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<span>Types of reuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_reuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Systematic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Software libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Design patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher-order_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher-order_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Higher-order function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher-order_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retrocomputing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrocomputing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Retrocomputing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrocomputing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Computer security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Outside computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Code reuse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إعادة استخدام التعليمات البرمجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعادة استخدام التعليمات البرمجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutilizaci%C3%B3n_de_c%C3%B3digo" title="Reutilización de código – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reutilización de código" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%AF" title="استفاده مجدد از کد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استفاده مجدد از کد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9utilisation_de_code" title="Réutilisation de code – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réutilisation de code" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%9E%AC%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9" title="코드 재사용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코드 재사용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riuso_di_codice" title="Riuso di codice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riuso di codice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3d-%C3%BAjrafelhaszn%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Kód-újrafelhasználás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kód-újrafelhasználás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-reuse" title="Code-reuse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Code-reuse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%86%8D%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8" title="コードの再利用 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コードの再利用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_c%C3%B3digo" title="Reutilização de código – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reutilização de código" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Повторное использование кода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Повторное использование кода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodun_yeniden_kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Kodun yeniden kullanımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kodun yeniden kullanımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Повторне використання коду – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повторне використання коду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A2%BC%E8%BF%94%E7%94%A8" title="代碼返用 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Using existing code in new software</div> <p><b>Code reuse</b> is the practice of using existing <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> instead of writing new code. <i>Software reuse</i> is a broader term that implies using any existing software asset to develop software instead of developing it again.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reddy2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> An asset that is relatively easy to reuse and offers significant value is considered to have high <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusability</a>. </p><p>Code reuse may be achieved different ways depending on a complexity of a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> chosen and range from a lower-level approaches like code <a href="/wiki/Cut,_copy,_and_paste" title="Cut, copy, and paste">copy-pasting</a> (e.g. via <a href="/wiki/Snippet_(programming)" title="Snippet (programming)">snippets</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> simple functions (<a href="/wiki/Procedure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procedure (computer science)">procedures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>) or a bunch of <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">functions</a> organized into <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modules</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reddy2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> or custom <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">packages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framework_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework (computer science)">frameworks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Software_suite" title="Software suite">software suites</a> in higher-levels. </p><p>Code reuse implies dependencies which can make <a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">code maintainability</a> harder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At least one study found that code reuse at the class level reduces <a href="/wiki/Technical_debt" title="Technical debt">technical debt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Code_reuse" title="Special:EditPage/Code reuse">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">Ad hoc</a> code reuse has been practiced from the earliest days of <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programming</a>. Programmers have always reused sections of code, templates, functions, and procedures. Software reuse as a recognized area of study in software engineering, however, dates only from 1968 when <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Laboratories</a> proposed basing the software industry on reusable components. </p><p>Code reuse aims to save time and resources and reduce <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">redundancy</a> by taking advantage of assets that have already been created in some form within the software product development process.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key idea in reuse is that parts of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> written at one time can be or should be used in the construction of other programs written at a later time. </p><p>Code reuse may imply the creation of a separately maintained version of the reusable assets. While code is the most common resource selected for reuse, other assets generated during the development cycle may offer opportunities for reuse: software components, test suites, designs, documentation, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">software library</a> is a good example of code reuse. Programmers may decide to create internal abstractions so that certain parts of their program can be reused, or may create custom libraries for their own use. Some characteristics that make software more easily reusable are <a href="/wiki/Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">modularity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">loose coupling</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(computer_science)" title="Cohesion (computer science)">cohesion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">information hiding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">separation of concerns</a>. </p><p>For newly written code to use a piece of existing code, some kind of <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a>, or means of communication, must be defined. These commonly include a "call" or use of a <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype</a>. In organizations, such practices are formalized and standardized by <a href="/wiki/Domain_engineering" title="Domain engineering">domain engineering</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Product_Family_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Product Family Engineering">software product line</a> engineering. </p><p>The general practice of using a prior version of an extant program as a starting point for the next version, is also a form of code reuse. </p><p>Some so-called code "reuse" involves simply copying some or all of the code from an existing program into a new one. While organizations can realize <a href="/wiki/Time_to_market" title="Time to market">time to market</a> benefits for a new product with this approach, they can subsequently be saddled with many of the same <a href="/wiki/Code_duplication" class="mw-redirect" title="Code duplication">code duplication</a> problems caused by <a href="/wiki/Cut_and_paste_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut and paste programming">cut and paste programming</a>. </p><p>Many researchers have worked to make reuse faster, easier, more systematic, and an integral part of the normal process of programming. These are some of the main goals behind the invention of <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, which became one of the most common forms of formalized reuse. A somewhat later invention is <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>. </p><p>Another, newer means is to use software "<a href="/wiki/Source_code_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code generation">generators</a>", programs which can create new programs of a certain type, based on a set of parameters that users choose. Fields of study about such systems are <a href="/wiki/Generative_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative programming">generative programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_reuse">Types of reuse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of reuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerning motivation and driving factors, reuse can be: </p> <ul><li>Opportunistic – While getting ready to begin a project, the team realizes that there are existing components that they can reuse.</li> <li>Planned – A team strategically designs components so that they'll be reusable in future projects.</li></ul> <p>Reuse can be categorized further: </p> <ul><li>Internal reuse – A team reuses its own components. This may be a business decision, since the team may want to control a component critical to the project.</li> <li>External reuse – A team may choose to license a third-party component. Licensing a third-party component typically costs the team 1 to 20 percent of what it would cost to develop internally.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team must also consider the time it takes to find, learn and integrate the component.</li></ul> <p>Concerning form or structure of reuse, code can be:<sup id="cite_ref-sharednow.blogspot.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharednow.blogspot.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Referenced – The client code contains a reference to reused code, and thus they have distinct life cycles and can have distinct versions.</li> <li>Forked – The client code contains a local or private copy of the reused code, and thus they share a single life cycle and a single version.</li></ul> <p>Fork-reuse is often discouraged because it's a form of code duplication, which requires that every bug is corrected in each copy, and enhancements made to reused code need to be manually merged in every copy or they become out-of-date. However, fork-reuse can have benefits such as isolation, flexibility to change the reused code, easier packaging, deployment and version management.<sup id="cite_ref-sharednow.blogspot.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharednow.blogspot.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematic">Systematic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Systematic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Systematic software reuse is a strategy for increasing productivity and improving the quality of the software industry. Although it is simple in concept, successful software reuse implementation is difficult in practice. A reason put forward for this is the dependence of software reuse on the context in which it is implemented. Some problematic issues that need to be addressed related to systematic software reuse are:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a clear and well-defined product vision is an essential foundation to a <a href="/wiki/Software_product_line" title="Software product line">software product line</a> (SPL).</li> <li>an evolutionary implementation strategy would be a more pragmatic strategy for the company.</li> <li>there exist a need for continuous management support and leadership to ensure success.</li> <li>an appropriate organisational structure is needed to support SPL engineering.</li> <li>the change of mindset from a project-centric company to a product-oriented company is essential.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_libraries">Software libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A very common example of code reuse is the technique of using a <a href="/wiki/Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">software library</a>. Many common operations, such as converting information among different well-known formats, accessing external storage, interfacing with external programs, or manipulating information (numbers, words, names, locations, dates, etc.) in common ways, are needed by many different programs. Authors of new programs can use the code in a software library to perform these tasks, instead of "re-inventing the wheel", by writing fully new code directly in a program to perform an operation. Library implementations often have the benefit of being well-tested and covering unusual or arcane cases. Disadvantages include the inability to tweak details which may affect performance or the desired output, and the time and cost of acquiring, learning, and configuring the library.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_patterns">Design patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design_pattern_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Design pattern (computer science)">Design pattern (computer science)</a></div> <p>A design pattern is a general solution to a recurring problem. Design patterns are more conceptual than tangible and can be modified to fit the exact need. However, abstract classes and interfaces can be reused to implement certain patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frameworks">Frameworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></div> <p>Developers generally reuse large pieces of software via third-party applications and frameworks, though frameworks are usually domain-specific and applicable only to families of applications<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher-order_function">Higher-order function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Higher-order function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order function</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> higher-order functions can be used in many cases where design patterns or frameworks were formerly used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrocomputing">Retrocomputing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retrocomputing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Retrocomputing" title="Retrocomputing">Retrocomputing</a> encompasses reuse of code, simply because retro programs are being run on older computers, or <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulators</a> for them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_security">Computer security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> code-reuse is employed as a software exploit method.<sup id="cite_ref-Bletsch11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bletsch11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an attacker is not able to directly input code to modify the control flow of a program, for example in presence of code injection defenses such as <a href="/wiki/W%5EX" title="W^X">W^X</a>, he or she can redirect the control flow to code sequences existing in memory. </p><p>Examples of code-reuse attacks are <a href="/wiki/Return-to-libc_attack" title="Return-to-libc attack">return-to-libc attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Return-oriented_programming" title="Return-oriented programming">return-oriented programming</a>, and jump-oriented programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Bletsch11_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bletsch11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_component" title="Software component">Software component</a></div> <p>A component, in an object-oriented extent, represents a set of collaborative classes (or only one class) and its interfaces. The interfaces are responsible for enabling the replacement of components. Reusable components can also be isolated and synchronized between SCM repositories using component source code management technologies (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/teambit/bit">CSCM</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_computers">Outside computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outside computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The whole concept of "code reuse" can also encompass engineering applications outside software. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">parametric modeling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> allows for creating reusable designs. <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a> results in creation of interoperable parts that can be then reused in many contexts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Code reuse results in <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(computer_programming)" title="Coupling (computer programming)">dependency</a> on the component being reused. <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> opined that "A little copying is better than a little dependency". When he joined <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, the company was putting heavy emphasis on code reuse. He believes that Google's <a href="/wiki/Codebase" title="Codebase">codebase</a> still suffers from results of that former policy in terms of compilation speed and maintainability.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reusable code requires usually more effort to write and design. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a> discusses the significantly higher cost associated with that effort in his essays "The Tar Pit" and "<a href="/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet" title="No Silver Bullet">No Silver Bullet</a>" The fallacy is that effort is often spent without careful understanding of the mechanisms through which that cost will be redeemed. The justification often comes from incorrectly drawing parallels to reusable parts in a physical manufacturing process. Incorrect because writing code is analogous to design of a single product rather than production of multiple units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself" title="Don't repeat yourself">Don't repeat yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Software_Reuse" title="International Conference on Software Reuse">International Conference on Software Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">Inheritance (object-oriented programming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">Language binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_invented_here" title="Not invented here">Not invented here</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type polymorphism">Type polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinventing_the_wheel" title="Reinventing the wheel">Reinventing the wheel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_metrics" title="Reuse metrics">Reuse metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_source_of_truth" title="Single source of truth">Single source of truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_inheritance" title="Virtual inheritance">Virtual inheritance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrakesKyo_Kang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frakes, W.B.; Kyo Kang (July 2005). 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Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55615-900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55615-900-8"><bdi>978-1-55615-900-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Development%3A+Taming+Wild+Software+Schedules&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55615-900-8&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frapiddevelopment00mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+reuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharednow.blogspot.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharednow.blogspot.com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharednow.blogspot.com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColombo2011" class="citation web cs1">Colombo, F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DocForge&rft.atitle=Code+reuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocforge.com%2Fwiki%2FCode_reuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+reuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bletsch11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bletsch11_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bletsch11_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBletsch2011" class="citation book cs1">Bletsch, Tyler (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2338075"><i>Code-reuse Attacks: New Frontiers and Defenses</i></a>. North Carolina State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-124-75297-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-124-75297-6"><bdi>978-1-124-75297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code-reuse+Attacks%3A+New+Frontiers+and+Defenses&rft.pub=North+Carolina+State+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-124-75297-6&rft.aulast=Bletsch&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D2338075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+reuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBletschJiangFreehLiang2011" class="citation conference cs1">Bletsch, Tyler; Jiang, Xuxian; Freeh, Vince W; Liang, Zhenkai (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807154310/https://web.comp.nus.edu.sg/~liangzk/papers/asiaccs11.pdf">"Jump-oriented programming: a new class of code-reuse attack"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security</i>. ACM. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1966913.1966919">10.1145/1966913.1966919</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-0564-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-0564-8"><bdi>978-1-4503-0564-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.comp.nus.edu.sg/~liangzk/papers/asiaccs11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Jump-oriented+programming%3A+a+new+class+of+code-reuse+attack&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+6th+ACM+Symposium+on+Information%2C+Computer+and+Communications+Security&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1966913.1966919&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-0564-8&rft.aulast=Bletsch&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xuxian&rft.au=Freeh%2C+Vince+W&rft.au=Liang%2C+Zhenkai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.comp.nus.edu.sg%2F~liangzk%2Fpapers%2Fasiaccs11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+reuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Go_Programming_Language2015" class="citation cs2">The Go Programming Language (2015-12-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAAkCSZUG1c"><i>Go Proverbs – Rob Pike – Gopherfest – November 18, 2015</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PAAkCSZUG1c">archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+Proverbs+%E2%80%93+Rob+Pike+%E2%80%93+Gopherfest+%E2%80%93+November+18%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.au=The+Go+Programming+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPAAkCSZUG1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+reuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_reuse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wfrakes.wordpress.com">ReNews – an information site about software reuse and domain engineering</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/articles/vijay-narayanan-software-reuse">Software Reuse Tips Article</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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