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<span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media culture</span> </div> </a> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Violence against journalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libel_and_cyber_libel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libel_and_cyber_libel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Libel and cyber libel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libel_and_cyber_libel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_decriminalization_of_libel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_decriminalization_of_libel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Proposed 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:21em; border: 4px double #FCD116; background:#FFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">Part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#0038A8; border: 1px double #333;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Culture of the Philippines</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">sign language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">Honorifics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines" title="Radio in the Philippines">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFF;">Symbols</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamboanga_City_Satellite_Towers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Zamboanga_City_Satellite_Towers.JPG/220px-Zamboanga_City_Satellite_Towers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Zamboanga_City_Satellite_Towers.JPG/330px-Zamboanga_City_Satellite_Towers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Zamboanga_City_Satellite_Towers.JPG/440px-Zamboanga_City_Satellite_Towers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Communication towers in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mass media in the Philippines</b> consists of several types of media: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines" title="Radio in the Philippines">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_the_Philippines" title="List of magazines in the Philippines">magazines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">cinema</a>, and websites. </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> had 225 television stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, 5 <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> stations and 7 million newspapers in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Media outlets, such as <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">PTV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network" title="Radio Philippines Network">RPN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation">IBC</a> (television) and the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Broadcast_Service" title="Presidential Broadcast Service">Presidential Broadcast Service</a> (radio), are government-run, while most outlets are privately owned.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most trusted newspapers in the Philippines are the <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">List of newspapers in the Philippines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio">Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines" title="Radio in the Philippines">Radio in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of radio stations in the Philippines">List of radio stations in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Radio is introduced to the Philippines under the American colonial era. Radio broadcasting is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_Commission" title="National Telecommunications Commission">National Telecommunications Commission</a> (NTC), on content, frequency and licensing matters. There are about 1,000 radio stations in the Philippines, both on the AM and FM bands. </p><p>Broadcast radio stations in the Philippines are assigned four-letter callsigns, containing the two-letter prefixes DW, DX, DY and DZ. The suffix usually indicates the island group the station is in (DW and DZ used for <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, DX for <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and DY for the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>). The Philippines is one of the few Asian countries that use callsigns for broadcast radio stations (the others being Indonesia, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan). </p><p>Radio networks are primarily owned by private broadcasters, some of the largest being the <a href="/wiki/MBC_Media_Group" title="MBC Media Group">MBC Media Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mindanao_Network" title="Radio Mindanao Network">Radio Mindanao Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA Network</a>. The remainder fall under government broadcasters such as the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Broadcast_Service" title="Presidential Broadcast Service">Presidential Broadcast Service</a> (PBS) and religious broadcasters such as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Media_Network" title="Catholic Media Network">Catholic Media Network</a> (CMN) and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Broadcasting_Company" title="Far East Broadcasting Company">Far East Broadcasting Company</a> (FEBC). AM stations usually broadcast in news and talk formats; FM stations usually broadcast both local and foreign popular music, but has also seen usage by news/talk and community radio broadcasters especially in the provinces. Most radio stations broadcast in Tagalog and regional languages, and the rest in English. </p><p>Government-owned radio broadcasting is primarily under the Presidential Broadcast Service (PBS), which operates a network of owned-and-operated news and talk stations in the AM and shortwave bands under the <a href="/wiki/Radyo_Pilipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Radyo Pilipinas">Radyo Pilipinas</a> banner, as well as smaller community and information radio stations on both AM and FM bands, either as O&Os or through affiliates. Since 2017, PBS has also ventured into music broadcasting, with the top 40-formatted <a href="/wiki/DWFM-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="DWFM-FM">Republika FM1</a> and the adult contemporary-formatted <a href="/wiki/DWFO-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="DWFO-FM">Capital FM2</a>, both located in Metro Manila. Other government agencies as well as local governments also operate their own radio stations. </p><p>The Philippines has not yet adopted a digital radio standard, but some stations in the larger cities have adopted North American <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a> technology for digital broadcasting. Internet radio, in the form of live online audio streams of terrestrial radio stations and online-only stations, has also a presence, primarily aimed toward niche audiences and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">overseas Filipinos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">Television in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in the Philippines">List of television stations in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Television is introduced to the Philippines in the 1950s, becoming the first Southeast Asian nation to do so. As like with radio, television broadcasting is also regulated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_Commission" title="National Telecommunications Commission">National Telecommunications Commission</a> (NTC). The majority of free-to-air TV networks are operated by private broadcasters, the largest by viewer share being <a href="/wiki/A2Z_(TV_channel)" title="A2Z (TV channel)">A2Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV5_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV5 (Philippines)">TV5</a>. There is no public television network, but there are multiple government-owned networks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation">Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation</a> (IBC), <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">People's Television Network</a> (PTV) and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network" title="Radio Philippines Network">Radio Philippines Network</a> (RPN). </p><p>Digital TV broadcasting in the Philippines was introduced in 2010, using the Japanese <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-T</a> standard. Shutdown of analog TV transmissions is planned by the end of 2027. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Internet in the Philippines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_culture">Media culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Media culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much media ownership is concentrated in the hands of prominent families and businesses. Consequently, some reports tend to be one-sided presentations favoring special interests. The privately owned press also tends toward <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> at times.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the media companies are predominantly owned by moneyed and influential tycoons, the Filipino readers are given the option with the advent of the new media and this has leveled the playing field. Reputable online news publications or news portals, blog sites, and other online available resources has disrupted the readership of other giant news media companies. </p><p>Some giant media companies in the broadcasting industry have adapted also in the online news portal this include <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network_(company)" title="GMA Network (company)">GMA Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation" title="ABS-CBN Corporation">ABS-CBN Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV5_Network" title="TV5 Network">TV5 Network</a>, and government owned television network <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">PTV4</a>. This strategy was strongly considered due to the growing number of Filipinos who use social media instead of television in watching the news through snippets or short video clips. </p><p>Alternative media outlets present in the Philippines include Tudla Productions, Southern Tagalog Exposure, Mayday Multimedia, Altermidya,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bulatlat" title="Bulatlat">Bulatlat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_press">Freedom of the press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Freedom of the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship in the Philippines</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> are enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution">1987 Constitution</a>. According to the Constitution, under Article XVI, Section 10, the State is obligated to "provide the policy environment for … the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press." The Constitution also guarantees freedom of the press under Article III, Section 4.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office of the President is responsible for managing the government's policy toward the press. </p><p>The Philippines is also a signatory to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, which aims to protect freedom of expression and the freedom of the press.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although independent observers credit the government with respecting freedom of the press in general, the government has been criticized for failing to investigate thoroughly summary killings of <a href="/wiki/Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists">journalists</a> and for subjecting journalists to harassment and surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to killings, journalists in the Philippines have been victims of various forms of threats and attacks, including verbal assault and intimidation, physical assault, and libel charges. Journalists have also been blacklisted from covering public events.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_protection">Source protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Source protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2019, President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> signed a law expanding the Shield Law or Sotto Law; the new law expanded protection of journalists to include broadcast and online journalists from disclosing confidential sources of "any news item, report or information appearing or being reported or disseminated" unless the court or Congress "finds that such revelation is demanded by the security of the State".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_journalists">Violence against journalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Violence against journalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Philippines" title="List of journalists killed in the Philippines">List of journalists killed in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_and_forced_disappearances_in_the_Philippines" title="Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines">Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The Philippines is among the most dangerous countries in the world according to various media watchdogs. The fifth annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index released by the international press freedom watchdog <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RSF) has placed the Philippines among the worst-ranked countries for 2006 at 142nd place. It indicated the <a href="/wiki/Journalists_killed_under_the_Arroyo_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists killed under the Arroyo administration">continuing murders of journalists</a> and increased legal harassment in the form of libel suits as part of the problem in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1986 and 2005, 52 journalists have been murdered<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of their killers go unpunished.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> ranked the Philippines among the deadliest and most dangerous places for journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines was also ranked as the most dangerous country in Asia for journalists in 2018 according to the Philippine <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Media_Freedom_and_Responsibility" title="Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility">Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility</a>, which tallied 85 attacks on the media in 2018 under President Rodrigo Duterte.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>United Nations Special Rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Irene_Khan" title="Irene Khan">Irene Khan</a> in 2024 urged the government to do more to stop the killing of journalists in the Philippines. Khan described the killings as "most egregious form of censorship".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libel_and_cyber_libel">Libel and cyber libel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Libel and cyber libel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_Prevention_Act_of_2012" title="Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012">Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Philippines_v._Santos,_Ressa_and_Rappler" title="People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler">People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler</a></div> <p>Libel and online libel are criminal offenses in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penalties for online libel include imprisonment for a maximum of 12 years and a fine of a maximum of ₱1,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the American colonial period in the Philippines, libel laws have been used to stifle dissent. Media organizations contend that libel has been "used by people in power to harass journalists and muzzle critical reportage".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 37 cases of libel and oral defamation recorded from July 2016 to April 2021. Eighteen of these were online libel, while 8 of the 37 cases also led to arrests of journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a rise in libel and cyber libel cases in the country in 2020, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists_of_the_Philippines" title="National Union of Journalists of the Philippines">National Union of Journalists of the Philippines</a> (NUJP).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a></i> CEO <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> was among those convicted of cyber libel in a 2020 case involving the retroactive application of a then new cybercrime law to an article that had been published years before.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_decriminalization_of_libel">Proposed decriminalization of libel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proposed decriminalization of libel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 14th, 15th, and 18th Congress, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Satur_Ocampo" title="Satur Ocampo">Satur Ocampo</a> filed bills seeking to decriminalize libel. In the 19th Congress, Rep. <a href="/wiki/France_Castro" title="France Castro">France Castro</a> of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers party list filed House Bill 569, which aimed to decriminalize libel. Castro said the criminalization of libel has "caused the gagging of media practitioners, the concealment of the truth from public knowledge, prior restraint and chilling effect, and the resulting incapacitation of the people from gaining a meaningful understanding of the various public issues that are of paramount concern".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Philippine Senate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Risa_Hontiveros" title="Risa Hontiveros">Risa Hontiveros</a> filed Senate Bill 1593 or the Decriminalization of Libel Act, stating that "Our libel laws have been weaponized to stifle very basic fundamental rights." She also said the large number of libel cases have led to the congestion of court dockets.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Philippine <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)">Commission on Human Rights</a> supports the decriminalization of libel, citing concerns on libel laws being used to suppress freedom of the press.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media watchdogs have called on Congress to decriminalize libel and cyber libel, with the NUJP noting how these are "commonly used weapons against independent journalism."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Makabayan" title="Makabayan">Makabayan lawmakers</a> and United Nations Special Rapporteur Irene Khan have also called for the decriminalization of libel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Congress Representative <a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a> filed a petition asking the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> to decriminalize libel.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red-tagging_and_other_forms_of_harassment">Red-tagging and other forms of harassment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Red-tagging and other forms of harassment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Shutdown" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN Shutdown">ABS-CBN Shutdown</a></div> <p>Journalists have been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Red-tagging_in_the_Philippines" title="Red-tagging in the Philippines">red-tagging</a> and other forms of harassment, such as surveillance, doxing, and extortion. Red-tagging endangers journalists and makes them vulnerable to violence and to being jailed on trumped up charges, such as illegal possession of firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media organizations and journalists have also been subjected to vilification and various forms of intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Task_Force_to_End_Local_Communist_Armed_Conflict" title="National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict">National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict</a> chaired by the President of the Philippines, have used red-tagging against journalists. From June 2016 to April 2021, there have been 51 cases of intimidation of journalists, including 30 cases of red-tagging.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Philippines)" title="Department of Justice (Philippines)">Department of Justice</a> filed five cases in Philippine courts against <i>Rappler</i>, which publishes articles critical of the Philippine government. The filing of cases has been seen as part of efforts to intimidate, threaten, and ultimately shut down the website.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-President Rodrigo Duterte also threatened to shut down over alleged tax liabilities the <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>, which published reports critical of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine government's war on drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_press_freedom_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship_(1972-1986)"><span id="Suppression_of_press_freedom_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship_.281972-1986.29"></span>Suppression of press freedom during the Marcos dictatorship (1972-1986)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Suppression of press freedom during the Marcos dictatorship (1972-1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality#Control_of_mass_media" title="Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality § Control of mass media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Journalism_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship">Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship</a></div> <p>Before the declaration of martial law in September 1972, mass media in the Philippines functioned as a government watchdog and source of information for citizens. Marcos exerted considerable effort to stifle the free press, which is considered a key feature of a functioning democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He shut down media outlets and set up set up print and broadcast outlets that he controlled through his <a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">cronies</a>. In doing so, he silenced public criticism and opposition by controlling information that the people had access to. This allowed him to have the final say on what passed as truth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By controlling the press, the dictatorship was able to suppress negative news and create an exaggerated perception of progress.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cinema">Philippine cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapisanan_ng_mga_Brodkaster_ng_Pilipinas" title="Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas">Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=FAST+FACTS%3A+How+Marcos+silenced%2C+controlled+the+media+during+Martial+Law&rft.date=2020-09-19&rft.aulast=Elemia&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnewsbreak%2Fiq%2Fhow-marcos-silenced-media-press-freedom-martial-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martiallawmuseum.ph/fl/magaral/breaking-the-news-silencing-the-media-under-martial-law/">"Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law"</a>. <i>Martial Law Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martial+Law+Museum&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+News%3A+Silencing+the+Media+Under+Martial+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmartiallawmuseum.ph%2Ffl%2Fmagaral%2Fbreaking-the-news-silencing-the-media-under-martial-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapeña2012" class="citation web cs1">Lapeña, Carmela (September 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/274886/balikwas-literature-and-the-media-under-martial-law/story/">"Balikwas: Literature and the media under Martial Law"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Balikwas%3A+Literature+and+the+media+under+Martial+Law&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft.aulast=Lape%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Carmela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2Fcontent%2F274886%2Fbalikwas-literature-and-the-media-under-martial-law%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2020" class="citation cs2">Chua, Yvonne T. (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2020/philippines-2020/">"Philippines"</a>, <i>Digital News Report</i>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Reuters_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Journalism" title="Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism">Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism</a>, University of Oxford, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/854746354">854746354</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206142225/https://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2020/philippines-2020/">archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023</cite><span 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bahrain" title="Media of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Macau" title="Media of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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