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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99k-l%C3%B6vh%C9%99li_komp%C3%BCter" title="Tək-lövhəli kompüter – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tək-lövhəli kompüter" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Едноплатков компютър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едноплатков компютър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBC" title="SBC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SBC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednodeskov%C3%BD_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D" title="Jednodeskový počítač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jednodeskový počítač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Single-board computer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einplatinencomputer" title="Einplatinencomputer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einplatinencomputer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplaatarvuti" title="Monoplaatarvuti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monoplaatarvuti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computadora_monoplaca" title="Computadora monoplaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Computadora monoplaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="رایانه تک برد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایانه تک برد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinateur_%C3%A0_carte_unique" title="Ordinateur à carte unique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordinateur à carte unique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%9D%BC_%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="단일 보드 컴퓨터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단일 보드 컴퓨터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="एकल-बोर्ड कम्प्यूटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकल-बोर्ड कम्प्यूटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednoplo%C4%8Dno_ra%C4%8Dunalo" title="Jednopločno računalo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jednopločno računalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Single-board computer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyk%C3%A1rty%C3%A1s_sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%B3g%C3%A9p" title="Egykártyás számítógép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egykártyás számítógép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleboardcomputer" title="Singleboardcomputer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Singleboardcomputer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="シングルボードコンピュータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シングルボードコンピュータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettkortsdatamaskin" title="Ettkortsdatamaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ettkortsdatamaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computador_de_placa_%C3%BAnica" title="Computador de placa única – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Computador de placa única" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Single-board computer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Одноплатный компьютер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одноплатный компьютер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%8A_%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%B1" title="سنگل بورڊ ڪمپيوٽر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنگل بورڊ ڪمپيوٽر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednodoskov%C3%BD_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D" title="Jednodoskový počítač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jednodoskový počítač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Једнополни рачунар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Једнополни рачунар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhden_piirilevyn_tietokone" title="Yhden piirilevyn tietokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhden piirilevyn tietokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkortsdator" title="Enkortsdator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enkortsdator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kartl%C4%B1_bilgisayar" title="Tek-kartlı bilgisayar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tek-kartlı bilgisayar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Одноплатний комп'ютер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одноплатний комп'ютер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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Single-board computers are commonly made as demonstration or development systems, for educational systems, or for use as <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded computer controllers</a>. Many types of <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computers</a> integrate all their functions onto a single <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a>. </p><p>Unlike a desktop <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, single-board computers often do not rely on <a href="/wiki/Expansion_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion slot">expansion slots</a> for peripheral functions or <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion</a>. Single-board computers have been built using a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. Simple designs, such as those built by computer hobbyists, often use <a href="/wiki/Static_RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="Static RAM">static RAM</a> and low-cost <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32</a>- or <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> processors like <a href="/wiki/ARM_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM processor">ARM</a>. Other types, such as <a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">blade servers</a>, would perform similar to a <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> computer, only in a more compact format. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">computer-on-module</a> is a type of single-board computer made to plug into a carrier board, baseboard, or <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a> for system expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-com-sbcs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com-sbcs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-board_computer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_1976_MMD1_Prototype_most_chips_removed.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Early_1976_MMD1_Prototype_most_chips_removed.JPG/220px-Early_1976_MMD1_Prototype_most_chips_removed.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Early_1976_MMD1_Prototype_most_chips_removed.JPG/330px-Early_1976_MMD1_Prototype_most_chips_removed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Early_1976_MMD1_Prototype_most_chips_removed.JPG/440px-Early_1976_MMD1_Prototype_most_chips_removed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An early MMD-1, the world's first true single-board computer, with most chips removed</figcaption></figure> <p>The first true single-board computer was based on the Intel <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">C8080A</a>, also using Intel's first <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, the C1702A. Schematics for the machine, called the "dyna-micro" were published in <i><a href="/wiki/Radio-Electronics" title="Radio-Electronics">Radio-Electronics</a></i> magazine in May 1976. Later that year, production of the system began by E&L Instruments, a <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Connecticut" title="Derby, Connecticut">Derby, Connecticut</a>-based computer manufacturer, which branded the system as the "Mini Micro Designer 1", intending it for use as a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">programmable microcontroller</a> for prototyping electronic products.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MMD-1 was made famous as an example <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> in popular 8080 instruction series of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early SBCs figured heavily in the early history of <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Electron" title="Acorn Electron">Acorn Electron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a>, also developed by Acorn. Other typical early single-board computers like the <a href="/wiki/KIM-1" title="KIM-1">KIM-1</a> were often shipped without <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosure (electrical)">enclosure</a>, which had to be added by the owner. Other early examples are the <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Big_Board" title="Ferguson Big Board">Ferguson Big Board</a>, the Ampro Little Board,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nascom" title="Nascom">Nascom</a>. Many home computers in the 1980s were single-board computers, with some even encouraging owners to solder upgraded components directly to pre-marked points on the board. </p><p>As the PC became more prevalent, SBCs decreased in market share due to their low extensibility. The rapid adoption of <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM's standards for peripherals</a> and the standardization of the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> bus in the 1990s made motherboards and compatible components and peripherals cheap and ubiquitous, while the development of multimedia platforms such as the <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a> cards had begun to fast outpace the rate at which users needed to replace their personal computers. These two trends disincentivized single-board computers, and instead encouraged the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboards</a>, which typically housed the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> and other core components, with peripheral components such as hard disk drive controllers and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics processor">graphics processors</a>, and even some core components such as <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> modules, located on <a href="/wiki/Daughterboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughterboard">daughterboards</a>. </p><p>Computers began to move back towards fewer boards in the 2000s. As new standards like <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> dramatically reduced the variety of peripheral standards motherboards were expected to support, advances in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> manufacturing provided new chipsets which could provide the functionality of many daughterboards, particularly <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a>, in a single chip. By the end of the decade, PC motherboards offered on-board support for disk drives including <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Drive Electronics">IDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/NVMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">NVMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a>, integrated <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, and traditional I/O such as <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel port</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, and keyboard/mouse support. Plug-in "cards" retained their importance as high performance components, such as physically large and complex <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics coprocessors</a>, high-end <a href="/wiki/RAID_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID controller">RAID controllers</a>, and specialized I/O cards such as <a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">data acquisition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">DSP</a> boards. </p><p>The 2010s were defined by rapid and sustained growth in single-board computers, enabled largely by advances in integrated circuit production techniques that made it possible for the first time to include most or all of the core components of a motherboard on a <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">single integrated circuit die</a>. One of the more well known single-board-computers of the decade was the <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a>, which was built around a custom <a href="/wiki/Broadcom_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcom Inc.">Broadcom</a> SoC with <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> drivers. Originally intended for education, the Raspberry Pi contained a number of features, such as optimized <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> support and programmable <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_input/output" title="General-purpose input/output">GPIO</a> pins, that were also greatly appealing to <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobbyists</a>, who used the Pi, and other comparable SBCs, for projects such as <a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">home automation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">video game emulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_server" title="Media server">media streaming</a>, and other experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In industry, the rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and other small-scale devices encouraged hardware manufacturers to move towards more frequent use of SoCs and the reduction of motherboards in size, extensibility and complexity, while the proliferation of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of Things</a> increased demand for small, cheap components that would allow unconventional devices to access the Internet. Both of these factors dramatically increased production of single-board computers throughout the decade. </p><p>By the end of the 2010s and the early 2020s, many devices, including smartphones, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a> and other smart devices, are powered by single-board computers which utilize advanced SoCs (<a href="/wiki/System_on_a_Chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System on a Chip">System on a Chip</a>). While this has greatly increased performance and power efficiency, it has raised concerns that single-board computers, particularly those built around SoCs, are harder to repair and may be less friendly to attempts to monitor or modify instructions programmed into the boards by manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-board_computer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Densitron_SBC_all.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Densitron_SBC_all.JPG/250px-Densitron_SBC_all.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Densitron_SBC_all.JPG/375px-Densitron_SBC_all.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Densitron_SBC_all.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Socket_3" title="Socket 3">socket 3</a> based 486 SBC with power supply and flatscreen</figcaption></figure> <p>Single-board computers were made possible by increasing the density of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. A single-board configuration reduces a system's overall cost, by reducing the number of circuit boards required, and by eliminating connectors and bus driver circuits that would otherwise be used. By putting all the functions on one board, a smaller overall system can be obtained, for example, as in notebook computers. Connectors are a frequent source of reliability problems, so a single-board system eliminates these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Single-board computers are now commonly defined across two distinct architectures: no slots and slot support. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded</a> SBCs are units providing all the required I/O with no provision for plug-in cards. Applications are typically <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gaming</a> (slot machines, video poker), kiosk, and machine control <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>. Embedded SBCs are much smaller than the <a href="/wiki/ATX" title="ATX">ATX-type motherboard</a> found in PCs, and provide an I/O mix more targeted to an industrial application, such as on-board digital and analog I/O, on-board bootable <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> (eliminating the need for a <a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk drive</a>), no video, etc. </p><p>The term <i>single-board computer</i> now generally applies to an architecture where the single-board computer is plugged into a <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a> to provide for I/O cards. In the case of <a href="/wiki/PC104" class="mw-redirect" title="PC104">PC104</a>, the bus is not a backplane in the traditional sense but is a series of pin connectors allowing I/O boards to be stacked. </p><p>Single-board computers are most commonly used in industrial situations where they are used in <a href="/wiki/Rackmount" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackmount">rackmount</a> format for process control or <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> within other devices to provide control and interfacing. They are used in deep-sea exploration on the ALICE deep sea probes and in outer space, on the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a> rockets and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the very high levels of integration, reduced component counts and reduced connector counts, SBCs are often smaller, lighter, more power efficient and more reliable than comparable multi-board computers.<sup id="cite_ref-magicstrap-comp-multiboard-components_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magicstrap-comp-multiboard-components-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary advantage of an ATX motherboard as compared to an SBC is cost. Motherboards are manufactured by the millions for the consumer and office markets allowing tremendous <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>. Single-board computers are a market niche and are manufactured less often and at a higher cost. Motherboards and SBCs now offer similar levels of feature integration meaning that a motherboard failure in either standard will require equivalent replacement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types,_standards"><span id="Types.2C_standards"></span>Types, standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-board_computer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types, standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranges of single-board computers include <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">BeagleBoard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nano_Pi" title="Nano Pi">Nano Pi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One common variety of single-board computer uses standardized <a href="/wiki/Computer_form_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer form factor">computer form factors</a> intended for use in a <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a> enclosure. Some of these types are <a href="/wiki/CompactPCI" title="CompactPCI">CompactPCI</a>, <a href="/wiki/PXI" class="mw-redirect" title="PXI">PXI</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VMEbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/VXI" class="mw-redirect" title="VXI">VXI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PICMG" title="PICMG">PICMG</a>. SBCs have been built around various internal processing structures including the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> architecture, <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a> architectures, and lower power processing systems like <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> and <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>. In the Intel PC world, the intelligence and interface/control circuitry is placed on a plug-in board that is then inserted into a passive (or active) backplane. The result is similar to having a system built with a <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>, except that the backplane determines the slot configuration. Backplanes are available with a mix of slots (<a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a>, PCI, <a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCI-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI-Express">PCI-Express</a>, etc.), usually totaling 20 or fewer, meaning it will fit in a 19" rackmount enclosure (17" wide chassis). </p><p>Some single-board computers have connectors that allow a stack of circuit boards, each containing expansion hardware, to be assembled without a traditional backplane. Examples of stacking SBC form factors include <a href="/wiki/PC/104" title="PC/104">PC/104</a>, PC/104-<i>Plus</i>, <a href="/wiki/PCI-104" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI-104">PCI-104</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPIC_(form_factor)" title="EPIC (form factor)">EPIC</a>, and EBX; these systems are commonly available for use in embedded control systems. </p><p>Stack-type SBCs often have memory provided on plug-cards such as <a href="/wiki/SIMM" title="SIMM">SIMMs</a> and <a href="/wiki/DIMM" title="DIMM">DIMMs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">Hard drive</a> circuit boards are also not counted for determining if a computer is an SBC or not for two reasons, firstly because the HDD is regarded as a single block storage unit, and secondly because the SBC may not require a hard drive at all as most can be booted from their network connections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_factors">Form factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-board_computer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Form factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telecommunications_Computing_Architecture" title="Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture">AdvancedTCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactPCI" title="CompactPCI">CompactPCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_Compact_Extended" title="Embedded Compact Extended">Embedded Compact Extended</a> (ECX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ITX" title="Mini-ITX">Mini-ITX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC/104" title="PC/104">PC/104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICMG" title="PICMG">PICMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico-ITX" title="Pico-ITX">Pico-ITX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PXI" class="mw-redirect" title="PXI">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qseven" title="Qseven">Qseven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VMEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXI" class="mw-redirect" title="VXI">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96Boards" class="mw-redirect" title="96Boards">96Boards</a> (CE, EE, EETV and IE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-board_computer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeBoard" title="BeBoard">BeBoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_on_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer on module">Computer on module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_microcontroller" title="Single-board microcontroller">Single-board microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_computing_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-source computing hardware">List of open-source computing hardware</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-board_computer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Arndale Board">Arndale Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus_Tinker_Board" title="Asus Tinker Board">Asus Tinker Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Pi" title="Banana Pi">Banana Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">BeagleBoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Candy_(single-board_computer)" title="Cotton Candy (single-board computer)">Cotton Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIP_(computer)" title="CHIP (computer)">CHIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubieboard" title="Cubieboard">Cubieboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Edison" title="Intel Edison">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Galileo" title="Intel Galileo">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumstix" title="Gumstix">Gumstix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkboard" title="Hawkboard">Hawkboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGEPv2" title="IGEPv2">IGEPv2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LattePanda" title="LattePanda">LattePanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_PX-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive PX-series">Nvidia Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_Pi" title="Nano Pi">Nano Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Jetson" title="Nvidia Jetson">Nvidia Jetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODROID" title="ODROID">ODROID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLinuXino" title="OLinuXino">OLinuXino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PandaBoard" title="PandaBoard">PandaBoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine64" title="Pine64">Pine64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Parallella_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Parallella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rascal_(single-board_computer)" title="Rascal (single-board computer)">Rascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(single-board_computer)" title="Snowball (single-board computer)">Snowball</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UDOO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UDOO (page does not exist)">UDOO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicharak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicharak (page does not exist)">Vaaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoCs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actions_Semiconductor" title="Actions Semiconductor">Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allwinner_Technology#SoC_.28System_on_Chip.29" title="Allwinner Technology">Allwinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon#A_series" title="Apple silicon">Ax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exynos_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exynos (system on chip)">Exynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiSilicon#K3V3" title="HiSilicon">HiSiliconK3V3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MediaTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadik" title="Nomadik">Nomadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NovaThor" title="NovaThor">NovaThor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMAP" title="OMAP">OMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockchip" title="Rockchip">Rockchip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Snapdragon" title="Qualcomm Snapdragon">Qualcomm Snapdragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegra" title="Tegra">Tegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WonderMedia#Products" title="WonderMedia">WonderMedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenic#XBurst1-based_SoCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingenic">Jz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>/<a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_%C3%89lan" title="AMD Élan">AMD Élan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (system on chip)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_(microarchitecture)" title="Jaguar (microarchitecture)">Jaguar</a>-based</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puma_(microarchitecture)" title="Puma (microarchitecture)">Puma</a>-based</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Apache Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_sizes_and_classes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_sizes" title="Template:Computer sizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_sizes" title="Template talk:Computer sizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_sizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer sizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_sizes_and_classes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Computer sizes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_computers" title="Classes of computers">classes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Micro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in-one_computer" title="All-in-one computer">All-in-one</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_PC" title="Mini PC">Mini PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">Rack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_tracker" title="Activity tracker">Activity tracker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocomputer" title="Nanocomputer">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Single-board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classes_of_computers" title="Category:Classes of computers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Embedded_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Embedded_systems" title="Template:Embedded systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Embedded_systems" title="Template talk:Embedded systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Embedded_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Embedded systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Embedded_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_support_package" title="Board support package">Board support package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">Cross compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">Embedded database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_hypervisor" title="Embedded hypervisor">Embedded hypervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">Embedded software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_footprint" title="Memory footprint">Memory footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Single-board computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> and controls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">Closed platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacking_of_consumer_electronics" title="Hacking of consumer electronics">Hacking of consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew (video games)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_Jailbreak" title="PlayStation 3 Jailbreak">PlayStation 3 Jailbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting (Android)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">Boot loaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">Embedded GLIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">lwIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">Almquist shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitBake" title="BitBake">BitBake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildroot" title="Buildroot">Buildroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEmbedded" title="OpenEmbedded">OpenEmbedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" title="Stand-alone shell">Stand-alone shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yocto_Project" title="Yocto Project">Yocto Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded 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