibility:visible;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{margin-right:15px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:100px;line-height:100px;font-weight:700;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-width:350px;max-height:100px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{padding:0 40px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{float:left;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:40px;}}@media (min-width:960px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .search-form{display:none;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;}}.menu-global{display:none;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:3;color:white;background-color:#1a1a1a;height:100%;font-size:1.8rem;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;line-height:1.6em;}@media (min-width:768px){.menu-global{display:block;max-width:320px;top:0;-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0);}.menu-global,.all-content-wrapper{transition:transform .2s cubic-bezier(.2,.3,.25,.9);}}.menu-overlay{position:fixed;top:-100%;left:0;height:0;width:100%;cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity 200ms;}.menu-opened .menu-overlay{visibility:visible;height:100%;z-index:1;opacity:1;top:0;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.menu-opened .menu-overlay{z-index:10;background:rgba(255,255,255,.6);}}@media (min-width:960px){.logged-out-user .rebelbar.skin-simple .menu-overlay{display:none;}}@media (min-width:600px){.rm-resized-container-5{width:5%;}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%;}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%;}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%;}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%;}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%;}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%;}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%;}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%;}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%;}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%;}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%;}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%;}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%;}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%;}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%;}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%;}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%;}.rm-resized-container-95{width:95%;}.rm-resized-container-100{width:100%;}}.rm-embed-container{position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-instagram{max-width:540px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok{max-width:572px;min-height:721px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{all:revert;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > iframe,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{width:100%;min-height:721px;display:block;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:300px;border-radius:8px;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed,.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-holder{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;}.rm-embed-holder{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-spacer{display:block;}.rm-embed-twitter{max-width:550px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{position:relative;height:100%;width:100%;flex-direction:column;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-twitter:not(.rm-off) .twitter-tweet{margin:0 !important;}.logo__image,.image-element__img,.rm-lazyloadable-image{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.logo__image,.image-element__img{width:auto;}@media (max-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-mobile{display:none;}}.sharebar{margin:0 -4px;padding:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.sharebar a{color:#fff;}.sharebar a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{display:inline-block;margin:0 4px;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;padding:0 10px;width:20px;min-width:20px;height:40px;line-height:38px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:2px;}.sharebar .share-plus i,.sharebar .share i{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar .hide-button{display:none;}.sharebar.enable-panel .hide-button{display:inline-block;}.sharebar.enable-panel .share-plus{display:none;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:68px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share';padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar--fixed{display:none;position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:1;text-align:center;width:100%;left:0;margin:20px auto;}.with-floating-shares .sharebar--fixed{display:block;}.sharebar.fly_shared:not(.enable-panel) .share:nth-child(5){display:none;}.share-media-panel .share-media-panel-pinit{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:transparent;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-image:url('/static/img/whitelabel/runner/spritesheets/pin-it-sprite.png');background-color:#BD081C;background-position:-1px -17px;border-radius:4px;float:right;height:34px;margin:7px;width:60px;background-size:194px auto;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share:hover{opacity:.9;}@media (min-width:768px){.sharebar .share-plus .fa,.sharebar .share .fa{font-size:22px;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{padding:0 15px;width:30px;min-width:30px;height:60px;line-height:60px;margin:0 4px;font-size:16px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:180px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share this story';padding-left:10px;vertical-align:middle;text-transform:uppercase;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-position:-60px -23px;height:45px;margin:10px;width:80px;}}.action-btn{display:block;font-size:1.6rem;color:#FF4C00;cursor:pointer;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:2px;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.action-btn:hover{color:#FF4C00;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;}.section-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;}.section-headline__text{color:#0D0D0D;}@media (min-width:768px){.section-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}.content__main .section-headline__text{margin-top:-.3rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}}.module-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;color:#262626;}@media (min-width:768px){.module-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}}.search-form{position:absolute;top:0;right:20px;z-index:1;}.search-form__text-input{display:none;height:42px;font-size:1.3rem;background-color:#f4f4f4;border:none;color:#8f8f8f;text-indent:10px;padding:0;width:220px;position:absolute;right:-10px;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;}.search-form .search-form__submit{display:none;position:relative;border:none;bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;}.search-form__text-input:focus,.search-form__submit:focus{border:0 none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;outline:0 none;}.show-search .search-form__close{position:absolute;display:block;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1rem;right:-28px;}.search-form__open{vertical-align:middle;bottom:2px;display:inline-block;position:relative;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.show-search .search-form__text-input{display:block;}.show-search .search-form__submit{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.search-form__close,.show-search .search-form__open{display:none;}.quick-search{display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;padding:24px 0 28px;margin-bottom:20px;position:relative;}.quick-search__submit{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;zoom:.75;color:#000;}.quick-search__input{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:3em;padding-left:40px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width:768px){.search-form{right:40px;}.quick-search{margin-bottom:40px;padding:0 0 20px;}.quick-search__submit{zoom:1;}.quick-search__input{line-height:2.2em;padding-left:60px;}}.search-widget{position:relative;}.search-widget__input,.search-widget__submit{border:none;padding:0;margin:0;color:#0D0D0D;background:transparent;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;}.social-links__link{display:inline-block;padding:12px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 6px;font-size:1.5em;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.social-links__link:hover{color:white;}.social-links__link > span{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.article__body{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:2px solid #eee;}.article-content blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.article__splash-custom{position:relative;}.body hr{display:none;}.article-content .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.giphy-image{margin-bottom:0;}.article-body a{word-wrap:break-word;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.article-content .image-media,.article-content .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.tags{color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -5px;}.tags__item{margin:5px;display:inline-block;}.tags .tags__item{line-height:1;}.slideshow .carousel-control{overflow:hidden;}.shortcode-media .media-caption,.shortcode-media .media-photo-credit{display:block;}@media (min-width:768px){.tags{margin:0 -10px;}.tags__item{margin:10px;}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;margin-bottom:20px;padding-bottom:40px;}}.subscription-widget{background:#FF4C00;padding:30px;}.subscription-widget .module-headline__text{text-align:center;font-size:2rem;font-weight:400;color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;text-align:center;font-size:0;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:39px;height:39px;color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:50%;font-size:20px;margin:0 5px;line-height:35px;background:transparent;border:2px solid #fff;border-color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link:hover{color:#FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;background:transparent;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link .fa-instagram{margin:5px 0 0 1px;}.subscription-widget__site-links{margin:30px -5px;text-align:center;font-size:.8em;}.subscription-widget__site-link{padding:0 5px;color:inherit;}.newsletter-element__form{text-align:center;position:relative;max-width:500px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.newsletter-element__submit,.newsletter-element__input{border:0;padding:10px;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:500;height:40px;line-height:20px;margin:0;}.newsletter-element__submit{background:#262626;color:#fff;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.newsletter-element__submit:hover{opacity:.9;}.newsletter-element__input{background:#f4f4f4;width:100%;color:#8f8f8f;padding-right:96px;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-wrapper{position:relative;left:0;right:0;padding:.5em;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-controls{text-align:right;}.runner-authors-list{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none;}.runner-authors-author-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;align-content:stretch;}.runner-authors-avatar-thumb{display:inline-block;border-radius:100%;width:55px;height:55px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;}.runner-authors-author-info{width:calc(100% - 55px);}.runner-author-name-container{padding:0 6px;}.rm-breadcrumb__list{margin:0;padding:0;}.rm-breadcrumb__item{list-style-type:none;display:inline;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__separator{display:none;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__link,.rm-breadcrumb__link.disabled{pointer-events:none;color:inherit;}.social-tab-i .share-fb:after,.social-tab-i .share-tw:after{content:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i a{margin-right:0;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i li{line-height:1px;float:left;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;}.share-tab-img{max-width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;margin:0;padding:0;z-index:1;list-style-type:none;}.close-share-mobile,.show-share-mobile{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .close-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:30px;height:30px;line-height:27px;padding:0;text-align:center;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .close-share-mobile{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .icons-share{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;color:white;}.social-tab-i .icons-share.fb:before{content:'\f09a';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tw:before{content:'\f099';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.pt:before{content:'\f231';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tl:before{content:'\f173';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.em:before{content:'\f0e0';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-close:before{content:'\f00d';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-share:before{content:'\f1e0';}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .share{display:block;}.social-tab-i li{float:left;}}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.social-tab-i .close-share-mobile,.social-tab-i .show-share-mobile{display:none !important;}.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:none;}.share-tab-img:hover .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:51px;height:51px;line-height:47px;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{margin:5px 0 0 5px;top:0;left:0;bottom:auto;right:auto;display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:block;}}.accesibility-hidden{border:0;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;background:#000;color:#fff;}body:not(.rm-non-critical-loaded) .follow-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper:after{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:-20px;}.posts-custom .widget{margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;}.posts-custom .widget__headline,.posts-custom .social-date{display:block;}.posts-custom .social-date{color:#a4a2a0;font-size:1.4rem;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline] .widget{vertical-align:top;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline="top"] .widget{vertical-align:bottom;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.posts-custom .widget{display:inline-block;}.posts-custom article{margin:0;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] article{margin:0 10px;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .posts-wrapper{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}@media (min-width:768px){.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .widget{width:50%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .widget{width:33.3333%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .widget{width:25%;}}.posts-custom .widget__headline{font-size:1em;font-weight:700;word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.4);background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5));}.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__headline,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__subheadline{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{float:left;border-radius:50%;margin-right:8px;height:30px;width:30px;min-width:30px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{color:#1f1f1f;font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.66;display:inline;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name{color:#757575;display:block;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:0.8em;}.posts-custom .main-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .main-author__social-name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .widget{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel][data-attr-layout_columns="1"] .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized) .widget:not(:first-child),.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel]:not([data-attr-layout_columns="1"]) .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized){display:none !important;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:7%;max-width:60px;min-width:45px;min-height:60px;height:15%;color:white;border:0;margin:auto 10px;background:#FF4C00;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;opacity:0.9;}.posts-custom .slick-prev{left:0;}.posts-custom .slick-next{right:0;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;width:13px;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;height:16px;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:hover{background:#FF4C00;opacity:1;}.posts-custom .slick-dots{display:block;padding:10px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;margin:0 -5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots li{display:inline-block;margin:0 5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots button{font-size:0;width:10px;height:10px;display:inline-block;line-height:0;border:0;background:#FF4C00;border-radius:7px;padding:0;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;outline:none;}.posts-custom .slick-dots .slick-active button,.posts-custom .slick-dots button:hover{background:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom hr{display:none;}.posts-custom{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.posts-custom .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.posts-custom a{word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.posts-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){width:1px;height:1px;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper.rm-loading{width:1px;}.rm-loadmore-placeholder.rm-loading{display:block;width:100%;}.post-splash-custom,.post-splash-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.4);background:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-o-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-moz-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));}.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .post-controls{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:2;}.post-splash-custom hr{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .post-date{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .photo-credit a{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.post-splash-custom .widget__image .headline,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit a,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .post-date{color:#fff;}@media (min-width:768px){.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:3.6rem;}}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.post-splash-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.post-authors{font-size:1.1em;line-height:1;padding-bottom:20px;margin-bottom:20px;color:#9a9a9a;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;}.post-authors__name,.post-authors__date{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-authors__name{font-weight:600;}.post-authors__date{margin-left:7px;}.post-authors__fb-like{float:right;overflow:hidden;}.post-authors__fb-like[fb-xfbml-state='rendered']:before{content:'Like us on Facebook';line-height:20px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:15px;}.post-authors__list{list-style:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0;padding:0;}.post-author{display:inline;}.post-author__avatar{z-index:0;border-radius:100%;object-fit:cover;width:50px;height:50px;}.post-author__avatar,.post-author__name{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-author__bio p{margin:0;}.post-pager{display:table;width:100%;}.post-pager__spacing{display:table-cell;padding:0;width:5px;}.post-pager__btn{display:table-cell;font-size:1.6rem;background:#FF4C00;color:white;cursor:pointer;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.post-pager__btn:hover{background:#FF4C00;color:white;}.post-pager__btn .fa{transition:padding 200ms;}.post-pager__btn:hover .fa{padding:0 5px;}.post-pager__spacing:first-child,.post-pager__spacing:last-child{display:none;}.arrow-link{font-weight:600;font-size:1.5rem;color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -.5rem;text-align:right;position:relative;}.arrow-link__anchor span{vertical-align:middle;margin:0 .5rem;}.list{display:block;margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;padding:0;}.list__item{display:inline-block;padding:1em;}.logo__anchor{display:block;font-size:0;}.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:190px;max-height:100px;}@media (min-width:768px){.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:350px;}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;}.crop-16x9{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.crop-3x2{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.crop-2x1{padding-bottom:50%;}.crop-1x2{padding-bottom:200%;}.crop-3x1{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.crop-1x1{padding-bottom:100%;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-16x9 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-2x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-2x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-custom > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-custom > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer){position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:contain;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-custom > .rm-crop-spacer{display:block;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:50%;}.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:200%;}.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:100%;}.share-plus{background-color:#afafaf;}.share-plus:hover{background-color:#aaaaaa;}.share-facebook,.share-fb{background-color:#1777f2;}.share-facebook:hover,.share-fb:hover{background-color:#318bff;}.share-twitter,.share-tw{background-color:#50abf1;}.share-twitter:hover,.share-tw:hover{background-color:#00a8e5;}.share-apple{background-color:#000000;}.share-apple:hover{background-color:#333333;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background:#006da8;}.share-pinterest{background-color:#ce1e1f;}.share-pinterest:hover{background:#bb2020;}.share-googleplus{background-color:#df4a32;}.share-googleplus:hover{background-color:#c73c26;}.share-reddit{background-color:#ff4300;}.share-email{background-color:#5e7286;}.share-email:hover{background:#48596b;}.share-tumblr{background-color:#2c4762;}.share-tumblr:hover{background-color:#243c53;}.share-sms{background-color:#ff922b;}.share-sms:hover{background-color:#fd7e14;}.share-whatsapp{background-color:#4dc247;}.share-instagram{background-color:#3f729b;}.share-instagram:hover{background-color:#4B88B9;}.share-youtube{background-color:#cd201f;}.share-youtube:hover{background-color:#EA2524;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background-color:#005d8e;}.share-slack{background-color:#36C5F0;}.share-slack:hover{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-openid{background-color:#F7931E;}.share-openid:hover{background-color:#E6881C;}.share-st{background-color:#eb4924;}.share-copy-link{background-color:#159397;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{margin:0 -0.5%;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;min-height:115px;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:19%;margin:0.5%;display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;}.listicle-slideshow-pager{display:none;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:contents;}.rm-top-sticky-flexible{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck{position:relative;}.rm-top-sticky-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,-200px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck.rm-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.osano-cm-dialog{background-color:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;padding:44px 20px 24px 20px;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.osano-cm-info,.osano-cm-info-views{background:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;box-shadow:unset}.osano-cm-header,.osano-cm-info-dialog-header{background:#1A1A1A;font-size:20px;color:#fff}.osano-cm-link{color:#f2f2f2}.osano-cm-close{color:#efefef;stroke:#efefef}.osano-cm-close:hover,.osano-cm-close:focus{background-color:#1a1a1a;border-color:#1a1a1a;color:#fff;stroke:#fff;outline:none}.osano-cm-link:focus{color:unset}.osano-cm-buttons button.osano-cm-manage{border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.4;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white;border:none;margin-top:12px}.osano-cm-buttons button:hover,.osano-cm-buttons button:active{background-color:#A32700;color:#ffffff}.osano-cm-close{stroke-width:1px;border-radius:50%;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;box-sizing:initial;cursor:pointer;height:20px;line-height:normal;margin:16px;min-height:20px;min-width:20px;order:0;outline:none;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-decoration:none;transition-timing-function:ease-out;width:20px;z-index:2}.osano-cm-link{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.2s;transition-property:color;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.osano-cm-link:hover,.osano-cm-link:active{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:#FF4C00}.osano-cm-close:focus,.osano-cm-close:hover{stroke-width:2px;transform:unset}.osano-cm-link:focus{font-weight:normal}.osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#b8b8b8}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00;opacity:0.5}.osano-cm-button{background-color:#ff4b00;border:1px solid #ff4b00;color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:normal;margin-right:8px}.osano-cm-button:hover{background-color:#A32700;border:1px solid #A32700}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle{color:#f2f2f2;cursor:pointer}.osano-cm-drawer-toggle .osano-cm-label{font-size:18px;line-height:1.375em;margin:0 auto 0 0;font-weight:normal;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:focus{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:active,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:active{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure--collapse{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a;padding-bottom:1em}.osano-cm-widget{display:none}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover{text-decoration:none}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.osano-cm-dialog{padding:32px 32px 32px 32px}.osano-cm-dialog--type_bar .osano-cm-button{flex:0.3 0.5 70%;margin:0.25em 0.5em;width:auto}}.osano-cm-save{width:40%;float:right;margin:0 16px 24px 0}.osano-cm-powered-by{clear:both;margin-bottom:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial{margin-bottom:0;height:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial .rbl-ad:before,[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:none!important}@media (max-width:727px){.top-leader-container.top-leader-container{min-height:147px}.rbl-ad{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.rblad-ieee_in_content .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_in_content_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.after_main_article_content{min-height:370px;min-width:350px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:400px;box-sizing:border-box}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:180px;min-width:350px}}@media (min-width:1440px){.after_main_article_content,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.feature_post_full + div,.article_column .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;min-width:790px}.after_main_article_content{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{min-height:125px}.rblad-ieee_in_content{min-height:384px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:344px}.article_column .rbl-ad{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:280px;min-width:970px}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:120px}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{min-width:970px}}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{margin-top:0}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{height:180px;padding:0!important;margin-top:-10px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{justify-content:flex-start}.rbl-ad{width:100%}.sidebar_repeat_ad .rbl-ad-gpt>div{text-align:left!important}.rblad-ieee_in_content{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center;clear:both}.ad-in-content.ad-in-content{border:0}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline-Bold';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}.homepage-logo{display:inline;font-size:1.6rem}.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{display:none}.headline__h1{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:42px;line-height:44px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;padding:16px 16px 0px 16px;margin:0}body>#myframe{position:absolute}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text{text-transform:capitalize}@media (min-width:1568px){.main{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}}[id^="google_ads_"]{margin:0 auto!important}[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:"Advertisement";text-transform:uppercase;display:block;font-size:10px;color:#595959;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding-bottom:0px;letter-spacing:1px}.stick_in_parent{top:40px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad{align-items:flex-start!important}.ad-in-content{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center}.content{width:auto;max-width:none}.search__close{float:right;position:relative;right:30px;padding-top:3px}.search__close:before,.search__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:25px;border-left:2px solid}.search__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.search__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.search-form{position:relative;right:0;margin-left:20px}.search-form__open{font-size:16px;line-height:53px;height:53px;width:53px;text-align:center;bottom:0}.search-form .search-form__submit{position:absolute;display:block;margin-left:3px;top:0;height:32px;z-index:1}.show-search .search-form__submit{color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;padding:17px;top:0;display:initial}.topbar_sticky{margin:0}.topbar_sticky .sticky-target.sticky-active{z-index:2;width:100%;top:0}@media (max-width:767px){.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:53px}.menu-opened .rebelbar__menu-toggle .fa-bars:before{content:"\f00d"}.cta-member__right-column{margin-top:18px;margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 30px;margin:0 auto}.scrolled .rebelbar .container{padding:15px 30px 10px!important}.welcome-ad-cont{margin-bottom:32px}}#sidebar_1 div{padding:16px}.arrow-link,.custom-field-PodcastTime{display:none}.menu-global{display:none!important}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){margin:0}.main,.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#ecece9;overflow:inherit}body:not(.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future){background:#ecece9}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1){background:#ff4c00;border:1px solid #ff4c00}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){border:1px solid #595959!important;margin-left:15px}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1):hover{background:#a32700}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2):hover{border:1px solid #bfbfbf!important}.articles-count{margin:0}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;padding-right:9px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.5px;line-height:16px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.article_post.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{color:#404040}.posts-custom .time-to-read,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:7px}.story_teaser .widget .row .col{margin:0}.story_teaser .widget{padding-bottom:20px}.story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0;padding:16px 6px}.story_teaser.not_infinite .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin-bottom:0px}.dark_layout .story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:text-decoration-color}.featured_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-underline-offset:5px}.widget .widget__subheadline-text{font-weight:normal}.widget .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit}.current_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.current_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.feature_post_full .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid;color:#f2f2f2}.icon-close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.icon-close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.footer{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_top_bar,.footer{background-color:#0d0d0d}.rebelbar-wrapper_static,.rebelbar-wrapper{background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2){color:#0d0d0d}.rebel-use-info-wrapper button{width:24px;height:24px;border-radius:40px;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-size:105%}.rebel-user-info{display:inline-block}.menu-item__title{font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:18px;margin-right:16px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:32px}.menu-item__title:before,.topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;margin-right:16px}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:before,.dark_layout .topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{border-left:1px solid #404040}.menu-item__title:after{content:"";margin-left:8px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}.menu-item:hover .menu-item__title:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.menu-item{cursor:pointer}.menu-dropdown:before{content:"TOPICS";color:#737373;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-top:19px;display:block}.menu-dropdown{padding:0 16px;background:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;z-index:2;box-shadow:0 5px 5px #00000017;min-width:231px;transition:all 0.2s ease-out;max-height:0;overflow:hidden}.menu-dropdown .list{padding-bottom:10px}.menu-dropdown .list__item{color:#0d0d0d}.menu-dropdown .list__item:before{content:"";background:#ff4c00;vertical-align:baseline;width:0;height:0;border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;transition:all 200ms ease}.menu-dropdown .list__item.active:before,.menu-dropdown .list__item:hover:before{transition:all 200ms ease;width:13px;height:13px;margin-right:5px}.menu-item:hover .menu-dropdown{max-height:471px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{border:none!important;padding:9px 0;position:relative;float:right}.notification-counter{background:#fa8;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding:0px 8px;border-radius:40px;font-size:12px;padding-top:3px;float:left;margin-top:3px;height:16px;line-height:16px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:none;right:32px;top:40px;width:224px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 16px 12px;z-index:100;background:#fff;position:absolute;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px;text-transform:capitalize}.user-menu-container:hover .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:block}.user-info__dropdown{padding:0;margin:0;display:none}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li,.member-link{padding-bottom:12px;list-style:none}.member-link{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li a,.member-link{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .member-link{color:#d9d9d9}.user-info__dropdown .title strong{font-weight:400}.user-info__dropdown .title a:first-child{cursor:text}.river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;padding-bottom:16px;padding-top:2px}.river-notification .content-wrp .date,.river-notification .aside{display:none}.river-notification .content-wrp{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-0.014285714285714287em;line-height:18px}.is_unread .title:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ffaa88;padding-right:8px;font-size:11px;vertical-align:text-top}.river-notification .content-wrp a{font-weight:bold}.user-info__dropdown .profile_link:hover:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;padding-right:5px;float:left}#user_avatar{border-radius:50%;max-width:24px}#user_name{display:inline-block;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:initial;font-size:14px;color:#bfbfbf;padding:0 10px;margin-top:6px;vertical-align:middle}@media (max-width:767px){#user_name{margin-top:0}}.toggle-user-dropdown:after{content:"";box-sizing:border-box;height:8px;width:8px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;transform:scaleX(-1) rotate(-135deg);margin-top:-4px;margin-left:9px;vertical-align:super;display:inline-block}.user-menu-container{display:inline-block;padding:2px 0px;vertical-align:middle}.toggle-user-dropdown{position:relative;top:6px}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{text-align:right;font-size:9px;line-height:16px;cursor:pointer;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;margin-top:12px;padding:18px 0 21px;text-transform:lowercase;position:relative}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read:before{content:"NOTIFICATIONS";float:left;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.0625em;color:#737373;cursor:initial;position:absolute;left:0;top:18px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter{float:right;position:relative;top:26px;cursor:text;z-index:1}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter:not(.hidden) + .user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{padding-top:35px;padding-bottom:7px}.user-info__dropdown .title{margin:0}.user-menu-container:hover .toggle-user-dropdown:after{margin-top:0;transform:scaleX(1) rotate(45deg);position:relative;top:4px}.user-menu-container:hover>.rebel-use-info-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .mobile_search_icon path{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout #mobile_search_icon svg g g,.dark_layout #search_modal svg g g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search__close:before,.dark_layout .search__close:after{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{background:#404040}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper a,.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #595959}.rebelbar__menu-toggle{min-width:32px;line-height:32px;white-space:nowrap}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg{margin-top:-4px}.dark_layout .site_logo svg g{fill:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .site_logo .text-element{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper_static{background:#1a1a1a;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .dark_top_bar{background-color:#262626;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .menu-dropdown{background:#404040}.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2),.dark_layout .list__item{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .fa-search:before,.dark_layout .module-headline__text,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper .text-element{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .menu-item__title{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input{background:#404040;color:#f2f2f2}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #404040;padding:0px 7.5px}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:first-child{padding-left:0px;padding-right:15.5px}.js-hidden-panel.active + .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:0px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:135px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column .container_head_sticky{top:115px!important}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{padding-right:15px;vertical-align:sub}#search_modal{position:absolute;top:106px;left:0;width:100%;z-index:999;background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box}#search_modal.on-search-page{position:static;margin-bottom:0}.dark_layout #search_modal{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;background:#1a1a1a}#search_mobile{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;height:30px;width:72%;border-radius:5px;border:0;padding:0 10px}.dark_layout #search_mobile{background:#404040}#search_form button{background:transparent;border:0;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.search-form__text-input{position:initial;background:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;height:32px;width:130px;border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:2px 20px 0 30px;box-sizing:border-box}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .search-form__text-input{position:static}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#999999!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline .widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#0d0d0d!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#595959!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .fullwidth_post .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .menu-opened .huge-menu{display:block}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__head{width:32.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{width:66.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:first-child{width:34.7%!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:last-child{width:63.3%!important}}.search-form__text-input:active,.search-form__text-input:focus{border:1px solid #ff4c00;color:#0d0d0d;caret-color:#0a7aff}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus{background:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active + .search-form__submit svg g,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus + .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#0d0d0d}.search-form__text-input::placeholder,.search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#bfbfbf}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row{overflow:inherit;margin:0!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:24px 32px 24px 22px}.featured_columns .row .home_column,.featured_columns .row .sticky_column,.featured_columns .row .scroll_column,.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding:0!important}.featured_columns .row .section_column{padding:0px 0px 20px!important}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{width:calc(100% - 75%);top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{float:right}.featured_columns .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.scroll_column .row .col{margin-bottom:20px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:26px}.scroll_column .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget_column.col.l3{width:25%}.article_column.col.l9,.section_column.col.l9{width:75%}}.like-button{display:inline-block;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;line-height:normal;font-size:18px;vertical-align:middle}.like-label{display:none}.like-btn.like,.like-btn.unlike{color:#a6a6a6;border-left:1px solid;padding-left:4px;font-size:14px}.fa-heart:before,.fa-heart-o:before{visibility:hidden}.like-btn.like .heart{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:bottom;cursor:pointer;background-position:center 0.23em}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center 0.23em}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-position:center 0.25em}.all-related-sections{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.all-related-sections a{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{display:inline;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px;margin-right:7px;border:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0.0625em;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;margin-bottom:10px;transition-duration:200ms;transition-property:all}.all-related-sections a[href$="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href$="/type/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:not([href$="/topic/"]) ~ [href*="/topic/"]{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040;order:1}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#404040}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf;order:1}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#bfbfbf}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{order:2}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .time-to-read,.FillDark .like-btn.like,.FillDark .like-btn.unlike,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.like,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #ff4c00;color:white}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]{color:#005690}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]:hover{border:1px solid #005690;background-color:#005690;color:white!important;box-shadow:0 -4px 0 #005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#005690}@media (min-width:1024px){.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{margin-bottom:10px}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:100% auto;margin-left:4px;margin-right:5px;height:1em;width:8px;width:0.25em;margin-top:-0.1em}.fullwidth_post{margin-bottom:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row{margin:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row .col{padding:0;margin-bottom:10px}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:50%;position:absolute;bottom:0;padding:32px;margin:32px 32px 20px 32px;height:fit-content;z-index:1}.fullwidth_post.TopLeft .widget__body{top:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.TopRight .widget__body{top:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomLeft .widget__body{bottom:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomRight .widget__body{bottom:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post .widget__head .widget__body{max-width:100%;margin:0;height:auto;background:transparent!important;border:0!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{border:1px solid rgba(242,242,242,0.4)}.fullwidth_post .widget:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:25%;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post .social-date,.fullwidth_post .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#bfbfbf;border:solid rgba(191,191,191,0.4);border-width:0 0 1px 1px}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border-color:#f2f2f2;background:transparent;box-shadow:none}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent{border-color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .social-date,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{border-left:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4)}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__body{background:#1a1a1a;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#a6a6a6}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#8c8c8c}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__body{background:#ecece9;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.Transparent .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.DarkBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post.DarkTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}@media (max-width:1023px){.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:20%;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark){padding-bottom:20%;background:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom,.fullwidth_post.LightTop,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft,.fullwidth_post.LightRight{background:#ecece9}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:100%}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__body{padding:16px;margin:16px;top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0}.fullwidth_post:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget .widget__body{bottom:-20vw}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:""}.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:24px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:32px}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.0046875em;line-height:32px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:48px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:48px}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-1.25px}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container>img.rm-shortcode,.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img,.rebellt-item-media-container .product-image-container>img{width:auto}}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.featured_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.article_post .widget__headline,.story_teaser .widget__headline{display:contents}.featured_post .widget__headline:before,.article_post .widget__headline:before,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline:before,.story_teaser .widget__headline:before{content:"";display:block;margin:8px}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{content:"";display:block;margin:5px}.individual_podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin-bottom:16px}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline a{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline,.featured_post .widget__subheadline,.article_post .widget__subheadline,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{color:#595959;display:contents}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline:before{color:#bdbdbd}.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:26px}.story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}@media (min-width:768px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;line-height:32px}}@media (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:28px;line-height:28px}}@media (min-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:-0.004722222222222222em}}.fullwidth_post.BorderDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.post-custom .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#e6e6e6}a[rel="orange_button"],.mktoForm.mktoHasWidth.mktoLayoutLeft .mktoButtonRow .mktoButtonWrap.mktoSkip .mktoButton{border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;color:#f2f2f2!important;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="orange_button"]:hover,.mktoButton:hover{color:white!important;background:#a32700;text-decoration:none}a[rel="gray_button"]{border-radius:4px;background-color:#404040;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="gray_button"]:hover{background:#595959}.widget__show-more{text-align:center;padding-bottom:45px}.show-less,.show-more{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:all}.show-less,.show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.show-less{display:none}.dark_layout .widget__headline{color:#e6e6e6}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline{color:#999999}.dark_layout .article_post .social-author:before,.dark_layout .article_post .social-author__name,.dark_layout .article_post .social-date__text{color:#a6a6a6}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-date{color:#a6a6a6;padding-left:0;padding-right:8px}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-author + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastEpisode + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime + .social-date{padding-left:8px}.dark_layout .like-btn.like,.dark_layout .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:before{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget__headline:hover a{color:inherit}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode,.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#a6a6a6;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-right:7px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{padding:0 10px;border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode:before{content:"Episode "}.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future{background:#1a1a1a}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:500}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-weight:300}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__head img,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__head img,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head img{visibility:hidden}@media (max-width:992px){.top_menu_links .list .list__item:not(:nth-child(1)){display:none}}@media (max-width:767px){.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head,.section-podcast .posts-custom .widget__head,.section-podcasts .posts-custom .widget__head{width:20%;float:right;padding:0 0 0 8px}.topbar .search-form,.topbar .main-menu-el{display:none}.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:100px}.section_column{margin-bottom:20px!important}.widget.tag-type-podcast{padding-bottom:46px!important}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{margin:0px}.tag-type-podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin:7px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-0.03125em}.scroll_column .posts-custom .widget__headline{line-height:21px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:21px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget .widget__image,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget .widget__image{border-radius:5px}.scroll_column .all-related-sections{display:none!important}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:0}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd}.section_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:16px 10px 16px 22px;margin:0}.section_column .story_teaser .all-related-sections{padding-top:8px}.page_headline_container .module-headline{padding:0px 0px 10px 32px}}@media (min-width:768px){#welcome_ad{min-width:640px;min-height:480px}.menu-opened .all-content-wrapper{-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0)}.menu-global{right:0;-webkit-transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate3d(320px,0,0)}.search-form{padding:0 16px 0;margin:0}.user-menu-container{margin-right:16px}.featured_columns .story_teaser .widget .row .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 10px}.footer .list a:last-child{padding-left:7.5px}.search-form__text-input{width:200px}}@media (min-width:1568px){.main,.rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_top_bar{max-width:1568px;margin:auto}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{max-width:392px}}.ftr-copy:first-letter {font-size:1.3em;margin:0 0 0 2px}.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:14px 16px 2px 16px;transition:all 300ms}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;z-index:1}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel.active + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0)}.topbar__sticky-headline,.topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar__sticky-headline{max-width:calc(100% - 214px);box-sizing:border-box}.topbar__sticky-headline .text-element{width:100%;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;height:100%}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{font-family:"Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif}@media (min-width:768px){.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:20px 32px 5px}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding-top:13px}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{max-width:1568px;margin:0 auto}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline + .topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}.topbar__static-headline{font:normal 12px/0.8 "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;font:bold 24px/24px "Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif;height:26px;position:relative;top:3px}_::-webkit-full-page-media,_:future,:root .topbar__sticky-headline--post{top:5px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section{font:normal 24px/1 "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;position:relative;top:4px;margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-3px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.search-form__text-input{width:282px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-4px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1366px){.topbar__static-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}}.hide-text.hide-text{font-size:0!important}[data-source-type="multi"] .freeze,[data-attr-source="filtered"] .freeze{display:none!important}.featured_columns .collection_side .widget:not(:last-child),.featured_columns .collection_side{border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.first_lazyloaded_home{margin-bottom:0px}.formatted-text.ql-editor{overflow:hidden}.static_page .formatted-text.ql-editor{padding:24px 0 24px 0px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.static_page .formatted-text.ql-editor h3{color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase}.static_page a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-position:under;color:#0D0D0D}.static_page a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.static_page .widget_column .formatted-text.ql-editor{font-size:14px}.widget.tag-type-podcast .time-to-read,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .time-to-read,.widget.tag-type-webinar .time-to-read{display:none}.widget.tag-type-podcast{background:#1a1a1a}.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Medium",sans-serif;font-weight:500}.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__subheadline{color:#999;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.widget.tag-type-podcast:hover .widget__headline a,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__headline{color:#e6e6e6}.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime,.widget.tag-type-podcast .social-date{color:#a4a2a0}.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:before,.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf}.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white}.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__image{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26705823/origin.jpg)!important;padding-bottom:100%!important;border-radius:5px}.widget.tag-type-podcast .social-date{padding-right:10px;padding-left:0}.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastEpisode + .social-date,.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime + .social-date{padding-left:10px}.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{padding:0 10px;border-left:1px solid #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='7px'%20height='13px'%20viewBox='0%200%207%2013'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Typography'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-1152.000000,-384.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='1376'%20height='1600'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(1146.136039,384.000000)'%20stroke='%8C8C8C'%20stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpolyline%20transform='translate(6.363961,6.500000)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-6.363961,-6.500000)'%20points='1.86396103%202%2010.863961%202%2010.863961%2011'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.posts--whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__image{filter:grayscale(100%);background-size:contain;max-width:224px;background-position:top center}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__head img,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__head img,.posts--whitepaper .widget__head img{filter:grayscale(100%);max-width:224px;display:block}.posts--whitepaper .widget__head:before,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__head:before,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__head:before{content:"SPONSORED BY:";color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;vertical-align:text-top}.posts--whitepaper .widget__headline-text:after,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text:after,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text:after{content:"Read the whitepaper";position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#F2F2F2;font:400 12px/32px "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;height:32px;width:176px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;justify-content:center}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text:after{content:"Register for the webinar";width:215px}.posts--whitepaper .widget__headline-text:hover:after,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text:hover:after,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text:hover:after{background-color:#595959}.posts--whitepaper .widget__body,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__body,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__body{padding-bottom:50px;position:relative}.posts--whitepaper .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.posts--whitepaper .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.follow-section-spectrum{padding:12px 32px;float:right}.follow-button-spectrum{padding:6px 12px;border-radius:4px;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #BFBFBF;background:transparent;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.follow-button-spectrum.following,.follow-button-spectrum:hover{background:#d9d9d9}@media (min-width:769px){.static_page .widget_column .formatted-text.ql-editor{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .widget.tag-type-podcast article,.section_column .widget.tag-type-podcast article{display:flex}.featured_columns .widget.tag-type-podcast article .row,.section_column .widget.tag-type-podcast article .row{display:flex;margin-bottom:0px}.featured_columns:not(.podcast_collection) .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-center,.section_column:not(.podcast_collection) .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-center{width:22%!important;order:2}.featured_columns .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-right,.section_column .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-right{width:78%!important}.collection_side .col:first-child .widget:first-child{padding-top:0!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .webinar_teaser .widget,.featured_columns .row .home_column .whitepaper_teaser .widget{padding-bottom:48px}}@media (max-width:767px){.featured_columns .collection_side .posts-custom .widget__section,.featured_columns .collection_side .post-tags-primary,.featured_columns .collection_side .social-date,.widget_column{display:none}.posts--whitepaper .widget,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper,.widget.tag-type-webinar{padding-bottom:60px}.posts--whitepaper .widget .rm-col-center.col .widget__head,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .rm-col-center.col .widget__head,.widget.tag-type-webinar .rm-col-center.col .widget__head{margin-top:25px}.posts--whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__image{max-width:160px;padding-bottom:14%!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .webinar_teaser .widget,.featured_columns .row .home_column .whitepaper_teaser .widget{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:32px}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .home_column .story_teaser .widget,.story_teaser.not_infinite .widget{padding-left:6px;padding-right:6px}.featured_columns .row .home_column .podcast_teaser .widget{padding-right:32px}.featured_columns .collection_side .widget:not(:last-child),.featured_columns .collection_side{border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.featured_columns:not(.featured_columns--home) .collection_side .row{display:flex;margin-bottom:0px}.featured_columns:not(.featured_columns--home) .collection_side .row .col{flex:1;margin-bottom:15px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px){.featured_columns--home .scroll_column .all-related-sections{display:none}.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side .widget,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side__first-col .widget:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side__sec-col .widget:last-child,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns.hero-two .widget:last-child{border-bottom:0}.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side .col:first-child .widget:first-child,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns.hero-two .collection_side__sec-col .widget:first-child{padding-top:0!important}}@media (min-width:1568px){.main{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:200;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16 {margin-bottom:24px;}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0 {align-items:center;position:relative;}.toggle-user-dropdown{top:0;font-size:0}.rebelbar__user-info .notification-counter:not(.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter){position:relative;top:5px}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1 {margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1 {padding-top:6px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0 {display:flex;margin:auto;padding:0 32px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0 {padding:0 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:10px;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {padding-bottom:14px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:10px;text-decoration:none;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {padding:15px 0px 13px 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:none;}}.button-view-hidden{display:none}.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky:not(.active) .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show,.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.announcement-show .announcement-bar{display:flex}.announcement-bar{background:linear-gradient(45deg,#e9c52e,#d03033,#1e6d6a,#1e6d6a,#d03033,#fdcf0d);padding:0 62px 0 32px;margin:0 -32px 20px;display:none;justify-content:center}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show .announcement-bar{margin-bottom:10px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text a{color:inherit}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-weight:100;font-size:12px;text-align:center;display:inline-block}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{color:white!important;text-decoration:none;margin:2px 0 -2px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{display:inline-block;width:max-content;text-decoration-color:transparent;background-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:4px;line-height:100%;letter-spacing:0.0075em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:8px;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.announcement-bar .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.announcement-bar .text-element{line-height:0;align-self:center}.announcement-bar .icon-close:before,.announcement-bar .icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:12px;right:12px;content:" ";height:24px;border-left:1px solid;color:#0D0D0D}.announcement-bar .icon-close{position:absolute;width:24px;height:24px;align-self:center;right:32px;font-size:0}@media (max-width:767px){.announcement-bar .widget__subheadline{width:65%;text-align:left}.announcement-bar .icon-close{right:13px;top:calc(50% - 12px)}.announcement-bar{padding-left:16px;padding-right:46px;position:relative;margin:0 -16px 40px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{max-width:100px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{padding-right:8px;padding-left:0}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-size:11px;line-height:12px}.dark_top_bar{position:relative;z-index:1}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0 {display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0 {width:186px;}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_0_1_0 {display:inline;}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_1 {display:flex;align-items:center;padding-bottom:6px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1_0 {padding-top:5px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1_0 a {display:table;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;white-space:initial;font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.2px;padding:6px 20px;}.huge-menu{inset:0px;z-index:5000;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:0 0 -20px;background-color:#1a1a1a;overflow-y:auto}.huge-menu .dark_layout{background:#1a1a1a;border:solid #404040;border-width:0 1px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;max-width:1568px;padding-top:0}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:hover:before{font-size:16pt;transition:all 100ms ease;padding-right:10px}.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item:hover:before{font-size:12pt}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;font-size:0pt;vertical-align:top;transition:all 100ms ease}.huge-menu-opened{overflow:hidden}.huge-menu{display:none}.huge-menu-opened .huge-menu,.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{display:block}.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{position:fixed;left:0;right:0;top:0}.hm__close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:28px;height:28px;color:#fff;transition:color 0.3s ease}.hm__close:before,.hm__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid}.hm__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.hm__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{letter-spacing:0.75px;color:#8c8c8c;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:normal}.huge-menu .list{margin:0}.huge-menu .list__item{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}.top-menu--sm-links .list__item{display:block;padding:2px 0;font:20px/28px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.0125em}.huge-menu .social-links{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start}.huge-menu .social-links__link{color:#bfbfbf;font-size:20px;background:transparent;padding:13px 8px 9px;width:auto;height:auto}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover{color:#ff4c00}.huge-menu .social-links__link>span{position:static}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>') no-repeat center;background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover span.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.huge-menu .social-links__link.share-instagram{font-size:18px;padding-left:4px}.huge-menu .fa-tumblr:before{font-family:"FontAwesome",sans-serif;content:"\f09e"}.huge-menu .fa-tiktok::before,.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{width:20px;height:20px;content:"";display:inline-flex;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-tiktok::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml, <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf" /></svg>')}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}@media (min-width:768px){.sticky-active .topbar--sticky{display:block}}@media (max-width:768px){svg.site_logo_menu{width:199px;height:28px}.top-menu--big-links .module-headline__text{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0}.top-menu--big-links .list{margin-bottom:60px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.huge-menu .site_logo_menu{width:341px;height:auto}.Top_hugeMenu{padding:37px 32px 10px!important}.Top_hugeMenu .text-element{position:relative;top:-5px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:10px 0;right:-6px}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:28px}.top-menu--sm-links .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0 {margin:0;padding:16px 16px 12px 16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:13px 9px 7px 15px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0_1 {font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:20px;padding-left:16px;display:none;vertical-align:bottom;color: #D9D9D9;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0_1 {display:inline-block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:10px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 a {display:block;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;padding:8px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 a {font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.008928571428571428em;line-height:32px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2 {padding:0;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2 {border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040;margin-right:-1px;width:24.5%;padding-bottom:35px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2 {border-right:1px solid #404040;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0_1 {padding-bottom:22px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1 {padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1_1 {padding-bottom:12px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3 {padding:0;border-left:1px solid #404040;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3 {width:25.5%;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3 {margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:20px;border-left:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0 {display:block;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0_1 {padding-bottom:13px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1 {padding:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1 {border:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px 16px 35px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3 {padding:16px 32px 16px 16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_1 {color:#D9D9D9;font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;padding:5px 0 30px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_2 {display:inline-block;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_3 {display:inline-block;padding-left:16px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_4 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_4 {display:block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_5 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:10;padding:16px 0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0 {margin:auto;padding:22px 35px 12px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0 {padding:18px 17px;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0.row-wrapper {padding:0px 0px 20px 0px;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0 {font-size:12px;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {color:#8C8C8C;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.064em;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {border:none;display:block;padding:7px 0px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.12em;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;margin-top:21px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin:0px 0 20px 0px;max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin-top:21px;line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1 {float:right;max-width:111px;position:absolute;right:35px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin:5px 15px 0 0;max-width:111px;right:3px;}}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:630px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3_0 a:last-child {border:0;}.gated-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:20px}.gated-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-position:under;color:inherit}.gated-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-gated-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.for_pdf .popup_links.for_pdf,.for_save .popup_links.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup_links.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup_links.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup_links.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup_links.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup_links.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup_links.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-heading-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-heading-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-heading-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-heading-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-heading-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-heading-h2.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-gated-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-gated-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-gated-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-gated-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-gated-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-gated-h2.for_member_content{display:block!important}.gated-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:20px 25px 40px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.gated-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px}.gated-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:736px;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0 {margin:32px 0 0;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:5px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;padding:7px 11px;}.lightbox-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:16px}.lightbox-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;color:inherit}.lightbox-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-ligtbox-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:24px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:28px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.lightbox-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:24px 24px 32px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:0;top:19px}.lightbox-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){margin-left:16px}@media (max-width:768px){.popup-heading-h2{max-width:250px}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{height:24px;left:auto}a.js--close-lightbox.lightbox-popup__close.icon-close.hide-text{padding-right:12px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;line-height:36px}.lightbox-popup__close{right:10px}.lightbox-popup__contents{padding-bottom:48px}}.mb-2.story_teaser.not_infinite:empty{display:none}.magazine_widget.dark_layout .text-element{color:#F2F2F2;font-family:Favorit-Pro;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px}.magazine_widget.dark_layout .module-headline__text{color:#FBFAF9;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light";font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}@media (min-width:768px){.magazine_widget.dark_layout .module-headline__text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}}@media (min-width:768px){.sticky-active #sidebar_issuepage{margin-left:-48px}}.magazine_button_member a[rel="gray_button"] span{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.magazine_issues_widget{background-color:#FBFAF9;margin:72px 16px;padding:16px}.magazine_issues_widget .module-headline__text.h2{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:Favorit-Pro-Light;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;padding-bottom:24px}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:last-child{padding-left:0;margin-left:0;padding-right:12px}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:nth-child(3){padding-left:12px;padding-right:0;margin-right:0}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:nth-child(2){padding-left:0;margin-left:0;padding-right:12px}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:first-child{padding-left:12px;padding-right:0;margin-right:0}@media (min-width:768px){.magazine_issues_widget{margin:72px 32px;padding:16px}.magazine_issues_widget .ql-editor{padding:12px 0;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px}.magazine_issues_widget .module-headline__text.h2{font-size:32px;padding-bottom:28px}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:last-child{padding-left:12px;margin-left:-12px;padding-right:12px}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:nth-child(3){padding-left:12px;padding-right:12px;margin-right:0}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:nth-child(2){padding-left:12px;margin-left:0;padding-right:12px}.magazine_issues_widget .col.sm-mb-2.md-mb-4.s6.m6.l3:first-child{padding-left:12px;padding-right:12px;margin-right:-12px}}.featured_post .widget{padding-top:0!important}.story_teaser.not_infinite{margin-bottom:20px}.story_teaser.not_infinite + .story_teaser.not_infinite,.story_teaser + .featured_post{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.story_teaser .widget{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.featured_post .widget{padding:16px 6px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;margin:0}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding:0 16px!important}}@media (min-width:1024px){.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding-right:32px!important}.featured_post .widget{padding:16px 6px 16px 22px}}.page_headline_container{padding:40px 16px 16px;margin:0;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.page_headline_container .module-headline{padding:0}.page_headline_container .module-headline__text{font:300 42px/44px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.010416666em;text-transform:capitalize}.page_headline_container .text-element{font:16px/20px "Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;margin-top:16px}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn .follow-section-spectrum{float:none;display:inline-block;padding:0;margin-top:17px}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn .follow-button-spectrum{padding:7px 11px}@media (min-width:768px){.page_headline_container{padding:49px 32px 10px}.page_headline_container + .featured_columns{margin-top:24px}.page_headline_container>div:not(.follow-section-spectrum){width:50%;display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box}.page_headline_container .module-headline__text{font-size:48px;line-height:52px}.page_headline_container .text-element{border-left:1px solid #BFBFBF;vertical-align:text-bottom;max-width:610px;padding-left:16px;margin-top:0}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn div.text-element{width:40%}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn .follow-section-spectrum{float:right;margin-top:6px}}.page_subheadline_container{padding:48px 0 16px 0px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_title{width:100%}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_title .text-element{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;padding-left:16px}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_description{width:100%}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_description .text-element{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}@media (min-width:768px){.page_subheadline_container{padding:48px 0 24px 0px;margin-bottom:0!important}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_title{width:40%;display:inline-block}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_title .text-element{display:inline-block;width:50%;padding-left:32px}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_description{width:50%;border-left:1px solid #BFBFBF;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}.page_subheadline_container .page_subheadline_description .text-element{display:inline-block;max-width:610px;padding-left:16px;margin-top:0;vertical-align:bottom}}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6 > .row {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6 > .row > * {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6 > .row {margin-left: -12.5px;margin-right:-12.5px;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6 > .row > .col {padding: 0 12.5px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0 {border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf;}} #sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_1 .widget {margin-bottom:-1px;} #sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_11 {font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light',sans-serif;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_11_1 {font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px;padding:0 0 8px 0;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0 {background:#1A1A1A;padding:16px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light',sans-serif;color:#F2F2F2;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0 {margin-bottom:24px;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_1 {padding:8px 0 28px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_1 {padding:8px 0 28px 0;}}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_2_0_1_0_0 {margin-bottom:24px;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_1.image-element .image-element__img {width:100% !important;height:100% !important;}#sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_1.image-element {text-align:center;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:10;padding:16px 0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0 {margin:auto;padding:22px 35px 12px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0 {padding:18px 17px;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0.row-wrapper {padding:0px 0px 20px 0px;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0 {font-size:12px;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {color:#8C8C8C;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.064em;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {border:none;display:block;padding:7px 0px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.12em;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;margin-top:21px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin:0px 0 20px 0px;max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin-top:21px;line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1 {float:right;max-width:111px;position:absolute;right:35px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin:5px 15px 0 0;max-width:111px;right:3px;}}:root{} </style><script class="rm-i-script"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function() { window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalStylesheet("/static/css-build/roar/runner/social-ux-non-critical.css?v=rmxassetse8b874e39b339059e338b461576785bb", function(){ document.body.classList.add("rm-non-critical-loaded"); }); }); </script><script class="rm-i-script"> var __RUNNER_PUBLIC__ = { root: '#runner-root', events: { PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change.listicle_switch_page', URL_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change', LISTICLE_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.listicle_switch_page' } } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> window.__rebelmouseJsBaseUrl = "/static/js-build/"; window.__rebelmousePrimaryColor = "#FF4C00"; </script><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=192&height=192" sizes="192x192"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=48&height=48" sizes="48x48"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2276"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="moreissues2024"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="bold"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2348"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2355"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2284"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="8"></script><script> window.category = ["august"]; </script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2200"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="greek"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="notification"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="fix"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="ieeesignout"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="usermenuosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1719"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="invention"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="off"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="on"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2184"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1422"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="climatetech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2288"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2201"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="footerfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ppid" data-abtest-value="link"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="audosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="pdf" data-abtest-value="button2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1843"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="6"></script><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="bgsalp9vtqx07wdoczkh2jq79qvonr"/><meta property="fb:pages" content="48576411181"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="L-skWDKE3KKfxCj4MKcOwZUVoZ1L_MkSRLAsNxx-JIw"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="CTQnzy87CzDH0ZMNer4KvBtvb7X0tiJoehjRFhqPCis"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="footerfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ppid" data-abtest-value="link"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="audosano"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function() { var cookie = 'rebelmouse_abtests='; cookie += "v1:165477109-A:2,B:2"; document.cookie = cookie + '; Path=/; SameSite=None; Secure'; })(); </script></head><body class="logged-out-user section-august"><div id="fb-root"></div><div id="runner-root"></div><div id="curtain" class="curtain"></div><nav class="menu-global"><div class="main-menu-wrapper"><div class="menu-global__search-form hide-tablet-and-desktop"><form action="/search/"><button type="submit" class="menu-global__submit fa fa-search" value="" aria-label="Submit"></button><input name="q" class="menu-global__text-input" type="text" placeholder="Search..." aria-label="Search"/></form></div><div class="divider hide-tablet-and-desktop"></div><div class="divider"></div><ul id="main-menu" class="main-menu"></ul></div></nav><div class="all-content-wrapper"><div class="main v-sep"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Section"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Section_magazine_issue"></span><div class="menu-overlay js-toggle" data-target="body" data-share-status-id="menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="menu-opened"></div><link rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" href="https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.css"/><script> window.PARSELY = window.PARSELY || {}; function isPublished(post){ return [0,1,2].includes(post.status) } window.PARSELY.autotrack = false; window.PARSELY.onload = function () { if(Object.keys(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post).length > 0 && !isPublished(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post)){ return; } var event = { url: location.href, urlref: document.referrer, js: 1 }; window.PARSELY.updateDefaults({ data: { level: localStorage.getItem("userMembershipStatus") || "anonymous" } }); window.PARSELY.beacon.trackPageView(event); }; </script><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5WJB5X2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Fonts"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Spectrum"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><svg width="0" height="0" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" style="position: absolute"><mask id="xLogoMask" style="mask-type: alpha" maskunits="userSpaceOnUse" x="1" y="1" width="18" height="18"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="black"></path></mask></svg><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><div class="topbar topbar--static" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16"><div class="" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Bar"></span><div class="dark_top_bar" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1"><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0"><div class="top_menu_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE.org</a><a class="list__item" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp" target="_blank">IEEE Xplore Digital Library</a><a class="list__item" href="https://standards.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Standards</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank">More Sites</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="access_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">Sign In</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/join" target="_self">Join IEEE</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_1"><svg width="70px" height="21px" viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="topbar-sticky announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0_1"><div id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0_1_0" class="js-hidden-panel" data-offset="0"></div><div class="rebelbar-wrapper_static announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0_1_1"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Announcement Bar"></span><div class="announcement-bar" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0"><script> if (sessionStorage.getItem('anbarclose') || window.location.pathname == '/st/join') { document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px'; } </script><div class="formatted-text ql-editor"><p><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">See our latest special report, “Reinventing Invention: Stories From Innovation’s Edge”</a> →</p></div><div class="button-view button-view-hidden" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1"><div class="text-element" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1_0"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">View →</a></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="icon-close announcement-close" onclick="sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px';"> Close bar </a></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__TopBar Second Bar"></span><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0"><div class="site_logo" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0"><div class="rm-lcp-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_0_1_0"><a href="/" title="Spectrum Logo"><svg width="214px" height="30px" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#0D0D0D" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a></div><div class="topbar__sticky-headline topbar__sticky-headline--section" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_1_1_0"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_1_1_0_0">August 2021</div></div><div class="topbar__static-headline" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_2_0">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div></div></div><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_1"><div class="search-form"><form action="/search/"><label for="q" class="hide-text">Search: </label><input placeholder="Type to search" type="text" name="q" id="q" class="search-form__text-input"/><button aria-label="Search" type="submit" class="search-form__submit" value="Search"><svg width="18px" height="19px" viewbox="0 0 18 19" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="1376---Sample-Front-Page" transform="translate(-826.000000, -102.000000)" stroke="#0D0D0D" stroke-width="1.5"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(816.857864, 96.000000)"><g id="Search-Icon" transform="translate(7.307612, 5.000000)"><path d="M11.631728,14.6819805 C15.2215789,14.6819805 18.131728,11.7718314 18.131728,8.18198052 C18.131728,4.59212964 15.2215789,1.68198052 11.631728,1.68198052 C8.04187711,1.68198052 5.13172798,4.59212964 5.13172798,8.18198052 C5.13172798,11.7718314 8.04187711,14.6819805 11.631728,14.6819805 Z M11.631728,14.5814755 L11.631728,21.5814755" id="Combined-Shape" transform="translate(11.631728, 11.631728) rotate(-45.000000) translate(-11.631728, -11.631728) "></path></g></g></g></g></svg></button></form></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Menu"></span><div class="main-menu-el" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item__title">Explore by topic</div><div class="menu-dropdown" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div></div></div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hambg-btn" data-target="body"><svg width="32px" height="18px" viewbox="0 0 32 18" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="992---Search---Open-filters---selected" transform="translate(-928.000000, -75.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Collapsed-Site-Header" transform="translate(0.000000, 56.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(432.857864, 12.000000)"><g id="Group" transform="translate(495.142136, 7.000000)"><rect id="Rectangle" x="0" y="0" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy" x="0" y="8" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy-2" x="0" y="16" width="32" height="2"></rect></g></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="huge-menu" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_17"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Huge Menu Links"></span><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1" class="dark_layout row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row px20"><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0" class="Top_hugeMenu col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0"><a href="/" class="hide-text">IEEE Spectrum<svg width="214px" height="30px" class="site_logo_menu" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#F2F2F2" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0_1">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hm__close js--active" data-target="body" data-loaded="true"></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1" class="top-menu top-menu--big-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l6"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Topics</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Sections</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/type/feature/" target="_self">Features</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/news/" target="_self">News</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/opinion/" target="_self">Opinion</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/careers/" target="_self">Careers</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/diy/" target="_self">DIY</a><a class="list__item" href="/engineering-resources/" target="_self">Engineering Resources</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">More</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/newsletters/" target="_self">Newsletters</a><a class="list__item" href="/podcasts/" target="_self">Podcasts</a><a class="list__item" href="/special-reports/" target="_self">Special Reports</a><a class="list__item" href="/collections/" target="_self">Collections</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/explainer/" target="_self">Explainers</a><a class="list__item" href="/top-programming-languages" target="_self">Top Programming Languages</a><a class="list__item" href="https://robotsguide.com" target="_blank">Robots Guide ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://jobs.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Job Site ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/st/about" target="_self">About Us</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/contact" target="_self">Contact Us</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.parsintl.com/publications/ieee-media/" target="_blank">Reprints & Permissions ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://advertise.ieee.org/ " target="_blank">Advertising ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Follow IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="sm-mb-2" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2_1"><div class="social-links"><a class="social-links__link share-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open twitter"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-twitter"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEE.Spectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open facebook"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-facebook"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeespectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open instagram"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-instagram"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-threads" href="https://www.threads.net/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open threads"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-threads"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open linkedin"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-linkedin"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open youtube"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-youtube"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tiktok" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tiktok"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tiktok"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tumblr" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/customfeeds/feed/all-topics/rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tumblr"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tumblr"></span></a></div></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Support IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_1"><i>IEEE Spectrum</i> is the flagship publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science.</div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_2"><a class="color-inherit" href="/st/join" target="_self" rel="orange_button">Join IEEE</a></div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_3"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://ieee.omeda.com/ieee/r-main.do" target="_blank" rel="orange_button">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_4" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_5" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Footer"></span><div class="footer containerHidden" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0"><div class="" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0"><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0" class=" row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row "><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m10 l10"><div class="bottom_menu_links" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><div class="list" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/" target="_blank">About IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html" target="_blank">Contact & Support</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" target="_blank">Nondiscrimination Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" target="_blank">Terms</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="#" target="_self" rel="cookie-preferences">Cookie Preferences</a><a class="list__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/st/ppid-info" target="_self">Ad Privacy Options</a></div></div><div class="ftr-copy" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1">© Copyright 2024 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</div></div><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m2 l2"><svg viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Gated_Popup"></span><div class="gated-popup" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0"><div class="gated-popup__contents" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-gated gated-popup__close icon-close"></a><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf" style="display:none"> Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_save" style="display:none"> Saving articles to read later requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_member_content" style="display:none"> The Institute content is only available for members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf_issues" style="display:none"> Downloading full PDF issues is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Downloading this e-book is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_nxtbook" style="display:none"> Access to <i>Spectrum</i> 's Digital Edition is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_follow_topics" style="display:none"> Following topics is a feature exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_comments" style="display:none"> Adding your response to an article requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf for_save for_comments" style="display:none"> Create an account to access more content and features on <i>IEEE Spectrum</i> , including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. For more exclusive content and features, consider <a class="ieee_link" href="/st/join">Joining IEEE</a> . </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to all of Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to this e-book plus all of <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em> articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><div class="popup_links for_pdf for_save for_comments create_account" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div><div class="popup_links for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content for_ebooks" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE" target="_self">JOIN IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> var popupGatedElement=document.querySelector('.gated-popup'), closeGated, gatedCloseBtn = '.js--close-gated', gatedShownClass = 'gated-popup--shown'; closeGated = function () { popupGatedElement.classList.remove(gatedShownClass); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_save'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_ebooks'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf_issues'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_nxtbook'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_follow_topics'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_comments'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_member_content'); }; function openGatedPopup(type){ document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.create_account .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; // update popups for_member_content document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_member_content .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); // update popups for_pdf for_save for_comments document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_save .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); popupGatedElement.classList.add(type); popupGatedElement.classList.add(gatedShownClass); } document.querySelector(gatedCloseBtn).onclick= closeGated; </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Session_Popup"></span><div class="lightbox-popup" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0"><div class="lightbox-popup__contents" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-lightbox lightbox-popup__close icon-close hide-text">Close</a><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2 popup-heading-h2">Access Thousands of Articles — Completely Free</h2><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2"> Create an account and get exclusive content and features: <strong>Save articles, download collections,</strong> and <strong>talk to tech insiders</strong> — all free! For full access and benefits, <a class="ieee_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE">join IEEE</a> as a paying member. </h2><div class="popup_links signin_button" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum3c&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> function addPopSave(){ var save_post_links = document.querySelectorAll(".like-btn:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < save_post_links.length; i++) { save_post_links[i].removeAttribute("href"); save_post_links[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ openGatedPopup('for_save'); }); save_post_links[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><div class="rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial"></div><div class="page_headline_container " id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_2"><h1 class="module-headline__text h2">August 2021 Issue</h1></div><div id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6" class="featured_columns row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0" class="section_column bigger-teaser-headline col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l9"><div class="mb-2 featured_post" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_1"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_1" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="august_cover" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_1" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_magazine_issue]/abtests/abtest[1]/row/column[1]/posts-" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="august_cover" data-attr-from_regular_sections="magazine/2021/august" data-attr-from_tags="type:cover" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,community_name,body,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,author,snark_line,badges,photo_caption,follow_button,community_comments,post_shares,page_views,tags,source_link,main_author,collection_button,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="featured_post" data-attr-layout_subheadline="top" data-attr-layout_date="top" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_like_button="top" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-ai tag-missile-defense tag-neural-networks tag-insects tag-artificial-intelligence tag-type-cover" elid="2653978243" data-category="AI"><article elid="2653978243" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653978243"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/">AI</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/">Feature</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fast-efficient-neural-networks-copy-dragonfly-brains" aria-label="Fast, Efficient Neural Networks Copy Dragonfly Brains" data-type="text"> Fast, Efficient Neural Networks Copy Dragonfly Brains </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text"><p>An insect-inspired AI could make missile-defense systems more nimble</p></h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">30 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">12 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="21"></div></div><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fast-efficient-neural-networks-copy-dragonfly-brains" aria-label="Fast, Efficient Neural Networks Copy Dragonfly Brains"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x965" role="img" aria-label="Closeup of a face of a dragonfly. " data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/closeup-of-a-face-of-a-dragonfly.jpg?id=27058407&width=1200&height=933" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/closeup-of-a-face-of-a-dragonfly.jpg?id=27058407&width=600&height=466" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/closeup-of-a-face-of-a-dragonfly.jpg?id=27058407&width=300&height=233" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 77.82258064516128%;" style="padding-bottom: 77.82258064516128%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653978243" class="post-context post-context-2653978243"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Frances Chance","11":2653978243,"7":"ai, missile defense, neural networks, insects, artificial intelligence, type:cover","10":"artificial intelligence","6":"artificial-intelligence","8":"07/30/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653978243, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544169537, 497728259, 539626628, 544169516, 544169517, 545658351, 553638707], "authors": [22990891], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="page_subheadline_container" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_2"><div class="page_subheadline_title" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_2_0"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_2_0_0">Features</div></div><div class="page_subheadline_description" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_2_1"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_2_1_0">In-depth articles from top experts, Spectrum editors, and contributors</div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_3_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_2" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="august_feature" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_3_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_magazine_issue]/abtests/abtest[1]/row/column[1]/choose[2]/otherwise/posts[1]-" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="august_feature" data-attr-from_regular_sections="magazine/2021/august,feature" data-attr-from_sections_mode="all" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="issue-cover-posts,cover,news,opinion,departments,article,topic/the-institute,sponsored" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids" data-attr-limit="14" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-circuit-design tag-circuits tag-smartphones tag-soc tag-voltage-regulation post-section--topic/semiconductors" elid="2653915576" data-category="Semiconductors"><article elid="2653915576" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653915576"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/a-circuit-to-boost-battery-life" aria-label="A Circuit to Boost Battery Life"><div class="widget__image crop-6555x4832" role="img" aria-label="Image of a battery held sideways by pliers on each side." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-a-battery-held-sideways-by-pliers-on-each-side.jpg?id=27057622&width=1200&height=884" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-a-battery-held-sideways-by-pliers-on-each-side.jpg?id=27057622&width=600&height=442" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-a-battery-held-sideways-by-pliers-on-each-side.jpg?id=27057622&width=300&height=221" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 73.71472158657514%;" style="padding-bottom: 73.71472158657514%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/">Feature</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/a-circuit-to-boost-battery-life" aria-label="A Circuit to Boost Battery Life" data-type="text"> A Circuit to Boost Battery Life </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text"><p><u></u>Digital low-dropout voltage regulators will save time, money, and power</p></h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">29 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">11 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="10"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653915576" class="post-context post-context-2653915576"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Keith A. Bowman","11":2653915576,"7":"circuit design, circuits, smartphones, soc, voltage regulation","10":"circuit design","6":"semiconductors","8":"07/29/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653915576, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539626628, 544169516, 544169517, 545658351, 539621009, 553638707], "authors": [22993150], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-nasa tag-jpl tag-antennas tag-spacecraft tag-type-feature tag-space-exploration tag-space-flight tag-wireless post-section--topic/aerospace" elid="2653906530" data-category="Aerospace"><article elid="2653906530" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906530"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/no-antenna-could-survive-europas-brutal-radioactive-environment-until-now" aria-label="No Antenna Could Survive Europa’s Brutal, Radioactive Environment—Until Now"><div class="widget__image crop-2480x1654" role="img" aria-label="Illustration of an antenna on a moon with Jupiter in the background." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-an-antenna-on-a-moon-with-jupiter-in-the-background.jpg?id=27044517&width=1200&height=800" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-an-antenna-on-a-moon-with-jupiter-in-the-background.jpg?id=27044517&width=600&height=400" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-an-antenna-on-a-moon-with-jupiter-in-the-background.jpg?id=27044517&width=300&height=200" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 66.69354838709678%;" style="padding-bottom: 66.69354838709678%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/">Feature</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/no-antenna-could-survive-europas-brutal-radioactive-environment-until-now" aria-label="No Antenna Could Survive Europa’s Brutal, Radioactive Environment—Until Now" data-type="text"> No Antenna Could Survive Europa’s Brutal, Radioactive Environment—Until Now </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">To explore Jupiter’s moon for signs of life, JPL developed a brand new, all-metal design</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">11 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="9"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906530" class="post-context post-context-2653906530"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Nacer E. Chahat","11":2653906530,"7":"nasa, jpl, antennas, spacecraft, type:feature, space exploration, space flight, wireless","10":"space flight","6":"aerospace","8":"07/21/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906530, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728258, 553638707, 544169516, 544169517, 545658351], "authors": [21081177], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-test-and-measurement tag-exogenous-shock tag-path-dependence tag-type-feature tag-covid-19 tag-imagers post-section--topic/sensors" elid="2653906548" data-category="Sensors"><article elid="2653906548" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906548"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/covid-19-forced-us-all-to-experiment-what-have-we-learned" aria-label="COVID-19 Forced Us All to Experiment. What Have We Learned?"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x930" role="img" aria-label="Image of events during history." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-events-during-history.jpg?id=27044548&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-events-during-history.jpg?id=27044548&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-events-during-history.jpg?id=27044548&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/sensors/">Sensors</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/">Feature</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/covid-19-forced-us-all-to-experiment-what-have-we-learned" aria-label="COVID-19 Forced Us All to Experiment. What Have We Learned?" data-type="text"> COVID-19 Forced Us All to Experiment. What Have We Learned? </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Telework, telelearning, telemedicine, and telecommerce are here to stay</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">20 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">9 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="5"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906548" class="post-context post-context-2653906548"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michele Acuto, Shaun Larcom, Ferdinand Rauch, Tim Willems","11":2653906548,"7":"test and measurement, exogenous shock, path dependence, type:feature, covid-19, imagers","10":"imagers","6":"sensors","8":"07/20/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906548, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539621489, 553638707, 544169516, 544169517, 545658351], "authors": [22900937, 22900938, 22900939, 22900940], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_3_1_1"></div><div class="page_subheadline_container" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_4"><div class="page_subheadline_title" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_4_0"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_4_0_0">News</div></div><div class="page_subheadline_description" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_4_1"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_4_1_0">Insight and analysis on the latest advances in technology</div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_5_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_4" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="august_news" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_5_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_magazine_issue]/abtests/abtest[1]/row/column[1]/choose[3]/otherwise/posts[1]-" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="august_news" data-attr-from_regular_sections="magazine/2021/august,news" data-attr-from_sections_mode="all" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="issue-cover-posts,cover,feature,opinion,departments,article,topic/the-institute,diy,careers,sponsored" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids" data-attr-limit="6" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-chip-shortage tag-analog tag-microchip-shortage tag-power-management tag-wafers tag-fabs tag-processors tag-shortages tag-automobiles tag-covid-19 tag-devices tag-chips-act tag-microcontrollers post-section--topic/semiconductors" elid="2653906588" data-category="Semiconductors"><article elid="2653906588" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906588"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/chip-shortage" aria-label="How and When the Chip Shortage Will End, in 4 Charts"><div class="widget__image crop-2480x1860" role="img" aria-label="A worker fuels a Volkswagen Golf 8 automobile on the assembly line." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-worker-fuels-a-volkswagen-golf-8-automobile-on-the-assembly-line.jpg?id=27044601&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-worker-fuels-a-volkswagen-golf-8-automobile-on-the-assembly-line.jpg?id=27044601&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-worker-fuels-a-volkswagen-golf-8-automobile-on-the-assembly-line.jpg?id=27044601&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/chip-shortage" aria-label="How and When the Chip Shortage Will End, in 4 Charts" data-type="text"> How and When the Chip Shortage Will End, in 4 Charts </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Fabs using older process nodes are the key</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">28 Mar 2023</span></div><div class="time-to-read">5 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="19"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906588" class="post-context post-context-2653906588"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Samuel K. Moore","11":2653906588,"7":"chip shortage, analog, microchip shortage, power management, wafers, fabs, processors, shortages, automobiles, covid-19, devices, chips act, microcontrollers","10":"chip shortage","6":"semiconductors","8":"03/28/2023"}, "post": {"id": 2653906588, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539621009, 544169523, 553638707, 544169516, 545658351], "authors": [21075160], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-radiance-technologies tag-satellites tag-test-flights tag-aviation tag-project-loon tag-sierra-nevada post-section--topic/aerospace" elid="2653906540" data-category="Aerospace"><article elid="2653906540" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906540"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/stratospheric-balloons-take-monitoring-and-surveillance-to-new-heights" aria-label="Stratospheric Balloons Take Monitoring and Surveillance to New Heights"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x930" role="img" aria-label="Image of a map with highlighted markers." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-a-map-with-highlighted-markers.jpg?id=27044536&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-a-map-with-highlighted-markers.jpg?id=27044536&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image-of-a-map-with-highlighted-markers.jpg?id=27044536&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/stratospheric-balloons-take-monitoring-and-surveillance-to-new-heights" aria-label="Stratospheric Balloons Take Monitoring and Surveillance to New Heights" data-type="text"> Stratospheric Balloons Take Monitoring and Surveillance to New Heights </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">These eyes in the sky fly above drones and below satellites</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="7"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906540" class="post-context post-context-2653906540"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Mark Harris","11":2653906540,"7":"radiance technologies, satellites, test flights, aviation, project loon, sierra nevada","10":"satellites","6":"aerospace","8":"07/21/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906540, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728258, 544169523, 553638707, 544169516, 545658351], "authors": [21079483], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-renewables tag-energy-storage tag-joule-heating tag-batteries tag-thermal-storage post-section--topic/energy" elid="2653906599" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2653906599" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906599"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/could-storing-electricity-in-whitehot-blocks-give-supercheap-renewables-storage" aria-label="White-Hot Blocks as Renewable Energy Storage?"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x930" role="img" aria-label="Concrete Bricks" data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/concrete-bricks.jpg?id=27044623&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/concrete-bricks.jpg?id=27044623&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/concrete-bricks.jpg?id=27044623&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/energy-storage/">How to Store Energy With Earth-Friendly Materials</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/">Spectrum Collections</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/could-storing-electricity-in-whitehot-blocks-give-supercheap-renewables-storage" aria-label="White-Hot Blocks as Renewable Energy Storage?" data-type="text"> White-Hot Blocks as Renewable Energy Storage? </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Thermal batteries could be the cheap and simple option</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">23 Jun 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="3"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906599" class="post-context post-context-2653906599"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Prachi Patel","11":2653906599,"7":"renewables, energy storage, joule heating, batteries, thermal storage","10":"batteries","6":"energy","8":"06/23/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906599, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 2267909190, 544169516, 2265942924, 559394862, 545658351, 544169523, 553638707, 550122300], "authors": [21078870], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-dna tag-dna-circuits tag-hardware tag-design tag-synthetic-biology tag-medical-devices post-section--topic/computing" elid="2653906669" data-category="Computing"><article elid="2653906669" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906669"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/dna-based-circuits-future-of-medicine-this-software-program-gets-us-there-faster" aria-label="DNA-based Circuits May Be the Future of Medicine, and This Software Program Will Get Us There Faster"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x930" role="img" aria-label="digital dna" data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/digital-dna.jpg?id=27044776&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/digital-dna.jpg?id=27044776&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/digital-dna.jpg?id=27044776&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/computing/">Computing</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/dna-based-circuits-future-of-medicine-this-software-program-gets-us-there-faster" aria-label="DNA-based Circuits May Be the Future of Medicine, and This Software Program Will Get Us There Faster" data-type="text"> DNA-based Circuits May Be the Future of Medicine, and This Software Program Will Get Us There Faster </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">The program allows anyone without knowledge in chemistry to easily design DNA-based circuits.</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">09 Jun 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="3"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906669" class="post-context post-context-2653906669"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michelle Hampson","11":2653906669,"7":"dna, dna circuits, hardware, design, synthetic biology, medical devices","10":"hardware","6":"computing","8":"06/09/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906669, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544169523, 553638707, 545658351, 544169516, 539617903], "authors": [21075168], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-bci tag-machine-learning tag-medical-devices post-section--topic/biomedical" elid="2653906689" data-category="Biomedical"><article elid="2653906689" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906689"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/braincomputer-interface-smashes-previous-record-for-typing-speed" aria-label="Brain-Computer Interface Smashes Previous Record for Typing Speed"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x653" role="img" aria-label="Two tiny arrays of implanted electrodes relayed information from the brain area that controls the hands and arms to an algorithm, which translated it into letters that appeared on a screen. The screen says hello." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/two-tiny-arrays-of-implanted-electrodes-relayed-information-from-the-brain-area-that-controls-the-hands-and-arms-to-an-algorithm.jpg?id=27044803&width=1200&height=631" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/two-tiny-arrays-of-implanted-electrodes-relayed-information-from-the-brain-area-that-controls-the-hands-and-arms-to-an-algorithm.jpg?id=27044803&width=600&height=315" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/two-tiny-arrays-of-implanted-electrodes-relayed-information-from-the-brain-area-that-controls-the-hands-and-arms-to-an-algorithm.jpg?id=27044803&width=300&height=157" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 52.66129032258065%;" style="padding-bottom: 52.66129032258065%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/biomedical/">Biomedical</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/braincomputer-interface-smashes-previous-record-for-typing-speed" aria-label="Brain-Computer Interface Smashes Previous Record for Typing Speed" data-type="text"> Brain-Computer Interface Smashes Previous Record for Typing Speed </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Imagining writing-by-hand is faster than imagining moving a cursor in new BCI system</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="5"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906689" class="post-context post-context-2653906689"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Emily Waltz","11":2653906689,"7":"bci, machine learning, medical devices","10":"medical devices","6":"biomedical","8":"06/01/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906689, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544169523, 553638707, 539266149, 544169516, 545658351], "authors": [21075159], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-nanotechnology tag-integrated-circuits tag-nanosheets tag-euv tag-interconnects tag-sram tag-ibm tag-finfets tag-7-nm tag-devices tag-nanosheet-transistors tag-samsung post-section--topic/semiconductors" elid="2653906740" data-category="Semiconductors"><article elid="2653906740" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906740"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ibm-introduces-the-worlds-first-2nm-node-chip" aria-label="IBM Introduces the World’s First 2-nm Node Chip"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x930" role="img" aria-label="IBM's 2-nm wafer" data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/ibm-s-2-nm-wafer.jpg?id=27044944&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/ibm-s-2-nm-wafer.jpg?id=27044944&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/ibm-s-2-nm-wafer.jpg?id=27044944&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ibm-introduces-the-worlds-first-2nm-node-chip" aria-label="IBM Introduces the World’s First 2-nm Node Chip" data-type="text"> IBM Introduces the World’s First 2-nm Node Chip </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">New chip milestone offers greater efficiency and performance</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">06 May 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="3"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906740" class="post-context post-context-2653906740"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Dexter Johnson","11":2653906740,"7":"nanotechnology, integrated circuits, nanosheets, euv, interconnects, sram, ibm, finfets, 7 nm, devices, nanosheet transistors, samsung","10":"nanotechnology","6":"semiconductors","8":"05/06/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906740, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539621009, 544169523, 553638707, 544169516, 545658351], "authors": [21075884], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_5_1_1"></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_5_1_2"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_6" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="august_analysis" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_5_1_2" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_magazine_issue]/abtests/abtest[1]/row/column[1]/choose[3]/otherwise/posts[3]-" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="august_analysis" data-attr-from_regular_sections="magazine/2021/august,analysis" data-attr-from_sections_mode="all" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="news,issue-cover-posts,cover,feature,opinion,departments,article,topic/the-institute,diy,careers,sponsored" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids" data-attr-limit="6" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-aspect-ratio tag-clipper-ship tag-marine" elid="2653976517" data-category="Magazine"><article elid="2653976517" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653976517"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/boats-should-be-sleek-but-only-up-to-a-point" aria-label="Boats Should Be Sleek—But Only Up to a Point"><div class="widget__image crop-1546x1160" role="img" aria-label="Illustration of ships and the associated data." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-ships-and-the-associated-data.png?id=27094208&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-ships-and-the-associated-data.png?id=27094208&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-ships-and-the-associated-data.png?id=27094208&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.03234152652006%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.03234152652006%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/analysis/">Analysis</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/boats-should-be-sleek-but-only-up-to-a-point" aria-label="Boats Should Be Sleek—But Only Up to a Point" data-type="text"> Boats Should Be Sleek—But Only Up to a Point </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">The length-to-beam ratio has risen over the centuries, but there are still practical limits</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">30 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="4"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653976517" class="post-context post-context-2653976517"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Vaclav Smil","11":2653976517,"7":"aspect ratio, clipper ship, marine","10":"marine","6":"magazine","8":"07/30/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653976517, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539626628, 544169516, 545658351, 539622579, 544169524, 553638707], "authors": [21075170], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="page_subheadline_container" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_6"><div class="page_subheadline_title" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_6_0"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_6_0_0">Opinion</div></div><div class="page_subheadline_description" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_6_1"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_6_1_0">Spectrum editors and columnists comment on major tech trends</div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_7_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_7" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="august_opinion" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_7_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_magazine_issue]/abtests/abtest[1]/row/column[1]/choose[4]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="august_opinion" data-attr-from_regular_sections="magazine/2021/august,opinion" data-attr-from_sections_mode="all" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="issue-cover-posts,cover,news,feature,departments,topic/the-institute,diy,sponsored" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition" data-attr-limit="6" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-self-driving-cars tag-vr tag-climate-change tag-internet-of-everything tag-environment post-section--topic/energy" elid="2653906546" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2653906546" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906546"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/we-dont-need-a-jetsons-future-just-a-sustainable-one" aria-label="We Don’t Need a Jetsons Future, Just a Sustainable One"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x965" role="img" aria-label="A cup of tea with a microchip at the end of the teabag string." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-cup-of-tea-with-a-microchip-at-the-end-of-the-teabag-string.jpg?id=27044546&width=1240&height=965&quality=85&coordinates=0%2C0%2C0%2C0" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-cup-of-tea-with-a-microchip-at-the-end-of-the-teabag-string.jpg?id=27044546&width=1240&height=965&quality=85&coordinates=0%2C0%2C0%2C0" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-cup-of-tea-with-a-microchip-at-the-end-of-the-teabag-string.jpg?id=27044546&width=1240&height=965&quality=85&coordinates=0%2C0%2C0%2C0" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 77.82258064516128%;" style="padding-bottom: 77.82258064516128%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/opinion/">Opinion</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/we-dont-need-a-jetsons-future-just-a-sustainable-one" aria-label="We Don’t Need a Jetsons Future, Just a Sustainable One" data-type="text"> We Don’t Need a Jetsons Future, Just a Sustainable One </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">“Cozy futurism” reimagines tech for the greater good</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="5"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906546" class="post-context post-context-2653906546"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Stacey Higginbotham","11":2653906546,"7":"self-driving cars, vr, climate change, internet of everything, environment","10":"environment","6":"energy","8":"07/21/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906546, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 544169516, 545658351, 553638707, 544169525, 2221589049, 598415773], "authors": [21075169], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-bitcoin tag-cpu tag-hardware tag-cloud-computing tag-software post-section--topic/computing" elid="2653906550" data-category="Computing"><article elid="2653906550" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906550"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/cloud-computings-coming-energy-crisis" aria-label="Cloud Computing’s Coming Energy Crisis"><div class="widget__image crop-1240x900" role="img" aria-label="A cloud on powerlines between two towers." data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-cloud-on-powerlines-between-two-towers.jpg?id=27044554&width=1200&height=870" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-cloud-on-powerlines-between-two-towers.jpg?id=27044554&width=600&height=435" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-cloud-on-powerlines-between-two-towers.jpg?id=27044554&width=300&height=217" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 72.58064516129032%;" style="padding-bottom: 72.58064516129032%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/computing/">Computing</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/opinion/">Opinion</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/cloud-computings-coming-energy-crisis" aria-label="Cloud Computing’s Coming Energy Crisis" data-type="text"> Cloud Computing’s Coming Energy Crisis </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">The cloud’s electricity needs are growing unsustainably</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="3"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906550" class="post-context post-context-2653906550"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Mark Pesce","11":2653906550,"7":"bitcoin, cpu, hardware, cloud computing, software","10":"hardware","6":"computing","8":"07/21/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906550, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 553638707, 544169525, 545658351, 544169516, 539617903], "authors": [21075167], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="page_subheadline_container" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_8"><div class="page_subheadline_title" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_8_0"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_8_0_0">Departments</div></div><div class="page_subheadline_description" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_8_1"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_8_1_0">Articles on DIY projects, engineering careers, and tech history</div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_9_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_8" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="august_depts" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_9_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_magazine_issue]/abtests/abtest[1]/row/column[1]/choose[5]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="august_depts" data-attr-from_regular_sections="magazine/2021/august,departments" data-attr-from_sections_mode="all" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="issue-cover-posts,cover,feature,topic/the-institute,sponsored" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition" data-attr-limit="6" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-arduino tag-hands-on tag-diy post-section--topic/diy" elid="2653906520" data-category="DIY"><article elid="2653906520" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906520"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/this-huge-diy-workbench-gives-you-a-hand" aria-label="This Huge DIY Workbench Gives You a Hand"><div class="widget__image crop-2310x1842" role="img" aria-label="Workbench for DIY" data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/workbench-for-diy.png?id=27080995&width=1200&height=956" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/workbench-for-diy.png?id=27080995&width=600&height=478" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/workbench-for-diy.png?id=27080995&width=300&height=239" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 79.74025974025975%;" style="padding-bottom: 79.74025974025975%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/diy/">DIY</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/hands-on/">Hands On</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/this-huge-diy-workbench-gives-you-a-hand" aria-label="This Huge DIY Workbench Gives You a Hand" data-type="text"> This Huge DIY Workbench Gives You a Hand </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">A little bit of automation and a lot of space makes projects easier</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="10"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906520" class="post-context post-context-2653906520"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Jeremy S. Cook","11":2653906520,"7":"arduino, hands on, diy","10":"hands on","6":"diy","8":"07/21/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906520, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539626628, 544169540, 544169516, 547191404, 545658351, 553638707, 539748506], "authors": [22900919], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-past-forward tag-hardware tag-microsoft tag-ibm-pc tag-silicon-revolution tag-computer-history tag-intel-8088 post-section--topic/tech-history" elid="2653906528" data-category="History of Technology"><article elid="2653906528" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2653906528"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-the-ibm-pc-won-then-lost-the-personal-computer-market" aria-label="How the IBM PC Won, Then Lost, the Personal Computer Market"><div class="widget__image crop-2480x1860" role="img" aria-label="The IBM PC, introduced in August 1981" data-runner-img-hd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/the-ibm-pc-introduced-in-august-1981.jpg?id=27044507&width=1200&height=900" data-runner-img-md="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/the-ibm-pc-introduced-in-august-1981.jpg?id=27044507&width=600&height=450" data-runner-img-sd="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/the-ibm-pc-introduced-in-august-1981.jpg?id=27044507&width=300&height=225" data-runner-style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" style="padding-bottom: 75.0%;" data-type="image"><div class="lazyload-placeholder"><div class="runner-spinner"><svg class="runner-spinner-circular" viewbox="25 25 50 50"><circle class="runner-spinner-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10"></circle></svg></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/tech-history/">History of Technology</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/article/">Article</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/past-forward/">Past Forward</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2021/august/">August 2021</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-the-ibm-pc-won-then-lost-the-personal-computer-market" aria-label="How the IBM PC Won, Then Lost, the Personal Computer Market" data-type="text"> How the IBM PC Won, Then Lost, the Personal Computer Market </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Not even Big Blue could keep up with its creation’s success</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Jul 2021</span></div><div class="time-to-read">15 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="10"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2653906528" class="post-context post-context-2653906528"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"James W. Cortada","11":2653906528,"7":"past forward, hardware, microsoft, ibm pc, silicon revolution, computer history, intel 8088","10":"silicon revolution","6":"tech-history","8":"07/21/2021"}, "post": {"id": 2653906528, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544175596, 575677100, 544169516, 545658351, 547191404, 539619441, 553638707], "authors": [21081385], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="magazine_issues_widget" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_11"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2">Explore more issues</h2><div class="row-wrapper clearfix content"><div class="row px20" style="display:flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap;"><div class="col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m6 l3" style="order:4;"><a href="/magazine/2024/november" class="display-block image-element"><img class="image-element__img rm-lcp-element" alt="" width="300" height="400" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81MzgzOTk2MS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc0Mjg4NzY4Nn0.5pm_WY_07m_nn57kmEGP3GTnfYdLMpW4BVw86FLv9QA/img.png?width=300&height=400" style="border: 1px solid lightgray"/></a></div><div class="col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m6 l3" style="order:3;"><a href="/magazine/2024/october" class="display-block image-element"><img class="image-element__img rm-lcp-element" alt="" width="300" height="400" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81MzY3NDkxMS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NzU3MDYyN30.1GU3QKGauBY5OFB0ytrJ56QrNx2r7aeBA_skllKKgZs/img.png?width=300&height=400" style="border: 1px solid lightgray"/></a></div><div class="col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m6 l3" style="order:2;"><a href="/magazine/2024/september" class="display-block image-element"><img class="image-element__img rm-lcp-element" alt="" width="300" height="400" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81MzM4NTA0NS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc2NTE4MDQ2NX0.jUW4a5olZ_lYw_ByTSiQolQkNvvF18cqJWBMteJQPY4/img.png?width=300&height=400" style="border: 1px solid lightgray"/></a></div><div class="col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m6 l3" style="order:1;"><a href="/magazine/2024/august" class="display-block image-element"><img class="image-element__img rm-lcp-element" alt="" width="300" height="400" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81Mjk1NjI0OS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc5MDkxNzM3Mn0.nrYIwMlXGHq6zHR-AAx9NNmx0mBQC2cFfwj1KQNZ22s/img.jpg?width=300&height=400" style="border: 1px solid lightgray"/></a></div></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_0_11_1"><a class="color-inherit" href="/magazine/" target="">View the full archive →</a></div></div></div><div id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1" class="widget_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l3"><div class="magazine_widget dark_layout" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0"><div class="" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0"><div id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Download this issue </h2></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_1">Sign in with your IEEE member credentials to download a PDF of this issue</div><div class="" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_2"><div class="magazine_button" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_2_0_1_0"><div class="text-element" id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_0_2_0_1_0_0"><a class="color-inherit" href="#" target="" rel="gray_button">Download PDF <span>↓</span></a></div></div><script> document.querySelector(".magazine_button .text-element").addEventListener("click", function(event){ event.preventDefault(); openGatedPopup('for_pdf_issues'); }); </script></div></div><a id="sSection_magazine_issue_0_0_31_0_0_6_1_0_1" class="display-block image-element"><img class="image-element__img" alt="" width="600" height="800" type="lazy-image" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 600 800'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJlYmVsbW91c2UuaW8vZXlKaGJHY2lPaUpJVXpJMU5pSXNJblI1Y0NJNklrcFhWQ0o5LmV5SnBiV0ZuWlNJNkltaDBkSEJ6T2k4dllYTnpaWFJ6TG5KaWJDNXRjeTh5TnpBM01qWXlNQzl2Y21sbmFXNHVhbkJuSWl3aVpYaHdhWEpsYzE5aGRDSTZNVGM0TlRNMk1qTTVOSDAuU0lodDJxRWRKY1FVNDNleHNCOGNBU3YzV0p6aURhM1haREhHSEprcFlyRS9pbWcuanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1ODYwOTY4MH0.dliw9TuAito9wBEELdsIw2fXb08aD3UIK5Sc4HAoCI0/image.jpg?width=600&height=800"/></a></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Footer"></span><div class="footer containerHidden" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0"><div class="" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0"><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0" class=" row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row "><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m10 l10"><div class="bottom_menu_links" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><div class="list" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/" target="_blank">About IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html" target="_blank">Contact & Support</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" target="_blank">Nondiscrimination Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" target="_blank">Terms</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="#" target="_self" rel="cookie-preferences">Cookie Preferences</a><a class="list__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/st/ppid-info" target="_self">Ad Privacy Options</a></div></div><div class="ftr-copy" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1">© Copyright 2024 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</div></div><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m2 l2"><svg viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script class="rm-i-script" defer="defer" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-747464-1"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"] = r; (i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments);}),(i[r].l = 1 * new Date()); })(window, document, "script", "/", "ga"); ga('create', 'UA-747464-1', 'auto', {'name': 'b'}); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); var utmCampaignData = null;// ADD REFERRER AS SOURCE IF SOURCE IS NOT PRESENT OR IF ISN'T URL UTM if(utmCampaignData && (utmCampaignData.dataSource != "url" || !utmCampaignData['campaignSource'])) { var referrerAnchor = document.createElement('a'); referrerAnchor.setAttribute('href', document.referrer); if(referrerAnchor.href && referrerAnchor.host) { var splitHost = referrerAnchor.host.split("."); var nakedDomain = splitHost.length < 3 ? splitHost[0] : splitHost[1]; if (nakedDomain) { nakedDomain = nakedDomain[0].toUpperCase() + nakedDomain.substring(1); utmCampaignData['campaignSource'] = nakedDomain; } } } var configParams = { transport: 'beacon', send_page_view: false }; // DEFAULTS if (utmCampaignData) { configParams.campaignName = utmCampaignData.campaignName; configParams.campaignSource = utmCampaignData.campaignSource; configParams.campaignMedium = utmCampaignData.campaignMedium; configParams.campaignContent = utmCampaignData.campaignContent; if (utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword) { configParams.campaignKeyword = utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword; } } gtag('config', 'UA-747464-1', configParams);gtag('config', 'G-DPQFLXZCWN', configParams); window._ga_cd_params = window._ga_cd_params || {}; window._ga_cd_params["dimension9"] = 'test,140'; if(window._ga_cd_params && Object.keys(window._ga_cd_params).length){ gtag('event', 'page_view', window._ga_cd_params); }else{ gtag('event', 'page_view'); } </script><script class="lazy-style" type="css"> .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26018263/origin.png)}.like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FF4C00'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23BFBFBF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.like .heart:hover,.like-btn.unlike .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23404040'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23bfbfbf'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23bfbfbf'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline-text:before,.podcast_collection .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline-text:before,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='7px'%20height='13px'%20viewBox='0%200%207%2013'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Typography'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-1152.000000,-384.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='1376'%20height='1600'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(1146.136039,384.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%20stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpolyline%20transform='translate(6.363961,6.500000)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-6.363961,-6.500000)'%20points='1.86396103%202%2010.863961%202%2010.863961%2011'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.fullwidth_post .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .like-btn.like .heart,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26705823/origin.jpg)}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/46469974/origin.jpg)}#notification .success{color:white!important;font-family:"Favorit-Mono"!important;font-size:12px!important;background:#ff4c00!important;text-transform:uppercase!important}.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-box-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-repeat:space;-webkit-mask-position:20px;-webkit-mask-origin:content-box;-webkit-mask-size:24px;background-color:currentColor} </script><script class="rm-i-script" id="parsely-cfg" src="//cdn.parsely.com/keys/spectrum.ieee.org/p.js"></script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-medium-normal"> window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function loadFonts(){}); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js", function() { rblbid.addHook("beforePbjsAuction", (hbConfig, auctionInfo) => { window.auction = {}; var d = { key: "adxbid", val: function (e) { var realPrice = e.pbHg; if (e.pbHg == 0.0 || e.pbHg == 0.01) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":"0.01" , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return 0.01; } e.pbHg = parseFloat((e.pbHg - 0.01).toFixed(2)); if (e.pbHg >= 0.01 && e.pbHg < 1.02) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 1.02 && e.pbHg < 2.0) { var temp = e.pbHg.toString(); if (/\d+(\.\d+)?/.test(temp)) { var lastNum = parseInt(temp[temp.length - 1]); if (lastNum % 2 == 1) { e.pbHg = parseFloat(e.pbHg.toFixed(2)) - 0.01; } } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 2 && e.pbHg < 5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0; } else if (e.pbHg >= 5 && e.pbHg < 10) { function roundDown(number) { var decimalPart = number % 1; if (decimalPart < 0.5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart} else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart + 0.5 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart + 0.5}; } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0; } else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":10.00 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return (e.pbHg = "10.00"); } }, }; auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting.push(d); let adUnits = auctionInfo.adUnits.map(item=>{return item.code}); let slotRendered = function (event) { var slot = event.slot; auctionInfo.adUnits.filter((adUnit) => { if (adUnit.code == slot.getSlotElementId()) { console.group( "Moravac: ", slot.getSlotElementId(), "finished rendering." ); console.log("Is empty:", event.isEmpty); console.log("Prebid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price || 0); console.log("AdxBid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.adxbid) if(event.isEmpty && window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price){ //console.log("HB price is set but ad is empty"); //console.log("Reloading ad without AdXBID"); //slot.setTargeting('adxbid', '0.01'); //console.log("set: ", slot.getTargetingKeys()) //console.log("Refresh unit") //googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], {changeCorrelator: true}) //console.log("Refreshed") } adUnits = adUnits.filter(function(item) { return item !== slot.getSlotElementId() }) console.groupEnd(); } }); if (adUnits.length == 0){ googletag.pubads().removeEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); console.group( "Moravac: ", ); console.log("Listener removed for this auction") console.groupEnd(); } }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); }); return auctionInfo; }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ REBELMOUSE_STDLIB .createElementChangeListener('.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]', function(pdfLink){ pdfLink.href = 'javascript:void(0);'; pdfLink.classList.add('pdf-link-nonmember'); pdfLink.addEventListener('click', function(){ openGatedPopup('for_pdf_issues'); }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ //var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://oamssoqae.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://securesso.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); function getCookie(name) { const value = `; ${document.cookie}`; const parts = value.split(`; ${name}=`); if (parts.length === 2) return parts.pop().split(';').shift(); } fetch(ssoValidatorUrl, { method: 'GET', mode: 'cors', credentials: 'include', }).then(function (response) { // The API call was successful! if (response.ok) { response.json().then(function(result) { if (typeof result == 'object' && result.cookieValid && getCookie('user_logged_in') !== "1") { //SSO console.log('we should be logged in, redirect to SSO iDP'); //window.location.href = 'https://spectrumtest.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=' + window.location.href; window.location.href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } else if (typeof result == 'object' && !result.cookieValid) { //SLO console.log('we should be logged out, remove cookie and do not show user'); //document.cookie = "sessionid= ; expires = Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"; } }); } else { return Promise.reject(response); } }).then(function (data) { // This is the JSON from our response console.log(data); }).catch(function (err) { // There was an error console.warn('Something went wrong.', err); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function changeDateFormat(widget){ var dates_toChange=widget.querySelectorAll('.widget .social-date__text:not(.processed),.widget .social-date-modified__text:not(.processed)'); if(dates_toChange){ dates_toChange.forEach(function(date) { if(!date.innerHTML.trim()==""){ date.classList.add('processed') var date_string=date.innerHTML.toString(); var slpit_dateText=date_string.split(" "); if(slpit_dateText.length==1){ let plural=true; if(slpit_dateText[0].length==2){ if(slpit_dateText[0].charAt(0)=="1"){ plural=false; } } let modifier=plural ? 'hours ago':'hour ago'; if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='m'){ modifier=plural ? 'minutes ago':'minute ago'; } if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='s'){ modifier=plural ? 'seconds ago':'second ago'; } var new_dateText=slpit_dateText[0].slice(0,-1); date.innerHTML= new_dateText+" "+ modifier; date.classList.add("modified"); } } }); } } _createElementChangeListener= function (selector, callback) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } _createElementChangeListener(".widget",changeDateFormat); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-active" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function bootRpm(){ const INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES = ["tag-", "post-section-", "rm-fl-"]; function filterOutNoisyClassNames(className) { function doesClassNameStartWithPrefix(badPrefix) { return className.indexOf(badPrefix) === 0; } return !INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES.some(doesClassNameStartWithPrefix); } function signatureMaker(id, tagName, classList) { const cleanClassList = classList.filter(filterOutNoisyClassNames).sort(); return [id, tagName, cleanClassList]; } window.__rpmOptions = window.__rpmOptions || { lcpTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, clsTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, }; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://www.rebelmouse.com/pharos/client/v1/mjs/web.mjs", function(){}) }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ localStorage.setItem("userMembershipStatus", 'anonymous'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5WJB5X2'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("//app-ab24.marketo.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieee-mkto-cross-domain/enterprise-page-code.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let favoritProBook = new FontFace("Favorit-Pro-Book", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Book.woff2)", { style: 'normal' }); favoritProBook.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(favoritProBook); }); let telegrafFont = new FontFace("Telegraf", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/Telegraf/Telegraf-UltraBold-800.otf)", { style: 'normal' }); telegrafFont.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(telegrafFont); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector(".access_links .list__item").href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ /* add tracking links */ const announcementsLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.announcement-bar .text-element > a, .announcement-bar .formatted-text > a'); for (const links of announcementsLinks) { links.classList.add('announcement-link'); } /* if close announcement bar, don't show again for same session */ function anbarclosedFunc() { sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); } document.querySelector(".button-learn-more-ebook").addEventListener("click",anbarclosedFunc); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector('.button-view').addEventListener('click', function() { PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Announcement Bar Invention - View Clicked'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]'); for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) { cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open') }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function otherPopupsNotOpen() { if (document.querySelector('.gated-popup--shown') == null && document.querySelector('.stop-scrolling') == null) return true; else return false; } function showLightBox() { return document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup').classList.add('lightbox-popup--shown'); } function trackClicks() { const titleLinks = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a')); const handler = function() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) + 1); } titleLinks.map(item => item.addEventListener('click', handler)); } function countClicks() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) == 3) { if (otherPopupsNotOpen()) { showLightBox(); updateSigninButtons(); } else sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) - 1); } } else { sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 0); } trackClicks(); } setTimeout(countClicks, 1000); var popupLightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup'), closeLightbox, lightboxCloseBtn = '.js--close-lightbox', lightboxShownClass = 'lightbox-popup--shown'; closeLightbox = function () { popupLightBoxElement.parentNode.removeChild(popupLightBoxElement); }; document.querySelector(lightboxCloseBtn).onclick = closeLightbox; function setCookie() { var now = new Date(); now.setTime(now.getTime() + 72 * 3600 * 1000); var expires = "pop_expires="+now; document.cookie = expires + ";path=/"; } function checkCookie() { var today = new Date(); var cookieset = document.cookie.split(';'); var value_expires = ""; cookieset.forEach((e) => { if(e.includes("pop_expires")) { value_expires = e; } }) var time_expire = new Date(value_expires.split("=")[1]); if(today <= time_expire){ return false; }else{ return true; } } var checkPage = true; if(window.location.href.indexOf("the-great-ai-reckoning") > -1) { //console.log("AI Special Report"); checkPage = false; } function updateSigninButtons() { document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } function checkPopup() { var checkClickCount = true; if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) > 2) checkClickCount = false; } if (checkCookie() && checkPage && otherPopupsNotOpen() && checkClickCount) { popupLightBoxElement.classList.add(lightboxShownClass); setCookie(); sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 4); updateSigninButtons(); } } setTimeout(checkPopup, 15000); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { addPopSave(); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]'); for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) { cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open') }); } });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-lowest" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let page_section = "553638707" if(page_section === "2267441711"){ } else { window.RM_AD_LOADER.push({ options: { threshold: 500, }, staticSelectors: [], dynamicSelectors: [], dependencies: ["https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js"], onDependanciesLoaded: function() { window.rblbid = window.rblbid || {}; rblbid.cmd = rblbid.cmd || []; rblbid.cmd.push(function() { rblbid.layout('universal'); rblbid.setTargeting("is_testing", "no"); rblbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_page_type", "section"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_category", window.category); }); }, onInit: function() { }, }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function menuClick() { document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'block'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.add('js--active'); document.body.classList.add("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function close(){ document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'none'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.remove('js--active'); document.body.classList.remove("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function addMenuClickListener() { var rebelMenu_first = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[0]; var rebelMenu_second = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[1]; var menuClose = document.getElementsByClassName('hm__close')[0]; rebelMenu_first.addEventListener('click', menuClick); rebelMenu_second.addEventListener('click', menuClick); menuClose.addEventListener('click', close); } addMenuClickListener(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function createIdleScrollListener(callback) { let ticking = false; return function onScrollIdle() { if (ticking) { return; } ticking = true; requestAnimationFrame(function A() { callback(); ticking = false; }); }; } var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky'); var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop; var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight; var currentPosition; stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px'; document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() { currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight; if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.add('active'); } } else { if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.remove('active'); } } })); });</script></body></html>