CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134a665ab4c5888',cH: 'RYoenq5_SFVg1wCUlqvjrTp9I48txWJD_SCxxukWm8w-1739783486-1.2.1.1-tuTX4GVYhwliTeDziMWTMtkV_CLEPUIuRPHjB.V3ptgCfuYHQopUMO2oSF3QKlPy',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=text-independent&__cf_chl_tk=9fik.uhJESNtbxxCnMZw3PzIsVm9XvaqDHS2w08xnCM-1739783486-1.0.1.1-hsPEO2O26X_NY3s7NncG9TRfhq9e1Ef98Gs8hKSO_L0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783486',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=text-independent&__cf_chl_f_tk=9fik.uhJESNtbxxCnMZw3PzIsVm9XvaqDHS2w08xnCM-1739783486-1.0.1.1-hsPEO2O26X_NY3s7NncG9TRfhq9e1Ef98Gs8hKSO_L0",md: "N5_jRoyDp3aYpbECgb5Xu.ifM95q.2zF8vCwKMG4VcA-1739783486-1.2.1.1-9J1v2SeI9DFJPU_cKgCqabWmC83NLATVq30WVy_2Jh.NYY2JFnnZ6yr4iSPpqii23wLAkckpyRZmatjN8QIUFz7_y4rVnPk5_PcThI9yHV6AIHILeiZyHHRH.H6MAnhtuZd45kgHTVzEvZ458FW.0kteaN00cphv4EhmReDHcVxxDO73LZR_zH2bixYCSZMgxcv4yxw.Jm2Bgl5JU7CqNAdS9DKU18NgPNtS9vECFd4Q9SrdfYe8plqmKeTP112PoXMZhvHqmuh52iAUxvREMKIZfee8q5xop5eL7tq1P5yzPOdS6enHlwvbaR.cmGOuNV05B65H4dCNpQKblTHbwWYMbSdHGse6Q0szHj7Z5_7pLqD4UyxYrObScX8YctDh3u.itthSzqKRgvBrD787HxqYXb49Y_sTBfaYpSCQjQU0WO69TWNPybd6Uvro..3UG.lCIXs6hXr2YJW6sQF0hSItsTysZXRrelbUWAQ3pZ7hWHBKv5h6Y0V7RwzRHNnvBYi4zfZSASD__7.MhCbUkN.qh.bRkr1R9omXW_IO6INCso.pcshJuSAV7lao56QwLPGmUSc2jbTU8eJ879fzoWi9eOs5UWGojxR2QqJCxj8c5JXipSEOPXjUMJMX34ahF63_2RaOpOiyzCkP.xOzSPRY7KafFweDVT_T0Uh7kfHkXBjnXPbvFGQ1VrkEzmscQaIfcXxje8FDNV66HMKl8uQWj6FPJAJOhdaKbNeORwV_kQFtDeQSQORQ_ZumZKitXUYH2bCspuJ6yM9I23XdkoVrtomGvhfRhXL_H9p7KZvsHHwNcQQ6qtkFSzbnYVvpcpVO6KEcrgoXNucHwtbeHxTI8I58dc8Xl5.21aXf1uHBXZwban_jkxfcbEJxIeWdVL4nxWc165vx9dwpoq4xm6N.hVPY046SaMJP62lbuR2HqwzVUVTuntz3G_V2GU595r4gziBnb8qW0LouuEY53Oow7Hzja8guRxJY21uHoZ0Q8sNIw8JpDuKfnEEyfEc3.5YCod0dggiNMLr.qCAMJr0qRHUb3miSp9ZztIH6pwhP5ThHUmmvJcOc_zXNnPaLl.qcyVm6Z_dtcIILp8uUhCNp0lMYAZKQWeKAgY.udRCSewuFWducyE12NpIsunVvY5wDOY7On3ZLlC9WDwkCxOj4Edo0cWj1mbHzxwlTcjwqoCyT6qnkarKAYtuXS7J_TBv3Q_X.jmJTH_izcGWTtqwalHjve3i1QdKtOwsKu8l4N33w4PO_xkRH0W4TCDwIeV2LmIHyYfxOk2I0TiG7wEz9AXHMHKb6pCnOVLkuZBrg3ehg2MgFe1EoiX98MB5koApdB6pAO0.k5NFveTmDf2NWNMTqRsWPhZ1lg8qBgPqFNWnFrONzHwPxZwqXFb3jgYyKA6SIknWq6GD62Yq7JQNqCIsUf38c.u6e8xrDz_fO9osMDf5LCGB7B8uxthzYs9L.yJzCrOeuPHAdaGnP9k6nnUoChjxY9q_ogw1PCMUlrX9kgRP4odPhUvrQzFE3iIGCD0p9zXjMhYyExPm3hTBMlnxoVC6XQ5HDbH0rvaozMKbyakT1p_RWTLxU3wuLij2HqwIZh6KVMpF78HA7XoJRlCaYP_k2dD5X3krYbLkpc4Fug._yL5XmgDAimVWK8CTkDHN6K7apifIeXR0rkcam..PnVyiFbIvOv_uVgBsmWpqJedE7K3p2ytiB2GDME9lR86Q5b7IFzjbDQ1cLPpxDtT0y1geE7K5R7nSUIrq_ERkcXWSMmgO1cH_CX2l9JCPgTPG1.gUinIHvLEPl89TquXm2d3WuudoRyf_zItrHLdgrCldWX4.i_TzOZFbwCMugTb5LyBLb6ijOhogMoG200QB6p9BR7ZQCe9VYtDsB0XSubLu75ouFuyC.9R9whha5sV4VuDdOwX0441bPX0lirplIo0c2FxkyXEY8R7Q",mdrd: ".G9jk24lYMc5IPwKC2_4XU5.48ZuXTg_IAUKVnKACS8-1739783486-1.2.1.1-riZ3kovTTnnyhOlL_ZUDHA8bqegdZOYJmMyJ5rZiE0u0jJVOk6MtJ87ebqzOAbuKM15r53tChVkAS2_S.atx78rcZW4VKSlhzFqy0daVp9mDnd6icsFh.5ozTXNNPyro8710r4XcomhVHVw8vQlBm8eomWcPEVAtsO6Gud6eVmHHVcVZ4V_PxFoS1Y0I.Mh74jmXWeE9RLtyKopzC2xrHPUdEDLsQ13FHWwUA0hrC5jt87A_kLxFu2dSmvKrs5msXgB5yzrV5kXtzHQAQm.E_NjVryX7uDVFoIDyvrkREGLa3y2t2aCtnj.8UTckyUFleJb7JZWQDQBlSl0W5FaBJLvDT2boKQnYWUpJAX.FB8TUtrsBOSQDPBuxRUS5zxYNJ_TpfNOFJHrlRcZEhXOMOEkdPs7pNY3xubvTKqT4mG0mB_f_Gqwf3mqxhGHHYVejqv1ZiISdCiUrO2Mw3mDxNV9E.M3iHpETfAdBV5bT3bR874ypenT6yQYrc.jYIs77Psx8dhHFu6y9VxHtiE9HI9o7OPyW5etMRqc3Ez..5hsLw5ChtsfL89RKfxCuoa7fa81jJHUdGAqbnBANVqMztSJpprYkVYzF27OoPoC9VXZgebeIy3yvDh.F1tuU2kFekpXgKGESDzHdTCNUrhUN.f15BeTKlkoVy4LHGV9pEts5Dwh3.JAWta9u4Jc9Gz7R21Y_4akbNtUSTP0GKJWTDBd0V5rRr2XSebzf5mkiGsuU3qJLAaIQii2hbiH7hgdswTsG0aaWMcPmssVILM0tkMwO20Qp9wRg8dYIgLRydBb12GTNUQT5LrSvLvJwEP3bDKg1MuaoiXQBUhq_BXVlXheuFa8MEp1mcGrNMgg0Ahpr3yijxRBlQY1FSuIbLabgq5COQLKeQo10KZucxjyTBsNUv4ZlnM0yXUDEF41BPclPNH6W95EsDUssSBhi_6gfQVIYmvHRccXxRMEQgvNNYNoxJAl9WTjCf20pQA9HN0v0oYcLvh558w7aNbvu0Eek_0xYbfs57MlcejoZ2nlTotBCR8J6ec_fRko4oPGIP5K0Hda9AVi.YM0Z8RG_ku0m6hZN_El1Q94z6iHETNns32X6NkNTDKYcaD.pWgfC_I6Dd55YOo7Ar.ld0dgg5DvzuPrBV0GU4Dtpq1pSOuq04Qs5QHckGsbTM7EbYYA.ydByyc_PsjwIuN89piz0KoAF9nIWpPxkUiliE4ahz6jkoL6PABSgBnRRAyVCGgcW_O5HX6vK9.53quqic0bbgTBnmCcVhy7cRmJHdCn6hP9Zii_lnpGOUO281_e7tYg0QTZRLpZc2RmDmQhnd5XDHdXFF9aV5yAoRWIkkeQqiiXn_Pgp0ZsT7eg3Jzzl.6gvQPff9pf9yn.NSLAKNflWtWIlpvRFm_xepi_VqH5HyLSGwguK0FDPjkYjhzSg9Zq20YNqgvsGwxAdmcvLJAbbHXjadN5S.jPY8RDNlTJm_ifsW.MeKMi1g0PzuxK0B91j83CzHqnSOVx1OyLP8mL9FsDbQkRVx0PNdtGTwyL1bcLju2beyvtpQ23.AJAUJ_jZ_ueqobYiGowUCgio0ki52woqzhKoCg7vds8BZ35ZcIcuun7Ok4EGiJY2ooF9Vy2L5_1nVk55gN_WXR8h5O1TwfKCs1kJ.aukU.CvuJ9T3VHConpX92wzALNLajHYg.GF08ee1j7pzBCt54Ej6z.MkG.AVp3Mcy9bxxaCjgLz.3CvdOg0s7L59hS71odEekAZMEsX4YWGAgt9YDiWlrZvycSTcBlhbsKT6.DNLmUKm84sHkIiRV9KQGWVWiDh.h66_HSlfderbyoeBCf9qfmrgtKBwnw.DvwD1mcOrtgEqknd8j8OBMkkg_8H0MMDF4fYQK3g8XR.GIRgz5dyHwsfUdo65ROMVAmj_hsU6oPABvfWRsKkXxGVq79miJL1zkgqHCA3EuBMVQ1Z6Ip1YBDthyMj"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134a665ab4c5888';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=text-independent&__cf_chl_rt_tk=9fik.uhJESNtbxxCnMZw3PzIsVm9XvaqDHS2w08xnCM-1739783486-1.0.1.1-hsPEO2O26X_NY3s7NncG9TRfhq9e1Ef98Gs8hKSO_L0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>