CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Io (moon) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"abb010c1-cb84-4f20-968e-7c7446a579f9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Io_(moon)","wgTitle":"Io (moon)","wgCurRevisionId":1256831429,"wgRevisionId":1256831429,"wgArticleId":1051892,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2022","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles","Use dmy dates from August 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022", "Commons category link is locally defined","Articles containing video clips","Solar System","Astronomical objects discovered in 1610","Discoveries by Galileo Galilei","Io (moon)","Moons of Jupiter","Moons with a prograde orbit"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Io_(moon)","wgRelevantArticleId":1051892,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3123","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript" :"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/1200px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/800px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/640px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Io (moon) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Io_moon rootpage-Io_moon skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Io+%28moon%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Io+%28moon%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Io+%28moon%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Io+%28moon%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Observational history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observational history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pioneer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pioneer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voyager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Voyager </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galileo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galileo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Galileo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galileo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cassini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cassini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Horizons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Horizons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 New Horizons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Horizons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Juno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Future missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_and_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Orbit and rotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_Jupiter's_magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_Jupiter's_magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_Jupiter's_magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Interior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tidal heating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Surface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Surface composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Volcanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Mountains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 General information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Movies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Additional references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Io (moon)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" > 103 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(maan)" title="Io (maan) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Io (maan)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(Mond)" title="Io (Mond) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Io (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="آيو (قمر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيو (قمر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(satelite)" title="Io (satelite) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Io (satelite)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(sat%C3%A8lite)" title="Io (satèlite) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Io (satèlite)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Do_(lluna)" title="Ío (lluna) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ío (lluna)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0o_(peyk)" title="İo (peyk) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İo (peyk)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="آیو (قمر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آیو (قمر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9)" title="আইয়ো (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইয়ো (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(o%C4%93-chhe%E2%81%BF)" title="Io (oē-chheⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Io (oē-chheⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Ио (юлдаш) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ио (юлдаш)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Іо (спадарожнік) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іо (спадарожнік)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%91_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%AE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Іё (спадарожнік Юпітэра) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іё (спадарожнік Юпітэра)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Йо (спътник) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йо (спътник)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ija_(satelit)" title="Ija (satelit) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ija (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(loarenn)" title="Io (loarenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Io (loarenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit)" title="Io (satèl·lit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Io (satèl·lit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Ио (çулташ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ио (çулташ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc)" title="Io (měsíc) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Io (měsíc)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io" title="Io – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Io" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(lloeren)" title="Io (lloeren) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Io (lloeren)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Io (måne) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Io (måne)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(Mond)" title="Io (Mond) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Io (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(kuu)" title="Io (kuu) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Io (kuu)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8E_(%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Ιώ (δορυφόρος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιώ (δορυφόρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Do_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Ío (satélite) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ío (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iono_(luno)" title="Iono (luno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iono (luno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io" title="Io – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Io" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="آیو (قمر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیو (قمر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(lune)" title="Io (lune) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Io (lune)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moanne)" title="Io (moanne) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Io (moanne)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(gealach)" title="Io (gealach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Io (gealach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(eayst)" title="Io (eayst) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Io (eayst)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Do_(l%C3%BAa)" title="Ío (lúa) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ío (lúa)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4_(%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1)" title="이오 (위성) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이오 (위성)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B8_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Իո (արբանյակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իո (արբանյակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="आयो (उपग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयो (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ija_(mjesec)" title="Ija (mjesec) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ija (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(satelito)" title="Io (satelito) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Io (satelito)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Io (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B3_(tungl)" title="Íó (tungl) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íó (tungl)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(astronomia)" title="Io (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Io (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95_(%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97)" title="איו (ירח) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איו (ירח)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="იო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ио (серік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ио (серік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mwezi)" title="Io (mwezi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Io (mwezi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D1%82%D3%A7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C)" title="Ио (тӧлысь) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ио (тӧлысь)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE" title="Ио – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ио" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(satelles)" title="Io (satelles) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Io (satelles)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_(pavadonis)" title="Jo (pavadonis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jo (pavadonis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(Mound)" title="Io (Mound) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Io (Mound)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE" title="Ио – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ио" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijo_(palydovas)" title="Ijo (palydovas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ijo (palydovas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(corp_celest)" title="Io (corp celest) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Io (corp celest)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(hold)" title="Io (hold) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Io (hold)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Ија (месечина) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ија (месечина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B" title="അയോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="आयो (उपग्रह) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयो (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="ايو (قمر) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايو (قمر)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(bulan)" title="Io (bulan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Io (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(%C3%B4i-s%C4%ADng)" title="Io (ôi-sĭng) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Io (ôi-sĭng)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io" title="Io – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Io" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Ио (дагуул) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ио (дагуул)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_(%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C)" title="အိုင်အို (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်အို (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(maan)" title="Io (maan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Io (maan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA_(%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F)" title="イオ (衛星) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオ (衛星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Io (måne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Io (måne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterm%C3%A5nen_Io" title="Jupitermånen Io – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jupitermånen Io" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(luna)" title="Io (luna) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Io (luna)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io" title="Io – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Io" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88" title="آئیو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88_(%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%96%D9%85%DB%8D)" title="آیو (سپوږمۍ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آیو (سپوږمۍ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(Maand)" title="Io (Maand) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Io (Maand)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(ksi%C4%99%C5%BCyc)" title="Io (księżyc) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Io (księżyc)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Io (satélite) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Io (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Io (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ио (спутник) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ио (спутник)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(sat%C3%A8lliti)" title="Io (satèlliti) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Io (satèlliti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="අයෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Io (moon)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%88" title="آيو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mesiac)" title="Io (mesiac) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Io (mesiac)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_(luna)" title="Jo (luna) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jo (luna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="ئایۆ (مانگ) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایۆ (مانگ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Ија (сателит) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ија (сателит)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mjesec)" title="Io (mjesec) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Io (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(kuu)" title="Io (kuu) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Io (kuu)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Io (måne) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Io (måne)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(buwan)" title="Io (buwan) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Io (buwan)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%93_(%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஐஓ (சந்திரன்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐஓ (சந்திரன்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Ио (иярчен) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ио (иярчен)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD_(%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="ไอโอ (ดาวบริวาร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอโอ (ดาวบริวาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Ио (радиф) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ио (радиф)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0o_(uydu)" title="İo (uydu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İo (uydu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ио (спутник) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ио (спутник)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Іо (супутник) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іо (супутник)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88_(%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="آئیو (چاند) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئیو (چاند)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(v%E1%BB%87_tinh)" title="Io (vệ tinh) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Io (vệ tinh)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%9B%E4%B8%80" title="木衛一 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="木衛一" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(bulan)" title="Io (bulan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Io (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%8D%AB%E4%B8%80" title="木卫一 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="木卫一" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%9B%E4%B8%80" title="木衛一 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="木衛一" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%8D%AB%E4%B8%80" title="木卫一 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木卫一" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3123#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Io_(moon)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Io_(moon)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Io_(moon)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&oldid=1256831429" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Io_%28moon%29&id=1256831429&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIo_%28moon%29">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIo_%28moon%29">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Io_%28moon%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Io" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3123" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jupiter I" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_1_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jupiter 1 (disambiguation)">Jupiter 1</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Io</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The dark spot just left of the center is the erupting volcano Prometheus. The whitish plains on either side of it are coated with volcanically deposited sulfur dioxide frost, whereas the yellower regions contain a higher proportion of sulfur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/290px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/435px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/580px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="3196" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Enhanced color image of Io from the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft, taken in 1999.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#a0ffa0">Discovery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">8 January 1610<a href="#cite_note-IAUMoonDiscoveries-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#a0ffa0">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪ.oʊ/</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or as Greco-Latin Īō (approximated as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiː.oʊ/</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Ἰώ</a> Īō</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">Alternative names</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jupiter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1003224644">.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral{font-family:"Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:118%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-a{border:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-t{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-v{border:solid;border-width:0 1px;padding:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-h{border:solid;border-width:1px 0}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-tv{border:1px solid;border-bottom:none;padding:0 2px}</style>I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ionian <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪˈoʊniən/</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periapsis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">420000 km (0.002808 AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoapsis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">423400 km (0.002830 AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean orbit <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">421700 km (0.002819 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0040313019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.769137786 d (152853.5047 s, 42.45930686 h)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">17.334 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.05° (to Jupiter's equator) 2.213° (to the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Satellite of</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon#Group" title="Irregular moon">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#a0ffa0">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Dimensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,660.0 × 3,637.4 × 3,630.6 km<a href="#cite_note-Thomas1998-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1821.6±0.5 km (0.28592 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-jplfact-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">41698064.7357 km2 (0.082 Earths)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5319064907×1010 km3 (0.023 Earths)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(8.931938±0.000018)×1022 kg (0.015 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-jplfact-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.528±0.006 g/cm3 (0.639 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-jplfact-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.796502844 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s2</a> (0.1831923077 <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.37824±0.00022<a href="#cite_note-Schubert2004-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,558.3174910781 m/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">synchronous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">271 km/h</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">268.05°<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">64.50°<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.63±0.02<a href="#cite_note-jplfact-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">Surface</th> <td style="text-align:center">90 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">110 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">130 K<a href="#cite_note-Rathbun2004-9">[9]</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.02 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>)<a href="#cite_note-magnitude-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcseconds</a><a href="#cite_note-www.eso.org_2001-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#a0ffa0">Atmosphere</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.5 to 4 mPa (4.93×10−9 to 3.95×10−8 atm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90% <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Io (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪ.oʊ/</a>), or Jupiter I, is the innermost and second-smallest of the four <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> of the planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. Slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>, Io is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">fourth-largest moon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, has the highest density of any moon, the strongest <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> of any moon, and the lowest amount of water by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_ratio" title="Atomic ratio">atomic ratio</a> of any known <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1610 by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and was named after the mythological character <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, a priestess of <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> who became one of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'s lovers. With over 400 active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-book-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lopes2004-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190626-14">[14]</a> This extreme geologic activity is the result of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating_of_Io" title="Tidal heating of Io">tidal heating</a> from <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> generated within Io's interior as it is pulled between Jupiter and the other Galilean moons—<a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>. Several volcanoes produce plumes of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> that climb as high as 500 km (300 mi) above the surface. Io's surface is also dotted with more than 100 mountains that have been uplifted by extensive compression at the base of Io's <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> crust. Some of these peaks are taller than <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, the highest point on Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2001-15">[15]</a> Unlike most moons in the outer Solar System, which are mostly composed of water <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, Io is primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> rock surrounding a molten <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">iron sulfide</a> core. Most of Io's surface is composed of extensive plains with a frosty coating of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>. Io's volcanism is responsible for many of its unique features. Its volcanic plumes and lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various subtle shades of yellow, red, white, black, and green, largely due to <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">allotropes</a> and compounds of sulfur. Numerous extensive lava flows, several more than 500 km (300 mi) in length, also mark the surface. The materials produced by this volcanism make up Io's thin, patchy <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and they also greatly affect the nature and radiation levels of Jupiter's extensive <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">magnetosphere</a>. Io's volcanic ejecta also produce a large, intense <a href="/wiki/Gas_torus" title="Gas torus">plasma torus</a> around Jupiter, creating a hostile radiation environment on and around the moon.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Io played a significant role in the development of astronomy in the 17th and 18th centuries; discovered in January 1610 by Galileo Galilei, along with the other <a href="/wiki/Galilean_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean satellites">Galilean satellites</a>, this discovery furthered the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Copernican model</a> of the Solar System, the development of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler's</a> laws of motion, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8mer%27s_determination_of_the_speed_of_light" title="Rømer's determination of the speed of light">the first measurement of the speed of light</a>. In 1979, the two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> spacecraft revealed Io to be a geologically active world, with numerous volcanic features, large mountains, and a young surface with no obvious impact craters. The <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft performed several close flybys in the 1990s and early 2000s, obtaining data about Io's interior structure and surface composition. These spacecraft also revealed the relationship between Io and Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> and the existence of a belt of high-energy radiation centered on Io's orbit. Further observations have been made by <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> in 2000, <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> in 2007, and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> since 2017, as well as from Earth-based <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons#Names" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons § Names</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_on_Io" title="List of regions on Io">List of regions on Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_features_on_Io" title="List of volcanic features on Io">List of volcanic features on Io</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Io" title="List of mountains on Io">List of mountains on Io</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_comparison_with_Earth_and_Moon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Io_comparison_with_Earth_and_Moon.png/220px-Io_comparison_with_Earth_and_Moon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Io_comparison_with_Earth_and_Moon.png/330px-Io_comparison_with_Earth_and_Moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Io_comparison_with_Earth_and_Moon.png/440px-Io_comparison_with_Earth_and_Moon.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison between Io (lower left), the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> (upper left) and Earth</figcaption></figure> Although <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> is not credited with the sole discovery of the Galilean satellites, his names for the moons were adopted.<a href="#cite_note-Helden-17">[17]</a> In his 1614 publication Mundus Iovialis anno M.DC.IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici, he proposed several alternative names for the innermost of the large moons of Jupiter, including "The Mercury of Jupiter" and "The First of the Jovian Planets".<a href="#cite_note-Helden-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marius-18">[18]</a> Based on a suggestion from Johannes Kepler in October 1613, he also devised a naming scheme whereby each moon was named for a lover of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek god</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> or his <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> equivalent, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>. He named the innermost large moon of Jupiter after the Greek <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>:<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helden-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Jupiter is much blamed by the poets on account of his irregular loves. Three maidens are especially mentioned as having been clandestinely courted by Jupiter with success. Io, daughter of the River Inachus, Callisto of Lycaon, Europa of Agenor. Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros, whom Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell... I think, therefore, that I shall not have done amiss if the First is called by me Io, the Second Europa, the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede, the Fourth Callisto...<a href="#cite_note-Helden-17">[17]</a></blockquote> Marius's names were not widely adopted until centuries later (mid-20th century).<a href="#cite_note-marazzini-20">[20]</a> In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Io was generally referred to by its <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numeral</a> designation (a system introduced by Galileo) as "Jupiter I",<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> or as "the first satellite of Jupiter".<a href="#cite_note-Barnard1894-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnard1891-23">[23]</a> The customary English pronunciation of the name is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪoʊ/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> though sometimes people attempt a more 'authentic' pronunciation, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːoʊ/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The name has two competing stems in Latin: Īō and (rarely) Īōn.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The latter is the basis of the English adjectival form, Ionian.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Features on Io are named after characters and places from the Io myth, as well as deities of fire, volcanoes, the Sun, and thunder from various myths, and characters and places from <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante's</a> <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Inferno</a>: names appropriate to the volcanic nature of the surface.<a href="#cite_note-NameCategories-30">[30]</a> Since the surface was first seen up close by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> has approved 249 names for Io's volcanoes, mountains, plateaus, and large albedo features. The approved feature categories used for Io for different types of volcanic features include patera ('saucer'; volcanic depression), <a href="/wiki/Fluctus" title="Fluctus">fluctus</a> ('flow'; lava flow), <a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">vallis</a> ('valley'; lava channel), and active eruptive center (location where plume activity was the first sign of volcanic activity at a particular volcano). Named mountains, plateaus, layered <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a>, and shield volcanoes include the terms mons, mensa ('table'), planum, and <a href="/wiki/Tholus" title="Tholus">tholus</a> ('rotunda'), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NameCategories-30">[30]</a> Named, bright albedo regions use the term regio. Examples of named features are <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a>, Pan Mensa, <a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar Paterae</a>, and Tsũi Goab Fluctus.<a href="#cite_note-Featurenames-31">[31]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observational_history">Observational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Observational history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration of Io</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/170px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/255px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/340px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, the discoverer of Io</figcaption></figure> The first reported observation of Io was made by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> on 7 January 1610 using a <a href="/wiki/Galilean_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean telescope">20x-power, refracting telescope</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a>. However, in that observation, Galileo could not separate Io and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> due to the low power of his telescope, so the two were recorded as a single point of light. Io and Europa were seen for the first time as separate bodies during Galileo's observations of the Jovian system the following day, 8 January 1610 (used as the discovery date for Io by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a>).<a href="#cite_note-IAUMoonDiscoveries-1">[1]</a> The discovery of Io and the other Galilean satellites of Jupiter was published in Galileo's <a href="/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius" title="Sidereus Nuncius">Sidereus Nuncius</a> in March 1610.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap2-32">[32]</a> In his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614, Simon Marius claimed to have discovered Io and the other moons of Jupiter in 1609, one week before Galileo's discovery. Galileo doubted this claim and dismissed the work of Marius as plagiarism. Regardless, Marius's first recorded observation came from 29 December 1609 in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which equates to 8 January 1610 in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, which Galileo used.<a href="#cite_note-GaliloProjectMarius-33">[33]</a> Given that Galileo published his work before Marius, Galileo is credited with the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-JPLDiscovery-34">[34]</a> For the next two and a half centuries, Io remained an unresolved, 5th-magnitude point of light in astronomers' telescopes. During the 17th century, Io and the other Galilean satellites served a variety of purposes, including early methods to determine <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> validating Kepler's <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_third_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler's third law">third law of planetary motion</a>, and determining the time required for <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8mer%27s_determination_of_the_speed_of_light" title="Rømer's determination of the speed of light">light to travel</a> between Jupiter and Earth.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap2-32">[32]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemerides</a> produced by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> and others, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> created a mathematical theory to explain the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">resonant orbits</a> of Io, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap2-32">[32]</a> This resonance was later found to have a profound effect on the geologies of the three moons.<a href="#cite_note-Iobook2Chap4-36">[36]</a> Improved telescope technology in the late 19th and 20th centuries allowed astronomers to <a href="/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">resolve</a> (that is, see as distinct objects) large-scale surface features on Io. In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Emerson_Barnard" title="Edward Emerson Barnard">Edward E. Barnard</a> was the first to observe variations in Io's brightness between its equatorial and polar regions, correctly determining that this was due to differences in color and <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> between the two regions and not due to Io being egg-shaped, as proposed at the time by fellow astronomer <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering" title="William Henry Pickering">William Pickering</a>, or two separate objects, as initially proposed by Barnard.<a href="#cite_note-Barnard1894-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnard1891-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dobbins-37">[37]</a> Later telescopic observations confirmed Io's distinct reddish-brown polar regions and yellow-white equatorial band.<a href="#cite_note-Minton1973-38">[38]</a> Telescopic observations in the mid-20th century began to hint at Io's unusual nature. Spectroscopic observations suggested that Io's surface was devoid of water ice (a substance found to be plentiful on the other Galilean satellites).<a href="#cite_note-Lee1972-39">[39]</a> The same observations suggested a surface dominated by evaporates composed of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> salts and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fanale1974-40">[40]</a> Radiotelescopic observations revealed Io's influence on the Jovian <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>, as demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Decametre" title="Decametre">decametric</a> <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> bursts tied to the orbital period of Io.<a href="#cite_note-Bigg1964-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneer">Pioneer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pioneer">edit</a>]</div> The first spacecraft to pass by Io were the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a> probes on 3 December 1973 and 2 December 1974, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-PioneerChap5-42">[42]</a> Radio tracking provided an improved estimate of Io's mass, which, along with the best available information of its size, suggested it had the highest density of the Galilean satellites, and was composed primarily of silicate rock rather than water ice.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson1974-43">[43]</a> The Pioneers also revealed the presence of a thin atmosphere and intense radiation belts near the orbit of Io. The camera on board Pioneer 11 took the only good image of the moon obtained by either spacecraft, showing its north polar region and its yellow tint.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer11image-44">[44]</a> Close-up images were planned during Pioneer 10's encounter, but those were lost because of the high-radiation environment.<a href="#cite_note-PioneerChap5-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyager">Voyager</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Voyager">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_VGR_South_polar_color_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Io_VGR_South_polar_color_mosaic.jpg/170px-Io_VGR_South_polar_color_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Io_VGR_South_polar_color_mosaic.jpg/255px-Io_VGR_South_polar_color_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Io_VGR_South_polar_color_mosaic.jpg/340px-Io_VGR_South_polar_color_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> mosaic covering Io's south polar region. This includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of tallest mountains in the Solar System">two of Io's ten highest peaks</a>, the Euboea Montes at upper extreme left and Haemus Mons at bottom.</figcaption></figure> When the twin probes <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> passed by Io in 1979, their more advanced imaging systems allowed for far more detailed images. Voyager 1 flew past Io on 5 March 1979 from a distance of 20,600 km (12,800 mi).<a href="#cite_note-VoyagerDesc-45">[45]</a> The images returned during the approach revealed a strange, multi-colored landscape devoid of impact craters.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1979-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The highest-resolution images showed a relatively young surface punctuated by oddly shaped pits, mountains taller than Mount Everest, and features resembling volcanic lava flows.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1979-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carr1980-48">[48]</a> Shortly after the encounter, Voyager navigation engineer <a href="/wiki/Linda_A._Morabito" title="Linda A. Morabito">Linda A. Morabito</a> noticed a plume emanating from the surface in one of the images.<a href="#cite_note-Morabito1979-49">[49]</a> Analysis of other Voyager 1 images showed nine such plumes scattered across the surface, proving that Io was volcanically active.<a href="#cite_note-Strom1979-50">[50]</a> This conclusion was predicted in a paper published shortly before the Voyager 1 encounter by <a href="/wiki/Stanton_J._Peale" title="Stanton J. Peale">Stan Peale</a>, Patrick Cassen, and R. T. Reynolds. The authors calculated that Io's interior must experience significant tidal heating caused by its orbital resonance with Europa and Ganymede (see the "<a href="#Tidal_heating">Tidal heating</a>" section for a more detailed explanation of the process).<a href="#cite_note-Peale1979a-51">[51]</a> Data from this flyby showed that the surface of Io is dominated by sulfur and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> frosts. These compounds also dominate its thin <a href="#Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and the <a href="#Interaction_with_Jupiter's_magnetosphere">torus of plasma</a> centered on Io's orbit (also discovered by Voyager).<a href="#cite_note-Soderblom1980-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearl1979-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broadfoot1979-54">[54]</a> Voyager 2 passed Io on 9 July 1979 at a distance of 1,130,000 km (700,000 mi). Though it did not approach nearly as close as Voyager 1, comparisons between images taken by the two spacecraft showed several surface changes that had occurred in the four months between the encounters. In addition, observations of Io as a crescent as Voyager 2 departed the Jovian system revealed that seven of the nine plumes observed in March were still active in July 1979, with only the volcano <a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a> shutting down between flybys.<a href="#cite_note-Strom1982-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galileo">Galileo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Galileo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA01667-Io%27s_Pele_Hemisphere_After_Pillan_Changes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PIA01667-Io%27s_Pele_Hemisphere_After_Pillan_Changes.jpg/170px-PIA01667-Io%27s_Pele_Hemisphere_After_Pillan_Changes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PIA01667-Io%27s_Pele_Hemisphere_After_Pillan_Changes.jpg/255px-PIA01667-Io%27s_Pele_Hemisphere_After_Pillan_Changes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PIA01667-Io%27s_Pele_Hemisphere_After_Pillan_Changes.jpg/340px-PIA01667-Io%27s_Pele_Hemisphere_After_Pillan_Changes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Enhanced-color Galileo image showing a dark spot (just lower-left of center, interrupting the red ring of short-chain <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">sulfur allotropes</a> deposited by <a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a>) produced by a major eruption at <a href="/wiki/Pillan_Patera" title="Pillan Patera">Pillan Patera</a> in 1997</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft arrived at Jupiter in 1995 after a six-year journey from Earth to follow up on the discoveries of the two Voyager probes and the ground-based observations made in the intervening years. Io's location within one of Jupiter's most intense radiation belts precluded a prolonged close flyby, but Galileo did pass close by shortly before entering orbit for its two-year, primary mission studying the Jovian system. Although no images were taken during the close flyby on 7 December 1995, the encounter did yield significant results, such as the discovery of a large iron core, similar to that found on the rocky planets of the inner Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson1996-56">[56]</a> Despite the lack of close-up imaging and mechanical problems that greatly restricted the amount of data returned, several significant discoveries were made during Galileo's primary mission. Galileo observed the effects of a major eruption at Pillan Patera and confirmed that volcanic eruptions are composed of silicate magmas with magnesium-rich <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic</a> compositions.<a href="#cite_note-Mcewen1998b-57">[57]</a> Distant imaging of Io was acquired for almost every orbit during the primary mission, revealing large numbers of active volcanoes (both thermal emission from cooling magma on the surface and volcanic plumes), numerous mountains with widely varying morphologies, and several surface changes that had taken place both between the Voyager and Galileo eras and between Galileo orbits.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap3-58">[58]</a> The Galileo mission was twice extended, in 1997 and 2000. During these extended missions, the probe flew by Io three times in late 1999 and early 2000, and three times in late 2001 and early 2002. Observations during these encounters revealed the geologic processes occurring at Io's volcanoes and mountains, excluded the presence of a magnetic field, and demonstrated the extent of volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap3-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassini">Cassini</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cassini">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/170px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/255px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/340px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini-Huygens</a> mission's view of Io and Jupiter on 1 January 2001</figcaption></figure> In December 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> spacecraft had a distant and brief encounter with the Jovian system en route to <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, allowing for joint observations with Galileo. These observations revealed a new plume at <a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar Paterae</a> and provided insights into Io's <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Porco2003-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Horizons">New Horizons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Horizons">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> spacecraft, en route to <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, flew by the Jovian system and Io on 28 February 2007. During the encounter, numerous distant observations of Io were obtained. These included images of a large plume at Tvashtar, providing the first detailed observations of the largest class of Ionian volcanic plume since observations of Pele's plume in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer2007-60">[60]</a> New Horizons also captured images of a volcano near Girru Patera in the early stages of an eruption, and several volcanic eruptions that have occurred since Galileo.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer2007-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juno">Juno</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Juno">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_Io_from_Juno_JunoCam_from_December_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Image_of_Io_from_Juno_JunoCam_from_December_2023.png/220px-Image_of_Io_from_Juno_JunoCam_from_December_2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Image_of_Io_from_Juno_JunoCam_from_December_2023.png/330px-Image_of_Io_from_Juno_JunoCam_from_December_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Image_of_Io_from_Juno_JunoCam_from_December_2023.png/440px-Image_of_Io_from_Juno_JunoCam_from_December_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Global image of Jupiter's moon Io acquired by Juno's JunoCam camera on 30 December 2023</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> spacecraft was launched in 2011 and entered orbit around Jupiter on 5 July 2016. Juno's mission is primarily focused on improving our understanding of Jupiter's interior, magnetic field, aurorae, and polar atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-JunoOverview-61">[61]</a> Juno's 54-day orbit is highly inclined and highly eccentric in order to better characterize Jupiter's polar regions and to limit its exposure to the planet's harsh inner radiation belts, limiting close encounters with Jupiter's moons. The closest approach to Io during the initial, prime mission occurred in February 2020 at a distance of 195,000 kilomters.<a href="#cite_note-Mura2020-62">[62]</a> Juno's extended mission, begun in June 2021, allowed for closer encounters with Jupiter's Galilean satellites due to Juno's orbital precession.<a href="#cite_note-JunoEMPress-63">[63]</a> After a series of increasingly closer encounters with Io in 2022 and 2023, Juno performed a pair of close flybys on 30 December 2023,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240104-64">[64]</a> and 3 February 2024,<a href="#cite_note-Feb3flyby-65">[65]</a> both with altitudes of 1,500 kilometers. The primary goal of these encounters were to improve our understanding of Io's gravity field using doppler tracking and to image Io's surface to look for surface changes since Io was last seen up-close in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-JunoOPAG-66">[66]</a> During several orbits, Juno has observed Io from a distance using <a href="/wiki/JunoCam" title="JunoCam">JunoCam</a>, a wide-angle, visible-light camera, to look for volcanic plumes and JIRAM, a near-infrared spectrometer and imager, to monitor thermal emission from Io's volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-ChalybesPlumeArticle-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mura2020-62">[62]</a> JIRAM near-infrared spectroscopy has so far allowed for the coarse mapping of sulfur dioxide frost across Io's surface as well as mapping minor surface components weakly absorbing sunlight at 2.1 and 2.65 μm.<a href="#cite_note-Tosi2020-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_missions">Future missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Future missions">edit</a>]</div> There are two forthcoming missions planned for the Jovian system. The <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moon_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer</a> (JUICE) is a planned <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> mission to the Jovian system that is intended to end up in Ganymede orbit.<a href="#cite_note-JUICEannouncement-69">[69]</a> JUICE launched in April 2023, with arrival at Jupiter planned for July 2031.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-JUICEYellowBook-71">[71]</a> JUICE will not fly by Io, but it will use its instruments, such as a narrow-angle camera, to monitor Io's volcanic activity and measure its surface composition during the two-year Jupiter-tour phase of the mission prior to Ganymede orbit insertion. <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> is a planned NASA mission to the Jovian system focused on Jupiter's moon Europa. Like JUICE, Europa Clipper will not perform any flybys of Io, but distant volcano monitoring is likely. Europa Clipper launched in October 2024, with an arrival at Jupiter in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-EuropaClipperNASA-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (IVO) was a proposal to NASA for a low-cost, Discovery-class mission selected for a Phase A study along with three other missions in 2020. IVO would launch in January 2029 and perform ten flybys of Io while in orbit around Jupiter beginning in the early 2030s.<a href="#cite_note-McEwenLPSC2015-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiscoveryDownselect-75">[75]</a> However, the Venus missions <a href="/wiki/DAVINCI%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="DAVINCI+">DAVINCI+</a> and <a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> were selected in favor of those.<a href="#cite_note-veritasselection-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orbit and rotation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif/220px-Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif/330px-Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Animation of the <a href="/wiki/Laplace_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace resonance">Laplace resonance</a> of Io, Europa and Ganymede (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">Tidal heating</a></div> Io orbits Jupiter at a distance of 421,700 km (262,000 mi) from Jupiter's center and 350,000 km (217,000 mi) from its cloudtops. It is the innermost of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, its orbit lying between those of <a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>. Including Jupiter's inner satellites, Io is the fifth moon out from Jupiter. It takes Io about 42.5 hours (1.77 days) to complete one orbit around Jupiter (fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation). Io is in a 2:1 mean-motion <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> with Europa and a 4:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, completing two orbits of Jupiter for every one orbit completed by Europa, and four orbits for every one completed by Ganymede. This resonance helps maintain Io's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> (0.0041), which in turn provides the primary heating source for its geologic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Peale1979a-51">[51]</a> Without this forced eccentricity, Io's orbit would circularize through <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">tidal dissipation</a>, leading to a less geologically active world.<a href="#cite_note-Peale1979a-51">[51]</a> Like the other <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean satellites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, Io rotates <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">synchronously</a> with its orbital period, keeping one face nearly pointed toward Jupiter. This synchrony provides the definition for Io's longitude system. Io's <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a> intersects the equator at the sub-Jovian point. The side of Io that always faces Jupiter is known as the subjovian hemisphere, whereas the side that always faces away is known as the antijovian hemisphere. The side of Io that always faces in the direction that Io travels in its orbit is known as the leading hemisphere, whereas the side that always faces in the opposite direction is known as the trailing hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Lopes2005-77">[77]</a> From the surface of Io, Jupiter would subtend an arc of 19.5°, making Jupiter appear 39 times the apparent diameter of Earth's Moon.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_Jupiter's_magnetosphere">Interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg/250px-Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg/375px-Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg/500px-Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of Jupiter's magnetosphere and the components influenced by Io (near the center of the image): the plasma torus (in red), the neutral cloud (in yellow), the flux tube (in green), and magnetic field lines (in blue).<a href="#cite_note-SpencerGraphic-78">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> Io plays a significant role in shaping <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter's magnetic field</a>, acting as an electric generator that can develop 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> across itself and create an electric current of 3 million amperes, releasing ions that give Jupiter a magnetic field inflated to more than twice the size it would otherwise have.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-jup-io-79">[79]</a> The magnetosphere of Jupiter sweeps up gases and dust from Io's thin atmosphere at a rate of 1 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> per second.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a> This material is mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a> and atomic sulfur, oxygen and chlorine; atomic sodium and potassium; molecular <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and sulfur; and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> dust.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Postberg2006-81">[81]</a> These materials originate from Io's volcanic activity, with the material that escapes to Jupiter's magnetic field and into interplanetary space coming directly from Io's atmosphere. These materials, depending on their ionized state and composition, end up in various neutral (non-ionized) clouds and radiation belts in Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> and, in some cases, are eventually ejected from the Jovian system.<a href="#cite_note-Iobook2Chap9-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA24524-Jupiter-Io-Interaction-Artwork-20210715.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PIA24524-Jupiter-Io-Interaction-Artwork-20210715.jpg/250px-PIA24524-Jupiter-Io-Interaction-Artwork-20210715.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PIA24524-Jupiter-Io-Interaction-Artwork-20210715.jpg/375px-PIA24524-Jupiter-Io-Interaction-Artwork-20210715.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PIA24524-Jupiter-Io-Interaction-Artwork-20210715.jpg/500px-PIA24524-Jupiter-Io-Interaction-Artwork-20210715.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>The Jupiter - Io System and Interaction (artwork; 15 July 2021)</figcaption></figure> Surrounding Io (at a distance of up to six Io radii from its surface) is a cloud of neutral sulfur, oxygen, sodium, and potassium atoms. These particles originate in Io's upper atmosphere and are excited by collisions with ions in the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> (discussed below) and by other processes into filling Io's <a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a>, which is the region where Io's gravity is dominant over Jupiter's. Some of this material escapes Io's gravitational pull and goes into orbit around Jupiter. Over a 20-hour period, these particles spread out from Io to form a banana-shaped, neutral cloud that can reach as far as six Jovian radii from Io, either inside Io's orbit and ahead of it or outside Io's orbit and behind it.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a> The collision process that excites these particles also occasionally provides sodium ions in the plasma torus with an electron, removing those new "fast" neutrals from the torus. These particles retain their velocity (70 km/s, compared to the 17 km/s orbital velocity at Io), and are thus ejected in jets leading away from Io.<a href="#cite_note-Burger1999-83">[83]</a> Io orbits within a belt of intense radiation known as the Io plasma torus. The plasma in this <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnut</a>-shaped ring of ionized sulfur, oxygen, sodium, and chlorine originates when neutral atoms in the "cloud" surrounding Io are ionized and carried along by the Jovian magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a> Unlike the particles in the neutral cloud, these particles co-rotate with Jupiter's magnetosphere, revolving around Jupiter at 74 km/s. Like the rest of Jupiter's magnetic field, the plasma torus is tilted with respect to Jupiter's equator (and Io's orbital plane), so that Io is at times below and at other times above the core of the plasma torus. As noted above, these ions' higher velocity and energy levels are partly responsible for the removal of neutral atoms and molecules from Io's atmosphere and more extended neutral clouds. The torus is composed of three sections: an outer, "warm" torus that resides just outside Io's orbit; a vertically extended region known as the "ribbon", composed of the neutral source region and cooling plasma, located at around Io's distance from Jupiter; and an inner, "cold" torus, composed of particles that are slowly spiraling in toward Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a> After residing an average of 40 days in the torus, particles in the "warm" torus escape and are partially responsible for Jupiter's unusually large <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>, their outward pressure inflating it from within.<a href="#cite_note-Krimigis2002-84">[84]</a> Particles from Io, detected as variations in magnetospheric plasma, have been detected far into the long magnetotail by New Horizons. To study similar variations within the plasma torus, researchers measured the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light it emits. Although such variations have not been definitively linked to variations in Io's volcanic activity (the ultimate source for material in the plasma torus), this link has been established in the neutral sodium cloud.<a href="#cite_note-Mendillo2004-85">[85]</a> During an encounter with Jupiter in 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> spacecraft detected a stream of dust-sized particles being ejected from the Jovian system.<a href="#cite_note-Grun1993-86">[86]</a> The dust in these discrete streams travels away from Jupiter at speeds upwards of several hundred kilometers per second, has an average particle size of 10 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>, and consists primarily of sodium chloride.<a href="#cite_note-Postberg2006-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zook1996-87">[87]</a> Dust measurements by Galileo showed that these dust streams originated on Io, but exactly how these form, whether from Io's volcanic activity or material removed from the surface, is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Grun1996-88">[88]</a> Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, which Io crosses, couples Io's atmosphere and neutral cloud to Jupiter's polar upper atmosphere by <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">generating</a> an electric current known as the Io <a href="/wiki/Flux_tube" title="Flux tube">flux tube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a> This current produces an auroral glow in Jupiter's polar regions known as the Io footprint, as well as aurorae in Io's atmosphere. Particles from this auroral interaction darken the Jovian polar regions at visible wavelengths. The location of Io and its auroral footprint with respect to Earth and Jupiter has a strong influence on Jovian <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> emissions from our vantage point: when Io is visible, radio signals from Jupiter increase considerably.<a href="#cite_note-Bigg1964-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> mission, currently in orbit around Jupiter, should help shed light on these processes. The Jovian magnetic field lines that do get past Io's ionosphere also induce an electric current, which in turn creates an induced magnetic field within Io's interior. Io's induced magnetic field is thought to be generated within a partially molten, silicate magma ocean 50 kilometers beneath Io's surface.<a href="#cite_note-Khurana-89">[89]</a> Similar induced fields were found at the other Galilean satellites by Galileo, possibly generated within liquid water oceans in the interiors of those moons.<a href="#cite_note-Khurana1998-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> Io is slightly larger than Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Mean_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean radius">mean radius</a> of 1,821.3 km (1,131.7 mi) (about 5% greater than the Moon's) and a mass of 8.9319×1022 kg (about 21% greater than the Moon's). It is a slight <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> in shape, with its longest axis directed toward Jupiter. Among the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean satellites</a>, in both mass and volume, Io ranks behind <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> but ahead of <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iobook2Chap2-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interior">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Io_diagram.svg/440px-Io_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Io_diagram.svg/660px-Io_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Io_diagram.svg/880px-Io_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Model of the possible interior composition of Io with various features labelled.</figcaption></figure> Composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, Io and Europa are closer in bulk composition to terrestrial planets than to other satellites in the outer Solar System, which are mostly composed of a mix of water ice and silicates. Io has a density of 3.5275 g/cm3, the highest of any regular moon in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>; significantly higher than the other Galilean satellites (Ganymede and Callisto in particular, whose densities are around 1.9 g/cm3) and slightly higher (~5.5%) than the Moon's 3.344 g/cm3 and Europa's 2.989 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Schubert2004-7">[7]</a> Models based on the Voyager and Galileo measurements of Io's mass, radius, and quadrupole gravitational coefficients (numerical values related to how mass is distributed within an object) suggest that its interior is differentiated between a silicate-rich <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and an iron- or <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">iron-sulfide</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson1996-56">[56]</a> Io's metallic core makes up approximately 20% of its mass.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2001-92">[92]</a> Depending on the amount of sulfur in the core, the core has a radius between 350 and 650 km (220–400 mi) if it is composed almost entirely of iron, or between 550 and 900 km (340–560 mi) for a core consisting of a mix of iron and sulfur. Galileo's <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> failed to detect an internal, intrinsic magnetic field at Io, suggesting that the core is not <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convecting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2001-93">[93]</a> Modeling of Io's interior composition suggests that the mantle is composed of at least 75% of the magnesium-rich mineral <a href="/wiki/Forsterite" title="Forsterite">forsterite</a>, and has a bulk composition similar to that of <a href="/wiki/L_chondrite" title="L chondrite">L-chondrite</a> and <a href="/wiki/LL_chondrite" title="LL chondrite">LL-chondrite</a> <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, with higher iron content (compared to <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>) than the Moon or Earth, but lower than Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Sohl2002-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2001-95">[95]</a> To support the heat flow observed on Io, 10–20% of Io's mantle may be molten, though regions where high-temperature volcanism has been observed may have higher melt fractions.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap5-96">[96]</a> However, re-analysis of Galileo magnetometer data in 2009 revealed the presence of an induced magnetic field at Io, requiring a magma ocean 50 km (31 mi) below the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Khurana-89">[89]</a> Further analysis published in 2011 provided direct evidence of such an ocean.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This layer is estimated to be 50 km thick and to make up about 10% of Io's mantle. It is estimated that the temperature in the magma ocean reaches 1,200 °C. It is not known if the 10–20% partial melting percentage for Io's mantle is consistent with the requirement for a significant amount of molten silicates in this possible magma ocean.<a href="#cite_note-PerryInducedMagmaOcean-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> of Io, composed of basalt and sulfur deposited by Io's extensive volcanism, is at least 12 km (7.5 mi) thick, and likely less than 40 km (25 mi) thick.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2001-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaeger2003-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_heating">Tidal heating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tidal heating">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating_of_Io" title="Tidal heating of Io">Tidal heating of Io</a></div> Unlike Earth and the Moon, Io's main source of internal heat comes from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal</a> dissipation rather than radioactive <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> decay, the result of Io's orbital resonance with Europa and Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-Peale1979a-51">[51]</a> Such heating is dependent on Io's distance from Jupiter, its orbital eccentricity, the composition of its interior, and its physical state.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap5-96">[96]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">Laplace resonance</a> with Europa and Ganymede maintains Io's eccentricity and prevents tidal dissipation within Io from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_circularization" title="Tidal circularization">circularizing</a> its orbit. The resonant orbit also helps to maintain Io's distance from Jupiter; otherwise tides raised on Jupiter would cause Io to slowly spiral outward from its parent planet.<a href="#cite_note-Yoder1979-100">[100]</a> The tidal forces experienced by Io are about 20,000 times stronger than the tidal forces Earth experiences due to the Moon, and the vertical differences in its tidal bulge, between the times Io is at <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">periapsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apoapsis</a> in its orbit, could be as much as 100 m (330 ft).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The friction or tidal dissipation produced in Io's interior due to this varying tidal pull, which, without the resonant orbit, would have gone into circularizing Io's orbit instead, creates significant tidal heating within Io's interior, melting a significant amount of Io's mantle and core. The amount of energy produced is up to 200 times greater than that produced solely from <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-book-12">[12]</a> This heat is released in the form of volcanic activity, generating its observed high <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat flow</a> (global total: 0.6 to 1.6×1014 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>).<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap5-96">[96]</a> Models of its orbit suggest that the amount of tidal heating within Io changes with time; however, the current amount of tidal dissipation is consistent with the observed heat flow.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap5-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lainey2009-102">[102]</a> Models of tidal heating and convection have not found consistent planetary viscosity profiles that simultaneously match tidal energy dissipation and mantle convection of heat to the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Lainey2009-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore2003geophys-103">[103]</a> Although there is general agreement that the origin of the heat as manifested in Io's many volcanoes is tidal heating from the pull of gravity from <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and its moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, the volcanoes are not in the positions predicted with tidal heating. They are shifted 30 to 60 degrees to the east.<a href="#cite_note-Steigerwald2015-104">[104]</a> A study published by Tyler et al. (2015) suggests that this eastern shift may be caused by an ocean of molten rock under the surface. The movement of this magma would generate extra heat through friction due to its <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>. The study's authors believe that this subsurface ocean is a mixture of molten and solid rock.<a href="#cite_note-Tyler2015-105">[105]</a> Other moons in the Solar System are also tidally heated, and they too may generate additional heat through the friction of subsurface magma or water oceans. This ability to generate heat in a subsurface ocean increases the chance of life on bodies like Europa and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-space20150914-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasajpl20150915-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface">Surface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Surface">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_from_Galileo_and_Voyager_missions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Io_from_Galileo_and_Voyager_missions.jpg/300px-Io_from_Galileo_and_Voyager_missions.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Io_from_Galileo_and_Voyager_missions.jpg/450px-Io_from_Galileo_and_Voyager_missions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Io_from_Galileo_and_Voyager_missions.jpg/600px-Io_from_Galileo_and_Voyager_missions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11445" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption>Io's surface map</figcaption></figure> Based on their experience with the ancient surfaces of the Moon, Mars, and Mercury, scientists expected to see numerous <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a> in Voyager 1's first images of Io. The density of impact craters across Io's surface would have given clues to Io's age. However, they were surprised to discover that the surface was almost completely lacking in impact craters, but was instead covered in smooth plains dotted with tall mountains, pits of various shapes and sizes, and volcanic lava flows.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1979-46">[46]</a> Compared to most worlds observed to that point, Io's surface was covered in a variety of colorful materials (leading Io to be compared to a rotten <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>) from various sulfurous compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Britt2000-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calder2005-109">[109]</a> The lack of impact craters indicated that Io's surface is geologically young, like the terrestrial surface; volcanic materials continuously bury craters as they are produced. This result was spectacularly confirmed as at least nine active volcanoes were observed by Voyager 1.<a href="#cite_note-Strom1979-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_composition">Surface composition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Surface composition">edit</a>]</div> Io's colorful appearance is the result of materials deposited by its extensive volcanism, including <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">orthopyroxene</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap9-110">[110]</a> Sulfur dioxide frost is ubiquitous across the surface of Io, forming large regions covered in white or grey materials. Sulfur is also seen in many places across Io, forming yellow to yellow-green regions. Sulfur deposited in the mid-latitude and polar regions is often damaged by radiation, breaking up the normally stable <a href="/wiki/Cyclooctasulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclooctasulfur">cyclic 8-chain sulfur</a>. This radiation damage produces Io's red-brown polar regions.<a href="#cite_note-Barnard1894-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Geologic_Map_of_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Moon_Io.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_Geologic_Map_of_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Moon_Io.jpg/220px-First_Geologic_Map_of_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Moon_Io.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_Geologic_Map_of_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Moon_Io.jpg/330px-First_Geologic_Map_of_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Moon_Io.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_Geologic_Map_of_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Moon_Io.jpg/440px-First_Geologic_Map_of_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Moon_Io.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Geological map of Io</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io#Plumes" title="Volcanism on Io">Explosive volcanism</a>, often taking the form of umbrella-shaped plumes, paints the surface with sulfurous and silicate materials. Plume deposits on Io are often colored red or white depending on the amount of sulfur and sulfur dioxide in the plume. Generally, plumes formed at volcanic vents from degassing lava contain a greater amount of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>S2, producing a red "fan" deposit, or in extreme cases, large (often reaching beyond 450 km or 280 mi from the central vent) red rings.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer2000b-111">[111]</a> A prominent example of a red-ring plume deposit is located at Pele. These red deposits consist primarily of sulfur (generally 3- and 4-chain molecular sulfur), sulfur dioxide, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Sulfuryl_chloride" title="Sulfuryl chloride">sulfuryl chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap9-110">[110]</a> Plumes formed at the margins of silicate lava flows (through the interaction of lava and pre-existing deposits of sulfur and sulfur dioxide) produce white or gray deposits.<a href="#cite_note-Kieffer2000-112">[112]</a> Compositional mapping and Io's high density suggest that Io contains little to no <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, though small pockets of water ice or <a href="/wiki/Mineral_hydration" title="Mineral hydration">hydrated minerals</a> have been tentatively identified, most notably on the northwest flank of the mountain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gish_Bar_Mons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gish Bar Mons (page does not exist)">Gish Bar Mons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doute2004-113">[113]</a> Io has the least amount of water of any known body in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Seeds2012-114">[114]</a> This lack of water is likely due to Jupiter being hot enough early in the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">evolution of the Solar System</a> to drive off <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatile materials</a> like water in the vicinity of Io, but not hot enough to do so farther out.<a href="#cite_note-astrobio20140306-115">[115]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanism">Volcanism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Volcanism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io" title="Volcanism on Io">Volcanism on Io</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_features_on_Io" title="List of volcanic features on Io">List of volcanic features on Io</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvastarpic2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tvastarpic2.jpg/300px-Tvastarpic2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tvastarpic2.jpg/450px-Tvastarpic2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tvastarpic2.jpg/600px-Tvastarpic2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Active lava flows in volcanic region <a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar Paterae</a> (blank region represents saturated areas in the original data). Images taken by Galileo in November 1999 and February 2000.</figcaption></figure> The tidal heating produced by Io's forced <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> has made it the most volcanically active world in the Solar System, with hundreds of volcanic centers and extensive <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava flows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190626-14">[14]</a> During a major eruption, lava flows tens or even hundreds of kilometers long can be produced, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> silicate lavas with either <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic</a> (magnesium-rich) compositions. As a by-product of this activity, sulfur, sulfur dioxide gas and silicate <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> material (like ash) are blown up to 200 km (120 mi) into space, producing large, umbrella-shaped plumes, painting the surrounding terrain in red, black, and white, and providing material for Io's patchy atmosphere and Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Iobook2Chap7-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iobook2Chap9-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm/250px--PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="105" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="538" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="808" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="808" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="270" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm/PIA26293-JupiterMoonIo-LokiPatera.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="270" /></video><figcaption>Loki Patera on moon Io (artist's concept; animation; 0:18)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> Io's surface is dotted with volcanic depressions known as paterae which generally have flat floors bounded by steep walls.<a href="#cite_note-Radebaugh2001-118">[118]</a> These features resemble terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>, but it is unknown if they are produced through collapse over an emptied lava chamber like their terrestrial cousins. One hypothesis suggests that these features are produced through the exhumation of volcanic <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>, and the overlying material is either blasted out or integrated into the sill.<a href="#cite_note-Keszthelyi2004-119">[119]</a> Examples of paterae in various stages of exhumation have been mapped using Galileo images of the <a href="/wiki/Chaac-Camaxtli_region" title="Chaac-Camaxtli region">Chaac-Camaxtli region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-120">[120]</a> Unlike similar features on Earth and Mars, these depressions generally do not lie at the peak of <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> and are normally larger, with an average diameter of 41 km (25 mi), the largest being <a href="/wiki/Loki_Patera" title="Loki Patera">Loki Patera</a> at 202 km (126 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Radebaugh2001-118">[118]</a> Loki is also consistently the strongest volcano on Io, contributing on average 25% of Io's global heat output.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Whatever the formation mechanism, the morphology and distribution of many paterae suggest that these features are structurally controlled, with at least half bounded by faults or mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Radebaugh2001-118">[118]</a> These features are often the site of volcanic eruptions, either from lava flows spreading across the floors of the paterae, as at an eruption at <a href="/wiki/Gish_Bar_Patera" title="Gish Bar Patera">Gish Bar Patera</a> in 2001, or in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">lava lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lopes2004-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perry2003-122">[122]</a> Lava lakes on Io either have a continuously overturning lava crust, such as at Pele, or an episodically overturning crust, such as at Loki.<a href="#cite_note-Radebaugh2004-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howell2007-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25888-JupiterMoon-Io-VolcanoActivity-20230515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PIA25888-JupiterMoon-Io-VolcanoActivity-20230515.jpg/250px-PIA25888-JupiterMoon-Io-VolcanoActivity-20230515.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PIA25888-JupiterMoon-Io-VolcanoActivity-20230515.jpg/375px-PIA25888-JupiterMoon-Io-VolcanoActivity-20230515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PIA25888-JupiterMoon-Io-VolcanoActivity-20230515.jpg/500px-PIA25888-JupiterMoon-Io-VolcanoActivity-20230515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Jupiter moon Io volcanic activity (12/14/2022/left and 3 January 2023)</figcaption></figure> Lava flows represent another major volcanic terrain on Io. Magma erupts onto the surface from vents on the floor of paterae or on the plains from fissures, producing inflated, compound lava flows similar to those seen at <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kilauea</a> in Hawaii. Images from the Galileo spacecraft revealed that many of Io's major lava flows, like those at <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amirani_(volcano)" title="Amirani (volcano)">Amirani</a>, are produced by the build-up of small breakouts of lava flows on top of older flows.<a href="#cite_note-Keszthelyi2001-125">[125]</a> Larger outbreaks of lava have also been observed on Io. For example, the leading edge of the Prometheus flow moved 75 to 95 km (47 to 59 mi) between Voyager in 1979 and the first Galileo observations in 1996. A major eruption in 1997 produced more than 3,500 km2 (1,400 sq mi) of fresh lava and flooded the floor of the adjacent Pillan Patera.<a href="#cite_note-Mcewen1998b-57">[57]</a> Analysis of the Voyager images led scientists to believe that these flows were composed mostly of various compounds of molten sulfur. However, subsequent Earth-based <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> studies and measurements from the Galileo spacecraft indicate that these flows are composed of basaltic lava with mafic to ultramafic compositions.<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2019-126">[126]</a> This hypothesis is based on temperature measurements of Io's "hotspots", or thermal-emission locations, which suggest temperatures of at least 1,300 K and some as high as 1,600 K.<a href="#cite_note-Keszthelyi2007-127">[127]</a> Initial estimates suggesting eruption temperatures approaching 2,000 K<a href="#cite_note-Mcewen1998b-57">[57]</a> have since proven to be overestimates because the wrong thermal models were used to model the temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Keszthelyi2007-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2019-126">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvashtarvideo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/220px-Tvashtarvideo.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/330px-Tvashtarvideo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/440px-Tvashtarvideo.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Five-image sequence of <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> images showing Io's volcano Tvashtar spewing material 330 km above its surface</figcaption></figure> The discovery of plumes at the volcanoes <a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loki_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loki (volcano)">Loki</a> were the first sign that Io is geologically active.<a href="#cite_note-Morabito1979-49">[49]</a> Generally, these plumes are formed when volatiles like sulfur and sulfur dioxide are ejected skyward from Io's volcanoes at speeds reaching 1 km/s (0.62 mi/s), creating umbrella-shaped clouds of gas and dust. Additional material that might be found in these volcanic plumes include sodium, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roesler1999-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geissler1999-129">[129]</a> These plumes appear to be formed in one of two ways.<a href="#cite_note-McEwen1983-130">[130]</a> Io's largest plumes, such as those emitted by <a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a>, are created when dissolved sulfur and sulfur dioxide gas are released from erupting magma at volcanic vents or lava lakes, often dragging silicate pyroclastic material with them.<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2014-131">[131]</a> These plumes form red (from the short-chain sulfur) and black (from the silicate pyroclastics) deposits on the surface. Plumes formed in this manner are among the largest observed at Io, forming red rings more than 1,000 km (620 mi) in diameter. Examples of this plume type include Pele, Tvashtar, and <a href="/wiki/Dazhbog_Patera" title="Dazhbog Patera">Dazhbog</a>. Another type of plume is produced when encroaching lava flows vaporize underlying sulfur dioxide frost, sending the sulfur skyward. This type of plume often forms bright circular deposits consisting of sulfur dioxide. These plumes are often less than 100 km (62 mi) tall, and are among the most long-lived plumes on Io. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amirani_(volcano)" title="Amirani (volcano)">Amirani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masubi_(volcano)" title="Masubi (volcano)">Masubi</a>. The erupted sulfurous compounds are concentrated in the upper crust from a decrease in sulfur solubility at greater depths in Io's lithosphere and can be a determinant for the eruption style of a hot spot.<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2014-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2015-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2018-133">[133]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mountains">Mountains</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mountains">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Io" title="Mountains of Io">Mountains of Io</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Io" title="List of mountains on Io">List of mountains on Io</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tohil_Mons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tohil_Mons.jpg/220px-Tohil_Mons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tohil_Mons.jpg/330px-Tohil_Mons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tohil_Mons.jpg/440px-Tohil_Mons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> greyscale image of <a href="/wiki/Tohil_Mons" title="Tohil Mons">Tohil Mons</a>, a 5.4-km-tall mountain</figcaption></figure> Io has 100 to 150 mountains. These structures average 6 km (3.7 mi) in height and reach a maximum of 17.5 ± 1.5 km (10.9 ± 0.9 mi) at South Boösaule Montes.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2001-15">[15]</a> Mountains often appear as large (the average mountain is 157 km or 98 mi long), isolated structures with no apparent global tectonic patterns outlined, in contrast to the case on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2001-15">[15]</a> To support the tremendous topography observed at these mountains requires compositions consisting mostly of silicate rock, as opposed to sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-Clow1980-134">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm/250px--PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="105" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="538" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="808" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="808" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="270" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm/PIA26294-JupiterMoonIo-SteepleMountain.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="270" /></video><figcaption>"Steeple Mountain" on moon Io (animation; JunoCam; 0:14; 18 April 2024)</figcaption></figure> Despite the extensive volcanism that gives Io its distinctive appearance, nearly all of its mountains are tectonic structures, and are not produced by volcanoes. Instead, most Ionian mountains form as the result of compressive stresses on the base of the lithosphere, which uplift and often tilt chunks of Io's crust through <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faulting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SchenkBulmer1998-135">[135]</a> The compressive stresses leading to mountain formation are the result of <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> from the continuous burial of volcanic materials.<a href="#cite_note-SchenkBulmer1998-135">[135]</a> The global distribution of mountains appears to be opposite that of volcanic structures; mountains dominate areas with fewer volcanoes and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2001-136">[136]</a> This suggests large-scale regions in Io's lithosphere where compression (supportive of mountain formation) and extension (supportive of patera formation) dominate.<a href="#cite_note-Tackley2001-137">[137]</a> Locally, however, mountains and paterae often abut one another, suggesting that magma often exploits faults formed during mountain formation to reach the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Radebaugh2001-118">[118]</a> Mountains on Io (generally, structures rising above the surrounding plains) have a variety of morphologies. <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateaus</a> are most common.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2001-15">[15]</a> These structures resemble large, flat-topped <a href="/wiki/Mesa" title="Mesa">mesas</a> with rugged surfaces. Other mountains appear to be tilted crustal blocks, with a shallow slope from the formerly flat surface and a steep slope consisting of formerly sub-surface materials uplifted by compressive stresses. Both types of mountains often have steep <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">scarps</a> along one or more margins. Only a handful of mountains on Io appear to have a volcanic origin. These mountains resemble small <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a>, with steep slopes (6–7°) near a small, central <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> and shallow slopes along their margins.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2004-138">[138]</a> These volcanic mountains are often smaller than the average mountain on Io, averaging only 1 to 2 km (0.6 to 1.2 mi) in height and 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 mi) wide. Other shield volcanoes with much shallower slopes are inferred from the morphology of several of Io's volcanoes, where thin flows radiate out from a central patera, such as at <a href="/wiki/Ra_Patera" title="Ra Patera">Ra Patera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2004-138">[138]</a> Nearly all mountains appear to be in some stage of degradation. Large <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> deposits are common at the base of Ionian mountains, suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">mass wasting</a> is the primary form of degradation. Scalloped margins are common among Io's mesas and plateaus, the result of sulfur dioxide <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_sapping" title="Groundwater sapping">sapping</a> from Io's crust, producing zones of weakness along mountain margins.<a href="#cite_note-Moore2001-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Atmosphere">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Atmosphere of Io</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_Aurorae_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Io_Aurorae_color.jpg/220px-Io_Aurorae_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Io_Aurorae_color.jpg/330px-Io_Aurorae_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Io_Aurorae_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Auroral glows in Io's upper atmosphere. Different colors represent emission from different components of the atmosphere (green comes from emitting sodium, red from emitting oxygen, and blue from emitting volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide). Image taken while Io was in eclipse.</figcaption></figure> Io has an extremely thin <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO 2), with minor constituents including <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">sulfur monoxide</a> (SO), <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (NaCl), and atomic <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap10-140">[140]</a> The atmosphere has significant variations in density and temperature with time of day, latitude, volcanic activity, and surface frost abundance. The maximum atmospheric pressure on Io ranges from 3.3 × 10−5 to 3 × 10−4 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascals</a> (Pa) or 0.3 to 3 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">nbar</a>, spatially seen on Io's anti-Jupiter hemisphere and along the equator, and temporally in the early afternoon when the temperature of surface frost peaks.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap10-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker2010-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer2005-142">[142]</a> Localized peaks at volcanic plumes have also been seen, with pressures of 5 × 10−4 to 40  × 10−4 Pa (5 to 40 nbar).<a href="#cite_note-Pearl1979-53">[53]</a> Io's atmospheric pressure is lowest on Io's night side, where the pressure dips to 0.1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−7 Pa (0.0001 to 0.001 nbar).<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap10-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker2010-141">[141]</a> Io's atmospheric temperature ranges from the temperature of the surface at low altitudes, where sulfur dioxide is in vapor pressure equilibrium with frost on the surface, to 1,800 K at higher altitudes where the lower atmospheric density permits heating from plasma in the Io plasma torus and from Joule heating from the Io flux tube.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap10-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker2010-141">[141]</a> The low pressure limits the atmosphere's effect on the surface, except for temporarily redistributing sulfur dioxide from frost-rich to frost-poor areas, and to expand the size of plume deposit rings when plume material re-enters the thicker dayside atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap10-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker2010-141">[141]</a> Gas in Io's atmosphere is stripped by <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter's magnetosphere</a>, escaping to either the neutral cloud that surrounds Io, or the Io plasma torus, a ring of <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a> particles that shares Io's orbit but co-rotates with the magnetosphere of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-Krimigis2002-84">[84]</a> Approximately one ton of material is removed from the atmosphere every second through this process so that it must be constantly replenished.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap11-80">[80]</a> The most dramatic source of SO 2 are volcanic plumes, which pump 104 kg of sulfur dioxide per second into Io's atmosphere on average, though most of this condenses back onto the surface.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-143">[143]</a> Much of the sulfur dioxide in Io's atmosphere is sustained by sunlight-driven <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> of SO 2 frozen on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Moullet2010-144">[144]</a> The day-side atmosphere is largely confined to within 40° of the equator, where the surface is warmest and most active volcanic plumes reside.<a href="#cite_note-Feaga2009-145">[145]</a> A sublimation-driven atmosphere is also consistent with observations that Io's atmosphere is densest over the anti-Jupiter hemisphere, where SO 2 frost is most abundant, and is densest when Io is closer to the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap10-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moullet2010-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlohaIo-146">[146]</a> However, some contributions from volcanic plumes are required as the highest observed densities have been seen near volcanic vents.<a href="#cite_note-IobookChap10-140">[140]</a> Because the density of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is tied directly to surface temperature, Io's atmosphere partially collapses at night, or when Io is in the shadow of Jupiter (with an ~80% drop in column density<a href="#cite_note-Tsang2016-147">[147]</a>). The collapse during eclipse is limited somewhat by the formation of a diffusion layer of sulfur monoxide in the lowest portion of the atmosphere, but the atmosphere pressure of Io's nightside atmosphere is two to four orders of magnitude less than at its peak just past noon.<a href="#cite_note-Walker2010-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore2009-148">[148]</a> The minor constituents of Io's atmosphere, such as NaCl, SO, O, and S derive either from: direct volcanic outgassing; <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">photodissociation</a>, or chemical breakdown caused by solar ultraviolet radiation, from SO 2; or the <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a> of surface deposits by charged particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Moullet2010-144">[144]</a> Various researchers have proposed that the atmosphere of Io <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">freezes onto the surface</a> when it passes into the shadow of Jupiter. Evidence for this is a "post-eclipse brightening", where the moon sometimes appears a bit brighter as if covered with frost immediately after eclipse. After about 15 minutes the brightness returns to normal, presumably because the frost has disappeared through <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Besides being seen through ground-based telescopes, post-eclipse brightening was found in near-infrared wavelengths using an instrument aboard the Cassini spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Further support for this idea came in 2013 when the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Observatory" title="Gemini Observatory">Gemini Observatory</a> was used to directly measure the collapse of Io's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2 atmosphere during, and its reformation after, eclipse with Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> High-resolution images of Io acquired when Io is experiencing an eclipse reveal an <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurora</a>-like glow.<a href="#cite_note-Geissler1999-129">[129]</a> As on Earth, this is due to <a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">particle radiation</a> hitting the atmosphere, though in this case the charged particles come from Jupiter's magnetic field rather than the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. Aurorae usually occur near the magnetic poles of planets, but Io's are brightest near its equator. Io lacks an intrinsic magnetic field of its own; therefore, electrons traveling along Jupiter's magnetic field near Io directly impact Io's atmosphere. More electrons collide with its atmosphere, producing the brightest aurora, where the field lines are tangent to Io (i.e. near the equator), because the column of gas they pass through is the longest there. Aurorae associated with these tangent points on Io are observed to rock with the changing orientation of Jupiter's tilted <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">magnetic dipole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Retherford2000-156">[156]</a> Fainter aurora from oxygen atoms along the limb of Io (the red glows in the image at right), and sodium atoms on Io's night-side (the green glows in the same image) have also been observed.<a href="#cite_note-Geissler1999-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Atmosphere of Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration of Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> (the four biggest moons of Jupiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction#Io" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IAUMoonDiscoveries-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAUMoonDiscoveries_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAUMoonDiscoveries_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlue2009" class="citation web cs1">Blue, Jennifer (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html">"Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers"</a>. USGS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planet+and+Satellite+Names+and+Discoverers&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2Fappend7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229215137/https://www.lexico.com/definition/io">"Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Io">the original</a> on 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FIo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Io">"Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Io&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieffer1982" class="citation book cs1">Kieffer, S. W. (1982). "Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Volcanic Eruptions: Implications for the Plumes on Io". In Morrison, David; Matthews, Mildred Shapley (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/system/actioncallout/4/f/d/4fd096aa-d130-495a-a611-80deb03ab195/attachment/28561a2d1a1959358964a24da9723ff2.pdf">Satellites of Jupiter</a> (PDF). Space science series. Tucson, Ariz: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0762-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-0762-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dynamics+and+Thermodynamics+of+Volcanic+Eruptions%3A+Implications+for+the+Plumes+on+Io&rft.btitle=Satellites+of+Jupiter&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Ariz&rft.series=Space+science+series&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-0762-7&rft.aulast=Kieffer&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fsystem%2Factioncallout%2F4%2Ff%2Fd%2F4fd096aa-d130-495a-a611-80deb03ab195%2Fattachment%2F28561a2d1a1959358964a24da9723ff2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, D. J.; et al. (18 October 1996). "Electron Beams and Ion Composition Measured at Io and in Its Torus". Science. 274 (5286): 401–403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274..401W">1996Sci...274..401W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5286.401">10.1126/science.274.5286.401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8832885">8832885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Electron+Beams+and+Ion+Composition+Measured+at+Io+and+in+Its+Torus&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5286&rft.pages=401-403&rft.date=1996-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.274.5286.401&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8832885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...274..401W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas1998-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1998_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, P. C.; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1998.5987">"The Shape of Io from Galileo Limb Measurements"</a>. Icarus. 135 (1): 175–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..135..175T">1998Icar..135..175T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1998.5987">10.1006/icar.1998.5987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+Shape+of+Io+from+Galileo+Limb+Measurements&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-180&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1998.5987&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Icar..135..175T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Ficar.1998.5987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jplfact-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jplfact_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jplfact_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jplfact_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jplfact_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2006" class="citation web cs1">Yeomans, Donald K. (13 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par">"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters"</a>. JPL Solar System Dynamics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+Satellite+Physical+Parameters&rft.pub=JPL+Solar+System+Dynamics&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fsat_phys_par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schubert2004-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schubert2004_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schubert2004_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubertAndersonSpohnMcKinnon2004" class="citation book cs1">Schubert, G.; Anderson, J. D.; Spohn, T.; McKinnon, W. B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMERHqj9ivcC&pg=PA281">"Interior composition, structure and dynamics of the Galilean satellites"</a>. In Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T. E.; McKinnon, W. B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMERHqj9ivcC">Jupiter : the planet, satellites, and magnetosphere</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 281–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521035453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521035453"><bdi>978-0521035453</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54081598">54081598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interior+composition%2C+structure+and+dynamics+of+the+Galilean+satellites&rft.btitle=Jupiter+%3A+the+planet%2C+satellites%2C+and+magnetosphere&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=281-306&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54081598&rft.isbn=978-0521035453&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Spohn%2C+T.&rft.au=McKinnon%2C+W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMERHqj9ivcC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iau2015-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iau2015_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iau2015_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchinalActonA'HearnConrad2018" class="citation journal cs1">Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Kirk, R. L.; Klioner, S. A.; McCarthy, D.; Meech, K.; Oberst, J.; Ping, J.; Seidelmann, P. K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5">"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015"</a>. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 130 (3): 22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CeMDA.130...22A">2018CeMDA.130...22A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-017-9805-5">10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0923-2958">0923-2958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU+Working+Group+on+Cartographic+Coordinates+and+Rotational+Elements%3A+2015&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0923-2958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-017-9805-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CeMDA.130...22A&rft.aulast=Archinal&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Acton%2C+C.+H.&rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+A.&rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+G.+J.&rft.au=Duxbury%2C+T.&rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+D.&rft.au=Hilton%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Klioner%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+D.&rft.au=Meech%2C+K.&rft.au=Oberst%2C+J.&rft.au=Ping%2C+J.&rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-017-9805-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rathbun2004-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Rathbun2004_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathbunSpencerTamppariMartin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rathbun, J. A.; Spencer, J.R.; Tamppari, L.K.; Martin, T.Z.; Barnard, L.; Travis, L.D. (2004). "Mapping of Io's thermal radiation by the Galileo photopolarimeter-radiometer (PPR) instrument". Icarus. 169 (1): 127–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..127R">2004Icar..169..127R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.12.021">10.1016/j.icarus.2003.12.021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Mapping+of+Io%27s+thermal+radiation+by+the+Galileo+photopolarimeter-radiometer+%28PPR%29+instrument&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-139&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.12.021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169..127R&rft.aulast=Rathbun&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Tamppari%2C+L.K.&rft.au=Martin%2C+T.Z.&rft.au=Barnard%2C+L.&rft.au=Travis%2C+L.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnitude-10"><a href="#cite_ref-magnitude_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709203915/http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm">"Classic Satellites of the Solar System"</a>. Observatorio ARVAL. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm">the original</a> on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Satellites+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Observatorio+ARVAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oarval.org%2FClasSaten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.eso.org_2001-11"><a href="#cite_ref-www.eso.org_2001_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0204b/">"Io"</a>. www.eso.org. 5 December 2001. Retrieved 21 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eso.org&rft.atitle=Io&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feso0204b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopes2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosaly_Lopes" title="Rosaly Lopes">Lopes, Rosaly MC</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_u6d1/page/419">"Io: The Volcanic Moon"</a>. In McFadden, Lucy-Ann Adams; Weissman, Paul R.; Johnson, Torrence V. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the solar system (2. ed.). Amsterdam Heidelberg: Academic Press. pp. 419–431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088589-3"><bdi>978-0-12-088589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io%3A+The+Volcanic+Moon&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+solar+system&rft.place=Amsterdam+Heidelberg&rft.pages=419-431&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-088589-3&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Rosaly+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofso0000unse_u6d1%2Fpage%2F419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopes2004-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lopes2004_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopes2004_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lopes, R. M. C.; et al. (2004). "Lava lakes on Io: Observations of Io's volcanic activity from Galileo NIMS during the 2001 fly-bys". Icarus. 169 (1): 140–174. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..140L">2004Icar..169..140L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.11.013">10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Lava+lakes+on+Io%3A+Observations+of+Io%27s+volcanic+activity+from+Galileo+NIMS+during+the+2001+fly-bys&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=140-174&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.11.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169..140L&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20190626-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20190626_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20190626_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokol2019" class="citation news cs1">Sokol, Joshua (26 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/science/io-volcanic-moon.html">"This World Is a Simmering Hellscape. They've Been Watching Its Explosions. - Researchers have released a five-year record of volcanic activity on Io, a moon of Jupiter, hoping others will find more patterns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=This+World+Is+a+Simmering+Hellscape.+They%27ve+Been+Watching+Its+Explosions.+-+Researchers+have+released+a+five-year+record+of+volcanic+activity+on+Io%2C+a+moon+of+Jupiter%2C+hoping+others+will+find+more+patterns.&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Sokol&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F26%2Fscience%2Fio-volcanic-moon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schenk2001-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2001_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2001_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2001_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2001_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenk2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, P.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001408">"The Mountains of Io: Global and Geological Perspectives from Voyager and Galileo"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (E12): 33201–33222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10633201S">2001JGR...10633201S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001408">10.1029/2000JE001408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Mountains+of+Io%3A+Global+and+Geological+Perspectives+from+Voyager+and+Galileo&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=33201-33222&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JE001408&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10633201S&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2000JE001408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725050708/http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/w08a.jup.txt">"2000 February 29, SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)"</a>. CSUFresno.edu. 29 February 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/w08a.jup.txt">the original</a> on 25 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSUFresno.edu&rft.atitle=2000+February+29%2C+SPS+1020+%28Introduction+to+Space+Sciences%29&rft.date=2000-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzimmer.csufresno.edu%2F~fringwal%2Fw08a.jup.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helden-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helden_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helden_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helden_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helden_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Helden1994" class="citation journal cs1">Van Helden, Albert (August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://had.aas.org/sites/had.aas.org/files/HADN32.pdf">"Naming the Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn"</a> (PDF). The Newsletter of the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society (32). Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newsletter+of+the+Historical+Astronomy+Division+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Naming+the+Satellites+of+Jupiter+and+Saturn&rft.issue=32&rft.date=1994-08&rft.aulast=Van+Helden&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhad.aas.org%2Fsites%2Fhad.aas.org%2Ffiles%2FHADN32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marius-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Marius_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarius1614" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Marius, S.</a> (1614). "Mundus Iovialis anno M.DC.IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici" [The World of Jupiter discovered in the year 1609 by Means of a Belgian spy-glass]. The Observatory. 39: 367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916Obs....39..367.">1916Obs....39..367.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=Mundus+Iovialis+anno+M.DC.IX+Detectus+Ope+Perspicilli+Belgici&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=367&rft.date=1614&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916Obs....39..367.&rft.aulast=Marius&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Helden1995" class="citation web cs1">Van Helden, Al (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/jupiter_satellites.html">"Satellites of Jupiter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellites+of+Jupiter&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Van+Helden&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Fjupiter_satellites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marazzini-20"><a href="#cite_ref-marazzini_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarazzini2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marazzini, Claudio (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26267017">"I nomi dei satelliti di Giove: da Galileo a Simon Marius"</a> [The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius]. Lettere Italiane (in Italian). 57 (3): 391–407. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26267017">26267017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lettere+Italiane&rft.atitle=I+nomi+dei+satelliti+di+Giove%3A+da+Galileo+a+Simon+Marius&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=391-407&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26267017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marazzini&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26267017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030211022640/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Io">"Io: Overview"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Io">the original</a> on 11 February 2003. Retrieved 5 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Io%3A+Overview&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DJup_Io&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnard1894-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard1894_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard1894_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard1894_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1894" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Emerson_Barnard" title="Edward Emerson Barnard">Barnard, E. E.</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F54.3.134">"On the Dark Poles and Bright Equatorial Belt of the First Satellite of Jupiter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 54 (3): 134–136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1894MNRAS..54..134B">1894MNRAS..54..134B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F54.3.134">10.1093/mnras/54.3.134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Dark+Poles+and+Bright+Equatorial+Belt+of+the+First+Satellite+of+Jupiter&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=134-136&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F54.3.134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1894MNRAS..54..134B&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F54.3.134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnard1891-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard1891_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard1891_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1891" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Emerson_Barnard" title="Edward Emerson Barnard">Barnard, E. E.</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F51.9.543">"Observations of the Planet Jupiter and his Satellites during 1890 with the 12-inch Equatorial of the Lick Observatory"</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 51 (9): 543–556. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1891MNRAS..51..543B">1891MNRAS..51..543B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F51.9.543">10.1093/mnras/51.9.543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+Planet+Jupiter+and+his+Satellites+during+1890+with+the+12-inch+Equatorial+of+the+Lick+Observatory&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=543-556&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F51.9.543&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1891MNRAS..51..543B&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F51.9.543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Io2" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Io2">"Io2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io2&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DIo2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229215137/https://www.lexico.com/definition/io">"Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Io">the original</a> on 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FIo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Io">"Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Io&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Io">"Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FIo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Io">"Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FIo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> genitives Iūs and Iōnis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=Io2">Io2</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Morrison & Matthews (1982) Satellites of Jupiter, part 1, p. 649 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> McEwen et al., 'Lithosphere and Surface of Io', Schubert et al., 'Satellite Interiors', and Schenk et al., 'Ages and Interiors', in Bagenal et al. eds. (2007) Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Outside astronomy, "Ionian" would likely be misunderstood as referring to <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, but an adjective based on the other stem, "Ioan" <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪˈoʊən/</a>, is not found. </li> <li id="cite_note-NameCategories-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NameCategories_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NameCategories_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue" class="citation web cs1">Blue, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append6.html">"Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Categories+for+Naming+Features+on+Planets+and+Satellites&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2Fappend6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Featurenames-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Featurenames_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue2007" class="citation web cs1">Blue, Jennifer (14 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629200803/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Jupiter&body=Io&systemID=5&bodyID=7&sort=AName&show=Fname&show=Lat&show=Long&show=Diam&show=Stat&show=Orig">"Io Nomenclature Table of Contents"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Jupiter&body=Io&systemID=5&bodyID=7&sort=AName&show=Fname&show=Lat&show=Long&show=Diam&show=Stat&show=Orig">the original</a> on 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Io+Nomenclature+Table+of+Contents&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2Fjsp%2FFeatureTypes2.jsp%3Fsystem%3DJupiter%26body%3DIo%26systemID%3D5%26bodyID%3D7%26sort%3DAName%26show%3DFname%26show%3DLat%26show%3DLong%26show%3DDiam%26show%3DStat%26show%3DOrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IobookChap2-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap2_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap2_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshankNelson2007" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, D. P.; Nelson, R. M. (2007). "A history of the exploration of Io". In Lopes, R. M. C.; Spencer, J. R. (eds.). Io after Galileo. Springer-Praxis. pp. 5–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4"><bdi>978-3-540-34681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+exploration+of+Io&rft.btitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.pages=5-33&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34681-4&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GaliloProjectMarius-33"><a href="#cite_ref-GaliloProjectMarius_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Helden2004" class="citation web cs1">Van Helden, Albert (14 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/marius.html">"The Galileo Project / Science / Simon Marius"</a>. Rice University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Project+%2F+Science+%2F+Simon+Marius&rft.pub=Rice+University&rft.date=2004-01-14&rft.aulast=Van+Helden&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fmarius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPLDiscovery-34"><a href="#cite_ref-JPLDiscovery_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaalke" class="citation web cs1">Baalke, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970106010432/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/discovery.html">"Discovery of the Galilean Satellites"</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/discovery.html">the original</a> on 6 January 1997. Retrieved 7 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Galilean+Satellites&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.aulast=Baalke&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgalileo%2Fganymede%2Fdiscovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1997" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902144831/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Longitude1.html">"Longitude and the Académie Royale"</a>. University of St. Andrews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Longitude1.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longitude+and+the+Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.date=1997-02&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FHistTopics%2FLongitude1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iobook2Chap4-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Iobook2Chap4_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeaneMatsuyamaBiersonTrinh2023" class="citation book cs1">Keane, J. T.; Matsuyama, Isamu; Bierson, C. J.; Trinh, A. (2023). "Tidal Heating and the Interior Structure of Io". In Lopes, R. M. C.; de Kleer, K.; Keane, J. T. (eds.). Io: A New View of Jupiter's Moon. Springer. pp. 95–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1"><bdi>978-3-031-25669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tidal+Heating+and+the+Interior+Structure+of+Io&rft.btitle=Io%3A+A+New+View+of+Jupiter%27s+Moon&rft.pages=95-146&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-25669-1&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Matsuyama%2C+Isamu&rft.au=Bierson%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Trinh%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobbins-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Dobbins_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbinsSheehan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dobbins, T.; Sheehan, W. (2004). "The Story of Jupiter's Egg Moons". Sky & Telescope. 107 (1): 114–120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004S&T...107a.114D">2004S&T...107a.114D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Jupiter%27s+Egg+Moons&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-120&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004S%26T...107a.114D&rft.aulast=Dobbins&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minton1973-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Minton1973_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinton1973" class="citation journal cs1">Minton, R. B. (1973). "The Red Polar Caps of Io". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. 10: 35–39. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973CoLPL..10...35M">1973CoLPL..10...35M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+Lunar+and+Planetary+Laboratory&rft.atitle=The+Red+Polar+Caps+of+Io&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=35-39&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973CoLPL..10...35M&rft.aulast=Minton&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee1972-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee1972_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1972" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, T. (1972). "Spectral Albedos of the Galilean Satellites". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. 9 (3): 179–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972CoLPL...9..179L">1972CoLPL...9..179L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+Lunar+and+Planetary+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Spectral+Albedos+of+the+Galilean+Satellites&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=179-180&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972CoLPL...9..179L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fanale1974-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Fanale1974_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanale1974" class="citation journal cs1">Fanale, F. P.; et al. (1974). "Io: A Surface Evaporite Deposit?". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 186 (4167): 922–925. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...186..922F">1974Sci...186..922F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.186.4167.922">10.1126/science.186.4167.922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17730914">17730914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205532">205532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Io%3A+A+Surface+Evaporite+Deposit%3F&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=4167&rft.pages=922-925&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.186.4167.922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17730914&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Sci...186..922F&rft.aulast=Fanale&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bigg1964-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bigg1964_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bigg1964_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigg1964" class="citation journal cs1">Bigg, E. K. (1964). "Influence of the Satellite Io on Jupiter's Decametric Emission". Nature. 203 (4949): 1008–1010. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Natur.203.1008B">1964Natur.203.1008B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F2031008a0">10.1038/2031008a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12233914">12233914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Influence+of+the+Satellite+Io+on+Jupiter%27s+Decametric+Emission&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=4949&rft.pages=1008-1010&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12233914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F2031008a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964Natur.203.1008B&rft.aulast=Bigg&rft.aufirst=E.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PioneerChap5-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PioneerChap5_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PioneerChap5_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimmel1977" class="citation web cs1">Fimmel, R. O.; et al. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch5.htm">"First into the Outer Solar System"</a>. Pioneer Odyssey. NASA. Retrieved 5 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneer+Odyssey&rft.atitle=First+into+the+Outer+Solar+System&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Fimmel&rft.aufirst=R.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-349%2Fch5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson1974-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1974_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, J. D.; et al. (1974). "Gravitational parameters of the Jupiter system from the Doppler tracking of Pioneer 10". Science. 183 (4122): 322–323. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...183..322A">1974Sci...183..322A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.183.4122.322">10.1126/science.183.4122.322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17821098">17821098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36510719">36510719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Gravitational+parameters+of+the+Jupiter+system+from+the+Doppler+tracking+of+Pioneer+10&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4122&rft.pages=322-323&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.183.4122.322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36510719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17821098&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Sci...183..322A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pioneer11image-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer11image_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970409095549/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/io/pioio.html">"Pioneer 11 Images of Io"</a>. Galileo Home Page. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/io/pioio.html">the original</a> on 9 April 1997. Retrieved 21 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galileo+Home+Page&rft.atitle=Pioneer+11+Images+of+Io&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgalileo%2Fio%2Fpioio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoyagerDesc-45"><a href="#cite_ref-VoyagerDesc_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/mission/">"Voyager Mission Description"</a>. NASA PDS Rings Node. 19 February 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+PDS+Rings+Node&rft.atitle=Voyager+Mission+Description&rft.date=1997-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpds-rings.seti.org%2Fvoyager%2Fmission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1979-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1979_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1979_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1979_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, B. A.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1". Science. 204 (4396): 951–972. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...204..951S">1979Sci...204..951S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951">10.1126/science.204.4396.951</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800430">17800430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33147728">33147728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+system+through+the+eyes+of+Voyager+1&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=4396&rft.pages=951-972&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33147728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800430&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...204..951S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YY5QAAAAIBAJ&pg=4875,944849&dq=jupiter&hl=en">"Jupiter moon shows color, erosion signs"</a>. The Milwaukee Sentinel. United Press International. 6 March 1979. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Jupiter+moon+shows+color%2C+erosion+signs&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1979-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DYY5QAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4875%2C944849%26dq%3Djupiter%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr1980-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Carr1980_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1980" class="citation journal cs1">Carr, M. H.; et al. (1980). "Volcanic Features on Io". Nature. 280 (5725): 729–733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F280729a0">10.1038/280729a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Volcanic+Features+on+Io&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=5725&rft.pages=729-733&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F280729a0&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morabito1979-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morabito1979_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morabito1979_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorabito1979" class="citation journal cs1">Morabito, L. A.; et al. (1979). "Discovery of currently active extraterrestrial volcanism". Science. 204 (4396): 972. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...204..972M">1979Sci...204..972M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.972">10.1126/science.204.4396.972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800432">17800432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45693338">45693338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+currently+active+extraterrestrial+volcanism&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=4396&rft.pages=972&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45693338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800432&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...204..972M&rft.aulast=Morabito&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strom1979-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strom1979_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strom1979_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrom1979" class="citation journal cs1">Strom, R. G.; et al. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F280733a0">"Volcanic eruption plumes on Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 280 (5725): 733–736. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.280..733S">1979Natur.280..733S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F280733a0">10.1038/280733a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8798702">8798702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Volcanic+eruption+plumes+on+Io&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=5725&rft.pages=733-736&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8798702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F280733a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Natur.280..733S&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F280733a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peale1979a-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peale1979a_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peale1979a_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peale1979a_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peale1979a_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeale1979" class="citation journal cs1">Peale, S. J.; et al. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211222246/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/49cf/72fc28e4bdab61efb05b8c43a31e867def6e.pdf">"Melting of Io by Tidal Dissipation"</a> (PDF). Science. 203 (4383): 892–894. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...203..892P">1979Sci...203..892P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.203.4383.892">10.1126/science.203.4383.892</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17771724">17771724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21271617">21271617</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/49cf/72fc28e4bdab61efb05b8c43a31e867def6e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Melting+of+Io+by+Tidal+Dissipation&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=4383&rft.pages=892-894&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.203.4383.892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21271617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17771724&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...203..892P&rft.aulast=Peale&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F49cf%2F72fc28e4bdab61efb05b8c43a31e867def6e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soderblom1980-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Soderblom1980_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoderblom1980" class="citation journal cs1">Soderblom, L. A.; et al. (1980). "Spectrophotometry of Io: Preliminary Voyager 1 results". Geophys. Res. Lett. 7 (11): 963–966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980GeoRL...7..963S">1980GeoRL...7..963S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGL007i011p00963">10.1029/GL007i011p00963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophys.+Res.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Spectrophotometry+of+Io%3A+Preliminary+Voyager+1+results&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=963-966&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FGL007i011p00963&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980GeoRL...7..963S&rft.aulast=Soderblom&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearl1979-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearl1979_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearl1979_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearl1979" class="citation journal cs1">Pearl, J. C.; et al. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F280755a0">"Identification of gaseous SO 2 and new upper limits for other gases on Io"</a>. Nature. 288 (5725): 757–758. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.280..755P">1979Natur.280..755P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F280755a0">10.1038/280755a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4338190">4338190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+gaseous+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3ESO%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+new+upper+limits+for+other+gases+on+Io&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5725&rft.pages=757-758&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4338190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F280755a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Natur.280..755P&rft.aulast=Pearl&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F280755a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broadfoot1979-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Broadfoot1979_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadfoot1979" class="citation journal cs1">Broadfoot, A. L.; et al. (1979). "Extreme ultraviolet observations from Voyager 1 encounter with Jupiter". Science. 204 (4396): 979–982. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...204..979B">1979Sci...204..979B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.979">10.1126/science.204.4396.979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800434">17800434</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1442415">1442415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Extreme+ultraviolet+observations+from+Voyager+1+encounter+with+Jupiter&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=4396&rft.pages=979-982&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1442415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800434&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...204..979B&rft.aulast=Broadfoot&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strom1982-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Strom1982_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStromSchneider1982" class="citation book cs1">Strom, R. G.; Schneider, N. M. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/satellitesofjupi0000unse/page/598">"Volcanic eruptions on Io"</a>. In Morrison, D. (ed.). Satellites of Jupiter. University of Arizona Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/satellitesofjupi0000unse/page/598">598–633</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-0762-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8165-0762-7"><bdi>0-8165-0762-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volcanic+eruptions+on+Io&rft.btitle=Satellites+of+Jupiter&rft.pages=598-633&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8165-0762-7&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsatellitesofjupi0000unse%2Fpage%2F598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson1996-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1996_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1996_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, J. D.; et al. (1996). "Galileo Gravity Results and the Internal Structure of Io". Science. 272 (5262): 709–712. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...272..709A">1996Sci...272..709A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5262.709">10.1126/science.272.5262.709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8662566">8662566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24373080">24373080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Galileo+Gravity+Results+and+the+Internal+Structure+of+Io&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=5262&rft.pages=709-712&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.272.5262.709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24373080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8662566&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...272..709A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcewen1998b-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mcewen1998b_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcewen1998b_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcewen1998b_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwen1998" class="citation journal cs1">McEwen, A. S.; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923092649/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d23/d4126eace55e4e525da42c1af8131c030d5b.pdf">"High-temperature silicate volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io"</a> (PDF). Science. 281 (5373): 87–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281...87M">1998Sci...281...87M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5373.87">10.1126/science.281.5373.87</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9651251">9651251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28222050">28222050</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d23/d4126eace55e4e525da42c1af8131c030d5b.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=High-temperature+silicate+volcanism+on+Jupiter%27s+moon+Io&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=5373&rft.pages=87-90&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.281.5373.87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28222050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9651251&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...281...87M&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F3d23%2Fd4126eace55e4e525da42c1af8131c030d5b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IobookChap3-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap3_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap3_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2007" class="citation book cs1">Perry, J.; et al. (2007). "A Summary of the Galileo mission and its observations of Io". In Lopes, R. M. C.; Spencer, J. R. (eds.). Io after Galileo. Springer-Praxis. pp. 35–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4"><bdi>978-3-540-34681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Summary+of+the+Galileo+mission+and+its+observations+of+Io&rft.btitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.pages=35-59&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34681-4&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porco2003-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Porco2003_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorco2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Porco" title="Carolyn Porco">Porco, C. C.</a>; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/36622/7/Porco.SOM.pdf">"Cassini imaging of Jupiter's atmosphere, satellites, and rings"</a> (PDF). Science. 299 (5612): 1541–1547. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...299.1541P">2003Sci...299.1541P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1079462">10.1126/science.1079462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12624258">12624258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20150275">20150275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Cassini+imaging+of+Jupiter%27s+atmosphere%2C+satellites%2C+and+rings&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=5612&rft.pages=1541-1547&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1079462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20150275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12624258&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...299.1541P&rft.aulast=Porco&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F36622%2F7%2FPorco.SOM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer2007-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer2007_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer2007_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, J. R.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142851/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8a93/6fc39a8bab739fa3e128f05600d46e918d5d.pdf">"Io Volcanism Seen by New Horizons: A Major Eruption of the Tvashtar Volcano"</a> (PDF). Science. 318 (5848): 240–243. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318..240S">2007Sci...318..240S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1147621">10.1126/science.1147621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17932290">17932290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36446567">36446567</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8a93/6fc39a8bab739fa3e128f05600d46e918d5d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Io+Volcanism+Seen+by+New+Horizons%3A+A+Major+Eruption+of+the+Tvashtar+Volcano&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=5848&rft.pages=240-243&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1147621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36446567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17932290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...318..240S&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F8a93%2F6fc39a8bab739fa3e128f05600d46e918d5d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JunoOverview-61"><a href="#cite_ref-JunoOverview_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/orbit/">"Juno – Mission Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Juno+%E2%80%93+Mission+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionjuno.swri.edu%2Forbit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mura2020-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mura2020_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mura2020_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMura2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mura, A.; et al. (2020). "Infrared observations of Io from Juno". Icarus. 341: 113607. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Icar..34113607M">2020Icar..34113607M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2019.113607">10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213970081">213970081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Infrared+observations+of+Io+from+Juno&rft.volume=341&rft.pages=113607&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213970081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2019.113607&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Icar..34113607M&rft.aulast=Mura&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JunoEMPress-63"><a href="#cite_ref-JunoEMPress_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/nasa-s-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future">"NASA's Juno Mission Expands into the Future"</a>. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Juno+Mission+Expands+into+the+Future&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionjuno.swri.edu%2Fnews%2Fnasa-s-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20240104-64"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20240104_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2024" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Katrina (4 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/science/nasa-jupiter-io-moon-pictures.html">"New Images of Jupiter's Moon Io Capture Infernal Volcanic Landscape - Juno, a NASA mission designed to study Jupiter's origins, sent back new views of the most eruptive world in the solar system"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240104173647/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/science/nasa-jupiter-io-moon-pictures.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Images+of+Jupiter%27s+Moon+Io+Capture+Infernal+Volcanic+Landscape+-+Juno%2C+a+NASA+mission+designed+to+study+Jupiter%27s+origins%2C+sent+back+new+views+of+the+most+eruptive+world+in+the+solar+system.&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F04%2Fscience%2Fnasa-jupiter-io-moon-pictures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feb3flyby-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Feb3flyby_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/feb-3-close-look-at-jupiters-volcanic-moon-io">"Juno to Get Second Close Look at Jupiter's Volcanic Moon Io on Feb. 3"</a>. 3 February 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juno+to+Get+Second+Close+Look+at+Jupiter%27s+Volcanic+Moon+Io+on+Feb.+3&rft.date=2024-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionjuno.swri.edu%2Fnews%2Ffeb-3-close-look-at-jupiters-volcanic-moon-io&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JunoOPAG-66"><a href="#cite_ref-JunoOPAG_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2020" class="citation web cs1">Bolton, Scott (2 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/meetings/opag2020fall/presentations/Bolton_6011.pdf">"Juno OPAG Report"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juno+OPAG+Report&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fopag%2Fmeetings%2Fopag2020fall%2Fpresentations%2FBolton_6011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChalybesPlumeArticle-67"><a href="#cite_ref-ChalybesPlumeArticle_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2019" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Paul Scott (6 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthsky.org/space/juno-spacecraft-io-volcanoes-from-a-distance">"New Juno images of Io's fiery volcanoes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EarthSky" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthSky">EarthSky</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EarthSky&rft.atitle=New+Juno+images+of+Io%27s+fiery+volcanoes&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fspace%2Fjuno-spacecraft-io-volcanoes-from-a-distance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tosi2020-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Tosi2020_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tosi, F.; et al. (2020). "Mapping Io's Surface Composition With Juno/JIRAM". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11): e06522. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JGRE..12506522T">2020JGRE..12506522T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006522">10.1029/2020JE006522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225456943">225456943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Mapping+Io%27s+Surface+Composition+With+Juno%2FJIRAM&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e06522&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225456943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2020JE006522&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JGRE..12506522T&rft.aulast=Tosi&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JUICEannouncement-69"><a href="#cite_ref-JUICEannouncement_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2012" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (2 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17917102">"Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Esa+selects+1bn-euro+Juice+probe+to+Jupiter&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-17917102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitasseAltobelliAndresAtzei2021" class="citation conference cs1">Witasse, O.; Altobelli, N.; Andres, R.; Atzei, A.; Boutonnet, A.; Budnik, F.; Dietz, A.; Erd, C.; Evill, R.; Lorente, R.; Munoz, C.; Pinzan, G.; Scharmberg, C.; Suarez, A.; Tanco, I.; Torelli, F.; Torn, B.; Vallat, C.; JUICE Science Working Team (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2021/EPSC2021-358.html">JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer): Plans for the cruise phase</a>. Europlanet Science Congress (EPSC) 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fepsc2021-358">10.5194/epsc2021-358</a>. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=JUICE+%28Jupiter+Icy+Moon+Explorer%29%3A+Plans+for+the+cruise+phase&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fepsc2021-358&rft.aulast=Witasse&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Altobelli%2C+N.&rft.au=Andres%2C+R.&rft.au=Atzei%2C+A.&rft.au=Boutonnet%2C+A.&rft.au=Budnik%2C+F.&rft.au=Dietz%2C+A.&rft.au=Erd%2C+C.&rft.au=Evill%2C+R.&rft.au=Lorente%2C+R.&rft.au=Munoz%2C+C.&rft.au=Pinzan%2C+G.&rft.au=Scharmberg%2C+C.&rft.au=Suarez%2C+A.&rft.au=Tanco%2C+I.&rft.au=Torelli%2C+F.&rft.au=Torn%2C+B.&rft.au=Vallat%2C+C.&rft.au=JUICE+Science+Working+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeetingorganizer.copernicus.org%2FEPSC2021%2FEPSC2021-358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JUICEYellowBook-71"><a href="#cite_ref-JUICEYellowBook_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=49837">JUICE assessment study report (Yellow Book)</a>, ESA, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JUICE+assessment+study+report+%28Yellow+Book%29&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fscience-e%2Fwww%2Fobject%2Findex.cfm%3Ffobjectid%3D49837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuropaClipperNASA-72"><a href="#cite_ref-EuropaClipperNASA_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.nasa.gov/mission/about/">"Europa Clipper Mission Overview"</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa+Clipper+Mission+Overview&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggerty2024" class="citation news cs1">Haggerty, Noah (14 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2024-10-14/nasa-jupiter-probe-launches-aboard-spacex-rocket">"NASA launches Europa Clipper to see if Jupiter's icy moon has ingredients for life"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=NASA+launches+Europa+Clipper+to+see+if+Jupiter%27s+icy+moon+has+ingredients+for+life&rft.date=2024-10-14&rft.aulast=Haggerty&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2024-10-14%2Fnasa-jupiter-probe-launches-aboard-spacex-rocket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEwenLPSC2015-74"><a href="#cite_ref-McEwenLPSC2015_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwenIVO_Team2021" class="citation conference cs1">McEwen, A. S.; IVO Team (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1352.pdf">The Io Volcano Observer (IVO)</a> (PDF). 52nd <a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Science_Conference" title="Lunar and Planetary Science Conference">Lunar and Planetary Science Conference</a>. 15–19 March 2020. Abstract #2548.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Io+Volcano+Observer+%28IVO%29&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=IVO+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hou.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2021%2Fpdf%2F1352.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiscoveryDownselect-75"><a href="#cite_ref-DiscoveryDownselect_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-four-possible-missions-to-study-the-secrets-of-the-solar-system">"NASA Selects Four Possible Missions to Study the Secrets of the Solar System"</a>. NASA. 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Selects+Four+Possible+Missions+to+Study+the+Secrets+of+the+Solar+System&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-selects-four-possible-missions-to-study-the-secrets-of-the-solar-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-veritasselection-76"><a href="#cite_ref-veritasselection_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2021" class="citation news cs1">Strickland, Ashley (3 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/02/world/venus-nasa-discovery-missions-scn/index.html">"Two new NASA missions will uncover the secrets of Venus"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Two+new+NASA+missions+will+uncover+the+secrets+of+Venus&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F02%2Fworld%2Fvenus-nasa-discovery-missions-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopes2005-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Lopes2005_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopesWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lopes, R. M. C.; Williams, D. A. (2005). "Io after Galileo". <a href="/wiki/Reports_on_Progress_in_Physics" title="Reports on Progress in Physics">Reports on Progress in Physics</a>. 68 (2): 303–340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RPPh...68..303L">2005RPPh...68..303L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F68%2F2%2FR02">10.1088/0034-4885/68/2/R02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44208045">44208045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.atitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-340&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44208045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F68%2F2%2FR02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005RPPh...68..303L&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpencerGraphic-78"><a href="#cite_ref-SpencerGraphic_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~spencer/digipics.html">"John Spencer's Astronomical Visualizations"</a>. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Spencer%27s+Astronomical+Visualizations&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulder.swri.edu%2F~spencer%2Fdigipics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-jup-io-79"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-jup-io_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030211022640/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Io">"Io: Overview"</a>. Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Io">the original</a> on 11 February 2003. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Io%3A+Overview&rft.series=Solar+System+Exploration&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DJup_Io&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IobookChap11-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap11_80-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderBagenal2007" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, N. M.; Bagenal, F. (2007). "Io's neutral clouds, plasma torus, and magnetospheric interactions". In Lopes, R. M. C.; Spencer, J. R. (eds.). Io after Galileo. Springer-Praxis. pp. 265–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4"><bdi>978-3-540-34681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io%27s+neutral+clouds%2C+plasma+torus%2C+and+magnetospheric+interactions&rft.btitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.pages=265-286&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34681-4&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft.au=Bagenal%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postberg2006-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Postberg2006_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Postberg2006_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostberg2006" class="citation journal cs1">Postberg, F.; et al. (2006). "Composition of jovian dust stream particles". Icarus. 183 (1): 122–134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..183..122P">2006Icar..183..122P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.02.001">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Composition+of+jovian+dust+stream+particles&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-134&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.02.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..183..122P&rft.aulast=Postberg&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iobook2Chap9-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iobook2Chap9_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iobook2Chap9_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagenalDols2023" class="citation book cs1">Bagenal, F.; Dols, V. (2023). "Space Environment of Io". In Lopes, R. M. C.; de Kleer, K.; Keane, J. T. (eds.). Io: A New View of Jupiter's Moon. Springer. pp. 291–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1"><bdi>978-3-031-25669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+Environment+of+Io&rft.btitle=Io%3A+A+New+View+of+Jupiter%27s+Moon&rft.pages=291-322&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-25669-1&rft.aulast=Bagenal&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Dols%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burger1999-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Burger1999_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Burger, M. H.; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999GL003654">"Galileo's close-up view of Io sodium jet"</a>. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (22): 3333–3336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeoRL..26.3333B">1999GeoRL..26.3333B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999GL003654">10.1029/1999GL003654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophys.+Res.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Galileo%27s+close-up+view+of+Io+sodium+jet&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3333-3336&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999GL003654&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeoRL..26.3333B&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F1999GL003654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krimigis2002-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krimigis2002_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krimigis2002_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrimigis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Krimigis, S. M.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F415994a">"A nebula of gases from Io surrounding Jupiter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 415 (6875): 994–996. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.415..994K">2002Natur.415..994K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F415994a">10.1038/415994a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11875559">11875559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+nebula+of+gases+from+Io+surrounding+Jupiter&rft.volume=415&rft.issue=6875&rft.pages=994-996&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11875559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F415994a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.415..994K&rft.aulast=Krimigis&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F415994a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendillo2004-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Mendillo2004_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedillo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Medillo, M.; et al. (2004). "Io's volcanic control of Jupiter's extended neutral clouds". Icarus. 170 (2): 430–442. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..170..430M">2004Icar..170..430M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.03.009">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.03.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Io%27s+volcanic+control+of+Jupiter%27s+extended+neutral+clouds&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=430-442&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.03.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..170..430M&rft.aulast=Medillo&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grun1993-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Grun1993_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrün1993" class="citation journal cs1">Grün, E.; et al. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233143">"Discovery of Jovian dust streams and interstellar grains by the ULYSSES spacecraft"</a>. Nature. 362 (6419): 428–430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.362..428G">1993Natur.362..428G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F362428a0">10.1038/362428a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4315361">4315361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+Jovian+dust+streams+and+interstellar+grains+by+the+ULYSSES+spacecraft&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=6419&rft.pages=428-430&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4315361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F362428a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Natur.362..428G&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCn&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zook1996-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Zook1996_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZook1996" class="citation journal cs1">Zook, H. A.; et al. (1996). "Solar Wind Magnetic Field Bending of Jovian Dust Trajectories". Science. 274 (5292): 1501–1503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274.1501Z">1996Sci...274.1501Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5292.1501">10.1126/science.274.5292.1501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8929405">8929405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25816078">25816078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Solar+Wind+Magnetic+Field+Bending+of+Jovian+Dust+Trajectories&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5292&rft.pages=1501-1503&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.274.5292.1501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25816078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8929405&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...274.1501Z&rft.aulast=Zook&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grun1996-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Grun1996_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrün1996" class="citation journal cs1">Grün, E.; et al. (1996). "Dust Measurements During Galileo's Approach to Jupiter and Io Encounter". Science. 274 (5286): 399–401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274..399G">1996Sci...274..399G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5286.399">10.1126/science.274.5286.399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119868296">119868296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dust+Measurements+During+Galileo%27s+Approach+to+Jupiter+and+Io+Encounter&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5286&rft.pages=399-401&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119868296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.274.5286.399&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...274..399G&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCn&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khurana-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khurana_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khurana_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhuranaJiaKivelsonNimmo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Khurana, Krishan K.; Jia, Xianzhe; Kivelson, Margaret G.; Nimmo, Francis; Schubert, Gerald; Russell, Christopher T. (3 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201425">"Evidence of a Global Magma Ocean in Io's Interior"</a>. Science. 332 (6034): 1186–1189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332.1186K">2011Sci...332.1186K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201425">10.1126/science.1201425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566160">21566160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19389957">19389957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+a+Global+Magma+Ocean+in+Io%27s+Interior&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=6034&rft.pages=1186-1189&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1201425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19389957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21566160&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332.1186K&rft.aulast=Khurana&rft.aufirst=Krishan+K.&rft.au=Jia%2C+Xianzhe&rft.au=Kivelson%2C+Margaret+G.&rft.au=Nimmo%2C+Francis&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Russell%2C+Christopher+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1201425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khurana1998-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Khurana1998_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhurana1998" class="citation journal cs1">Khurana, K. K.; et al. (1998). "Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto". Nature. 395 (6704): 777–780. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.395..777K">1998Natur.395..777K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F27394">10.1038/27394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9796812">9796812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Induced+magnetic+fields+as+evidence+for+subsurface+oceans+in+Europa+and+Callisto&rft.volume=395&rft.issue=6704&rft.pages=777-780&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9796812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F27394&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.395..777K&rft.aulast=Khurana&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iobook2Chap2-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Iobook2Chap2_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderSpencer2023" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, N. M.; Spencer, J. R. (2023). "Understanding Io: Four Centuries of Study and Surprise". In Lopes, R. M. C.; de Kleer, K.; Keane, J. T. (eds.). Io: A New View of Jupiter's Moon. Springer. pp. 9–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1"><bdi>978-3-031-25669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Io%3A+Four+Centuries+of+Study+and+Surprise&rft.btitle=Io%3A+A+New+View+of+Jupiter%27s+Moon&rft.pages=9-40&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-25669-1&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2001-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2001_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2001_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, J. D.; et al. (2001). "Io's gravity field and interior structure". J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E12): 32963–32969. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10632963A">2001JGR...10632963A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001367">10.1029/2000JE001367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Io%27s+gravity+field+and+interior+structure&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=32963-32969&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JE001367&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10632963A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kivelson2001-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Kivelson2001_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKivelson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kivelson, M. G.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JA002510">"Magnetized or Unmagnetized: Ambiguity persists following Galileo's encounters with Io in 1999 and 2000"</a>. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A11): 26121–26135. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10626121K">2001JGR...10626121K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JA002510">10.1029/2000JA002510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Magnetized+or+Unmagnetized%3A+Ambiguity+persists+following+Galileo%27s+encounters+with+Io+in+1999+and+2000&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=A11&rft.pages=26121-26135&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JA002510&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10626121K&rft.aulast=Kivelson&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2000JA002510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohl2002-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Sohl2002_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohl2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sohl, F.; et al. (2002). "Implications from Galileo observations on the interior structure and chemistry of the Galilean satellites". Icarus. 157 (1): 104–119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Icar..157..104S">2002Icar..157..104S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2002.6828">10.1006/icar.2002.6828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Implications+from+Galileo+observations+on+the+interior+structure+and+chemistry+of+the+Galilean+satellites&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-119&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2002.6828&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Icar..157..104S&rft.aulast=Sohl&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuskov2001-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuskov2001_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuskovKronrod2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kuskov, O. L.; Kronrod, V. A. (2001). "Core sizes and internal structure of the Earth's and Jupiter's satellites". Icarus. 151 (2): 204–227. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..151..204K">2001Icar..151..204K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6611">10.1006/icar.2001.6611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Core+sizes+and+internal+structure+of+the+Earth%27s+and+Jupiter%27s+satellites&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-227&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6611&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..151..204K&rft.aulast=Kuskov&rft.aufirst=O.+L.&rft.au=Kronrod%2C+V.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IobookChap5-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap5_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap5_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap5_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap5_96-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2007" class="citation book cs1">Moore, W. B.; et al. (2007). "The Interior of Io.". In R. M. C. Lopes; J. R. Spencer (eds.). Io after Galileo. Springer-Praxis. pp. 89–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4"><bdi>978-3-540-34681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Interior+of+Io.&rft.btitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.pages=89-108&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34681-4&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110512150723.htm">"NASA's Galileo Reveals Magma 'Ocean' Beneath Surface of Jupiter's Moon"</a>. Science Daily. 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Galileo+Reveals+Magma+%27Ocean%27+Beneath+Surface+of+Jupiter%27s+Moon&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2011%2F05%2F110512150723.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PerryInducedMagmaOcean-98"><a href="#cite_ref-PerryInducedMagmaOcean_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2010" class="citation web cs1">Perry, J. (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gishbar.blogspot.com/2010/01/science-discovery-of-ios-induced.html">"Science: Io's Induced Magnetic Field and Mushy Magma Ocean"</a>. The Gish Bar Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gish+Bar+Times&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Io%27s+Induced+Magnetic+Field+and+Mushy+Magma+Ocean&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgishbar.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F01%2Fscience-discovery-of-ios-induced.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaeger2003-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaeger2003_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jaeger, W. L.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001946">"Orogenic tectonism on Io"</a>. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E8): 12–1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.5093J">2003JGRE..108.5093J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001946">10.1029/2002JE001946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Orogenic+tectonism+on+Io&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=E8&rft.pages=12-1&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JE001946&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRE..108.5093J&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2002JE001946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoder1979-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Yoder1979_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoder1979" class="citation journal cs1">Yoder, C. F.; et al. (1979). "How tidal heating in Io drives the Galilean orbital resonance locks". Nature. 279 (5716): 767–770. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.279..767Y">1979Natur.279..767Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F279767a0">10.1038/279767a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4322070">4322070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=How+tidal+heating+in+Io+drives+the+Galilean+orbital+resonance+locks&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=5716&rft.pages=767-770&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4322070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F279767a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Natur.279..767Y&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604014510/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast04may_1m">"Interplanetary Low Tide - NASA Science Mission Directorate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast04may_1m">the original</a> on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interplanetary+Low+Tide+-+NASA+Science+Mission+Directorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2000%2Fast04may_1m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lainey2009-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lainey2009_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lainey2009_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLainey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lainey, V.; et al. (2009). "Strong tidal dissipation in Io and Jupiter from astrometric observations". Nature. 459 (7249): 957–959. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..957L">2009Natur.459..957L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08108">10.1038/nature08108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19536258">19536258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205217186">205217186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Strong+tidal+dissipation+in+Io+and+Jupiter+from+astrometric+observations&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7249&rft.pages=957-959&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205217186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19536258&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..957L&rft.aulast=Lainey&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2003geophys-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2003geophys_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, W. B. (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001943">"Tidal heating and convection in Io"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (E8): 5096. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.5096M">2003JGRE..108.5096M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001943">10.1029/2002JE001943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53443229">53443229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Tidal+heating+and+convection+in+Io&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=E8&rft.pages=5096&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53443229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JE001943&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRE..108.5096M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2002JE001943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steigerwald2015-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Steigerwald2015_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigerwald2015" class="citation web cs1">Steigerwald, William (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/io-volcano-tides">"Underground Magma Ocean Could Explain Io's 'Misplaced' Volcanoes"</a>. NASA. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Underground+Magma+Ocean+Could+Explain+Io%27s+%27Misplaced%27+Volcanoes&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Steigerwald&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgoddard%2Fio-volcano-tides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler2015-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler2015_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylerHenningHamilton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tyler, Robert H.; Henning, Wade G.; Hamilton, Christopher W. (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F218%2F2%2F22">"Tidal Heating in a Magma Ocean within Jupiter's Moon Io"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 218 (2). 22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJS..218...22T">2015ApJS..218...22T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F218%2F2%2F22">10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/22</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11603%2F28862">11603/28862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Tidal+Heating+in+a+Magma+Ocean+within+Jupiter%27s+Moon+Io&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11603%2F28862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F218%2F2%2F22&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApJS..218...22T&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Henning%2C+Wade+G.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F0067-0049%252F218%252F2%252F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-space20150914-106"><a href="#cite_ref-space20150914_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2015" class="citation news cs1">Lewin, Sarah (14 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/30530-jupiter-moon-io-magma-volcano-mystery.html">"Magma Oceans on Jupiter's Moon Io May Solve Volcano Mystery"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Magma+Oceans+on+Jupiter%27s+Moon+Io+May+Solve+Volcano+Mystery&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F30530-jupiter-moon-io-magma-volcano-mystery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasajpl20150915-107"><a href="#cite_ref-nasajpl20150915_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4718">"Cassini Finds Global Ocean in Saturn's Moon Enceladus"</a>. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cassini+Finds+Global+Ocean+in+Saturn%27s+Moon+Enceladus&rft.pub=NASA+%2F%26%2332%3BJet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D4718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britt2000-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Britt2000_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt2000" class="citation news cs1">Britt, Robert Roy (16 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818092821/http://space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/galileo_io_volcanoes_000316.html">"Pizza Pie in the Sky: Understanding Io's Riot of Color"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/galileo_io_volcanoes_000316.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pizza+Pie+in+the+Sky%3A+Understanding+Io%27s+Riot+of+Color&rft.date=2000-03-16&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Robert+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fsolarsystem%2Fgalileo_io_volcanoes_000316.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calder2005-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Calder2005_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder2005" class="citation book cs1">Calder, Nigel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicuniversegra0000cald">Magic Universe: A Grand Tour of Modern Science</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicuniversegra0000cald/page/215">215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280669-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280669-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+Universe%3A+A+Grand+Tour+of+Modern+Science&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280669-7&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagicuniversegra0000cald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IobookChap9-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap9_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap9_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, R. W.; et al. (2007). "Io's surface composition". In Lopes, R. M. C.; Spencer, J. R. (eds.). Io after Galileo. Springer-Praxis. pp. 194–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4"><bdi>978-3-540-34681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io%27s+surface+composition&rft.btitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.pages=194-229&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34681-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer2000b-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer2000b_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, J.; et al. (2000). "Discovery of Gaseous S2 in Io's Pele Plume". Science. 288 (5469): 1208–1210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.1208S">2000Sci...288.1208S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1208">10.1126/science.288.5469.1208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10817990">10817990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+Gaseous+S%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+in+Io%27s+Pele+Plume&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5469&rft.pages=1208-1210&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10817990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1208&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...288.1208S&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieffer2000-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Kieffer2000_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieffer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kieffer, S. W.; et al. (2000). "Prometheus: Io's Wandering Plume". Science. 288 (5469): 1204–1208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.1204K">2000Sci...288.1204K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1204">10.1126/science.288.5469.1204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10817989">10817989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Prometheus%3A+Io%27s+Wandering+Plume&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5469&rft.pages=1204-1208&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10817989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1204&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...288.1204K&rft.aulast=Kieffer&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doute2004-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Doute2004_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouté2004" class="citation journal cs1">Douté, S.; et al. (2004). "Geology and activity around volcanoes on Io from the analysis of NIMS". Icarus. 169 (1): 175–196. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..175D">2004Icar..169..175D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.02.001">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.02.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Geology+and+activity+around+volcanoes+on+Io+from+the+analysis+of+NIMS&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-196&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.02.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169..175D&rft.aulast=Dout%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seeds2012-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Seeds2012_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeedsBackman2012" class="citation book cs1">Seeds, Michael A.; Backman, Dana E. (2012). The Solar System (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781133713685" title="Special:BookSources/9781133713685"><bdi>9781133713685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Solar+System&rft.pages=514&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781133713685&rft.aulast=Seeds&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Backman%2C+Dana+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-astrobio20140306-115"><a href="#cite_ref-astrobio20140306_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadhazy2014" class="citation news cs1">Hadhazy, Adam (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150831232122/http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/alien-moons-could-bake-dry-from-young-gas-giants-hot-glow/">"Alien Moons Could Bake Dry from Young Gas Giants' Hot Glow"</a>. Astrobiology Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Alien+Moons+Could+Bake+Dry+from+Young+Gas+Giants%27+Hot+Glow&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=Hadhazy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fnews-exclusive%2Falien-moons-could-bake-dry-from-young-gas-giants-hot-glow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Iobook2Chap7-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Iobook2Chap7_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeszthelyiSuer2023" class="citation book cs1">Keszthelyi, L. P.; Suer, T. (2023). "The Composition of Io". In Lopes, R. M. C.; de Kleer, K.; Keane, J. T. (eds.). Io: A New View of Jupiter's Moon. Springer. pp. 211–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25669-1"><bdi>978-3-031-25669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Composition+of+Io&rft.btitle=Io%3A+A+New+View+of+Jupiter%27s+Moon&rft.pages=211-232&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-25669-1&rft.aulast=Keszthelyi&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft.au=Suer%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia26293-looking-into-ios-loki-patera-artists-concept">"Looking Into Io's Loki Patera (Artist's Concept)"</a>. NASA/JPL. 18 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%2FJPL&rft.atitle=Looking+Into+Io%27s+Loki+Patera+%28Artist%27s+Concept%29&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2Fpia26293-looking-into-ios-loki-patera-artists-concept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radebaugh2001-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radebaugh2001_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radebaugh2001_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radebaugh2001_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radebaugh2001_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadebaugh2001" class="citation journal cs1">Radebaugh, D.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/%7Ejani/janijgr2001.pdf">"Paterae on Io: A new type of volcanic caldera?"</a> (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E12): 33005–33020. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10633005R">2001JGR...10633005R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001406">10.1029/2000JE001406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Paterae+on+Io%3A+A+new+type+of+volcanic+caldera%3F&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=33005-33020&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JE001406&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10633005R&rft.aulast=Radebaugh&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpl.arizona.edu%2F%257Ejani%2Fjanijgr2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keszthelyi2004-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Keszthelyi2004_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeszthelyi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Keszthelyi, L.; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259017">"A Post-Galileo view of Io's Interior"</a>. Icarus. 169 (1): 271–286. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..271K">2004Icar..169..271K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.01.005">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=A+Post-Galileo+view+of+Io%27s+Interior&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=271-286&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.01.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169..271K&rft.aulast=Keszthelyi&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsRadebaughKeszthelyiMcEwen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, David; Radebaugh, Jani; Keszthelyi, Laszlo P.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Lopes, Rosaly M. C.; Douté, Sylvain; Greeley, Ronald (2002). "Geologic mapping of the Chaac-Camaxtli region of Io from Galileo imaging data". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (E9): 5068. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRE..107.5068W">2002JGRE..107.5068W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JE001821">10.1029/2001JE001821</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41607277">41607277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Geologic+mapping+of+the+Chaac-Camaxtli+region+of+Io+from+Galileo+imaging+data&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=E9&rft.pages=5068&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41607277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JE001821&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JGRE..107.5068W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Radebaugh%2C+Jani&rft.au=Keszthelyi%2C+Laszlo+P.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Alfred+S.&rft.au=Lopes%2C+Rosaly+M.+C.&rft.au=Dout%C3%A9%2C+Sylvain&rft.au=Greeley%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2002" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Patrick, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyencyclo0000unse/page/232">Astronomy Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyencyclo0000unse/page/232">232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-521833-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-521833-7"><bdi>0-19-521833-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-521833-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomyencyclo0000unse%2Fpage%2F232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry2003-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Perry2003_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2003" class="citation conference cs1">Perry, J. E.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1720.pdf">Gish Bar Patera, Io: Geology and Volcanic Activity, 1997–2001</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Science_Conference" title="Lunar and Planetary Science Conference">LPSC XXXIV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_City_(Greater_Houston)" title="Clear Lake City (Greater Houston)">Clear Lake City (Greater Houston)</a>. Abstract #1720.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=LPSC+XXXIV&rft.atitle=Gish+Bar+Patera%2C+Io%3A+Geology+and+Volcanic+Activity%2C+1997%E2%80%932001&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2003%2Fpdf%2F1720.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radebaugh2004-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Radebaugh2004_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadebaugh2004" class="citation journal cs1">Radebaugh, J.; et al. (2004). "Observations and temperatures of Io's Pele Patera from Cassini and Galileo spacecraft images". Icarus. 169 (1): 65–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169...65R">2004Icar..169...65R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.019">10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Observations+and+temperatures+of+Io%27s+Pele+Patera+from+Cassini+and+Galileo+spacecraft+images&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169...65R&rft.aulast=Radebaugh&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell2007-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Howell2007_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowellLopes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Howell, R. R.; Lopes, R. M. C. (2007). "The nature of the volcanic activity at Loki: Insights from Galileo NIMS and PPR data". Icarus. 186 (2): 448–461. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..186..448H">2007Icar..186..448H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.09.022">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+the+volcanic+activity+at+Loki%3A+Insights+from+Galileo+NIMS+and+PPR+data&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=448-461&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.09.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..186..448H&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Lopes%2C+R.+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keszthelyi2001-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Keszthelyi2001_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeszthelyi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Keszthelyi, L.; et al. (2001). "Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission". J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E12): 33025–33052. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10633025K">2001JGR...10633025K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001383">10.1029/2000JE001383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Imaging+of+volcanic+activity+on+Jupiter%27s+moon+Io+by+Galileo+during+the+Galileo+Europa+Mission+and+the+Galileo+Millennium+Mission&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=33025-33052&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JE001383&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10633025K&rft.aulast=Keszthelyi&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battaglia2019-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia2019_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia2019_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattaglia2019" class="citation conference cs1">Battaglia, Steven M. (March 2019). A Jökulhlaup-like Model for Secondary Sulfur Flows on Io. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 18–22 March 2019. The Woodlands, Texas. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019LPI....50.1189B">2019LPI....50.1189B</a>. LPI Contribution No. 1189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+J%C3%B6kulhlaup-like+Model+for+Secondary+Sulfur+Flows+on+Io&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019LPI....50.1189B&rft.aulast=Battaglia&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keszthelyi2007-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keszthelyi2007_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keszthelyi2007_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeszthelyi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Keszthelyi, L.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259031">"New estimates for Io eruption temperatures: Implications for the interior"</a>. Icarus. 192 (2): 491–502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..192..491K">2007Icar..192..491K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.07.008">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=New+estimates+for+Io+eruption+temperatures%3A+Implications+for+the+interior&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=491-502&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.07.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..192..491K&rft.aulast=Keszthelyi&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roesler1999-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Roesler1999_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeslerMoosOliversenWoodward,_Jr.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Roesler, F. L.; Moos, H. W.; Oliversen, R. J.; Woodward, Jr., R. C.; Retherford, K. D.; et al. (January 1999). "Far-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectroscopy of Io's Atmosphere with HST/STIS". Science. 283 (5400): 353–357. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...283..353R">1999Sci...283..353R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.283.5400.353">10.1126/science.283.5400.353</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9888844">9888844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Far-Ultraviolet+Imaging+Spectroscopy+of+Io%27s+Atmosphere+with+HST%2FSTIS&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5400&rft.pages=353-357&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9888844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.283.5400.353&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...283..353R&rft.aulast=Roesler&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rft.au=Moos%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Oliversen%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Jr.%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Retherford%2C+K.+D.&rft.au=Scherb%2C+F.&rft.au=McGrath%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Smyth%2C+W.+H.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=Strobel%2C+D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geissler1999-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geissler1999_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geissler1999_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geissler1999_129-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisslerMcEwenIpBelton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Geissler, P. E.; McEwen, A. S.; Ip, W.; Belton, M. J. S.; Johnson, T. V.; et al. (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220100620/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2234/0ec6c1741fc267ddef24675bcbf33f7e2cf2.pdf">"Galileo Imaging of Atmospheric Emissions from Io"</a> (PDF). Science. 285 (5429): 870–874. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...285..870G">1999Sci...285..870G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.285.5429.870">10.1126/science.285.5429.870</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10436151">10436151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33402233">33402233</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2234/0ec6c1741fc267ddef24675bcbf33f7e2cf2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Galileo+Imaging+of+Atmospheric+Emissions+from+Io&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=5429&rft.pages=870-874&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.285.5429.870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33402233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10436151&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...285..870G&rft.aulast=Geissler&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Ip%2C+W.&rft.au=Belton%2C+M.+J.+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+T.+V.&rft.au=Smyth%2C+W.+H.&rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+A.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F2234%2F0ec6c1741fc267ddef24675bcbf33f7e2cf2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEwen1983-130"><a href="#cite_ref-McEwen1983_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwenSoderblom1983" class="citation journal cs1">McEwen, A. S.; Soderblom, L. A. (August 1983). "Two classes of volcanic plume on Io". Icarus. 55 (2): 197–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Icar...55..191M">1983Icar...55..191M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2883%2990075-1">10.1016/0019-1035(83)90075-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Two+classes+of+volcanic+plume+on+Io&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-226&rft.date=1983-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2883%2990075-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Icar...55..191M&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Soderblom%2C+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battaglia2014-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia2014_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia2014_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattagliaStewartKieffer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Battaglia, Steven M.; Stewart, Michael A.; Kieffer, Susan W. (June 2014). "Io's theothermal (sulfur) - Lithosphere cycle inferred from sulfur solubility modeling of Pele's magma supply". Icarus. 235: 123–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..235..123B">2014Icar..235..123B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.03.019">10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Io%27s+theothermal+%28sulfur%29+-+Lithosphere+cycle+inferred+from+sulfur+solubility+modeling+of+Pele%27s+magma+supply&rft.volume=235&rft.pages=123-129&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.03.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Icar..235..123B&rft.aulast=Battaglia&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Kieffer%2C+Susan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battaglia2015-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia2015_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattaglia2015" class="citation conference cs1">Battaglia, Steven M. (March 2015). Io: The role of Sulfide Droplet Nucleation in Pele-Type Volcanism. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 16–20 March 2015. The Woodlands, Texas. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015LPI....46.1044B">2015LPI....46.1044B</a>. LPI Contribution No. 1832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Io%3A+The+role+of+Sulfide+Droplet+Nucleation+in+Pele-Type+Volcanism&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015LPI....46.1044B&rft.aulast=Battaglia&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battaglia2018-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia2018_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattaglia2018" class="citation conference cs1">Battaglia, Steven M. (March 2018). Does Io have a Lopsided Asthenosphere? Insights from Katla's Magma Plumbing System, Iceland. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 19–23 March 2018. The Woodlands, Texas. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPI....49.1047B">2018LPI....49.1047B</a>. LPI Contribution No. 1047.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Does+Io+have+a+Lopsided+Asthenosphere%3F+Insights+from+Katla%27s+Magma+Plumbing+System%2C+Iceland&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018LPI....49.1047B&rft.aulast=Battaglia&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clow1980-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Clow1980_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClowCarr1980" class="citation journal cs1">Clow, G. D.; Carr, M. H. (1980). "Stability of sulfur slopes on Io". Icarus. 44 (2): 268–279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Icar...44..268C">1980Icar...44..268C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2880%2990022-6">10.1016/0019-1035(80)90022-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Stability+of+sulfur+slopes+on+Io&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268-279&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2880%2990022-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980Icar...44..268C&rft.aulast=Clow&rft.aufirst=G.+D.&rft.au=Carr%2C+M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchenkBulmer1998-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchenkBulmer1998_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchenkBulmer1998_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenkBulmer1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, P. M.; Bulmer, M. H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219004441/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/136b/6ffa06a36d3131948a9ef322cec92465c07b.pdf">"Origin of mountains on Io by thrust faulting and large-scale mass movements"</a> (PDF). Science. 279 (5356): 1514–1517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...279.1514S">1998Sci...279.1514S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.279.5356.1514">10.1126/science.279.5356.1514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9488645">9488645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8518290">8518290</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/136b/6ffa06a36d3131948a9ef322cec92465c07b.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Origin+of+mountains+on+Io+by+thrust+faulting+and+large-scale+mass+movements&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=5356&rft.pages=1514-1517&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.279.5356.1514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8518290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9488645&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...279.1514S&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Bulmer%2C+M.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F136b%2F6ffa06a36d3131948a9ef322cec92465c07b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinnon2001-136"><a href="#cite_ref-McKinnon2001_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2001" class="citation journal cs1">McKinnon, W. B.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211021753/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6651/f84d9443fc9125392c09ce64230e5e3a40fd.pdf">"Chaos on Io: A model for formation of mountain blocks by crustal heating, melting, and tilting"</a> (PDF). Geology. 29 (2): 103–106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Geo....29..103M">2001Geo....29..103M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282001%29029%3C0103%3ACOIAMF%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0103:COIAMF>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140149197">140149197</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6651/f84d9443fc9125392c09ce64230e5e3a40fd.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Chaos+on+Io%3A+A+model+for+formation+of+mountain+blocks+by+crustal+heating%2C+melting%2C+and+tilting&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-106&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140149197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282001%29029%3C0103%3ACOIAMF%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Geo....29..103M&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F6651%2Ff84d9443fc9125392c09ce64230e5e3a40fd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tackley2001-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Tackley2001_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTackley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tackley, P. J. (2001). "Convection in Io's asthenosphere: Redistribution of nonuniform tidal heating by mean flows". J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E12): 32971–32981. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10632971T">2001JGR...10632971T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001411">10.1029/2000JE001411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130527846">130527846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Convection+in+Io%27s+asthenosphere%3A+Redistribution+of+nonuniform+tidal+heating+by+mean+flows&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=32971-32981&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130527846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JE001411&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10632971T&rft.aulast=Tackley&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schenk2004-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2004_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2004_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenkWilsonDavies2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, P. M.; Wilson, R. R.; Davies, A. G. (2004). "Shield volcano topography and the rheology of lava flows on Io". Icarus. 169 (1): 98–110. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169...98S">2004Icar..169...98S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.01.015">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Shield+volcano+topography+and+the+rheology+of+lava+flows+on+Io&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-110&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.01.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169...98S&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.+R.&rft.au=Davies%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2001-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2001_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2001" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, J. M.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718150342/http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/2559.pdf">"Landform degradation and slope processes on Io: The Galileo view"</a> (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E12): 33223–33240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10633223M">2001JGR...10633223M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001375">10.1029/2000JE001375</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/2559.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Landform+degradation+and+slope+processes+on+Io%3A+The+Galileo+view&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=33223-33240&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JE001375&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10633223M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetary.brown.edu%2Fpdfs%2F2559.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IobookChap10-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap10_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap10_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap10_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap10_140-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap10_140-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap10_140-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IobookChap10_140-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLellouch2007" class="citation book cs1">Lellouch, E.; et al. (2007). "Io's atmosphere". In Lopes, R. M. C.; and Spencer, J. R. (eds.). Io after Galileo. Springer-Praxis. pp. 231–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4"><bdi>978-3-540-34681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Io%27s+atmosphere&rft.btitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.pages=231-264&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34681-4&rft.aulast=Lellouch&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2010-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2010_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2010_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2010_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2010_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2010_141-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Walker, A. C.; et al. (2010). "A Comprehensive Numerical Simulation of Io's Sublimation-Driven Atmosphere". Icarus. in. press (1): 409–432. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..207..409W">2010Icar..207..409W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.012">10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=A+Comprehensive+Numerical+Simulation+of+Io%27s+Sublimation-Driven+Atmosphere&rft.volume=press&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=409-432&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Icar..207..409W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer2005-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer2005_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, A. C.; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~spencer/spencer2005_accepted_fmt.pdf">"Mid-infrared detection of large longitudinal asymmetries in Io's SO 2 atmosphere"</a> (PDF). Icarus. 176 (2): 283–304. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..176..283S">2005Icar..176..283S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.01.019">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Mid-infrared+detection+of+large+longitudinal+asymmetries+in+Io%27s+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3ESO%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+atmosphere&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-304&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.01.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..176..283S&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulder.swri.edu%2F~spencer%2Fspencer2005_accepted_fmt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-143"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisslerGoldstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Geissler, P. E.; Goldstein, D. B. (2007). "Plumes and their deposits". In Lopes, R. M. C.; Spencer, J. R. (eds.). Io after Galileo. Springer-Praxis. pp. 163–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34681-4"><bdi>978-3-540-34681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plumes+and+their+deposits&rft.btitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.pages=163-192&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34681-4&rft.aulast=Geissler&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moullet2010-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moullet2010_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moullet2010_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moullet2010_144-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoullet2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Moullet, A.; et al. (2010). "Simultaneous mapping of SO2, SO, NaCl in Io's atmosphere with the Submillimeter Array". Icarus. press (1): 353–365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..208..353M">2010Icar..208..353M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.02.009">10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+mapping+of+SO2%2C+SO%2C+NaCl+in+Io%27s+atmosphere+with+the+Submillimeter+Array&rft.volume=press&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=353-365&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.02.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Icar..208..353M&rft.aulast=Moullet&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feaga2009-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Feaga2009_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeaga2009" class="citation journal cs1">Feaga, L. M.; et al. (2009). "Io's dayside SO 2 atmosphere". Icarus. 201 (2): 570–584. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..201..570F">2009Icar..201..570F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.01.029">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.01.029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Io%27s+dayside+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3ESO%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+atmosphere&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=570-584&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.01.029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Icar..201..570F&rft.aulast=Feaga&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlohaIo-146"><a href="#cite_ref-AlohaIo_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2009" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, John (8 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00001980/">"Aloha, Io"</a>. The Planetary Society Blog. The Planetary Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society+Blog&rft.atitle=Aloha%2C+Io&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblog%2Farticle%2F00001980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsang2016-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Tsang2016_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsangSpencerLellouchLopez-Valverde2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tsang, C. C. C.; Spencer, J. R.; Lellouch, E.; Lopez-Valverde, M. A.; Richter, M. J. (2 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02329995">"The collapse of Io's primary atmosphere in Jupiter eclipse"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 121 (8): 1400–1410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRE..121.1400T">2016JGRE..121.1400T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016JE005025">10.1002/2016JE005025</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F143708">10261/143708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19544014">19544014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=The+collapse+of+Io%27s+primary+atmosphere+in+Jupiter+eclipse&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1400-1410&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F143708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19544014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016JE005025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JGRE..121.1400T&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=C.+C.+C.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Lellouch%2C+E.&rft.au=Lopez-Valverde%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Richter%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02329995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2009-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2009_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2009" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, C. H.; et al. (2009). "1-D DSMC simulation of Io's atmospheric collapse and reformation during and after eclipse". Icarus. 201 (2): 585–597. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..201..585M">2009Icar..201..585M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.01.006">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.01.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=1-D+DSMC+simulation+of+Io%27s+atmospheric+collapse+and+reformation+during+and+after+eclipse&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=585-597&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.01.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Icar..201..585M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanaleBanerdtCruikshank1981" class="citation journal cs1">Fanale, F. P.; et al. (June 1981). "Io: Could SO2 condensation/sublimation cause the sometimes reported post-eclipse brightening?". Geophysical Research Letters. 8 (6): 625–628. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981GeoRL...8..625F">1981GeoRL...8..625F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGL008i006p00625">10.1029/GL008i006p00625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Io%3A+Could+SO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+condensation%2Fsublimation+cause+the+sometimes+reported+post-eclipse+brightening%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=625-628&rft.date=1981-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FGL008i006p00625&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981GeoRL...8..625F&rft.aulast=Fanale&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rft.au=Banerdt%2C+W.+B.&rft.au=Cruikshank%2C+D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonLaneMorrillWallis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Robert M.; et al. (February 1993). "The Brightness of Jupiter's Satellite Io Following Emergence from Eclipse: Selected Observations, 1981–1989". Icarus. 101 (2): 223–233. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Icar..101..223N">1993Icar..101..223N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1993.1020">10.1006/icar.1993.1020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+Brightness+of+Jupiter%27s+Satellite+Io+Following+Emergence+from+Eclipse%3A+Selected+Observations%2C+1981%E2%80%931989&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-233&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1993.1020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Icar..101..223N&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Lane%2C+Arthur+L.&rft.au=Morrill%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Brad+D.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+James&rft.au=Smythe%2C+William+D.&rft.au=Horn%2C+Linda+J.&rft.au=Buratti%2C+Bonnie+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeverkaSimonelliThomasMorrison1981" class="citation journal cs1">Veverka, J.; et al. (July 1981). "Voyager search for posteclipse brightening on Io". Icarus. 47 (1): 60–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Icar...47...60V">1981Icar...47...60V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2881%2990091-9">10.1016/0019-1035(81)90091-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Voyager+search+for+posteclipse+brightening+on+Io&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-74&rft.date=1981-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2881%2990091-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Icar...47...60V&rft.aulast=Veverka&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Simonelli%2C+D.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+P.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+T.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecoskyPotter1994" class="citation journal cs1">Secosky, James J.; Potter, Michael (September 1994). "A Hubble Space Telescope study of posteclipse brightening and albedo changes on Io". Icarus. 111 (1): 73–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..111...73S">1994Icar..111...73S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1134">10.1006/icar.1994.1134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=A+Hubble+Space+Telescope+study+of+posteclipse+brightening+and+albedo+changes+on+Io&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-78&rft.date=1994-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Icar..111...73S&rft.aulast=Secosky&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.au=Potter%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellucciD'AversaFormisanoCruikshank2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bellucci, Giancarlo; et al. (November 2004). "Cassini/VIMS observation of an Io post-eclipse brightening event". Icarus. 172 (1): 141–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..172..141B">2004Icar..172..141B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.05.012">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Cassini%2FVIMS+observation+of+an+Io+post-eclipse+brightening+event&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-148&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.05.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..172..141B&rft.aulast=Bellucci&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo&rft.au=D%27Aversa%2C+E.&rft.au=Formisano%2C+V.&rft.au=Cruikshank%2C+D.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Clark%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=Baines%2C+K.+H.&rft.au=Matson%2C+D.&rft.au=Brown%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=McCord%2C+T.+B.&rft.au=Buratti%2C+B.+J.&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe2016" class="citation web cs1">Crowe, Robert (2 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swri.org/press-release/swri-space-scientists-observe-io%E2%80%99s-atmospheric-collapse-during-eclipse">"SwRI Space Scientists Observe Io's Atmospheric Collapse During Eclipse"</a>. Southwest Research Institute. Retrieved 4 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SwRI+Space+Scientists+Observe+Io%27s+Atmospheric+Collapse+During+Eclipse&rft.pub=Southwest+Research+Institute&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swri.org%2Fpress-release%2Fswri-space-scientists-observe-io%25E2%2580%2599s-atmospheric-collapse-during-eclipse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsangSpencerLellouchLopez-Valverde2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tsang, Constantine C. C.; et al. (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/143708/1/IAA_2016_LopezValverde_AGU-PLANETS.pdf">"The collapse of Io's primary atmosphere in Jupiter eclipse"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 121 (8): 1400–1410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRE..121.1400T">2016JGRE..121.1400T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016JE005025">10.1002/2016JE005025</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F143708">10261/143708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19544014">19544014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=The+collapse+of+Io%27s+primary+atmosphere+in+Jupiter+eclipse&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1400-1410&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F143708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19544014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016JE005025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JGRE..121.1400T&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Constantine+C.+C.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+John+R.&rft.au=Lellouch%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Lopez-Valverde%2C+Miguel+A.&rft.au=Richter%2C+Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.csic.es%2Fbitstream%2F10261%2F143708%2F1%2FIAA_2016_LopezValverde_AGU-PLANETS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retherford2000-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Retherford2000_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetherford2000" class="citation journal cs1">Retherford, K. D.; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JA002500">"Io's Equatorial Spots: Morphology of Neutral UV Emissions"</a>. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (A12): 27, 157–27, 165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...10527157R">2000JGR...10527157R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JA002500">10.1029/2000JA002500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Io%27s+Equatorial+Spots%3A+Morphology+of+Neutral+UV+Emissions&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=A12&rft.pages=27%2C+157-27%2C+165&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JA002500&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JGR...10527157R&rft.aulast=Retherford&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2000JA002500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIo+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Io" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Io">Io</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 60em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General information">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726045625/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/">Io profile</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">NASA's Solar System Exploration site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nineplanets.org/io.html">Bill Arnett's Io webpage</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nineplanets.org/">The Nine Planets website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windows2universe.org/jupiter/moons/io.html">Io overview</a> from the University of Michigan's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windows2universe.org/">Windows to the Universe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarviews.com/eng/io.htm">Calvin Hamilton's Io page</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarviews.com/eng/">Views of the Solar System website</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Movies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stereomoons.blogspot.com/2009/10/galileo-4-moons-at-400-years.html">Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Io and other outer solar system satellites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/34330010470/in/photostream/">High resolution video</a> simulation of rotating Io by Seán Doran</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Images">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Io">Catalog of NASA images of Io</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/wiki/missions/Galileo/releases/">Galileo images of Io</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Galleries/Featured-Images/view.php?gallery_id=2&page=1&bytopic=31">New Horizons images of Io</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/soc/">New Horizons LORRI Raw Images, includes numerous Io images</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lunarandplanetaryinstitute/5075141107/in/photostream">Io through Different New Horizons Imagers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Maps">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/maps/io-voyager-galileo-global-mosaics">Io global basemaps</a> at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center based on Galileo and Voyager images</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/IO/target">Io nomenclature</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/io_comp_color.pdf">map with feature names</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/">USGS planetary nomenclature page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/io/">Interactive map of Io</a> by Google Maps</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_references">Additional references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Additional references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/wio.htm">Io dynamo</a> from educational website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy6.org/Education/Intro.html">The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo6w5QVrABc">NASA's Stunning Discoveries on Jupiter's Largest Moons | Our Solar System's Moons</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/07912/EAE03-J-07912.pdf">The Conundrum Posed by Io's Minimum Surface Temperatures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetologia.elte.hu/io/name.html">Io Mountain Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/geology/io-cassini-visible-aurorae">Cassini Observations of Io's Visible Aurorae</a> at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gishbartimes.org/">The Gish Bar Times</a>, Jason Perry's Io-related blog</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Io" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Io_(moon)" title="Template:Io (moon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Io_(moon)" title="Template talk:Io (moon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Io_(moon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Io (moon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Io" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Io</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_on_Io" title="List of regions on Io">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Io" title="List of mountains on Io">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_features_on_Io" title="List of volcanic features on Io">Volcanic Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Io" title="List of quadrangles on Io">Quadrangles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paterae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ah_Peku_Patera" title="Ah Peku Patera">Ah Peku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu_Patera" title="Amaterasu Patera">Amaterasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Patera" title="Asha Patera">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbar_Patera" title="Babbar Patera">Babbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog_Patera" title="Dazhbog Patera">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estan_Patera" title="Estan Patera">Estan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchi_Patera" title="Fuchi Patera">Fuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_Bar_Patera" title="Gish Bar Patera">Gish Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami-Nari_Patera" title="Kami-Nari Patera">Kami-Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau_Patera" title="Kinich Ahau Patera">Kinich Ahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki_Patera" title="Loki Patera">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manua_Patera" title="Manua Patera">Manua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_Patera" title="Maui Patera">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithra_Patera" title="Mithra Patera">Mithra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monan_Patera" title="Monan Patera">Monan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillan_Patera" title="Pillan Patera">Pillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyerun_Patera" title="Pyerun Patera">Pyerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra_Patera" title="Ra Patera">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiden_Patera" title="Reiden Patera">Reiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shango_Patera" title="Shango Patera">Shango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarog_Patera" title="Svarog Patera">Svarog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhaki_Patera" title="Tawhaki Patera">Tawhaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomagata_Patera" title="Thomagata Patera">Thomagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupan_Patera" title="Tupan Patera">Tupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_Patera" title="Viracocha Patera">Viracocha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Io" title="Mountains of Io">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Mons" title="Egypt Mons">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboea_Montes" title="Euboea Montes">Euboea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silpium_Mons" title="Silpium Mons">Silpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohil_Mons" title="Tohil Mons">Tohil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lava flows or channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhaki_Vallis" title="Tawhaki Vallis">Tawhaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io" title="Volcanism on Io">Volcanism</a> / Volcanoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amirani_(volcano)" title="Amirani (volcano)">Amirani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masubi_(volcano)" title="Masubi (volcano)">Masubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surt_(volcano)" title="Surt (volcano)">Surt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(volcano)" title="Thor (volcano)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamama_(volcano)" title="Zamama (volcano)">Zamama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluctūs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanehekili_Fluctus" title="Kanehekili Fluctus">Kanehekili Fluctus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plains and plateaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Planum" title="Danube Planum">Danube Planum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/200px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/300px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/400px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="3196" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned / On-route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled / Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyby_of_Io_with_Repeat_Encounters" title="Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters">FIRE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction#Io" title="Jupiter in fiction">Io in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites#In_the_Solar_System" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moons_of_Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template talk:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Themisto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leda_(moon)" title="Leda (moon)">Leda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa_(moon)" title="Ersa (moon)">Ersa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_2" title="S/2018 J 2">S/2018 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_(moon)" title="Himalia (moon)">Himalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(moon)" title="Pandia (moon)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysithea_(moon)" title="Lysithea (moon)">Lysithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elara_(moon)" title="Elara (moon)">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2011_J_3" title="S/2011 J 3">S/2011 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(moon)" title="Dia (moon)">Dia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Carpo group (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_4" title="S/2018 J 4">S/2018 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Valetudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a> (26)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euporie_(moon)" title="Euporie (moon)">Euporie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LV" title="Jupiter LV">Jupiter LV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(moon)" title="Eupheme (moon)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_3" title="S/2021 J 3">S/2021 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LII" title="Jupiter LII">Jupiter LII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIV" title="Jupiter LIV">Jupiter LIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme_(moon)" title="Mneme (moon)">Mneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euanthe_(moon)" title="Euanthe (moon)">Euanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_16" title="S/2003 J 16">S/2003 J 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyke_(moon)" title="Harpalyke (moon)">Harpalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosie_(moon)" title="Orthosie (moon)">Orthosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_3" title="S/2022 J 3">S/2022 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helike_(moon)" title="Helike (moon)">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_2" title="S/2021 J 2">S/2021 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidike_(moon)" title="Praxidike (moon)">Praxidike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIV" title="Jupiter LXIV">Jupiter LXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_1" title="S/2021 J 1">S/2021 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_12" title="S/2003 J 12">S/2003 J 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVIII" title="Jupiter LXVIII">Jupiter LXVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelxinoe_(moon)" title="Thelxinoe (moon)">Thelxinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyone_(moon)" title="Thyone (moon)">Thyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_2" title="S/2003 J 2">S/2003 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_(moon)" title="Ananke (moon)">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iocaste_(moon)" title="Iocaste (moon)">Iocaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermippe_(moon)" title="Hermippe (moon)">Hermippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXX" title="Jupiter LXX">Jupiter LXX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a> (30)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_1" title="S/2022 J 1">S/2022 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_2" title="S/2022 J 2">S/2022 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_3" title="S/2016 J 3">S/2016 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithee_(moon)" title="Pasithee (moon)">Pasithee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIX" title="Jupiter LXIX">Jupiter LXIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_6" title="S/2021 J 6">S/2021 J 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_24" title="S/2003 J 24">S/2003 J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldene" title="Chaldene">Chaldene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIII" title="Jupiter LXIII">Jupiter LXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonoe_(moon)" title="Isonoe (moon)">Isonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_4" title="S/2021 J 4">S/2021 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallichore_(moon)" title="Kallichore (moon)">Kallichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinome" title="Erinome">Erinome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(moon)" title="Kale (moon)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(moon)" title="Eirene (moon)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitne_(moon)" title="Aitne (moon)">Aitne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukelade" title="Eukelade">Eukelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche_(moon)" title="Arche (moon)">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete_(moon)" title="Taygete (moon)">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXXII" title="Jupiter LXXII">Jupiter LXXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_(moon)" title="Carme (moon)">Carme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herse_(moon)" title="Herse (moon)">Herse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXI" title="Jupiter LXI">Jupiter LXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LI" title="Jupiter LI">Jupiter LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_9" title="S/2003 J 9">S/2003 J 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVI" title="Jupiter LXVI">Jupiter LXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyke" title="Kalyke">Kalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_3" title="S/2018 J 3">S/2018 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_5" title="S/2021 J 5">S/2021 J 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_10" title="S/2003 J 10">S/2003 J 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a> (18)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne_(moon)" title="Philophrosyne (moon)">Philophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydome_(moon)" title="Eurydome (moon)">Eurydome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LVI" title="Jupiter LVI">Jupiter LVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_4" title="S/2003 J 4">S/2003 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_4" title="S/2016 J 4">S/2016 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVII" title="Jupiter LXVII">Jupiter LXVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone_(moon)" title="Hegemone (moon)">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_(moon)" title="Pasiphae (moon)">Pasiphae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponde" title="Sponde">Sponde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaclite" title="Megaclite">Megaclite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(moon)" title="Cyllene (moon)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinope_(moon)" title="Sinope (moon)">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIX" title="Jupiter LIX">Jupiter LIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoede_(moon)" title="Aoede (moon)">Aoede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonoe_(moon)" title="Autonoe (moon)">Autonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(moon)" title="Callirrhoe (moon)">Callirrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_23" title="S/2003 J 23">S/2003 J 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_(moon)" title="Kore (moon)">Kore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Category:Moons of Jupiter">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impacts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a>, orbital missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> (2024, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a> (2038)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template talk:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Planetary satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/150px-Jupiter_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/225px-Jupiter_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/300px-Jupiter_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1654" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/150px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/225px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/300px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="501" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/150px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/225px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/300px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Dwarf planet satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Minor-planet moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Near-Earth</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/65803_Didymos" title="65803 Didymos">Didymos</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">Moshup</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup#Satellite" title="66391 Moshup">Squannit</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(136617)_1994_CC" title="(136617) 1994 CC">1994 CC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(153591)_2001_SN263" title="(153591) 2001 SN263">2001 SN263</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Main belt</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/22_Kalliope" title="22 Kalliope">Kalliope</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_(moon)" title="Linus (moon)">Linus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/31_Euphrosyne" title="31 Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/41_Daphne" title="41 Daphne">Daphne</a> <dl><dd>Peneius</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/45_Eugenia" title="45 Eugenia">Eugenia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Petit-Prince_(moon)" title="Petit-Prince (moon)">Petit-Prince</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/87_Sylvia" title="87 Sylvia">Sylvia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Romulus_(moon)" title="Romulus (moon)">Romulus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Remus_(moon)" title="Remus (moon)">Remus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/93_Minerva" title="93 Minerva">Minerva</a> <dl><dd>Aegis</dd> <dd>Gorgoneion</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/107_Camilla" title="107 Camilla">Camilla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/130_Elektra" title="130 Elektra">Elektra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/216_Kleopatra" title="216 Kleopatra">Kleopatra</a> <dl><dd>Alexhelios</dd> <dd>Cleoselene</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">Ida</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(moon)" title="Dactyl (moon)">Dactyl</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/317_Roxane" title="317 Roxane">Roxane</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympias (moon)">Olympias</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/762_Pulcova" title="762 Pulcova">Pulcova</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3749_Balam" title="3749 Balam">Balam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/152830_Dinkinesh" title="152830 Dinkinesh">Dinkinesh</a> (Selam)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Jupiter trojans</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/617_Patroclus" title="617 Patroclus">Patroclus</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (moon)">Menoetius</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/624_Hektor" title="624 Hektor">Hektor</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Skamandrios_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skamandrios (moon)">Skamandrios</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3548_Eurybates" title="3548 Eurybates">Eurybates</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Queta_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queta (moon)">Queta</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>TNOs</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo" title="47171 Lempo">Lempo</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Hiisi" title="47171 Lempo">Hiisi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Paha" title="47171 Lempo">Paha</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(55637)_2002_UX25" title="(55637) 2002 UX25">2002 UX25</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/79360_Sila%E2%80%93Nunam" title="79360 Sila–Nunam">Sila–Nunam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/G%C7%83%C3%B2%CA%BC%C3%A9_%C7%83H%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǃòʼé ǃHú">Gǃòʼé ǃHú</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">2013 FY27</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Ranked by size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> <ul><li>largest: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Discovery timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_moon" title="Inner moon">Inner moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">Irregular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">Planetary-mass moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_moons" title="Naming of moons">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">Regular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheres" title="Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheres" title="Template talk:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmospheres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere"><img alt="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/150px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/225px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/300px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn#Atmosphere" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Atmosphere" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake#Atmosphere" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)#Surface_and_atmosphere" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Atmosphere" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJ_1132_b#Atmosphere" title="GJ 1132 b">GJ 1132 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b#Stratosphere_and_upper_clouds" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b#Cloud_mapping" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Solar system">Solar system</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3123#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3123#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3123#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315160643">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4276694-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98000376">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556431505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&oldid=1256831429">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&oldid=1256831429</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Solar_System" title="Category:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_objects_discovered_in_1610" title="Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1610">Astronomical objects discovered in 1610</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_Galileo_Galilei" title="Category:Discoveries by Galileo Galilei">Discoveries by Galileo Galilei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Io_(moon)" title="Category:Io (moon)">Io (moon)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Category:Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_with_a_prograde_orbit" title="Category:Moons with a prograde orbit">Moons with a prograde orbit</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2022">Articles with dead external links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 19:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5pr2z","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.091","walltime":"2.452","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15934,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":663787,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":86108,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":670440,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1999.764 1 -total"," 50.82% 1016.366 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.03% 420.477 83 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.85% 196.996 32 Template:Cite_web"," 8.92% 178.281 1 Template:Infobox_planet"," 7.46% 149.163 12 Template:Navbox"," 6.93% 138.579 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.46% 109.183 18 Template:Cite_book"," 4.72% 94.348 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.55% 90.979 1 Template:Io"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.170","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11987207,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","220","15.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","14.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","11.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","11.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","8.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.9"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","40","2.9"],["[others]","240","17.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-p4th5","timestamp":"20241122140848","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Io (moon)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Io_(moon)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3123","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3123","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-02T19:56:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T19:56:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg","headline":"innermost of the 4 Galilean moons of Jupiter"}</script> </body> </html>