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<span>Listening tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listening_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semblance_of_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semblance_of_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Semblance of realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semblance_of_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%ABtrouklank" title="Hoëtrouklank – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hoëtrouklank" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="أمانة بالغة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمانة بالغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хай-фай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хай-фай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Fidelity" title="High Fidelity – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="High Fidelity" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_fidelidad" title="Alta fidelidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alta fidelidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="های‌فای (فناوری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="های‌فای (فناوری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard-d%C3%ADlseacht" title="Ard-dílseacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ard-dílseacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_fedelt%C3%A0" title="Alta fedeltà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alta fedeltà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelity_(techniek)" title="High fidelity (techniek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="High fidelity (techniek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi-utstyr" title="Hi-Fi-utstyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hi-Fi-utstyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta-fidelidade" title="Alta-fidelidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alta-fidelidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High fidelity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хај фиделити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хај фиделити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifi" title="Hifi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hifi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="ความคล้ายเดิมสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความคล้ายเดิมสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi" title="Hi-Fi – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Hi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi" title="Hi-fi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hi-fi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF" title="音響 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音響" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BF%9D%E7%9C%9F" title="高保真 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高保真" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26674#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="High fidelity (disambiguation)">High fidelity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hi-Fi" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-end_audio" title="High-end audio">High-end audio</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lautsprecher_4-wege_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lautsprecher_4-wege_2.jpg/170px-Lautsprecher_4-wege_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lautsprecher_4-wege_2.jpg/255px-Lautsprecher_4-wege_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lautsprecher_4-wege_2.jpg/340px-Lautsprecher_4-wege_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Hi-fi <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">speakers</a> are a key component of quality audio reproduction.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>High fidelity</b> (often shortened to <b>hi-fi</b> or, rarely, <b>HiFi</b>) is the high-quality <a href="/wiki/Sound_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reproduction">reproduction of sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is popular with <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">home audio</a> enthusiasts. Ideally, high-fidelity equipment has inaudible <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>, and a flat (neutral, uncolored) <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Human_hearing_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hearing range">human hearing range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High fidelity contrasts with the lower-quality "<a href="/wiki/Lo-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo-fi">lo-fi</a>" sound produced by inexpensive audio equipment, <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM radio</a>, or the inferior quality of sound reproduction that can be heard in recordings made until the late 1940s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> began experimenting with various recording techniques in the early 1930s. Performances by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> were recorded in 1931 and 1932 using telephone lines between the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(Philadelphia)" title="Academy of Music (Philadelphia)">Academy of Music</a> in Philadelphia and the Bell labs in New Jersey. Some <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recordings</a> were made on optical sound film, which led to new advances used primarily by <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> (as early as 1937) and <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Fox_Film_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation">Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation</a> (as early as 1941). <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> began recording performances by several orchestras using optical sound around 1941, resulting in higher-fidelity masters for <a href="/wiki/78-rpm_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="78-rpm disc">78-rpm discs</a>. During the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Avery_Fisher" title="Avery Fisher">Avery Fisher</a>, an amateur violinist, began experimenting with audio design and <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>. He wanted to make a radio that would sound like he was listening to a live orchestra and achieve high fidelity to the original sound. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Olson" title="Harry F. Olson">Harry F. Olson</a> conducted an experiment whereby test subjects listened to a live orchestra through a hidden variable acoustic filter. The results proved that listeners preferred high-fidelity reproduction, once the noise and distortion introduced by early sound equipment was removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1948, several innovations created the conditions that made major improvements in home audio quality possible: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a>, based on technology taken from Germany after WWII, helped musical artists such as <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> make and distribute recordings with better fidelity.</li> <li>The advent of the 33⅓ rpm <a href="/wiki/Long_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Long play">long play</a> (LP) microgroove <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl record</a>, with lower <a href="/wiki/Surface_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface noise">surface noise</a> and quantitatively specified <a href="/wiki/RIAA_equalization" title="RIAA equalization">equalization curves</a> as well as noise-reduction and dynamic range systems. <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a> fans, who were <a href="/wiki/Opinion_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion leaders">opinion leaders</a> in the audio market, quickly adopted LPs because, unlike with older records, most classical works would fit on a single LP.</li> <li>Higher quality <a href="/wiki/Turntables" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntables">turntables</a>, with more responsive <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">needles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a>, with wider audio bandwidth and less susceptibility to signal interference and fading than <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM radio</a>.</li> <li>Better <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> designs, with more attention to frequency response and much higher power output capability, reproducing audio without perceptible <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> designs, including <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_suspension" title="Acoustic suspension">acoustic suspension</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Villchur" title="Edgar Villchur">Edgar Villchur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kloss" title="Henry Kloss">Henry Kloss</a> with improved bass frequency response.</li></ul> <p>In the 1950s, audio manufacturers employed the phrase <i>high fidelity</i> as a marketing term to describe records and equipment intended to provide faithful sound reproduction. Many consumers found the difference in quality compared to the then-standard AM radios and 78-rpm records readily apparent and bought high-fidelity phonographs and 33⅓ LPs such as <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>'s New Orthophonics and London's FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording, a UK <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a> system). <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophiles</a> focused on technical characteristics and bought individual components, such as separate turntables, radio tuners, <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifiers</a> and loudspeakers. Some enthusiasts even assembled their loudspeaker systems, with the advent of integrated multi-speaker console systems in the 1950s, <i>hi-fi</i> became a generic term for home sound equipment, to some extent displacing <i>phonograph</i> and <i>record player</i>. </p><p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the development of <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophonic">stereophonic</a> equipment and recordings led to the next wave of home-audio improvement, and in common parlance <i>stereo</i> displaced <i>hi-fi</i>. Records were now played on <i>a stereo</i> (stereophonic phonograph). In the world of the audiophile, however, the concept of <i>high fidelity</i> continued to refer to the goal of highly accurate sound reproduction and to the technological resources available for approaching that goal. This period is regarded as the "Golden Age of Hi-Fi", when <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> equipment manufacturers of the time produced many models considered superior by modern audiophiles, and just before <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistorized</a>) equipment was introduced to the market, subsequently replacing tube equipment as the mainstream technology. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McIntosh_MA6800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/McIntosh_MA6800.jpg/220px-McIntosh_MA6800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/McIntosh_MA6800.jpg/330px-McIntosh_MA6800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/McIntosh_MA6800.jpg/440px-McIntosh_MA6800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Integrated_amplifier" title="Integrated amplifier">integrated amplifier</a> combines an audio <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifier</a> into one unit, and is an example of the "component" approach to assembling a comprehensive sound reproduction system.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a> with the help of the audio manufacturers came up with a definition to identify high-fidelity equipment so that the manufacturers could clearly state if they meet the requirements and reduce misleading advertisements.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular type of system for reproducing music beginning in the 1970s was the integrated <a href="/wiki/Music_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Music centre">music centre</a>—which combined a phonograph turntable, AM-FM radio tuner, tape player, preamplifier, and power amplifier in one package, often sold with its own separate, detachable or integrated speakers. These systems advertised their simplicity. The consumer did not have to select and assemble individual components or be familiar with impedance and power ratings. Purists generally avoid referring to these systems as high fidelity, though some are capable of very good quality sound reproduction. </p><p>Audiophiles in the 1970s and 1980s preferred to buy each component separately. That way, they could choose models of each component with the specifications that they desired. In the 1980s, several audiophile magazines became available, offering reviews of components and articles on how to choose and test speakers, amplifiers, and other components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Listening_tests">Listening tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Listening tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Codec_listening_test" title="Codec listening test">Codec listening test</a></div> <p>Listening tests are used by hi-fi manufacturers, audiophile magazines, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">audio engineering</a> researchers and scientists. If a listening test is done in such a way that the listener who is assessing the sound quality of a component or recording can see the components that are being used for the test (e.g., the same musical piece listened to through a tube power amplifier and a solid-state amplifier), then it is possible that the listener's pre-existing biases towards or against certain components or brands could affect their judgment. To respond to this issue, researchers began to use <a href="/wiki/Blinded_experiment" title="Blinded experiment">blind tests</a>, in which listeners cannot see the components being tested. A commonly used variant of this test is the <a href="/wiki/ABX_test" title="ABX test">ABX test</a>. A subject is presented with two known samples (sample <i>A</i>, the reference, and sample <i>B</i>, an alternative), and one unknown sample <i>X,</i> for three samples total. <i>X</i> is randomly selected from <i>A</i> and <i>B</i>, and the subject identifies <i>X</i> as being either <i>A</i> or <i>B</i>. Although there is no way to prove that a certain methodology is <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(data_compression)" title="Transparency (data compression)">transparent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a properly conducted double-blind test can prove that a method is <i>not</i> transparent. </p><p>Blind tests are sometimes used as part of attempts to ascertain whether certain audio components (such as expensive, exotic cables) have any subjectively perceivable effect on sound quality. Data gleaned from these blind tests is not accepted by some audiophile magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Stereophile" title="Stereophile">Stereophile</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Absolute_Sound" title="The Absolute Sound">The Absolute Sound</a></i> in their evaluations of audio equipment. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atkinson_(music_editor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Atkinson (music editor) (page does not exist)">John Atkinson</a>, current editor of <i>Stereophile</i>, stated that he once purchased a solid-state amplifier, the Quad 405, in 1978 after seeing the results from blind tests, but came to realize months later that "the magic was gone" until he replaced it with a tube amp.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Harley of <i>The Absolute Sound</i> wrote, in 2008, that: "...blind listening tests fundamentally distort the listening process and are worthless in determining the audibility of a certain phenomenon."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doug Schneider, editor of the online Soundstage network, argued the opposite in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated: "Blind tests are at the core of the decades' worth of research into loudspeaker design done at <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">Canada's National Research Council</a> (NRC). The NRC researchers knew that for their result to be credible within the scientific community and to have the most meaningful results, they had to eliminate bias, and blind testing was the only way to do so." Many Canadian companies such as Axiom, Energy, Mirage, Paradigm, PSB, and Revel use blind testing extensively in designing their loudspeakers. Audio professional Dr. Sean Olive of Harman International shares this view.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semblance_of_realism">Semblance of realism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Semblance of realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stereophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophonic">Stereophonic</a> sound provided a partial solution to the problem of reproducing the sound of live orchestral performers by creating separation among instruments, the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion#In_music" title="Auditory illusion">illusion</a> of space, and a phantom central channel. An attempt to enhance reverberation was tried in the 1970s through <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound" title="Quadraphonic sound">quadraphonic sound</a>. Consumers did not want to pay the additional costs and space required for the marginal improvements in realism. With the rise in popularity of <a href="/wiki/Home_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Home theater">home theater</a>, however, multi-channel playback systems became popular, and many consumers were willing to tolerate the six to eight channels required in a home theater. </p><p>In addition to spatial realism, the playback of music must be subjectively free from noise, such as hiss or hum, to achieve realism. The <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD) provides about 90 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fries2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fries2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which exceeds the 80 dB dynamic range of music as normally perceived in a concert hall.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audio equipment must be able to reproduce frequencies high enough and low enough to be realistic. The human hearing range, for healthy young persons, is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most adults can't hear higher than 15,000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-Fries2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fries2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDs are capable of reproducing frequencies as low as 0 Hz and as high as 22,050 Hz, making them adequate for reproducing the frequency range that most humans can hear.<sup id="cite_ref-Fries2005_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fries2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equipment must also provide no noticeable distortion of the <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a> or emphasis or de-emphasis of any frequency in this frequency range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modularity">Modularity <span class="anchor" id="integrated"></span><span class="anchor" id="mini"></span><span class="anchor" id="lifestyle"></span><span class="anchor" id="midi"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_AVR_245.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HK_AVR_245.jpg/220px-HK_AVR_245.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HK_AVR_245.jpg/330px-HK_AVR_245.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HK_AVR_245.jpg/440px-HK_AVR_245.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Modular components made by <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harman_Kardon" title="Harman Kardon">Harman Kardon</a>, (from the bottom) an audio digital receiver, DVD player, and HD TV receiver</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_XO-D20S_Midi_HiFi_system_(white_bg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sony_XO-D20S_Midi_HiFi_system_%28white_bg%29.jpg/250px-Sony_XO-D20S_Midi_HiFi_system_%28white_bg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sony_XO-D20S_Midi_HiFi_system_%28white_bg%29.jpg/330px-Sony_XO-D20S_Midi_HiFi_system_%28white_bg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sony_XO-D20S_Midi_HiFi_system_%28white_bg%29.jpg/500px-Sony_XO-D20S_Midi_HiFi_system_%28white_bg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>A Sony "midi" hi-fi from the late 1980s. Despite its appearance mimicking separate components, this is an all-in-one unit featuring a record player, a dual cassette tapedeck, a digital tuner, and an amplifier with integrated equalizer. Other midi systems integrating a CD player were also increasingly common by this point.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Integrated</i>, <i>mini</i>, or <i>lifestyle</i> systems (also known by the older terms <i><a href="/wiki/Music_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Music centre">music centre</a></i> or <i>midi system</i><sup id="cite_ref-argos_midi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argos_midi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matsui_midi_47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsui_midi_47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) contain one or more sources such as a <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">tuner</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape">cassette tape</a> deck together with a <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifier</a> in one box. A limitation of an "integrated" system is that failure of any one component can possibly lead to the need to replace the entire unit, as components are not readily swapped in or out of a system merely by plugging and unplugging cables, and may not even have been made available by the manufacturer to allow piecemeal repairs. </p><p>Although some <a href="/wiki/High-end_audio" title="High-end audio">high-end audio</a> manufacturers do produce integrated systems, such products are generally disparaged by <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophiles</a>, who prefer to build a system from <i>separates</i> (or <i>components</i>), often with each item from a different manufacturer specialising in a particular component. This provides the most flexibility for piece-by-piece <a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">upgrades</a> and repairs. </p><p>A preamplifier and a power amplifier in one box is called an <i><a href="/wiki/Integrated_amplifier" title="Integrated amplifier">integrated amplifier</a></i>; with a tuner added, it is a <i><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a></i>. A monophonic power amplifier is called a <i>monoblock</i> and is often used for powering a <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofer</a>. Other modules in the system may include components like <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge" title="Magnetic cartridge">cartridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonearm">tonearms</a>, hi-fi <a href="/wiki/Turntable" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntable">turntables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_player" title="Digital media player">digital media players</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> players that play a wide variety of discs including <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="CD recorder">CD recorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> recorders, hi-fi <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorders</a> (VCRs) and <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel-to-reel tape recorder">reel-to-reel tape recorders</a>. Signal modification equipment can include <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction#In_audio" title="Noise reduction">noise-reduction systems</a>. </p><p>This modularity allows the enthusiast to spend as little or as much as they want on a component to suit their specific needs, achieve a desired sound, and add components as desired. Also, failure of any component of an integrated system can render it unusable, while the unaffected components of a modular system may continue to function. A modular system introduces the complexity of cabling multiple components and often having different <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote controls</a> for each unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_equipment">Modern equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/High_fidelity" title="Special:EditPage/High fidelity">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some modern hi-fi equipment can be digitally connected using <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> <a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a> cables, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> ports (including one to play digital audio files), or <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> support. </p><p>Another modern component is the <i>music server</i> consisting of one or more <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a> that hold music in the form of <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer files</a>. When the music is stored in an <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio file format</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a> such as <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a> or <a href="/wiki/WMA_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="WMA Lossless">WMA Lossless</a>, the computer playback of recorded audio can serve as an audiophile-quality source for a hi-fi system. There is now a push from certain streaming services to offer hi-fi services. </p><p>Streaming services typically have a modified dynamic range and possibly bit rates lower than audiophile standards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The statement may be outdated. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tidal_(service)" title="Tidal (service)">Tidal</a> and others have launched a hi-fi tier that includes access to FLAC and <a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">Master Quality Authenticated</a> studio masters for many tracks through the desktop version of the player. This integration is also available for high-end audio systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_system_measurements" title="Audio system measurements">Audio system measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_audio" title="DIY audio">DIY audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_center" title="Entertainment center">Entertainment center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS#Hi-Fi_audio_system" title="VHS">VHS § Hi-Fi audio system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_acceptance_factor" title="Wife acceptance factor">Wife acceptance factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> term derived from hi-fi</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Hartley" class="citation book cs1">Hartley, H. A. (1958). "High fidelity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090127021505/http://www.tech-systems-labs.com/books/hartley.pdf"><i>Audio Design Handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York, New York: Gernsback Library. pp. 7, 200. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Catalog Card No. 57-9007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tech-systems-labs.com/books/hartley.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-08</span></span>. <q>I invented the phrase 'high fidelity' in 1927 to denote a type of sound reproduction that might be taken rather seriously by a music lover. In those days the average radio or phonograph equipment sounded pretty horrible but, as I was really interested in music, it occurred to me that something might be done about it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=High+fidelity&rft.btitle=Audio+Design+Handbook&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=7%2C+200&rft.pub=Gernsback+Library&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tech-systems-labs.com%2Fbooks%2Fhartley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hi-fiworld.co.uk/amplifiers/75-amp-tests/147-frequency-response.html">"Frequency Response"</a>. <i>Hi-FiWorld.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hi-FiWorld.co.uk&rft.atitle=Frequency+Response&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi-fiworld.co.uk%2Famplifiers%2F75-amp-tests%2F147-frequency-response.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lander-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lander_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lander2006" class="citation magazine cs1">David Lander (June–July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223172555/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/3/2006_3_13.shtml">"The Buyable Past: Classic Hi-Fi Components"</a>. <i>American Heritage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/3/2006_3_13.shtml">the original</a> on 2007-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Buyable+Past%3A+Classic+Hi-Fi+Components&rft.date=2006-06%2F2006-07&rft.au=David+Lander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F2006%2F3%2F2006_3_13.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLachenbruch1963" class="citation book cs1">Lachenbruch, David (1963-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewsEAAAAMBAJ&q=high+fidelity+definition&pg=PA47"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1963-03-23&rft.aulast=Lachenbruch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewsEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dhigh%2Bfidelity%2Bdefinition%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpanos,_Aris1999" class="citation book cs1">Spanos, Aris (1999). <i>Probability Theory and Statistical Inference</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 699. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42408-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42408-9"><bdi>0-521-42408-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probability+Theory+and+Statistical+Inference&rft.pages=699&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-42408-9&rft.au=Spanos%2C+Aris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Atkinson2005" class="citation web cs1">John Atkinson (2005-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/asweseeit/705awsi">"Blind Tests & Bus Stops"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blind+Tests+%26+Bus+Stops&rft.date=2005-07-17&rft.au=John+Atkinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Fasweseeit%2F705awsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Harley2008" class="citation web cs1">Robert Harley (2008-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930084747/http://www.avguide.com/forums/blind-listening-tests-are-flawed-editorial?page=2">"Blind Listening Tests are Flawed: An Editorial"</a>. The Absolute Sound. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avguide.com/forums/blind-listening-tests-are-flawed-editorial?page=2">the original</a> on 2011-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blind+Listening+Tests+are+Flawed%3A+An+Editorial&rft.pub=The+Absolute+Sound&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft.au=Robert+Harley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avguide.com%2Fforums%2Fblind-listening-tests-are-flawed-editorial%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Schneider2009" class="citation web cs1">Doug Schneider (2009-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodsound.com/editorial/200905.htm">"The Misinformed Misleading the Uninformed – A Bit About Blind Listening Tests"</a>. GoodSound!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Misinformed+Misleading+the+Uninformed+%E2%80%93+A+Bit+About+Blind+Listening+Tests&rft.pub=GoodSound%21&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.au=Doug+Schneider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodsound.com%2Feditorial%2F200905.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Schneider2009" class="citation web cs1">Doug Schneider (2009-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodsound.com/editorial/200906.htm">"A Bit More About Blind Listening Tests (6/2009)"</a>. GoodSound!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Bit+More+About+Blind+Listening+Tests+%286%2F2009%29&rft.pub=GoodSound%21&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.au=Doug+Schneider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodsound.com%2Feditorial%2F200906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDr._Sean_Olive2009" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Sean Olive (2009-04-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seanolive.blogspot.com/2009/04/dishonesty-of-sighted-audio-product.html">"The Dishonesty of Sighted Listening Tests"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dishonesty+of+Sighted+Listening+Tests&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft.au=Dr.+Sean+Olive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseanolive.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F04%2Fdishonesty-of-sighted-audio-product.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (May 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fries2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fries2005_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fries2005_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fries2005_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriesMarty_Fries2005" class="citation book cs1">Fries, Bruce; Marty Fries (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalaudioesse0000frie"><i>Digital Audio Essentials</i></a></span>. O'Reilly Media. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalaudioesse0000frie/page/144">144</a>–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00856-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00856-2"><bdi>0-596-00856-2</bdi></a>. <q>Digital audio at 16-bit resolution has a theoretical dynamic range of 96 dB, but the actual dynamic range is usually lower because of overhead from filters that are built into most audio systems." ... "Audio CDs achieve about a 90-dB signal-to-noise ratio." "Most adults can't hear frequencies higher than 15 kHz, so the 44.1 kHz sampling rate of CD audio is more than adequate to reproduce the highest frequencies most people can hear.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Audio+Essentials&rft.pages=144-147&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-596-00856-2&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Marty+Fries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitalaudioesse0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEargle2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Eargle" title="John M. Eargle">Eargle, John</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00m1SlorUcIC&pg=PA4"><i>Handbook of Recording Engineering</i></a>. Springer. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-28470-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-28470-2"><bdi>0-387-28470-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Recording+Engineering&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-387-28470-2&rft.aulast=Eargle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00m1SlorUcIC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'AmbroseChoudhary2003" class="citation web cs1">D'Ambrose, Christoper; Choudhary, Rizwan (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/ChrisDAmbrose.shtml">"Frequency range of human hearing"</a>. <i>The Physics Factbook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Factbook&rft.atitle=Frequency+range+of+human+hearing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=D%27Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rft.au=Choudhary%2C+Rizwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2F2003%2FChrisDAmbrose.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-argos_midi-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-argos_midi_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527084320/https://www.flickr.com/photos/lavalampmuseum/3591019798/in/album-72157619081815831/"><i>Argos Catalogue Autumn/Winter 1986</i></a>. Argos. 1986. pp. <span class="nowrap">258–</span>259. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lavalampmuseum/3591019798/in/album-72157619081815831/">the original</a> on 2020-05-27. <q>Midi Systems [..] Scheider 2500R Remote Control Midi System [..] Amstrad MS-45 Midi System [..] Toshiba S103K Midi System [etc]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argos+Catalogue+Autumn%2FWinter+1986&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=Argos&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Flavalampmuseum%2F3591019798%2Fin%2Falbum-72157619081815831%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/issuu_retromash_argos-no26-1986-autumnwinter#page/n257/mode/2up">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matsui_midi_47-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matsui_midi_47_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/crouchingbadger/4434629033/in/photolist-7KSCHg">"Matsui MIDI 47"</a>. 14 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matsui+MIDI+47&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fcrouchingbadger%2F4434629033%2Fin%2Fphotolist-7KSCHg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanet_BorgersonJonathan_Schroeder2017" class="citation book cs1">Janet Borgerson; Jonathan Schroeder (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262536011/designed-for-hi-fi-living/"><i>Designed for Hi-Fi Living: The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262036238" title="Special:BookSources/9780262036238"><bdi>9780262036238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designed+for+Hi-Fi+Living%3A+The+Vinyl+LP+in+Midcentury+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780262036238&rft.au=Janet+Borgerson&rft.au=Jonathan+Schroeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2F9780262536011%2Fdesigned-for-hi-fi-living%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+fidelity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_fidelity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/high_fidelity" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:high fidelity">high fidelity</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hi-fi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hi-fi">hi-fi</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/HiFi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:HiFi">HiFi</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hifi-writer.com/he/dictionary.htm">A Dictionary of Home Entertainment Terms</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-definition" title="Template:High-definition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition" title="Template talk:High-definition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_(HD)301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (Quad HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(All defunct)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">HD MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition" title="Digital eXtreme Definition">DXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">HD VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#Hi-Vision_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Hi-Vision LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Audio_players66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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title="Audio player (disambiguation)">Audio players</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AV_receiver" title="AV receiver">AV receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boombox" title="Boombox">Boombox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HiFi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-end_audio" title="High-end audio">High-end audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Music centre">Music centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(device)" 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