CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-gb" class="no-js"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/","20240423181050","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1713895850"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="initial-scale = 1.0" name="viewport">  <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1"/>  <title>West Africa and the First World War | The National Archives</title> <meta name="description" content="The First World War had a great impact on West Africa, as Britain ordered the invasion of German colonies in Cameroon and Togoland, using its own colonies"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="West Africa and the First World War | The National Archives"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The First World War had a great impact on West Africa, as Britain ordered the invasion of German colonies in Cameroon and Togoland, using its own colonies"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Archives Media Player"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2018-06-18T10:53:09+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/West-Africa-and-the-First-World-War.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="508"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="348"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"/> <meta name="author" content="Nigel Davies"/> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by"/> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Nigel Davies"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/","name":"West Africa and the First World War | The National Archives","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/West-Africa-and-the-First-World-War.jpg","datePublished":"2018-06-18T10:53:09+00:00","dateModified":"2018-06-18T10:53:09+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#/schema/person/58a9c2949ab215dc4e00102881494b23"},"description":"The First World War had a great impact on West Africa, as Britain ordered the invasion of German colonies in Cameroon and Togoland, using its own colonies","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#primaryimage","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/West-Africa-and-the-First-World-War.jpg","contentUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/West-Africa-and-the-First-World-War.jpg","width":508,"height":348},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"All posts","item":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/all-posts/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"West Africa and the First World War"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#website","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/","name":"Archives Media Player","description":"Archives Media Player: find, play and download our audio and video podcasts","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#/schema/person/58a9c2949ab215dc4e00102881494b23","name":"Nigel Davies","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/author/nigeldavies/"}]}</script>  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://fonts.googleapis.com/"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="/web/20240423181050cs_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.2.5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="classic-theme-styles-css" href="/web/20240423181050cs_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css?ver=6.2.5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="global-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tna-parent-styles-css" href="/web/20240423181050cs_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/css/base-sass.min.css?ver=2.23" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tna-child-sass-css" href="/web/20240423181050cs_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-child-blog/css/blog.css.min?ver=0.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tna-google-fonts-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A400%2C400i%2C700%2C700i%7CRoboto+Mono%3A400%2C700&display=swap&ver=6.2.5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240423181050js_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-child-blog/js/jwplayer.js?ver=1.4.4" id="jwplayer-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240423181050js_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-child-blog/js/jwplayer-key.js?ver=1.4.4" id="jwplayer-key-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240423181050js_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/lib/jquery-1.11.3.min.js?ver=1.11.3" id="global-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240423181050js_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/lib/modernizr.js?ver=2.8.3" id="modernizr-js"></script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Findex.php%2Fwest-africa-first-world-war%2F"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Findex.php%2Fwest-africa-first-world-war%2F&format=xml"/> <style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style>   <meta scheme="DCTERMS.URI" content="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" name="DC.identifier"> <meta content="The National Archives - West Africa and the First World War | The National Archives" name="DC.title"> <meta content="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/copyright.htm" name="DC.rights"> <meta content="The National Archives" name="DC.publisher"> <meta content="The National Archives" name="DC.creator"> <meta content="en-GB" name="DC.language"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.IMT" content="text/html" name="DC.format"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.DCMIType" content="text" name="DC.type"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2018-06-18" name="DCTERMS.created"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2018-06-18" name="DCTERMS.modified"> <meta content="Public Records, National Archives, History, Government, Documents" name="DC.subject"> <meta content="2000-2100" name="DCTERMS.temporal"> <meta content="England,Wales,UnitedKingdom" name="DCTERMS.spatial"> <meta content="The National Archives is the UK government's official archive. Our main duties are to preserve Government records and to set standards in information management and re-use." name="DC.description"> <meta content="MSHTML 6.00.6000.21352" name="GENERATOR"> <link title="The National Archives - latest news" href="/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/news.xml" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate"> <link title="The National Archives - new Freedom of Information releases" href="/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/foireleasesnews.xml" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate"> <link title="The National Archives - podcast series" href="/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/podcasts.xml" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate">  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" href="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" href="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/favicon.png">      <script> (function(w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-T8DSWV'); </script> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-11612 single-format-standard tna-amp">  <noscript><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T8DSWV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="notification-banner"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="notice"> <strong class="title">Explore the collection</strong> <p>A new way to find our highlights and stories – <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://beta.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/?utm_source=media&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=public_beta">Try it now</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="header" role="banner"> <a id="skip-to-main-content" href="#breadcrumb-holder">Skip to Main Content</a> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-5" id="logo-holder"> <button aria-label="Toggle menu" id="mega-menu-mobile"></button> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" class="visible-lg visible-md visible-sm"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/logo-white.png" srcset="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-horizontal-white-logo.svg" alt="The National Archives" class="img-responsive logo"> </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-8 col-sm-2" id="mobile-logo-holder"> <button title="Main menu" aria-label="Toggle menu" id="mega-menu-pull-down" class="hidden-xs"><span>Menu</span></button> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/logo-white.png" srcset="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-horizontal-white-logo.svg" alt="The National Archives" class="img-responsive"> </a> </div> <div id="global-search-desktop-component" class="gs-tna-base"> <div class="global-search-no-js-fallback desktop"> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/search/">Search our website</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Search Discovery, our catalogue</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div id="global-search-mobile-component"> <div class="global-search-no-js-fallback mobile"> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/search/">Search our website</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Search Discovery, our catalogue</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav id="nav" role="navigation" class="navigation"> <div class="mega-menu clearfix">  <ul class="main-ul"><li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about" class="toggle-sub-menu">About us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about">About us home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/our-role/">Our role</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/">Visit us</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/opening-times/">Opening times</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/whats-on/">What’s on</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/whats-on/exhibitions/">Exhibitions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/whats-on/events/">Events</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/get-involved/">Get involved</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/news/">News</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/commercial-opportunities/">Commercial opportunities</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/" class="toggle-sub-menu">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/">Education home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions-and-resources/?time-period=medieval,early-modern,empire-and-industry,victorians,early-20th-century,interwar,second-world-war,postwar">Time periods</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions-and-resources/?resource-type=lesson">Lessons</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions-and-resources/?resource-type=workshop">Workshops</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/teachers/professional-development/">Professional development</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/teachers/">For teachers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/students/">For students</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research" class="toggle-sub-menu">Help with your research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research">Help with your research home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Search Discovery, our catalogue</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/start-here/">Start your research here</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides-keywords/">Research guides A-Z</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/?research-category=online">Online collections</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/">UK Government Web Archive</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/british-citizenship-services/">British citizenship services</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/record-copying/">Record copying</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/" class="toggle-sub-menu">Information management</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/">Information management home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/browse-guidance-standards/">Guidance and standards A-Z</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/">Copyright</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/manage-information/">How to manage your information</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/">Re-using PSI</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/producing-official-publications/">Producing official publications</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/legislation/">Legislation and regulations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/training/">Training</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector" class="toggle-sub-menu">Archives sector</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector">Archives sector home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/our-archives-sector-role/historical-manuscripts-commission/">Historical Manuscripts Commission</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/finding-funding/">Finding funding</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/projects-and-programmes/">Projects and programmes</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/case-studies-and-research-reports/">Case studies and research reports</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/advice-and-guidance/">Operating your archive</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/our-archives-sector-role/">Our role in the archives sector</a></li> </ul></li> <li><div class="toggle-sub-menu" id="more-link">More…</div> <ul class="sub-menu"><li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://shop.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Shop</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Image library</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Blog</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Podcasts and videos</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li></ul></li> </ul>  </div> </nav> <div class="single-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div id="breadcrumb-holder" class="tna-breadcrumb"> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <span itemscope="" itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" itemprop="url"> <span itemprop="title">Home</span> </a> </span> <span class="sep">></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Archives Media Player</a></span> <span class="sep">></span> <span class="current"> West Africa and the First World War </span> </div> </div> <div class="blog-toolbar"> <div class="row"> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-4 col-md-3 toolbar-col"> <div class="media-buttons"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/video/" class="button"> Video </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/podcasts-2/" class="button"> Podcasts </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3 toolbar-col"> <form action="" method="get" class="month-list"> <label class="sr-only" for="month">Select month</label> <select name="month" id="month"> <option value="">Select a month</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2024/04/"> April 2024  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2024/02/"> February 2024  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2023/12/"> December 2023  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2023/10/"> October 2023  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2023/08/"> August 2023  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2023/06/"> June 2023  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2023/04/"> April 2023  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2023/02/"> February 2023  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2022/11/"> November 2022  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2022/10/"> October 2022  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2022/08/"> August 2022  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2022/05/"> May 2022  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2022/04/"> April 2022  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2022/02/"> February 2022  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/12/"> December 2021  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/11/"> November 2021  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/10/"> October 2021  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/08/"> August 2021  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/06/"> June 2021  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/05/"> May 2021  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/04/"> April 2021  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2021/02/"> February 2021  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/12/"> December 2020  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/11/"> November 2020  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/10/"> October 2020  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/09/"> September 2020  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/08/"> August 2020  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/07/"> July 2020  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/06/"> June 2020  (8)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/05/"> May 2020  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/04/"> April 2020  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/03/"> March 2020  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2020/01/"> January 2020  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/12/"> December 2019  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/11/"> November 2019  (20)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/10/"> October 2019  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/09/"> September 2019  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/08/"> August 2019  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/05/"> May 2019  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/04/"> April 2019  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2019/02/"> February 2019  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/10/"> October 2018  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/07/"> July 2018  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/06/"> June 2018  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/05/"> May 2018  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/04/"> April 2018  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/03/"> March 2018  (8)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/02/"> February 2018  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2018/01/"> January 2018  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/12/"> December 2017  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/11/"> November 2017  (8)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/10/"> October 2017  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/09/"> September 2017  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/08/"> August 2017  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/07/"> July 2017  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/06/"> June 2017  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/05/"> May 2017  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/04/"> April 2017  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/03/"> March 2017  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/02/"> February 2017  (11)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2017/01/"> January 2017  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/11/"> November 2016  (8)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/10/"> October 2016  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/09/"> September 2016  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/08/"> August 2016  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/07/"> July 2016  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/06/"> June 2016  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/05/"> May 2016  (13)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/03/"> March 2016  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2016/01/"> January 2016  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/12/"> December 2015  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/10/"> October 2015  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/09/"> September 2015  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/08/"> August 2015  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/07/"> July 2015  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/06/"> June 2015  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/05/"> May 2015  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/03/"> March 2015  (11)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/02/"> February 2015  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2015/01/"> January 2015  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/12/"> December 2014  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/11/"> November 2014  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/10/"> October 2014  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/09/"> September 2014  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/08/"> August 2014  (13)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/07/"> July 2014  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/06/"> June 2014  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/05/"> May 2014  (14)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/04/"> April 2014  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/03/"> March 2014  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/02/"> February 2014  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2014/01/"> January 2014  (12)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/12/"> December 2013  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/11/"> November 2013  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/10/"> October 2013  (9)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/09/"> September 2013  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/08/"> August 2013  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/07/"> July 2013  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/06/"> June 2013  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/05/"> May 2013  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/04/"> April 2013  (13)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/03/"> March 2013  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/02/"> February 2013  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2013/01/"> January 2013  (12)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/12/"> December 2012  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/11/"> November 2012  (10)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/10/"> October 2012  (9)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/09/"> September 2012  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/08/"> August 2012  (37)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/07/"> July 2012  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/06/"> June 2012  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/05/"> May 2012  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/04/"> April 2012  (22)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/03/"> March 2012  (13)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/02/"> February 2012  (9)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2012/01/"> January 2012  (9)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/12/"> December 2011  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/11/"> November 2011  (10)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/10/"> October 2011  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/09/"> September 2011  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/08/"> August 2011  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/07/"> July 2011  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/06/"> June 2011  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/05/"> May 2011  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/04/"> April 2011  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/03/"> March 2011  (10)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/02/"> February 2011  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2011/01/"> January 2011  (8)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/12/"> December 2010  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/11/"> November 2010  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/10/"> October 2010  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/09/"> September 2010  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/08/"> August 2010  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/07/"> July 2010  (12)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/06/"> June 2010  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/05/"> May 2010  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/04/"> April 2010  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/03/"> March 2010  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/02/"> February 2010  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2010/01/"> January 2010  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/12/"> December 2009  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/11/"> November 2009  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/10/"> October 2009  (10)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/09/"> September 2009  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/08/"> August 2009  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/07/"> July 2009  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/06/"> June 2009  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/05/"> May 2009  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/04/"> April 2009  (16)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/03/"> March 2009  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/02/"> February 2009  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2009/01/"> January 2009  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/12/"> December 2008  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/11/"> November 2008  (24)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/10/"> October 2008  (16)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/09/"> September 2008  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/08/"> August 2008  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/07/"> July 2008  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/06/"> June 2008  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/05/"> May 2008  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/04/"> April 2008  (30)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/03/"> March 2008  (17)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/02/"> February 2008  (8)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2008/01/"> January 2008  (7)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/12/"> December 2007  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/11/"> November 2007  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/09/"> September 2007  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/08/"> August 2007  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/07/"> July 2007  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/06/"> June 2007  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/05/"> May 2007  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/04/"> April 2007  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2007/03/"> March 2007  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/12/"> December 2006  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/11/"> November 2006  (3)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/09/"> September 2006  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/07/"> July 2006  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/06/"> June 2006  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/05/"> May 2006  (44)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/04/"> April 2006  (13)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/03/"> March 2006  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2006/01/"> January 2006  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/2000/01/"> January 2000  (6)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1979/07/"> July 1979  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1977/05/"> May 1977  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1976/07/"> July 1976  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1976/05/"> May 1976  (5)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1975/05/"> May 1975  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1974/05/"> May 1974  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1973/05/"> May 1973  (10)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1972/05/"> May 1972  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1971/05/"> May 1971  (4)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1968/07/"> July 1968  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1962/04/"> April 1962  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1960/05/"> May 1960  (2)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1949/05/"> May 1949  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1945/12/"> December 1945  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1944/03/"> March 1944  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1943/10/"> October 1943  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1941/10/"> October 1941  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1941/03/"> March 1941  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1940/03/"> March 1940  (1)</option> <option value="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/1939/08/"> August 1939  (1)</option> </select> <noscript> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="view"/> </noscript> </form> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3 toolbar-col"> <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" method="get" class="author-list"> <label class="sr-only" for="author">Select an author</label> <select name="author" id="author"> <option value="-1">Select an author</option> <option value="12">Abi Husainy</option><option value="563">Adam Nicolson</option><option value="25">Adele Chaplin</option><option value="26">Adrian Jobson</option><option value="456">Afelonne Doek</option><option value="27">Alan Bowgen</option><option value="152">Alastair Hazell</option><option value="28">Alex Ritchie</option><option value="29">Alexander L Bieri</option><option value="596">Alexandra Harris</option><option value="328">Alexs Drozdov</option><option value="30">Alistair Owens</option><option value="546">Amanda Bevan</option><option value="528">Amanda-Jane Doran</option><option value="467">Andrew Hopper</option><option value="139">Andrew Jackson</option><option value="124">Andrew Janes</option><option value="746">Andrew Lock</option><option value="396">Andy Aldridge</option><option value="31">Ann Morton</option><option value="823">Anne Gilliland</option><option value="32">Anthony Adolph</option><option value="312">Anthony Beevor</option><option value="8">Audrey Collins</option><option value="290">Ben Macintyre</option><option value="140">Bill Roberts</option><option value="212">Bill Stockting</option><option value="33">Briony Paxman</option><option value="34">Bruno Derrick</option><option value="35">Bruno Pappalardo</option><option value="607">Carianne Whitworth (admin)</option><option value="584">Carole Divall</option><option value="311">Caroline Dawson</option><option value="763">Caroline Derry</option><option value="321">Caroline Kimbell</option><option value="674">Caroline Nielsen</option><option value="421">Caroline Shenton</option><option value="389">Caroline Walker</option><option value="36">Caroline Williams</option><option value="272">Charles Fair</option><option value="37">Charles Tattersall</option><option value="38">Charles Tripp</option><option value="227">Chris Barnes</option><option value="9">Chris Cooper</option><option value="267">Chris Day</option><option value="40">Chris Heather</option><option value="41">Chris Pomery</option><option value="523">Chrissy Peters</option><option value="326">Christine Gifford</option><option value="123">Christine Thomas</option><option value="39">Christopher May</option><option value="362">Clem Seecharan</option><option value="157">Clive Hawkins</option><option value="417">Colin Babb</option><option value="42">Colin Jackson CBE</option><option value="527">Corinna Gardner</option><option value="43">Daniel Gilfoyle</option><option value="44">Dave Annal</option><option value="189">David Flanders</option><option value="46">David Hey</option><option value="288">David Langrish</option><option value="181">David Ruse</option><option value="141">David Tarrant</option><option value="47">David Thomas</option><option value="48">Doctor David Cox</option><option value="363">Dominic Sandbrook</option><option value="110">Dr Adrian Ailes</option><option value="281">Dr Alison Wiggins</option><option value="207">Dr Andrea Tanner</option><option value="84">Dr Andrew Foster</option><option value="119">Dr Arfon Smith</option><option value="651">Dr Athanasios Velios</option><option value="368">Dr Brian Swann</option><option value="50">Dr Bruce Durie</option><option value="483">Dr Bryan Glass</option><option value="376">Dr Catherine Emma Jones</option><option value="51">Dr Christopher T Watts</option><option value="19">Dr David Clarke</option><option value="648">Dr David Reeve</option><option value="122">Dr Dinah Eastop</option><option value="282">Dr Dominic Fontana</option><option value="751">Dr Elizabeth Williams</option><option value="806">Dr Fern Riddell</option><option value="296">Dr Gus Casely Hayford</option><option value="297">Dr Hester Vaizey</option><option value="66">Dr James Ross</option><option value="210">Dr Jessica Nelson</option><option value="287">Dr John Law</option><option value="23">Dr John Shaw</option><option value="500">Dr Jonathan Conlin</option><option value="397">Dr Jonathan Oates</option><option value="53">Dr Julie Anderson</option><option value="481">Dr Juliette Desplat</option><option value="126">Dr Kathleen Chater</option><option value="186">Dr Katy Mair</option><option value="433">Dr Lesley Hall</option><option value="54">Dr Louise Chambers</option><option value="484">Dr Martin Farr</option><option value="55">Dr Matt Cook</option><option value="278">Dr Miranda Kaufmann</option><option value="723">Dr Nat Alcock</option><option value="379">Dr Nick Barratt</option><option value="87">Dr Paul Carter</option><option value="116">Dr Peter Adey</option><option value="268">Dr Phil Withington</option><option value="22">Dr Pippa Virdee</option><option value="482">Dr Richard Dunley</option><option value="502">Dr Stephen Boyd-Davis</option><option value="485">Dr Stephen Twigge</option><option value="169">Dr Tony Wakeford</option><option value="24">Dr Tracey Sowerby</option><option value="375">Dr Ulrike Gutzmann</option><option value="16">Dr. Dennis Wheeler</option><option value="2">dwilliams</option><option value="732">E-J Scott</option><option value="56">Ed Hampshire</option><option value="179">Ed King</option><option value="57">Edward Marston</option><option value="58">Ela Kaczmarska</option><option value="772">Elizabeth Crawford</option><option value="616">Elizabeth Oxborrow-Cowan</option><option value="635">Elke Cwiertna</option><option value="564">Emily Stidston</option><option value="406">Emily Ward-Willis</option><option value="718">Emma Down</option><option value="730">Emma Vickers</option><option value="761">Euan Roger</option><option value="115">Farook</option><option value="759">Fiona Stafford</option><option value="196">Gary Sheffield</option><option value="213">Geoff Browell</option><option value="720">George Hay</option><option value="62">Gerry Toop</option><option value="355">Gill Bennett</option><option value="652">Glenn Cumiskey</option><option value="254">Grace Ioppolo</option><option value="721">Greg Cole</option><option value="202">Guy Grannum</option><option value="277">Hamish Maxwell-Stewart</option><option value="687">Heather Tilley</option><option value="63">Helen Rappaport</option><option value="526">Helen Wakely</option><option value="552">helencastor</option><option value="682">Hilary Custance Green</option><option value="731">Hilary McCollum</option><option value="516">Iain Adams</option><option value="569">Ian Castle</option><option value="360">Ian Mortimer</option><option value="591">Inga Fraser</option><option value="270">Isobel Siddons</option><option value="64">Jack Adams</option><option value="491">James A Winn</option><option value="65">James Cronan</option><option value="325">James Davis</option><option value="414">James Falkner</option><option value="67">James Taylor</option><option value="68">James Travers</option><option value="653">Jane Ronson</option><option value="195">Jane Stevenson</option><option value="69">Janet Dempsey</option><option value="333">Jatinder Mann</option><option value="819">Jean-Luc Cochard</option><option value="70">Jeff James</option><option value="71">Jenni Orme</option><option value="324">Jenny Bunn</option><option value="468">Jenny Lewis</option><option value="144">Jenny Mitcham</option><option value="579">Jenny Uglow</option><option value="72">Jessamy Sykes</option><option value="542">Jill Liddington</option><option value="398">Jill N Crandell</option><option value="6">Jo Pugh</option><option value="185">Jo Woolley</option><option value="447">Joanna Bourke</option><option value="145">Johan van der Knijff</option><option value="859">John Dobai</option><option value="327">John Guy</option><option value="358">John Reuben Davies</option><option value="187">John Sheridan</option><option value="224">John Welshman</option><option value="454">Jonathan Cates</option><option value="696">Jonathan Dimbleby</option><option value="678">jonathan Mackman</option><option value="73">Jonathan Sumption</option><option value="459">Jonathan Walker</option><option value="191">Joy Palmer</option><option value="15">Jules Stewart</option><option value="683">Julian Harrison</option><option value="252">Julie Halls</option><option value="120">Karim Hussain</option><option value="136">Kate Colquhoun</option><option value="285">Kate Jarman</option><option value="142">Kate Pritchard</option><option value="782">Katherine Connelly</option><option value="113">Kathryn Petersen</option><option value="664">Katie Meheux</option><option value="752">Keggie Carew</option><option value="167">Keith Mitchell</option><option value="455">Kerstin Arnold</option><option value="74">Kostas Ntanos</option><option value="253">Kwaku</option><option value="543">Lady Antonia Fraser</option><option value="7">Laura Cowdrey</option><option value="494">Lauren Mackay</option><option value="370">Leonard Holder</option><option value="329">Lianne Smith</option><option value="75">Liz Hart</option><option value="283">Lord Ashdown</option><option value="713">Louise Bell</option><option value="822">Luciano Floridi</option><option value="450">Lucy Inglis</option><option value="390">Lucy Worsley</option><option value="672">Luke Blaxill</option><option value="667">Maggie Andrews</option><option value="216">Mahesh Gami</option><option value="457">Malcolm Howitt</option><option value="77">Mandy Banton</option><option value="127">Marion Downie (admin)</option><option value="722">Mark Bell</option><option value="78">Mark Dunton</option><option value="470">Mark Johnson</option><option value="451">Mark Merifield</option><option value="79">Mark Pearsall</option><option value="80">Mark Stevens</option><option value="785">Maryanne Dever</option><option value="521">Matthew Parris</option><option value="493">Matthew Pearce</option><option value="174">Michael Leclerc</option><option value="331">Michael Lucas</option><option value="259">Michael Moss</option><option value="193">Mike Pidd</option><option value="673">Mike Pitts</option><option value="575">Nadia Atia</option><option value="424">Nancy Bell</option><option value="622">Naomi Rees</option><option value="462">Neil Beagrie</option><option value="81">Neil Cobbett</option><option value="758">Neil Johnston</option><option value="554">Neil McKenna</option><option value="184">Nick Kingsley</option><option value="452">Nick Poole</option><option value="263">Nick Pope</option><option value="194">Nick Stanhope</option><option value="677">Nicola Cowmeadow</option><option value="815">Nigel Davies</option><option value="82">Nigel Taylor</option><option value="83">Oliver Morley</option><option value="323">Owen Stephens</option><option value="85">Past Masters</option><option value="192">Patricia Methven</option><option value="86">Patrick Chaplin</option><option value="317">Paul Carlyle</option><option value="636">Paul Dryburgh</option><option value="88">Paul Smith</option><option value="89">Pauline Croft</option><option value="132">Peter Bance</option><option value="319">Peter Boyd-Smith</option><option value="611">Peter Doggett</option><option value="380">Peter Guttridge</option><option value="305">Peter John</option><option value="365">Peter Johnston</option><option value="508">Philippa Gregory</option><option value="480">Professor Alan Sharp</option><option value="797">Professor Andrew Prescott</option><option value="700">Professor Anne Curry</option><option value="93">Professor Barry Coward</option><option value="94">Professor Barry Godfrey</option><option value="18">Professor Christopher Andrew</option><option value="95">Professor David Carpenter</option><option value="269">Professor David Edgerton</option><option value="91">Professor David Stephenson</option><option value="501">Professor Geoffrey Crossick</option><option value="96">Professor Laurence Brockliss</option><option value="92">Professor M R D Foot</option><option value="249">Professor Maria Hayward</option><option value="97">Professor Maxine Berg</option><option value="121">Professor May Cassar</option><option value="238">Professor Nicholas Vincent</option><option value="478">Professor Paul Brand</option><option value="17">Professor Peter Hennessy</option><option value="699">Rachel Hillman</option><option value="388">Rachel Johnson</option><option value="316">Ralph Thompson</option><option value="727">Randolph Cock</option><option value="99">Rebecca Probert</option><option value="318">Richard Allan</option><option value="624">Richard Overy</option><option value="789">Richard Rex</option><option value="188">Richard Wallis</option><option value="100">Robert Daoust</option><option value="783">Robin Bunce</option><option value="101">Roger Kershaw</option><option value="458">ronandeazley</option><option value="165">Rose Mitchell</option><option value="595">Ross Mahoney</option><option value="225">Rudi Newman</option><option value="3">Ruth Ford</option><option value="588">Ruth Sillers</option><option value="545">Sally Hoult</option><option value="206">Sam Velumyl</option><option value="762">Sammy Sturgess</option><option value="162">Sarah Cox</option><option value="14">Sarah Hutton</option><option value="438">Sarah Rees Jones</option><option value="472">Sarah Wise</option><option value="825">Seamus Lawless</option><option value="229">Sean Creighton</option><option value="102">Sean Cunningham</option><option value="410">Selwyn R Cudjoe</option><option value="800">Seth van Hooland</option><option value="103">Sharon Hintze</option><option value="393">Sharon Tomlin</option><option value="625">Shrabani Basu</option><option value="133">Simon Demissie</option><option value="104">Simon Fowler</option><option value="474">Simon Gregor</option><option value="434">Simon Jarrett</option><option value="373">Sinclair McKay</option><option value="633">Sonia Purnell</option><option value="695">Sonia Ranade</option><option value="374">Sophie Ambler</option><option value="460">Stella Wisdom</option><option value="432">Stephen Bourne</option><option value="301">Stephen Cooper</option><option value="105">Stephen Harwood</option><option value="182">Stephen Rowley</option><option value="717">Steven Cable</option><option value="107">Sue Lumas</option><option value="774">Sue McKemmish</option><option value="183">Sue Wilkinson</option><option value="788">Suzannah Lipscomb</option><option value="770">Tara Morton</option><option value="190">Teresa Doherty</option><option value="108">Terry Jones</option><option value="322">The Central Office of Information</option><option value="20">The National Archives</option><option value="138">Tim Gollins</option><option value="395">Tim Hitchcock</option><option value="422">Tommy Norton</option><option value="420">Tony Heaton OBE</option><option value="109">Tony Stockwell</option><option value="418">Tracy Borman</option><option value="13">Vanessa Carr</option><option value="755">Vicky Iglikowski</option><option value="811">Victoria Lemieux</option><option value="112">Voices of the Armistice</option><option value="111">War on Film</option><option value="300">webmaster</option><option value="11">William Spencer</option> </select> <noscript> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="view"/> </noscript> </form> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3 toolbar-search"> <div class="search-wrapper"> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" class="searchform" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"> <div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Search for:</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Search Archives Media Player" value="" name="s" id="s"/> <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="primary" class="blog content-area"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <main id="main" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-8" role="main">  <article id="post-11612" class="post-11612 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-archives-and-archivists category-archives-and-archivists-audio category-audio category-featured category-military-history category-military-history-audio category-political-history category-political-history-audio"> <div class="entry-video clearfix"> <div class="video-container"> <div id="player"> <p>To view this media, you will require <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer/" class="external-link">Adobe Flash 9</a> or higher and must have <strong>Javascript enabled</strong>.</p> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jwplayer('player').setup({ 'flashplayer': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-child-blog/inc/player.swf', 'file': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/west-africa-and-the-great-war.mp3 ', 'title': 'West Africa and the First World War', 'image': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/West-Africa-and-the-First-World-War.jpg', 'width': '500', 'height': '358' }); </script> </div> <div class="video-toolbar clearfix"> <div class="col-xs-6"> Duration 00:21:05 </div> <div class="col-xs-6 text-right"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/west-africa-and-the-great-war.mp3 " title="Please save the file by right clicking and selecting 'Save Target As' or 'Save Link As' as option." download>Download media file</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="entry-header"> <h1 class="separator-heading">West Africa and the First World War</h1> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <p>Monday 18 June 2018 <span>|</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/author/nigeldavies/" title="Posts by Nigel Davies" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nigel Davies</a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/archives-and-archivists/" title="View all posts in Archives and archivists">Archives and archivists</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/archives-and-archivists-audio/" title="View all posts in Archives and archivists audio">Archives and archivists audio</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/audio/" title="View all posts in Audio">Audio</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/featured/" title="View all posts in Featured">Featured</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/military-history/" title="View all posts in Military history">Military history</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/military-history-audio/" title="View all posts in Military history audio">Military history audio</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/political-history/" title="View all posts in political history">political history</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/category/political-history-audio/" title="View all posts in Political history audio">Political history audio</a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/west-africa-first-world-war/#comments">2 comments</a></p> </div> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <p>The First World War had a great impact on West Africa, as Britain ordered the invasion of German colonies in Cameroon and Togoland, using its own colonies as base. The West African Frontier Force, drawn from Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria and Gambia played a key role in the campaign. War had also had a great impact on the civilian population, as the British drew off workers and resources. How did African soldiers experience the campaign, and what did the war mean for West African societies as a whole?</p> </div> <div id="transcription" class="entry-content entry-media-transcription clearfix"> <h2>Transcription</h2> <div class="transcription-content"> <p>West Africa and the Great War</p> <p>Slide 1: Introductory Slide<br/> Slide 2: Map of British West Africa<br/> At the advent of the First World War, British West Africa was comprised of four territories: the Gambia, Gold Coast, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.<br/> Each of these territories were distinct but had similar administrations and were largely divided between indigenous Africans and a British oriented African elite.<br/> These cultural distinctions Inhabitants of the Colony were British Subjects; Protectorate inhabitants were ‘British Protected Persons’.<br/> Slide 3: The Gambia in 1914<br/> Bathurst (now Banjul) was the capital of the Gambia Colony in 1914. There was an educated British oriented elite called the Aku or Creoles who were largely based in Banjul.<br/> Wealthy Wolof merchants also formed part of distinct non-Westernized elite.<br/> Slide 4: The Gold Coast in 1914<br/> The Gold Coast was ruled concurrently and successively by the Dutch, Danish, and the British after it became a British Crown Colony in 1867.<br/> Accra was the capital of the British administrated Gold Coast and was populated mainly by the Ga ethnic group.<br/> Other principal cities such as Cape Coast and Elmina were mainly populated by the Fante ethnic group. Eurafrican families were also influential in Accra and Cape Coast and educated elites in these towns demanded further rights as British Subjects.<br/> The Ashanti Protectorate was declared in 1896 after the Ashanti people fought several wars against the British and were finally defeated.<br/> Slide 5: Nigeria in 1914<br/> Nigeria was created following the amalgamation of the Lagos Colony with the Niger Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914.<br/> There was a cultural divide between the Western-oriented elite in Abeokuta, Lagos, and Calabar and Northern Protectorate. Saros, descendants of Sierra Leonean emigrants, and Amaros, descendants of Brazilian returnees influential in Lagos and Abeokuta.<br/> Educated elite fought for political rights and unified colonial policies throughout amalgamated Nigeria. The elite opposed Governor Frederick Lugard’s policy of indirect rule.<br/> The educated elite were led by prominent nationalists such as Dr. John Randle and Herbert Macaulay.<br/> Slide 6: Sierra Leone in 1914<br/> Sierra Leone was founded as a private colony in 1792 and reconstituted as a Crown Colony in 1808.<br/> Freetown was the principal settlement and capital of the Colony.<br/> A Protectorate was declared over the hinterland of Sierra Leone in 1896 and incorporated various African kingdoms.<br/> There was a cultural divide between the Colony of Sierra Leone and the Protectorate of Sierra Leone.<br/> The British oriented elite in the Colony was largely comprised of Sierra Leone Creoles<br/> Sierra Leonean Creoles were Christians and the descendants of ex-slaves and free people from across West Africa, the Americas and Europe.<br/> Slide 7: Outbreak of War<br/> The outbreak of World War One reverberated across West Africa.<br/> Although Anglo-African tension existed between the British colonialists and British West African elite, Dr J.K. Randle of Lagos summarized the position of the British West African elite by stating a “truce” was in place in light of the War.<br/> British oriented West African elite largely supported the War. However, traditional African societies in the Protectorates were sometimes unwilling to recruit on behalf of the British.<br/> It is unclear the extent to which working-class West Africans and ethnic groups in the hinterland supported British efforts during the War<br/> British colonialists were careful to appease and control Hausa-Fulani rulers and the Egba Revolts in Southwest Nigeria against British rule during the War reflected the precarious position of British colonial authorities in garnering support among West Africans outside the British oriented elite.<br/> However, as early as 1914, the West African press espoused loyalty for Britain and disdain for Germany<br/> German citizens were expelled from Nigeria and German captives in Sierra Leone were held in the Model School and Mount Aureol.<br/> Even Sierra Leonean Muslims from the Colony and Protectorate denounced the Ottoman Empire<br/> Slide 8: West Africans in the British military<br/> Slide 9: Henry ‘Harry’ Clement Solomon<br/> Henry Clement Solomon Jr. was one of a few West Africans to serve in the British military. Born in 1897 in Freetown, Sierra Leone to Sierra Leonean parents of African and Jewish descent, Harry as he was fondly known attended local schools before entering Colet Court School and completing his education at Saint Paul Preparatory School in 1916. Harry enlisted in the military in 1918 and served as Rifleman in the Rifle Brigade. He later served in the Labour Corps as a Private and received the Victory Medal and British War Medal for his service. He returned to West Africa as a clerk and engaged in mercantilist pursuits.<br/> Slide 10: Francis Sydney Dove<br/> Francis Sydney Dove was another mixed-race person of West African descent to serve in the British military. Francis Dove, who was nicknamed Frank, was born in Brighton in 1897 to a Sierra Leonean father and English mother. Frank was educated in England and it was as a teenage law student at Oxford University, Law student at Oxford University that he enlisted in the military.<br/> Frank served as a driver in the Royal Tank Corps in the ‘E’ Battalion from 1916 to 1918. As a driver, Dove received the Military Medal for bravery at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917. Dove also received a commission in the Cadet Unit of the Royal Air Force.<br/> After completing his service, he returned to his studies and represented Britain in boxing at the 1920 Olympics.<br/> Slide 11: Dr Ernest Jenner Wright<br/> But Harry Solomon and Frank Dove were not the norm. Although some blacks of West African descent served in the British military, many did not.<br/> Ernest Jenner Wright, born in London to a West African father and English mother London, attempted to enlist in the Royal Army Medical Corps. Jenner was rejected for service and told to go ‘Back home’ to West Africa, even though he was a Londoner who had never been to Africa before.<br/> Nonetheless Jenner Wright settled in West Africa and established flourishing medical practice and he received an MBE in 1938.<br/> Slide 12: British West African Forces in the First World War (Pictorial Slide)<br/> Slide 13: Strategic Advantages of British West Africa<br/> British West Africa was of strategic importance to the War effort.<br/> Nigeria borders German Cameroon and the former Gold Coast borders the former German Togoland<br/> The West African Regiment, West African Frontier Force, and 1st Battalion of West India Regiment stationed in Freetown<br/> Freetown’s coaling station of significant use during the War and its deep water port used to dispatch servicemen and supplies to war front<br/> Slide 14: British Recruitment Policy in West Africa<br/> The British had a small military presence in West Africa in comparison to French forces. This resulted in the British focusing heavily on the recruitment of West Africans during the campaigns.<br/> West Africans were recruited mainly from ethnic groups in the colonial hinterlands or Protectorates. Educated elites were discouraged from enlistment and refused commissions as officers.<br/> The British colonialists colluded with chiefs to recruit men for service.<br/> Some West Africans were reluctant to serve.<br/> British recruiters inaccurately recorded the names of servicemen and often recorded their first names and as a second name perhaps the name of their village or town.<br/> Slide 15: West African Regiment<br/> Established in 1896 as an Imperial Unit.<br/> Administered by the War Office.<br/> Recruited mainly from Sierra Leone.<br/> Twelve companies of 1,500 West African soldiers.<br/> West African Regiment formed to serve primarily in Sierra Leone Protectorate.<br/> W.A.R. could be deployed in various areas in British West Africa.<br/> Regiment served in the Cameroons Campaign.<br/> Stationed at British garrisons in the Cameroons.<br/> Eight Sierra Leoneans received mentions in Despatches during the Cameroons Campaign.<br/> Sierra Leoneans serving in the West African Regiment not eligible for W.A.F.F. Distinguished Conduct Medal.<br/> W.A.R. received Battle Honours for the Cameroons Campaign.<br/> Slide 16: West African Frontier Force<br/> The West African Frontier Force was one of the most important military units in the African Campaigns of the First World War. Established in 1900 from various constabularies in the British West African colonies<br/> The West African Frontier Force comprised of 7,500 men at start of First World War including fitve Battalions of the Nigeria Regiment, a battalion of the Gold Coast Regiment (formerly the Gold Coast Battalion) and the Sierra Leone Battalion.<br/> 130 Gambians also served in Gambia Company as Signallers during Cameroons Campaign or attached to other battalions.<br/> The West African Frontier Force were crucial for the Campaigns in Togoland and the Cameroons and also served in the East African Campaigns.<br/> Slide 17: Regiment Sergeant-Major Alhaji Grunshi<br/> Perhaps the most well-known West African to serve in the West African Frontier Force was Lance Corporal Alhaji Grunshi.<br/> Grunshi was reportedly the first British soldier to fire a shot in the First World War on 12 August, 1914, when he shot at a wireless German station<br/> Grunshi, a Gold Coaster, possibly from the Northern region of the Gold Coast, served in the Gold Coast Regiment that was the first West African Frontier Force unit to engage German Forces in the War.<br/> Grunshi served as Lance Corporal in the Gold Regiment of the West African Frontier Force and later as Regiment Sergeant-Major.<br/> Grunshi was mentioned in despatches and received the Distinguished Conduct Medal and Military Medal for bravery.<br/> Slide 18: West African Carrier Corps<br/> Perhaps the tireless servicemen were those who served<br/> 14,200 Sierra Leoneans, Nigerians, and Gold Coasters were recruited as carriers in the West African Carrier Corps during the West African campaigns of the First World War.<br/> West African carrier corps often recruited by forced labour and West Africans were reluctant to serve knowing they might not return home.<br/> The Carriers were divided into three Carrier Corps comprised of Sierra Leone Carrier Corps, Southern Nigeria Carrier Corps, and Northern Nigeria Carrier Corps.<br/> Companies of Carriers were attached to Battalions of the W.A.F.F.<br/> Carriers initially served in specialised roles serving combatants but were later used as a general labour force.<br/> Carriers often given meagre supplies and often barefoot.<br/> Hundreds of Carriers died as a result of disease; Carriers in the Cameroons suffered from tropical ulcers and pneumonia during the wet season.<br/> Slide 19: West African Medical Staff<br/> The West African Medical Staff was formed in 1902 and was administered by the Colonial Office. However, service in the West African Medical Staff was restricted to medical doctors of European descent.<br/> The West African Medical Staff were required to serve in the Cameroons Campaign and at least seventeen European medical staff served in Cameroons Campaign.<br/> Medical Officers were attached to regiments in the West African Frontier Force or served at the base hospitals.<br/> However, there was a dearth of medical personnel available for the Cameroons Campaign and African medical staff were required to serve in the Cameroons.<br/> S.B. Palmer, a dispenser at the colonial hospital in the Gambia, was seconded to the Cameroons and Ebenezer George Luke, a Sierra Leonean dispenser, served as a storekeeper with the Medical Department of the Sierra Leone Battalion and the West African Frontier Force in the Cameroons.<br/> Some African assistant-nurses also served in the Medical Department in the Cameroons.<br/> Slide 20: Lieutenant M.C.F. Easmon<br/> Macormack Charles Farrell Easmon was the first, if not the only black African to serve as an officer in the First World War.<br/> M.C.F., or Charlie as he was known, was born in 1890 to Sierra Leonean parents in Accra, Gold Coast (now Ghana). He was raised in London and educated at Colet Court School and Epsom College.<br/> He completed his medical studies with stellar grades at St. Mary’s Hospital and the London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.<br/> Yet on the basis of his skin color he was refused entry into the West African Medical Staff and was relegated to the position of ‘Native Medical Officer’.<br/> However, the need for medical officers in the Cameroons Campaign resulted in M.CF. being commissioned as an Acting Lieutenant in West African Medical Staff<br/> He served in the Cameroons between November 1914 and July 1915 and was attached to the West African Carrier Corps<br/> Easmon received the three campaign medals; the 1914/15 Star, British War Medal and the Allied Victory Medal<br/> He retained the rank of Lieutenant in 1920 and received an OBE for his contributions to medical services in 1954.<br/> Slide 21: The African Theatre of the First World War (Pictorial Slide)<br/> Slide 22: Campaign in Togoland<br/> The Togoland Campaign was the first military campaign in West Africa. German Togoland, which bordered the Gold Coast and the French colony of Dahomey, had an important wireless station.<br/> British captured Lome, capital of German Togoland on 8 August, 1914.<br/> Captain F.C. Bryant Gold Coast Regiment crossed into Togoland from the Gold Coast and fought German forces after crossing the Monu River on 25 August, 1915.<br/> Bryant and the Gold Coast Regiment captured Atakpame which had an important German wireless station.<br/> As a consequence of the War, Togoland was divided into two territories administered by the British and French.<br/> British Togoland merged with the Gold Coast in 1956 and formed the independent nation of Ghana in 1957. French Togoland became the independent Republic of Togo in 1960.<br/> Slide 23: Cameroons Campaign<br/> German Cameroons was at the centre of German telecommunications in West Africa.<br/> It was for this reason that the Allied Forces formed the Cameroons Expeditionary Force to capture Cameroons although a partial motivation for the French forces was to regain territory previously lost to Germany.<br/> Weather conditions and the terrain contributed to prolonged campaign and spread of disease and death from diseases such as dysentery and malaria more common than death in combat.<br/> The Carriers suffered from disease, particularly tropical ulcers.<br/> However, by the summer of 1915, German forces were in retreat and the Allied forces defeated German forces on 10 March 1916.<br/> The Cameroons were divided into two territories administered by the British and French.<br/> The bravery and service of West African servicemen in these campaigns is reflected in the statement of Brigadier-General C.M. Dobell who praised these West African servicemen: ‘to them no day seems to be too long, no task too difficult. With a natural aptitude for soldiering, they are endowed with a constitution which inures them to hardship; they share…an inexhaustible fund of good humour!’<br/> Slide 24: East African Campaign<br/> The East African Campaign was fought by Allied Forces to capture German East Africa between 1915 and 1918.<br/> German East Africa is in modern-day Burundi, Rwanda and other parts of East Africa.<br/> A battalion of the Gold Coast Regiment was the first West African unit to serve in the East African Campaign and four battalions of the Nigeria Regiment also served in East African Campaign.<br/> West Africans such as Sergeant-Major Belo Akure D.C.M. M.M. served with distinction in the East African Campaign.<br/> The outstanding service of Sierra Leoneans as carriers resulted in the Sierra Leone Carrier Corps being formed to serve in East African Campaign.<br/> Sierra Leone Carriers served with distinction in the East African Campaign and also served in Mesopotamia.<br/> Slide 25: Honours in Battle<br/> The tremendous service of West Africans in the First World War is reflected in the battle honors that they received.<br/> Musa Bauchi of the 1st Battalion of the Nigeria Regiment received theWest African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal and Bauchi was among 38 Nigerians who received honours.<br/> Servicemen in the Nigeria Regiment received at least 30 Military Medals.<br/> Lance-Corporal Palkuke Grumah and Sergeant Yessufu Mamprusi were among twenty Gold Coast Regiment soldiers who received the Distinguished Conduct Medal and twenty three who received the Military Medal.<br/> At least two Gold Coast Regiment Soldiers received the D.C.M. with a clasp.<br/> Lance Corporal Sorie Kanu was among four Sierra Leoneans to receive Distinguished Conduct Medal for exceptional bravery.<br/> Private Saljen Sidibi was among at least three Gambians to receive the Distinguished Conduct Medal.<br/> Constituent West African Frontier Force Regiments received Battle Honours in the Togoland Campaign and Cameroons Campaign.<br/> Slide 26: The Aftermath of the War: Economic Impact on British West Africa<br/> Beyond the battle front, British West Africa was adversely affected economically and the First World War had a severe impact on working-class West Africans<br/> There were food shortages throughout British West African colonies and the price of food and basic commodities increased.<br/> The British colonial expulsion of Germans in Nigeria contributed to economic hardship and by early August, 1914, rice and sugar were scarce in Lagos.<br/> British West Africa had another setback after the War as some territories were affected by the Influenza Epidemic in August and September 1918.<br/> Slide 27: Conclusion<br/> Thousands of West Africans served in the First World War in West African Forces and in the regular British military.<br/> Despite tense Anglo-African relations British West African elite largely supported Allied War effort.<br/> However, the First World War had a long-term impact on West Africa.<br/> Nationalist and political movements were established that formed the basis for African movements for decolonization and independence.<br/> However, the West African contribution remains largely neglected even in the modern era.<br/> For although memorials in Bathurst, Freetown, Kumasi, Lagos commemorate the service of these brave men, they are largely forgotten in West African and European history.<br/> Slide 28: Bibliography</p> </div> </div> </article> </main> <aside id="sidebar" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4" role="complementary"> <div id="recent-posts-2" class="sidebar-widget widget_recent_entries"> <div class="sidebar-header"><h2>Recent Posts</h2></div><div class="sidebar-content clearfix"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/on-the-record-pauper-voices-trailer/">On the Record: Pauper voices (trailer)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/second-world-war-captives/">Second World War Captives</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/on-the-record-second-world-war-captives-trailer/">On the Record: Second World War Captives (trailer)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/boston-tea-party/">Boston Tea Party</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/on-the-record-boston-tea-party-trailer/">On the Record: Boston Tea Party (trailer)</a> </li> </ul> </div></div><div id="text-2" class="sidebar-widget widget_text"><div class="sidebar-header"><h2>Help</h2></div><div class="sidebar-content clearfix"> <div class="textwidget"><p>You can find help on how to download and listen to our podcasts in our <a title="Help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/help/">quick guide to getting started</a>. If you wish to re-use any part of a podcast, please note that copyright in the podcasts and transcripts in some cases belongs to the speakers, not to the Crown. Please contact the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/mailto:copyright@nationalarchives.gov.uk">Copyright Officer </a>with queries. If commenting, please be aware of our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/moderation-policy/">moderation policy</a>.</p></div> </div></div><div id="text-3" class="sidebar-widget widget_text"><div class="sidebar-header"><h2>Subscribe</h2></div><div class="sidebar-content clearfix"> <div class="textwidget"><p>Select an option to receive our free podcast series, using either RSS or iTunes. See our help guide for more information on podcast subscription.</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-record-at-the-national-archives/id1460242815" class="button button-icon icon-audio">Apple Podcasts</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://tnaontherecord.libsyn.com/rss" class="button button-icon icon-rss">Podcast feed</a></p></div> </div></div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class="sr-only">Footer</h2> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="container"> <div class="row newsletter-content"> <div class="col-md-1"> <div class="news-icon"> <div class="icon-circle icon-envelope icon-size-64"></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-11"> <div class="news-content" id="newsletterAccessibility"> <h3>Sign me up to The National Archives' mailing list</h3> <p>Subscribe now for regular news, updates and priority booking for events.<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/email-updates/" class="button">Sign up</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3 col-lg-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-square-white-logo.png" srcset="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-square-white-logo.svg" alt="The National Archives" class="img-responsive square-logo"> <address> The National Archives<br/> Kew, Richmond<br/> TW9 4DU </address> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Find out more</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/press-room/">Press room</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/jobs/">Jobs and careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/get-involved/friends-of-the-national-archives/">Friends of The National Archives</a> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/the-national-archives-trust/">The National Archives Trust</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Websites</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Podcasts and videos</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://shop.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Shop</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Image library</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/">UK Government Web Archive</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/" target="_blank" title="Opens a new window">Legislation.gov.uk <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Find case law</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/" target="_blank" title="Opens a new window">The Gazette <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Site help</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/">Help</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/a-to-z/">Website A-Z index</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/web-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Legal</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/">Terms of use</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/privacy.htm">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/cookies/">Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/freedom-of-information/">Freedom of Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/our-role/transparency/">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/our-fees.htm">Our fees</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-12"> <h3>Follow us</h3> <div class="follow-us"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://twitter.com/@UKNatArchives" title="Follow us on Twitter - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/twitter.png" alt="Twitter logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.youtube.com/c/TheNationalArchivesUK" title="Follow us on YouTube - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/youtube-play.png" alt="YouTube logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalarchives" title="Follow us on Flickr - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/flickr.png" alt="Flickr logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.facebook.com/TheNationalArchives" title="Follow us on Facebook - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/facebook.png" alt="Facebook logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.instagram.com/nationalarchivesuk/" title="Follow us on Instagram - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/instagram.png" alt="Instagram logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/" title="Follow us via RSS"> <img src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/rss.png" alt="RSS logo"></a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-12"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer-base"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-9 col-md-9 ogl"> <img alt="Open Government License logo" src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/logo-ogl.png"> <p>All content is available under the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/">Open Government Licence v3.0</a>, except where otherwise stated </p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-3 gov-uk"> <a title="External website - opens in a new window" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050/http://gov.uk/" target="_blank"> <img alt="GOV.UK logo" src="/web/20240423181050im_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/gov-uk.png"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.3.2/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="bootstrap-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240423181050js_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-child-blog/js/tna-child-blog.js?ver=0.1" id="blog-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240423181050js_/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/compiled/tna-base.min.js?ver=2.23" id="tna-base-min-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423181050js_/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/react-components/dist/website-1.1.8.js?ver=2.23" id="tna-components-js"></script> </body> </html>