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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Buku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ikatan tunggal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 27 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رابطة أحادية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رابطة أحادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8" title="সমযোজী একবন্ধন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমযোজী একবন্ধন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednostruka_veza" title="Jednostruka veza – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jednostruka veza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednoduch%C3%A1_vazba" title="Jednoduchá vazba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jednoduchá vazba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einfachbindung" title="Einfachbindung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einfachbindung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cksikside" title="Üksikside – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Üksikside" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Απλός δεσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απλός δεσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Single bond" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_simple" title="Enlace simple – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enlace simple" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotura_bakun" title="Lotura bakun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lotura bakun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="پیوند یگانه – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیوند یگانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasc_singil" title="Nasc singil – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nasc singil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="단일 결합 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단일 결합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="एकल आबन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकल आबन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legame_singolo" title="Legame singolo – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legame singolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Единечна врска – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Единечна врска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelvoudige_binding" title="Enkelvoudige binding – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enkelvoudige binding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88" title="単結合 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単結合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg%C4%83tur%C4%83_simpl%C4%83" title="Legătură simplă – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legătură simplă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednoduch%C3%A1_v%C3%A4zba" title="Jednoduchá väzba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jednoduchá väzba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednostruka_veza" title="Jednostruka veza – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jednostruka veza" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednostruka_veza" title="Jednostruka veza – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jednostruka veza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒற்றைப் பிணைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒற்றைப் பிணைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Одинарний зв'язок – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одинарний зв'язок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E9%94%AE" title="单键 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="单键" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%8D%B5" title="單鍵 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="單鍵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%8D%B5" title="單鍵 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="單鍵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1059835#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_tunggal" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Ikatan_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_tunggal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Methane.Structural_formula.V1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Methane.Structural_formula.V1.svg/220px-Methane.Structural_formula.V1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Methane.Structural_formula.V1.svg/330px-Methane.Structural_formula.V1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Methane.Structural_formula.V1.svg/440px-Methane.Structural_formula.V1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption>Struktur Lewis molekul <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a> yang terdiri daripada empat ikatan tunggal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sebuah <b>ikatan tunggal</b> ialah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a> antara dua atom yang melibatkan dua <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valens" title="Elektron valens">elektron valens</a>, di mana atom-atom berkongsi satu pasangan atom di tempat ikatan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikatan tunggal ialah sejenis <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Struktur_Lewis" title="Struktur Lewis">struktur Lewis</a>, sebuah ikatan tunggal boleh diwakili oleh tanda A-A atau A:A, di mana A mewakili simbol unsur, tanda sempang mewakili satu pasangan elektron dan tanda titik bertindih mewakili dua elektron yang terlibat dalam pembentukan ikatan tunggal. </p><p>Ikatan tunggal biasanya merupakan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_sigma" title="Ikatan sigma">ikatan sigma</a>, kecuali molekul diboron yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_pi" title="Ikatan pi">ikatan pi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/covalent.html">"covalent bonding - single bonds"</a>. Chemguide.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2012-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=covalent+bonding+-+single+bonds&rft.pub=Chemguide.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Fatoms%2Fbonding%2Fcovalent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AIkatan+tunggal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buku">Buku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Buku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Buku"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moore, John W., Conrad L. Stanitski, and Peter C. Jurs. Chemistry: The Molecular Science, Indiana University. Australia: Cengage Learning, 2012.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ikatan_kimia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible list navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ikatan_kimia" title="Templat:Ikatan kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Ikatan_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Ikatan kimia (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ikatan_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ikatan_kimia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">Ikatan kimia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_intramolekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya intramolekul (laman tidak wujud)">Intramolekul<br />("kuat")</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">Ikatan kovalen</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Dengan simetri</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_sigma" title="Ikatan sigma">Sigma (σ)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_pi" title="Ikatan pi">Pi (π)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan delta (laman tidak wujud)">Delta (δ)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_phi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan phi (laman tidak wujud)">Phi (φ)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Dengan kegandaan</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1: tunggal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ganda_dua" title="Ikatan ganda dua">2: ganda dua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ganda_tiga" title="Ikatan ganda tiga">3: ganda tiga</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_ganda_empat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan ganda empat (laman tidak wujud)">4: ganda empat</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_ganda_lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan ganda lima (laman tidak wujud)">5: ganda lima</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ganda_enam" title="Ikatan ganda enam">6: ganda enam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Berpusat 3 dan 4</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tiga_pusat_dua_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan tiga pusat dua elektron (laman tidak wujud)">3c-2e</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_dihidrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks dihidrogen (laman tidak wujud)">Kompleks dihidrogen</a>) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tiga_pusat_empat_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan tiga pusat empat elektron (laman tidak wujud)">3c-4e</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_empat_pusat_dua_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan empat pusat dua elektron (laman tidak wujud)">4c-2e</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Lain-lain</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_agostik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi agostik (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan agostik</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_bengkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan bengkok (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan bengkok</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_dwikutub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan dwikutub (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan dwikutub</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_balik_pi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan balik pi (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan balik pi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehaptisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehaptisan (laman tidak wujud)">Kehaptisan</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-ikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-ikatan (laman tidak wujud)">Anti-ikatan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonans_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resonans (kimia) (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan resonans</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_berkonjugat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem berkonjugat (laman tidak wujud)">Konjugasi</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperkonjugasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperkonjugasi (laman tidak wujud)">Hiperkonjugasi</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kearomatikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kearomatikan (laman tidak wujud)">Kearomatikan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_logam" title="Ikatan logam">Ikatan logam</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kearomatikan_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kearomatikan logam (laman tidak wujud)">Kearomatikan logam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ionik" title="Ikatan ionik">Ikatan ionik</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_intermolekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya intermolekul (laman tidak wujud)">Intermolekul<br />("lemah")</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Daya_van_der_Waals" title="Daya van der Waals">Daya van der Waals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_penyebaran_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya penyebaran London (laman tidak wujud)">Daya penyebaran London</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">Ikatan hidrogen</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_hidrogen_rintangan_rendah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan hidrogen rintangan rendah (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan hidrogen rintangan rendah</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_hidrogen_dibantu_resonans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan hidrogen dibantu resonans (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan hidrogen dibantu resonans</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_hidrogen_simetri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan hidrogen simetri (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan hidrogen simetri</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_dihidrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan dihidrogen (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan dihidrogen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_bukan_kovalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan bukan kovalen (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan bukan kovalen</a> lain</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_mekanikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan mekanikal (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan mekanikal</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_halogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan halogen (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan halogen</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keaurofilikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keaurofilikan (laman tidak wujud)">Keaurofilikan</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkalasi_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkalasi (kimia) (laman tidak wujud)">Interkalasi</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susunan_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susunan (kimia) (laman tidak wujud)">Susunan</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_kation-pi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi kation-pi (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan kation-pi</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_kation-pi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi kation-pi (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan anion-pi</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jambatan_garam_(protin_dan_supramolekul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jambatan garam (protin dan supramolekul) (laman tidak wujud)">Ikatan garam</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Nota: Ikatan kuat yang terlemah tidak semestinya lebih kuat daripada ikatan lemah yang terkuat.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5868370">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Chem_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon tunas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/33px-Chem_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/50px-Chem_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/66px-Chem_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana berkenaan <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&action=edit">mengembangkannya</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tunas-kimia" title="Templat:Tunas-kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Tunas-kimia" title="Perbincangan templat:Tunas-kimia"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tunas-kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&oldid=5660100">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tunggal&oldid=5660100</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ikatan_kimia" title="Kategori:Ikatan kimia">Ikatan kimia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tunas_kimia" title="Kategori:Tunas kimia">Tunas kimia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_tunas" title="Kategori:Semua rencana tunas">Semua rencana tunas</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 17:33, 3 September 2022.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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