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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography and topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hydrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Limnology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avifauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avifauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Avifauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avifauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic_vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Aquatic vegetation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Threats and issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_and_social_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_and_social_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Restoration and social activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_and_social_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulicat Lake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="पुलीकट झील – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पुलीकट झील" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llac_Pulicat" title="Llac Pulicat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llac Pulicat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пуликат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пуликат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pulicat Lake" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulicat-See" title="Pulicat-See – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pulicat-See" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Pulicat" title="Lac Pulicat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac Pulicat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="पुलिकट झील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुलिकट झील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪುಲಿಕಾಟ್ ಸರೋವರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುಲಿಕಾಟ್ ಸರೋವರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पुलिकट ताल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पुलिकट ताल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="पुलीकट सरोवर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुलीकट सरोवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بحيره پوليكات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحيره پوليكات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पुलिकट ताल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुलिकट ताल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪੁਲੀਕਾਤ ਝੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਲੀਕਾਤ ਝੀਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пуликат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пуликат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pulicat Lake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="பழவேற்காடு ஏரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழவேற்காடு ஏரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="పులికాట్ సరస్సు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పులికాట్ సరస్సు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q708366#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pulicat_Lake&params=13_33_57_N_80_10_29_E_type:waterbody_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°33′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°10′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.56583°N 80.17472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.56583; 80.17472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brackish water lagoon in India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Pulicat Lake</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_023_-_lake_landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Palm trees lining the barrier islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_023_-_lake_landscape.jpg/264px-India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_023_-_lake_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_023_-_lake_landscape.jpg/396px-India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_023_-_lake_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_023_-_lake_landscape.jpg/528px-India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_023_-_lake_landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Palm trees lining the barrier islands</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Andhra_Pradesh_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Pulicat Lake"><img alt="Location of Pulicat Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/India_Andhra_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/256px-India_Andhra_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/India_Andhra_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/384px-India_Andhra_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/India_Andhra_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/512px-India_Andhra_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="849" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.795%;left:42.696%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pulicat Lake"><img alt="Location of Pulicat Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pulicat Lake</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> border</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pulicat_Lake&params=13_33_57_N_80_10_29_E_type:waterbody_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°33′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°10′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.56583°N 80.17472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.56583; 80.17472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arani_River" title="Arani River">Arani River</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalangi_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalangi River (page does not exist)">Kalangi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swarnamukhi" title="Swarnamukhi">Swarnamukhi</a> River</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">60 km (37.3 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">17.5 km (10.9 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">250–450 km<sup>2</sup> (97–174 sq mi)<br />(from low tide to high tide)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">1 m (3.3 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">10 m (32.8 ft) at the mouth</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irukkam_Island" title="Irukkam Island">Irrukam</a>, Venadu and several smaller ones</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Armagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagon">Dugarājupatnam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sullurpeta" title="Sullurpeta">Sullurpeta</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pulicat Lake</b> is the second largest <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, (after <a href="/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake">Chilika Lake</a>), measuring 759 square kilometres (293 sq mi). A major part of the lagoon lies in the <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. The lagoon is one of three important <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> that attracts <a href="/wiki/Northeast_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast monsoon">northeast monsoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud" title="Nimbostratus cloud">rain clouds</a> during the October to December season. The lagoon comprises the following regions: Pulicat Lake (Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu), Marshy/Wetland Land Region (AP), Venadu Reserve Forest (AP), and Pernadu Reserve Forest (AP). The lagoon was cut across in the middle by the Sriharikota Link Road, which divided the water body into lagoon and marshy land. The lagoon encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary">Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a> separates the lagoon from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and is home to the <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pulicat" title="History of Pulicat">History of Pulicat</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulicat,_Aerial_view_of_Pellacata-1682.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pulicat%2C_Aerial_view_of_Pellacata-1682.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of <i>Pellacata</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1602<sup id="cite_ref-CRENIEO4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRENIEO4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> In the 1st century, the anonymous mariner who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> listed Podouke (Pulicat)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as one of the three ports on the east coast of India. In the 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s list of ports on this coast included Podouke Emporion.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> migrated to the shores of the lagoon after they were banished from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> for refusing to pay tributes to a new <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>. Streets with dilapidated masonry houses once occupied by these Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> are still found in the area and resident families claim records in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> testifying the migration.<sup id="cite_ref-chennai_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chennai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plans_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> colonized the lagoon in 16th century followed by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>. The Dutch drifted to the lagoon as their ships got stuck on the shores of Karimanal village on the opposite side of the mouth of the lagoon. During the Dutch occupation, Pulicat was known by the name <i>Pallaicatta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRENIEO3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRENIEO3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Geldria" title="Fort Geldria">Fort Geldria</a> dating to 1609, a church, a cemetery with tombs and mausoleums constructed by the Dutch are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI). The Dutch transacted business with the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and other countries in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-chennai_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chennai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plans_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRENIEO5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRENIEO5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scientific study of the <a href="/wiki/Palynological" class="mw-redirect" title="Palynological">palynological</a> characteristics of the lagoon was conducted by taking <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> soil samples from four test pits. It shows that the vegetational reconstruction from <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> beds at 4.98 metres (16.3 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">a.m.s.l.</a> and 1 metre (3.3 ft) (a.m.s.l.) in the west at <a href="/wiki/Sullurpeta" title="Sullurpeta">Sullurpeta</a> and Kasdredinilem, respectively, is indicative of a <a href="/wiki/Raised_beach#Morphology" title="Raised beach">palaeoshoreline</a>. The sea level reached its maximum around 6650 plus or minus 110 yrs <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> in Sullurpeta, 18 kilometres (11 mi) west from the present shoreline. The radiocarbon dates of peat bed at Kasdreddinilem reveals an age of 4608 plus or minus 122 yrs BP, indicating the shift in mangrove line eastwards during the regressive phase.<sup id="cite_ref-iisc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iisc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_topography">Geography and topography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lagoon's boundary limits range between 13.33° to 13.66° N and 80.23° to 80.25°E, with a dried part of the lagoon extending up to 14.0°N.; with about 96% of the lagoon in Andhra Pradesh and 3% in Tamil Nadu. The lagoon is aligned parallel to the coast line with its western and eastern parts covered with sand ridges. Area of the lagoon varies with the tide; 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) in high tide and 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) in low tide. Its length is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) with width varying from 0.2 kilometres (0.12 mi) to 17.5 kilometres (10.9 mi). Climate of the lagoon coast line is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Monsoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoons">monsoons</a>. Air temperature varies from 15 °C (59 °F) to 45 °C (113 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large spindle-shaped <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier island</a> named Sriharikota separates the lagoon from the Bay of Bengal. The sandy barrier islands of Irkam and Venad and smaller islands in the north are aligned north–south and divide the lagoon into eastern and western sectors. The morphology of the lagoons is categorized under four types with large areas under mudflats and sandflats.<sup id="cite_ref-iisc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iisc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fishing village of <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a> is at the south end of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Satish Dhawan Space Center is located on the north end of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_6_LOI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_6_LOI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagon">Dugarājupatnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sullurpeta" title="Sullurpeta">Sullurpeta</a> are villages located on the periphery of the lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two rivers which feed the lagoon are the <a href="/wiki/Arani_River" title="Arani River">Arani River</a> at the southern tip and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalangi_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalangi River (page does not exist)">Kalangi River</a> from the northwest, in addition to some smaller streams. The <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Canal" title="Buckingham Canal">Buckingham Canal</a>, a navigation channel, is part of the lagoon on its western side. The lagoon's water exchange with the Bay of Bengal is through an inlet channel at the north end of Sriharikota and out flow channel of about 200 metres (660 ft) width at its southern end, both of which carry flows only during the rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-iisc_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iisc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaya_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaya-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andhra_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andhra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lagoon acts as buffer to retain the accumulated flood water till the flood water is discharged gradually to the sea during the monsoon period and cyclones. The lagoon and its river basins are located both in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> states. The lagoon and its drainage river basins become interstate river basin as per <a href="/wiki/Interstate_River_Water_Disputes_Act" title="Interstate River Water Disputes Act">Interstate River Water Disputes Act</a> 1956. Most of the lagoon area including its water outlet to the sea is located in Andhra Pradesh. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulicat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pulicat.jpg/200px-Pulicat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pulicat.jpg/300px-Pulicat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pulicat.jpg/400px-Pulicat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Pulicat Lake flooded due to rains</figcaption></figure> <p>The water quality of the lagoon varies widely during various seasons – summer, pre–monsoon, monsoon and post–monsoon – as the depth and width of the lagoon mouth varies, causing a dynamic situation of mixing and circulation of waters. The resultant salinity variation and DO (<a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a>) affects the primary production, plankton, biodiversity and fisheries in this lagoon. Salinity values vary from zero during the monsoon to about 52,000 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (hyper saline) during post and pre–monsoon seasons. Adjustment to this wide variation is difficult for sessile and sedentary species in the lagoon. However, <a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">euryhaline</a> species still dwell in the lagoon. The <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> or the bottom habitat of this lagoon is classified into three zones. The southern zone, the first zone, is dominated by sand with some admixture of mud. The second zone at the northern region is wholly muddy. The third zone with sand and mud in equal parts is overgrown with patches of weeds and is reported to be rich in benthic biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> levels of heavy metals such as magnesium, lead, zinc, nickel, cadmium, aluminum and copper and chemicals such as ammonia, sulphate and fluoride in the lagoon are well within permissible limits.<sup id="cite_ref-story_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the lagoon likely experienced up to 40% desalination due to the impact of freshwater floods from the 2015 South India floods.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lagoon has rich flora and fauna diversity, which supports active commercial fisheries and a large and varied bird population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limnology">Limnology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fishing is the major occupation in the many villages located around the lagoon periphery and on the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lagoon has rich fish diversity, mostly marine species, some truly brackish water and a few freshwater species. <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> are the major brackish water fish, which have supported sustenance fishing for the lagoon fishermen. The lagoon is a nursery for several species of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two thirds of the settlements in the lagoon area are in Tamil Nadu and the balance in Andhra Pradesh. 12,370 fishermen live on full-time fishery in the lagoon (6,000 in Andhra Pradesh and 6,370 in Tamil Nadu).<sup id="cite_ref-paddu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paddu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An average 1,200 tonnes of fish and crustaceans are harvested annually, of which prawns constitute 60%, followed by mullets.<sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seafood exports of white and tiger prawns, jellyfish, finfish and live lagoon <a href="/wiki/Green_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Green crab">green crabs</a> are also economic benefits from the lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 168 total fish species are reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequently found ones are the <a href="/wiki/Mugil" title="Mugil">mullets</a>: <i>M. cunnesius</i>, <i>M. jerdoni</i>, <i>M. dussumieri</i>, <i>M. cephalus</i>, <i>M. bornensis</i> and <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">blowfish</a> <i>T. nigropunctatus</i>, <i>T. leopardus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Barbus" title="Barbus">Barbus</a> dorsalis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mystus" title="Mystus">catfish</a> <i>Macrones vittatus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinella" title="Sardinella">sardines</a>, <i>Sardinella fimbriata</i> and <a href="/wiki/Chanos_chanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanos chanos">milk fish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">Finfish</a>, green crabs, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prawns" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawns">prawns</a> are the most commercially exploited fishes of the lagoon. <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">Endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Chelonia_mydas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonia mydas">green sea turtles</a> are found on the beaches of Sriharikota beach.<sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is also produced from the lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avifauna">Avifauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Avifauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulicat-Spotted_Pelican.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pulicat-Spotted_Pelican.jpg/200px-Pulicat-Spotted_Pelican.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pulicat-Spotted_Pelican.jpg/300px-Pulicat-Spotted_Pelican.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pulicat-Spotted_Pelican.jpg/400px-Pulicat-Spotted_Pelican.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Spot-billed pelican at Pulicat Lake</figcaption></figure> <p>The shallow lagoon is known for its diversity of aquatic birds and is an important stopover on migration routes and is reported to be the third most important wetland on the eastern coast of India for migratory shorebirds, particularly during the spring and autumn migration seasons. In view of the rich avifauna of the lagoon, two bird sanctuaries are established in the lagoon, one each in the Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states.<sup id="cite_ref-andhra_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andhra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tamil_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamil-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Andhra Pradesh portion of <a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary">Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary</a>, established in September 1976, has an area of 172 square kilometres (66 sq mi) within the lagoon's total area in the state in the <a href="/wiki/Tada,_Nellore_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tada, Nellore district">Tada</a> Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore district</a>. The Wildlife Division of the state has listed 115 species of water and land birds in the sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nelapattu_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary">Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary</a> is also located nearby in its catchment area. The Tamil Nadu part of the lagoon of 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi) area, extending over the <a href="/wiki/Ponneri" title="Ponneri">Ponneri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gummidipundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gummidipundi">Gummidipundi</a> taluks of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvallur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvallur district">Thiruvallur district</a>, was declared a bird sanctuary in October 1980. </p><p>Every year approximately 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">greater flamingos</a> are reported to visit the lagoon along with <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, painted <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoonbill" title="Spoonbill">spoonbills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chennai_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chennai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest concentrations of flamingo are found in the periphery of the lagoon where the water level is below 40 centimetres (16 in). The concentrations of flamingos are also associated with high algal, fish and benthic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other water birds in the area include <a href="/wiki/Spot-billed_pelican" title="Spot-billed pelican">spot-billed pelican</a>, seven species of <a href="/wiki/Herons" class="mw-redirect" title="Herons">herons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Egrets">egrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painted_stork" title="Painted stork">painted stork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">greater flamingos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a>, 20 species of <a href="/wiki/Shorebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebirds">shorebirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulls">gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terns" class="mw-redirect" title="Terns">terns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_grebe" title="Little grebe">little grebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cormorant" title="Indian cormorant">Indian cormorant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_cormorant" title="Little cormorant">little cormorant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_openbill_stork" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian openbill stork">Asian openbill stork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-headed_ibis" title="Black-headed ibis">black-headed ibis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_spoonbill" title="Eurasian spoonbill">Eurasian spoonbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_whistling_teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser whistling teal">lesser whistling teal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_spot-billed_duck" title="Indian spot-billed duck">Indian spot-billed duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_thick-knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Great thick-knee">great thick-knee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_curlew" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone curlew">stone curlew</a>. Several species of wintering waterfowl have been noted including <a href="/wiki/Bar-headed_goose" title="Bar-headed goose">bar-headed goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruddy_shelduck" title="Ruddy shelduck">ruddy shelduck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wigeon" title="Eurasian wigeon">Eurasian wigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Common teal">common teal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">northern pintail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garganey" title="Garganey">garganey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_shoveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern shoveller">northern shoveller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_pochard" title="Common pochard">common pochard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_gull" title="Brown-headed gull">brown-headed gull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gull" title="Black-headed gull">black-headed gull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiskered_tern" title="Whiskered tern">whiskered tern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull-billed_tern" title="Gull-billed tern">gull-billed tern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tern" title="Caspian tern">Caspian tern</a>. Birds of prey which appear in winter are the: <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_sea_eagle" title="White-bellied sea eagle">white-bellied sea eagle</a>, harriers and <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TFD_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFD-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest concentrations of flamingos occur in the Andhra Pradesh part of the sanctuary, around the islands of Vendadu and Irukkam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_vegetation">Aquatic vegetation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aquatic vegetation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 59 species of aquatic vegetation, eight of <a href="/wiki/Cyanophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanophyceae">Cyanophyceae</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyceae">Rhodophyceae</a>. Patches of residual, dry, evergreen forest and large areas of littoral scrub in woodlands in fishing villages bordering the lagoon are seen. Invasive <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> species of <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis juliflora">Prosopis juliflora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(genus)" title="Spirulina (genus)">Spirulina</a> major</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oscillatoria" title="Oscillatoria">Oscillatoria</a></i> spp., <i><a href="/wiki/Anabaena" title="Anabaena">Anabaena</a></i> spp., <i>Rhizosolenia castracanei</i>, <i>Eucampia cornuta</i> and <i>Climacodium frauenfeldianum</i> in the plains on the periphery of the lake have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_and_issues">Threats and issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Threats and issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as section.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pulicat_Lake" title="Talk:Pulicat Lake">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and delay in the northeast monsoons quite often, lack of dredging activities in the estuaries region like Duggarajapatanam, Mulapadava and Tupilipalem. Diversity of the lake looks like the semi salt desert of what was the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. It directly impacts wildlife conversation in those area and livelihoods of the people of the coastal community. Evidence of these changes were inevitable, bird migrations has decreased rapidly due to lack of maintenance of the lake beds. It affects the almost 160 km<sup>2</sup> of the lake. Almost 40% of the lake was dried up by 2020. Recent trends and data show that Pullicat Lake is in the verge of destruction due to the lack of dredging activities. If same trends continuous it would be like another Aral Sea. </p><p>In the Andhra Pradesh part of the lagoon, several threats to the lagoon have been identified. These are: pollution from sewage, pesticides, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents from Arani and Kalangi rivers draining into the lagoon bringing fertilizers and pesticides with the runoff from the agricultural field into the drainage basin; domestic sewage; effluents and wastes from numerous fish-processing units; oil spills from the mechanized boats. Release of 4,780 hectares (11,800 acres) of marine chemicals, and salt-manufacturing industry and shrimp farming in more than 1,000 acres (400 ha) on the eastern part of the lagoon, have affected the Pulicat Bird Sanctuary; the livelihood of 30,000 fishermen and 20,000 agricultural labourers (for whom fishing is an off-season economic activity) have also been disturbed. This activity is also reported to have serious impact on aquaculture development.<sup id="cite_ref-andhra_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andhra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a> and periodic closure of the bar mouth due to the dynamic process of <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a> has caused reduction of size and seasonal closure of the mouth of the lagoon. It has reduced fresh sea-water exchange and made the lagoon shallow and turbid. It is reported that average depth, 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in the early 20th century, has been reduced to less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) in the lagoon. This has caused difficulties such as the bar mouth getting silted up and being closed during the summer season (June–July to Oct–Nov), and an increase in flood levels during the rainy season. The lagoon acts as a large evaporating basin when the bar is closed resulting in <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> levels remaining low or high subject to the flood discharge into the lagoon during the north east monsoon. Fluctuation of water levels in the lagoon (above or below the sea level) is affecting flora, fauna and fisheries; siltation has caused variation of the lagoon mouth resulting in reduction of tidal inflows and consequent decline in stocking of commercially important species of prawns and mullets.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tamil_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamil-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flood_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plains">flood plains</a> reclamation in Arani River basin for industrial and residential purposes is also increasing lagoon maximum water level during the floods. </p><p>Runoff from agricultural fields in the drainage basins of the Arani and Kalangi rivers into the lagoon has increased pollution load from fertilizers and pesticides; pollution from domestic sewage is also being released to the lagoon. A petrochemical complex, power plant and a satellite port on <a href="/wiki/Ennore" title="Ennore">Ennore</a> creek have further aggravated the problem;<sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is threat of flooding of 14 island – villages of the lagoon;<sup id="cite_ref-story_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequent to the <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> in 2004, the number of fishing boats have increased resulting in the "Catch Per Unit Effort" of fish, prawns and crabs declined from 1000 tonnes to about 700 tonnes;<sup id="cite_ref-story_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this has increased the social and fishing rights conflicts between marine based fishermen and the lagoon fishermen. </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a>, lagoon fishery was adversely affected, with many fishing communities losing all means of livelihood until the middle of April 2005, as the loss of lives, homes and boats prevented them from going fishing in the sea and the lagoon. They subsisted on relief supplies provided by the government and other agencies. Many people in fish related trades were also affected.<sup id="cite_ref-global_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a beneficial effect of the tsunami has been the widening of the opening to the lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_and_social_activities">Restoration and social activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Restoration and social activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various groups and non governmental organizations are active in the area. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=AARDE_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AARDE Foundation (page does not exist)">AARDE Foundation</a> maintains Pulicat Museum at Pazhaverkadu to create awareness among inhabitants and city dwellers. AARDE Foundation represented Pulicat at United Nation's <a href="/wiki/World_Urban_Forum" title="World Urban Forum">World Urban Forum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a> as an associate-partner. Pulicat Day, part of <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Wetlands_Day" title="World Wetlands Day">World Wetlands Day</a>, is celebrated every February by AARDE to bring attention to this fragile environment. An expert plan on "Wildlife Action Plan for Conservation Measures on the Pulicat lagoon Sanctuary" has envisaged to set up a hydro biological research station, visitor center, provide shallow-bottomed boats to enable sanctuary staff to patrol the lagoon and to prepare a management plan and conservation strategy for the entire area. COPDANET is striving to implement traditional "Paadu system" and regular desilting to ensure adequate salt and fresh water mix in the lagoon which could enhance fish resources.<sup id="cite_ref-paddu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paddu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centre for Research on New International Economic Order (CReNIEO) has been promoting welfare of fishermen and management of the natural resources of the lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-global_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A research study by <a href="/wiki/Loyola_College,_Chennai" title="Loyola College, Chennai">Loyola College, Chennai</a> reported in 2007 that the lagoon that bore the brunt of industrial pollution has made an ecological turnaround, recording toxicity levels well within permissible limits.<sup id="cite_ref-story_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project (TEAP), construction of a high level bridge across Pulicat lagoon along with approach roads on both sides of the lagoon has been constructed providing a safe escape route for people residing on the islands and also access for emergency response operations.<sup id="cite_ref-story_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern part of the lagoon in Tamil Nadu 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the estuary is rich in fishes and the fishing is controlled by a traditional <i>Paadu system</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-paddu_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paddu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paadu is a traditional system of getting entitlements to eligible members of a particular community for undertaking specified fishing activity in certain designated areas. The fishing grounds fall within a radius of5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the mouth of the lagoon with a salinity well maintained without much drying even during low tides. However, this traditional practice is based on <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> control of the access rights to the high productive areas and is opposed by eastern fishermen and ocean-side villages. As a result, conflicts leading to violence have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-paddu_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paddu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tamil Nadu part of the lagoon is 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and the nearest airport and major railway station are in Chennai. The nearest suburban railway station is at <a href="/wiki/Ponneri" title="Ponneri">Ponneri</a>. To reach Pulicat on the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_16_(India)" title="National Highway 16 (India)">National Highway 16</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, drive north toward <a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a>, after 30 kilometres (19 mi), turn right towards <a href="/wiki/Ponneri" title="Ponneri">Ponneri</a> village and continue 18 km (11.2 mi) to Pulicat village.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sullurpeta" title="Sullurpeta">Sullurpeta</a> station is 17 kilometres (11 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Canal" title="Buckingham Canal">Buckingham Canal</a> on the western side of the lagoon is the navigation route through the lagoon used by cargo and passenger vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-invent_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_sail_on_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional fishing boat"><img alt="Traditional fishing boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blue_sail_on_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/90px-Blue_sail_on_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blue_sail_on_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/135px-Blue_sail_on_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blue_sail_on_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/180px-Blue_sail_on_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional fishing boat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulicat_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asian openbill stork"><img alt="Asian openbill stork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pulicat_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/120px-Pulicat_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pulicat_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/180px-Pulicat_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pulicat_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/240px-Pulicat_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asian openbill stork</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_cemetery_in_pulicat_town.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Dutch Cemetery"><img alt="Old Dutch Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dutch_cemetery_in_pulicat_town.jpg/90px-Dutch_cemetery_in_pulicat_town.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dutch_cemetery_in_pulicat_town.jpg/135px-Dutch_cemetery_in_pulicat_town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dutch_cemetery_in_pulicat_town.jpg/180px-Dutch_cemetery_in_pulicat_town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Dutch Cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to the old Dutch Cemetery"><img alt="Entrance to the old Dutch Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg/90px-India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg/135px-India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg/180px-India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to the old <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS016-E-34954_-_View_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pulicat Lake from ISS"><img alt="Pulicat Lake from ISS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ISS016-E-34954_-_View_of_India.jpg/120px-ISS016-E-34954_-_View_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ISS016-E-34954_-_View_of_India.jpg/180px-ISS016-E-34954_-_View_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ISS016-E-34954_-_View_of_India.jpg/240px-ISS016-E-34954_-_View_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pulicat Lake from <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Drama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pulicat Lake"><img alt="Pulicat Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/A_Drama.jpg/120px-A_Drama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/A_Drama.jpg/180px-A_Drama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/A_Drama.jpg/240px-A_Drama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pulicat Lake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg,_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater flamingo (sub adult)"><img alt="Greater flamingo (sub adult)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg%2C_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/120px-Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg%2C_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg%2C_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/180px-Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg%2C_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg%2C_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/240px-Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg%2C_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater flamingo (sub adult)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spot-billed_Pelican_at_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) at Pulicat Lake"><img alt="Spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) at Pulicat Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spot-billed_Pelican_at_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/120px-Spot-billed_Pelican_at_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spot-billed_Pelican_at_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/180px-Spot-billed_Pelican_at_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spot-billed_Pelican_at_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/240px-Spot-billed_Pelican_at_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spot-billed pelican (<i>Pelecanus philippensis</i>) at Pulicat Lake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_still_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House crow"><img alt="House crow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crow_still_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg/120px-Crow_still_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crow_still_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg/180px-Crow_still_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crow_still_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg/240px-Crow_still_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House crow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist_in_pulicat_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tourist in Pulicat Lake"><img alt="Tourist in Pulicat Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tourist_in_pulicat_lake.jpg/120px-Tourist_in_pulicat_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tourist_in_pulicat_lake.jpg/180px-Tourist_in_pulicat_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tourist_in_pulicat_lake.jpg/240px-Tourist_in_pulicat_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tourist in Pulicat Lake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_men_in_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fishermen in Pulicat Lake"><img alt="Fishermen in Pulicat Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fisher_men_in_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/120px-Fisher_men_in_Pulicat_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fisher_men_in_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/180px-Fisher_men_in_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fisher_men_in_Pulicat_Lake.jpg/240px-Fisher_men_in_Pulicat_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fishermen in Pulicat Lake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_Like_Backwater_in_Pulicat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ocean-like backwater in Pulicat"><img alt="Ocean-like backwater in Pulicat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ocean_Like_Backwater_in_Pulicat.jpg/120px-Ocean_Like_Backwater_in_Pulicat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ocean_Like_Backwater_in_Pulicat.jpg/180px-Ocean_Like_Backwater_in_Pulicat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ocean_Like_Backwater_in_Pulicat.jpg/240px-Ocean_Like_Backwater_in_Pulicat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ocean-like backwater in Pulicat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisherman_cleaning_his_net_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisherman cleaning his net in Pulicat Lake"><img alt="Fisherman cleaning his net in Pulicat Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fisherman_cleaning_his_net_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg/80px-Fisherman_cleaning_his_net_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fisherman_cleaning_his_net_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg/120px-Fisherman_cleaning_his_net_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fisherman_cleaning_his_net_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg/160px-Fisherman_cleaning_his_net_in_Pulicat_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fisherman cleaning his net in Pulicat Lake</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadari_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadari river">Nadari river</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sanjeev-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/docs/bulletin6-pulicatlake.pdf">"Macrofauna of Pulicat lagoon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nbaindia.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nbaindia.org&rft.atitle=Macrofauna+of+Pulicat+lagoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbaindia.org%2Fuploaded%2Fdocs%2Fbulletin6-pulicatlake.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRENIEO4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRENIEO4_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzariah2007" class="citation book cs1">Azariah, Jayapaul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011545/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF4.pdf">"4. My Biography Paliacatte to Pulicat 1400 to 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History of Dutch Fort in Maps, The Fort and Its Settlements - Pallaicatta</i>. Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India: CRENIEO. p. 68. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+My+Biography+Paliacatte+to+Pulicat+1400+to+2007&rft.btitle=History+of+Dutch+Fort+in+Maps%2C+The+Fort+and+Its+Settlements+-+Pallaicatta&rft.place=Chennai%2C+Tamil+Nadu%2C+India&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=CRENIEO&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Azariah&rft.aufirst=Jayapaul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crenieo.org%2Fbooks%2FPDF4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNambiar" class="citation web cs1">Nambiar, O. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060909/http://www.pfr2006.nic.in/MaritimeHistory3.htm">"An Illustrated Maritime History of Indian Ocean Highlighting the Maritime History of the Eastern Sea Board"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfr2006.nic.in/MaritimeHistory3.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Maritime+History+of+Indian+Ocean+Highlighting+the+Maritime+History+of+the+Eastern+Sea+Board&rft.aulast=Nambiar&rft.aufirst=O.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfr2006.nic.in%2FMaritimeHistory3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2002" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzZBdGQN_TIC&pg=PA33"><i>Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2332-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2332-X"><bdi>0-8248-2332-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Maritime+Bead+Trade%3A+300+B.C.+to+the+Present&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8248-2332-X&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzZBdGQN_TIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chennai-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chennai_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chennai_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chennai_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chennai.org.uk/excursions/pulicat.html">"Pulicat"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulicat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chennai.org.uk%2Fexcursions%2Fpulicat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plans-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plans_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plans_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120182109/http://www.pulicatlake.net/plans.htm">"Alternative Development Paradigm"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulicatlake.net/plans.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternative+Development+Paradigm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulicatlake.net%2Fplans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRENIEO3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRENIEO3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzariah2007" class="citation book cs1">Azariah, Jayapaul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011712/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF3.pdf">"3. My Biography Paliacatte to Pulicat 1400 to 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pulicat Place Names Through History</i>. Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India: CRENIEO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dod.nic.in/tsunami2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physics+of+the+tsunami&rft.pages=33%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdod.nic.in%2Ftsunami2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703043419/http://www.crenieo.org/content.asp?flag=pulicat">"Pulicat - Projects"</a>. CRENIEO. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crenieo.org/content.asp?flag=pulicat">the original</a> on 3 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulicat+-+Projects&rft.pub=CRENIEO&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crenieo.org%2Fcontent.asp%3Fflag%3Dpulicat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028002115/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/IND/39114/39114-IND-SIEE.pdf">"India:Tsunami Emergency Assistance (Sector) Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/IND/39114/39114-IND-SIEE.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%3ATsunami+Emergency+Assistance+%28Sector%29+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2FDocuments%2FEnvironment%2FIND%2F39114%2F39114-IND-SIEE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulicat+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulicat_Lake&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Beaches of Andhra Pradesh">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RK_Beach" title="RK Beach">RK Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarada_Beach" title="Yarada Beach">Yarada Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodarevu_Beach" title="Vodarevu Beach">Vodarevu Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppada_Beach" title="Uppada Beach">Uppada Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryalanka_Beach" title="Suryalanka Beach">Suryalanka Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruva_Beach" title="Baruva Beach">Baruva Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mypadu_Beach" title="Mypadu Beach">Mypadu Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingapatnam_Beach" title="Kalingapatnam Beach">Kalingapatnam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bheemili_Beach" title="Bheemili Beach">Bheemili Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manginapudi_Beach" title="Manginapudi Beach">Manginapudi Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushikonda_Beach" title="Rushikonda Beach">Rushikonda Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Estuaries/creeks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary"> Krishna estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Port" title="Visakhapatnam Port">Narava Gedda creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Marshes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coringa_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary">Coringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary"> Krishna delta mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of rivers of Andhra Pradesh">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arani_River" title="Arani River">Arani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapu_Kotturu" title="Vajrapu Kotturu">Bendi Gedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangavaram_Port" title="Gangavaram Port">Borramma Gedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budameru_Rivulet" title="Budameru Rivulet">Budameru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichchapuram" title="Ichchapuram">Bahuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champavathi_River" title="Champavathi River"> Champavathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyyeru_River" title="Cheyyeru River">Cheyyeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitravathi_River" title="Chitravathi River">Chitravathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velgode" class="mw-redirect" title="Velgode">Galeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naupada" title="Naupada">Garibula Gedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosthani_River" title="Gosthani River">Gosthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundlakamma_River" title="Gundlakamma River">Gundlakamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagavali_River" title="Nagavali River">Jhanjavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatagiri" title="Venkatagiri">Kaivalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchalakona" title="Penchalakona">Kandaleru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentada" title="Mentada">Kandivalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullurpeta" title="Sullurpeta">Kalangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnerasani_River" title="Kinnerasani River">Kinnerasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koringa_River" title="Koringa River">Koringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundu_River" title="Kundu River">Kundu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madala_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madala River (page does not exist)">Madala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendratanaya_River" title="Mahendratanaya River">Mahendratanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldevi_River" title="Maldevi River">Maldevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayachoti" title="Rayachoti">Mandavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandipalem" title="Gandipalem">Manneru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneru_River" title="Munneru River">Munneru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murredu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murredu (page does not exist)">Murredu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadari_River" title="Nadari River">Nadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosasthalaiyar_River" title="Kosasthalaiyar River">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagavali_River" title="Nagavali River">Nagavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Port" title="Visakhapatnam Port">Narava Gedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palar_River" title="Palar River">Palar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleru" title="Paleru">Paleru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papagni_River" title="Papagni River">Papagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laveru" title="Laveru">Pedda Gedda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peddavagu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peddavagu (page does not exist)">Peddavagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penna_River" title="Penna River">Penna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnaiyar_River" title="Ponnaiyar River">Ponnaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabari_River" title="Sabari River">Sabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sileru_River" title="Sileru River">Sileru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_River" title="Sarada River">Sarada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarnamukhi" title="Swarnamukhi">Swarnamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammileru" title="Tammileru">Tammileru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandava_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tandava River (page does not exist)">Tandava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamsadhara_River" title="Vamsadhara River">Vamsadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etikoppaka" title="Etikoppaka">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedavathi_River" title="Vedavathi River">Vedavathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erravaram_Caves" title="Erravaram Caves">Yeleru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerrakaluva" title="Yerrakaluva">Yerrakaluva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Waterfalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duduma_Waterfalls" title="Duduma Waterfalls">Duduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethipothala_Falls" title="Ethipothala Falls">Ethipothala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailasakona_Falls" title="Kailasakona Falls">Kailasakona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallela_Theertham" title="Mallela Theertham">Mallela Theertham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talakona" title="Talakona">Talakona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubbalamadugu_Falls" title="Ubbalamadugu Falls">Ubbalamadugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulicat Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolleru_Lake" title="Kolleru Lake">Kolleru Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondakarla_Ava" title="Kondakarla Ava">Kondakarla Ava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh">Alaganoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balimela_Reservoir" title="Balimela Reservoir">Balimela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamgari_Matham" title="Brahmamgari Matham">Brahmamsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowleswaram_Barrage" title="Dowleswaram Barrage">Dowleswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandikota" title="Gandikota">Gandikota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiramandalam" title="Hiramandalam">Gotta barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundlakamma_Reservoir_Project" title="Gundlakamma Reservoir Project">Gundlakamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaput_Dam" title="Jalaput Dam">Jalaput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeedipalli_Reservoir" title="Jeedipalli Reservoir">Jeedipalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Dam" title="Kalyani Dam">Kalyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandaleru_Dam" title="Kandaleru Dam">Kandaleru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanithi_Balancing_Reservoir" title="Kanithi Balancing Reservoir">Kanithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghadri_Gedda_Reservoir" title="Meghadri Gedda Reservoir">Meghadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudasarlova_Reservoir" title="Mudasarlova Reservoir">Mudasarlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPR_Dam" title="MPR Dam">Mid Penna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylavaram_Dam" title="Mylavaram Dam">Mylavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam" title="Nagarjuna Sagar Dam">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_tail_pond" title="Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond">Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh">Nellore anicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PABR_Dam" title="PABR Dam">Penna Ahobilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polavaram_Project" title="Polavaram Project">Polavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakasam_Barrage" title="Prakasam Barrage">Prakasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulichinthala_Project" title="Pulichinthala Project">Pulichinthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiwada_Reservoir" title="Raiwada Reservoir">Raiwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajolibanda_Diversion_Scheme" title="Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme">Rajolibanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh">Sangam anicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somasila_Dam" title="Somasila Dam">Somasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam_Dam" title="Srisailam Dam">Srisailam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunkesula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunkesula">Sunkesula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatipudi_Reservoir" title="Tatipudi Reservoir">Tatipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thotapalli_Barrage" title="Thotapalli Barrage">Thotapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veligallu_Dam_Reservoir" title="Veligallu Dam Reservoir">Veligallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veligonda_Project" title="Veligonda Project">Veligonda </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothireddypadu_Reservoir" title="Pothireddypadu Reservoir">Veligodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeleswaram" title="Yeleswaram">Yeleru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Inland waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Waterway_4" title="National Waterway 4">National Waterway 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Ports (existing/proposed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugarajapatnam_Port" title="Dugarajapatnam Port">Dugarajapatnam Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangavaram_Port" title="Gangavaram Port">Gangavaram Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada_Port" title="Kakinada Port">Kakinada Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnapatnam_Port" title="Krishnapatnam Port">Krishnapatnam Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam_Port" title="Machilipatnam Port">Machilipatnam Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Port" title="Visakhapatnam Port">Visakhapatnam Port</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavani_Island" title="Bhavani Island">Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Island_(India)" title="Hope Island (India)"> Hope island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrography_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrography_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Hydrography of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrography_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Hydrography of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrography_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrography of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrography_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyar_River" title="Adyar River">Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi River">Amaravathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasalar_River" title="Arasalar River">Arasalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavani_River" title="Bhavani River">Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyyar_River" title="Cheyyar River">Cheyyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittar_River" title="Chittar River">Chittar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooum_River" title="Cooum River">Cooum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukhi_River" title="Gomukhi River">Gomukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedilam_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedilam River">Kedilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodaganar_River" title="Kodaganar River">Kodaganar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodavanar_River" title="Kodavanar River">Kodavanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkiliyar_River" title="Kokkiliyar River">Kokkiliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollidam_River" title="Kollidam River">Kollidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosasthalaiyar_River" title="Kosasthalaiyar River">Kosasthalaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimuktha_River" title="Manimuktha River">Manimuktha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimuthar_River_(tributary_of_Thamirabarani)" title="Manimuthar River (tributary of Thamirabarani)">Manimuthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjalar_River" title="Manjalar River">Manjalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyar_River" title="Moyar River">Moyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadari_River" title="Nadari River">Nadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambiyar_River" title="Nambiyar River">Nambiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanganjiyar_River" title="Nanganjiyar River">Nanganjiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyyal_River" title="Noyyal River">Noyyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachaiyar_River" title="Pachaiyar River">Pachaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahrali_River" title="Pahrali River">Pahrali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palar_River" title="Palar River">Palar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambar_River_(Northern_Tamil_Nadu)" title="Pambar River (Northern Tamil Nadu)">Pambar (North)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambar_River_(Southern_Tamil_Nadu)" title="Pambar River (Southern Tamil Nadu)">Pambar (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_River" title="Parambikulam River">Parambikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_River" title="Periyar River">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnaiyar_River" title="Ponnaiyar River">Ponnaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_River" title="Siruvani River">Siruvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swetha_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Swetha river">Swetha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamirabarani_River" title="Thamirabarani River">Thamirabarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumanimutharu_River_(tributary_of_Kaveri)" title="Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)">Thirumanimutharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaigai_River" title="Vaigai River">Vaigai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaippar_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaippar river">Vaippar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar_River" title="Vanniyar River">Vanniyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishta_Nadi" title="Vasishta Nadi">Vasishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellar River">Vellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennaaru_River" title="Vennaaru River">Vennaaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adambakkam_Lake" title="Adambakkam Lake">Adambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambattur_Lake" title="Ambattur Lake">Ambattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_Lake,_Nilgiris" title="Avalanche Lake, Nilgiris">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanambakkam_Lake" title="Ayanambakkam Lake">Ayanambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berijam_Lake" title="Berijam Lake">Berijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembarambakkam_Lake" title="Chembarambakkam Lake">Chembarambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetput_Lake" title="Chetput Lake">Chetput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitlapakkam_Lake" title="Chitlapakkam Lake">Chitlapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholavaram_aeri" title="Cholavaram aeri">Cholavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Lake_(Chennai)" title="ICF Lake (Chennai)">ICF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliveli_Lake" title="Kaliveli Lake">Kaliveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazhuveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazhuveli">Kazhuveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal_Lake" title="Kodaikanal Lake">Kodaikanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolavai_Lake" title="Kolavai Lake">Kolavai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korattur_Aeri" title="Korattur Aeri">Korattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madambakkam_Lake" title="Madambakkam Lake">Madambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_Lake" title="Madhavaram Lake">Madhavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduranthakam_Lake" title="Maduranthakam Lake">Maduranthakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Lake_(Chennai)" title="Mangal Lake (Chennai)">Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathiyampatti_Lake" title="Mathiyampatti Lake">Mathiyampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mookaneri_Lake" title="Mookaneri Lake">Mookaneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ooty_Lake" title="Ooty Lake">Ooty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavaram_Lake" title="Pallavaram Lake">Pallavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakkai_Lake" title="Parakkai Lake">Parakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paruthipattu_Lake" title="Paruthipattu Lake">Paruthipattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perungudi_Lake" title="Perungudi Lake">Perungudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porur_Lake" title="Porur Lake">Porur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumal_Eri" title="Perumal Eri">Perumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulhal_Lake" title="Pulhal Lake">Pulhal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulicat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykara" title="Pykara">Pykara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakkal_Lake" title="Ramakkal Lake">Ramakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills Lake">Red Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retteri" title="Retteri">Retteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholavaram_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sholavaram Lake">Sholavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singanallur_Lake" title="Singanallur Lake">Singanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirudavoor_Lake" title="Sirudavoor Lake">Sirudavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukkadam_Lake" title="Ukkadam Lake">Ukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervoy_Kandigai_reservoir" title="Thervoy Kandigai reservoir">Thervoy Kandigai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruninravur_Lake" title="Tiruninravur Lake">Tiruninravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valankulam_Lake" title="Valankulam Lake">Valankulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranam_Lake" title="Veeranam Lake">Veeranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velachery_Lake" title="Velachery Lake">Velachery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellalore_Lake" title="Vellalore Lake">Vellalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vennandur" title="Lake Vennandur">Vennandur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilinjiyambakkam_Lake" title="Vilinjiyambakkam Lake">Vilinjiyambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villivakkam_lake" title="Villivakkam lake">Villivakkam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Waterfalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaya_Gangai" title="Agaya Gangai">Agaya Gangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyanar_Falls" title="Ayyanar Falls">Ayyanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Falls" title="Catherine Falls">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtallam" title="Courtallam">Courtallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogenakkal_Falls" title="Hogenakkal Falls">Hogenakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalhatti_Falls,_Ooty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhatti Falls, Ooty">Kalhatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katary_Falls" title="Katary Falls">Katary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliyur_Falls" title="Kiliyur Falls">Kiliyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbakkarai_Falls" title="Kumbakkarai Falls">Kumbakkarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutladampatti_Falls" title="Kutladampatti Falls">Kutladampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Falls,_Coonoor" title="Law's Falls, Coonoor">Law's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Falls" title="Monkey Falls">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengupathi_Falls" title="Sengupathi Falls">Sengupathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Waterfalls" title="Siruvani Waterfalls">Siruvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suruli_Falls" title="Suruli Falls">Suruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalaiyar_Falls" title="Thalaiyar Falls">Thalaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirparappu_Waterfalls" title="Tirparappu Waterfalls">Tirparappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulakkai_Aruvi_Waterfalls" title="Ulakkai Aruvi Waterfalls">Ulakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaideki_Falls" title="Vaideki Falls">Vaideki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattaparai_Falls" title="Vattaparai Falls">Vattaparai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elliot%27s_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Elliot's beach">Elliot's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Beach,_Chennai" title="Golden Beach, Chennai">Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covelong" title="Covelong">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Beach" title="Marina Beach">Marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Beach_(India)" title="Silver Beach (India)">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Dams and <br /> reservoirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aathupalayam_Dam" title="Aathupalayam Dam">Aathupalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyar_Reservoir" title="Aliyar Reservoir">Aliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_Dam" title="Amaravathi Dam">Amaravathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavanisagar_Dam" title="Bhavanisagar Dam">Bhavanisagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Anicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Anicut">Grand Anicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingarayan_Anicut" title="Kalingarayan Anicut">Kalingarayan Anicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarajar_Sagar_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamarajar Sagar Dam">Kamarajar Sagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuppanadhi_Dam" title="Karuppanadhi Dam">Karuppanadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiveri_Dam" title="Kodiveri Dam">Kodiveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_Dam" title="Krishnagiri Dam">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Anaicut" title="Lower Anaicut">Lower Anaicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimuthar_Dam" title="Manimuthar Dam">Manimuthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettur_Dam" title="Mettur Dam">Mettur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkadal_Dam" title="Mukkadal Dam">Mukkadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallathangal_Dam" title="Nallathangal Dam">Nallathangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orathuppalayam_Dam" title="Orathuppalayam Dam">Orathuppalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papanasam_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanasam dam">Papanasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechiparai_Reservoir" title="Pechiparai Reservoir">Pechiparai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunchani_Dam" title="Perunchani Dam">Perunchani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathanur_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathanur Reservoir">Sathanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servalar_dam" title="Servalar dam">Servalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaiyar_Dam" title="Solaiyar Dam">Solaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Anaicut" title="Upper Anaicut">Upper Anaicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bhavani" title="Upper Bhavani">Upper Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaigai_Dam" title="Vaigai Dam">Vaigai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varattu_Pallam_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Varattu Pallam Dam">Varattu Pallam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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