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BBC - History
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width="10" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" alt="" align="left"/></td></tr><tr><td class="bbcpageLocal" colspan="3"><div id="leftnav"> <h4><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/">History Homepage</a></h4> <h5>Topics</h5> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/">Ancient History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/">Church & State</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/discovery/">Science & Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/">Society & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/">Wars and Conflict</a></li> </ul> <h5>Resources</h5> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/">History TV & Radio </a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/multimedia_zone/">Interactive Content</a></li> <li class="stick"><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/reading_room/">Reading Room</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/">Timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/">Historic Figures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/forkids/">History for Kids</a></li> </ul> <h5>Practical History</h5> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology/">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/">Family History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/">History Trails</a></li> </ul> <h5>Community</h5> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/talk_history/">Messageboard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/about/newsletter.shtml">Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/about/">About This Site</a></li> </ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="bbcpageLocal" colspan="3"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" width="1" height="5" alt=""/></td></tr><tr><td class="bbcpageServices"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" width="1" height="1" alt=""/></td><td class="bbcpageServices"><hr width="50" align="left"/><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a class="bbcpageServices" href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/feedback/">Contact Us</a><br/><br/><font size="1">Like this page?<br/><a class="bbcpageServices" onclick="popmailwin('/cgi-bin/navigation/mailto.pl?GO=1&REF=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/reading_room/index.shtml','Mailer')" href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/navigation/mailto.pl?GO=1&REF=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/reading_room/index.shtml" target="Mailer">Send it to a friend!</a></font><br/> </font></td><td class="bbcpageServices"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" width="1" height="1" alt=""/></td></tr></table><table width="650" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="margin:0px;" style="float:left;"><tr><td><!-- End of GLOBAL NAVIGATION --><a name="startcontent" id="startcontent"></a> <!-- main content area //--> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="635"> <tr> <td colspan="3" height="10"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" height="10" width="1" border="0" alt="" hspace="0" vspace="0"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <!-- Begin Main content area --> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td colspan="3" valign="top" id="topPanel"> <!-- begin top panel --> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr> <!--Begin main image --> <td valign="top" width="405" height="172" class="rightTopPanelMain"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/reading_room/images/readingroom_trench.jpg" width="405" height="172" alt="WWI Tommies" border="0"></td> <!-- end main image --> <!--Begin top Panel right --> <td valign="top" width="230" height="172" class="rightTopPanelMain"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td valign="top" width="100%" class="mainpromo"><p><br/></p> <p>Savour a fabulous diversity of leading history writers, on topics ranging across 7,000 years of history.</p> <p>Explore <strong>bbc.co.uk/history</strong>'s feature articles using the menu below.</p></td></tr> </table> </td> <!-- end top Panel right --> </tr> </table> <!-- end begin top --> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" valign="top" height="4"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" height="4" width="1" border="0" alt="" hspace="0" vspace="0"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" valign="top" class="panelContrast1" width="100%"><h1 class="panelContrast1_1">Inside the Reading Room</h1></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" height="2"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" alt="" hspace="0" vspace="0"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" id="leftList" width="50%"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" class="bodyTextBlack"><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/pals_01.shtml"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/reading_room/images/readingroom_pals.jpg" width="107" height="90" alt="WWI Tommies" border="0"></a></td> <td valign="top" width="100%" class="bodyTextBlack"> <!-- trafalgar --> <div><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/pals_01.shtml"><strong><span class="promH">The Pals Battalions</span></strong></a><br/>Bruce Robinson reveals how Kitchener sought to use friendship to swell recruitment to the British Army.</div> <div class="printVersion"><a onclick="openPrint('/history/war/wwone/pals_print.html'); return false;" href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/pals_print.html"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/images/printout_green.gif" width="17" height="16" alt="Print this page" border="0" align="absmiddle"></a> <a onclick="openPrint('/history/war/wwone/pals_print.html'); return false;" href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/pals_print.html" class="more"><strong>Printable version</strong></a> </div> <!--end trafalgar --> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="4"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" height="1" width="4" border="0" alt="" hspace="0" vspace="0"/></td> <td valign="top" id="rightList" width="50%"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" class="bodyTextBlack"><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/amarna_01.shtml"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/reading_room/images/readingroom_tut.jpg" width="107" height="90" alt="Tutankhamun's Mask" border="0"></a></td> <td valign="top" width="100%" class="bodyTextBlack"> <!-- Family History --> <div><a href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/amarna_01.shtml"><strong><span class="promH">End of the Amarna Period</span></strong></a><br/>Dr Marc Gabolde explores mystery that shrouds Tutankhamun's parentage and other riddles of his Time.</div> <div class="printVersion"><a onclick="openPrint('/history/ancient/egyptians/amarna_print.html'); return false;" href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/amarna_print.html"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/images/printout_green.gif" width="17" height="16" alt="Print this page" border="0" align="absmiddle"></a> <a onclick="openPrint('/history/ancient/egyptians/amarna_print.html'); return false;" href="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/amarna_print.html" class="more"><strong>Printable version</strong></a> </div> <!--end Family History --> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="3" height="5"><img src="/web/20060701062858im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/f/t.gif" height="5" width="1" border="0" alt="" hspace="0" vspace="0"/></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" height="65" class="panelContrast2"> <form action="/web/20060701062858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/openurl" method="GET" onsubmit="self.location=this.menu.options[this.menu.selectedIndex].value; return false;"> <p class="search"><h5 class="normal"> Articles previously featured in the Reading Room:</h5> <select name="menu"> <option value="/history/lj/victorian_britainlj/idealwomen_01.shtml?site=history_society_welfare">Dr Lynn Abrams on womanhood in Victorian Britain</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/adams_armada_01.shtml">Dr Simon Adams on the Spanish Armada</option> <option value="/history/war/wwtwo/leningrad_betrayal_01.shtml">John Barber on the Siege of Leningrad</option> <option value="/history/war/custer_battle_01.shtml">Derek Batten on Custer's Last Stand</option> <option value="/history/society_culture/protest_reform/paine_01.shtml">Professor John Belchem on Tom Paine</option> <option value="/history/war/wwtwo/battle_of_britain_01.shtml">Dr Chris Bellamy on the Battle of Britain</option> <option value="/history/society_culture/protest_reform/benn_levellers_01.shtml">Tony Benn on the Levellers</option> <option value="/history/discovery/medicine/nightingale_01.shtml">Mark Bostridge on Florence Nightingale</option> <option value="/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml">Professor Paul Cartledge on the Greek democratic experiment</option> <option value="/history/ancient/greeks/greekcritics_01.shtml">Professor Paul Cartledge on Athenian Democracy</option> <option value="/history/war/wwtwo/churchill_gathering_storm_01.shtml">John Charmley on Churchill and Appeasement</option><!-- old type state changes take effect / --> <option value="/history/state/empire/american_revolution_01.shtml">Dr Francis Cogliano on the American Revolution</option> <option value="/history/society_culture/art/orwell_01.shtml">Sir Bernard Crick on George Orwell</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/mary_queenscots_bothwell_01.shtml">Dr Saul David on Mary, Queen of Scots</option> <option value="/history/state/nations/culture_preserved_01.shtml">Professor Rees Davies on Wales</option> <option value="/history/society_culture/protest_reform/revolution_01.shtml">Professor Eric Evans on the British revolution</option> <option value="/history/ancient/egyptians/women_01.shtml">Dr Joann Fletcher on career women of Ancient Egypt</option> <option value="/history/state/nations/medieval_ireland_01.shtml">Professor Robin Frame on Britain and Ireland</option> <option value="history/ancient/egyptians/amarna_01.shtml">Dr Marc Gabolde on the end of the Amarna Period</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/gunpowder_haynes_01.shtml">Alan Haynes on The Gunpowder Plot's place in history</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/victoria_ministers_01.shtml">Christopher Hibbert on Queen Victoria and her Prime Ministers</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/charlesi_execution_01.shtml">Professor Ann Hughes on the execution of Charles I</option> <option value="/history/archaeology/treasure/metal_detect_01.shtml">Alex Hunt on Archaeology and Metal Detecting</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/charlesii_masq_01.shtml">Professor Ronald Hutton on Charles II</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/majesty_menace_01.shtml">Professor Ronald Hutton on Henry VIII</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/henryii_character_01.shtml">Dr Mike Ibeji on Henry II</option> <option value="/history/state/nations/scotland_darien_01.shtml">Dr Mike Ibeji on the Darien Venture</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/cromwell_01.shtml">Professor John Morrill on Oliver Cromwell</option> <option value="/history/state/nations/scotland_clearances_01.shtml">Ross Noble on the cultural impact of the Highland Clearances</option> <option value="/history/war/wwtwo/how_the_allies_won_01.shtml">Professor Richard Overy on why the Allies won World War Two</option> <option value="/history/state/church_reformation/english_reformation_01.shtml">Professor Andrew Pettegree on the English Reformation</option> <option selected value="history/war/wwone/pals_01.shtml">Bruce Robinson on the Pals Battalions in World War One</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/hobbes_01.shtml">Professor John Rogers on Thomas Hobbes</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/richardii_crisis_01.shtml">Professor Nigel Saul on Richard II</option> <option value="/history/society_culture/society/after_fire_01.shtml">Dr John Schofield on London after the Great Fire</option> <option value="/history/war/wwone/lions_donkeys_01.shtml">Dr Gary Sheffield on the British Army in World War One</option> <option value="/history/war/wwtwo/area_bombing_01.shtml">Detlef Siebert on British bombing strategy during World War Two</option> <option value="/history/ancient/egyptians/decipherment_01.shtml">Simon Singh on the decipherment of hieroglyphs</option> <option value="/history/state/nations/ireland_kingdoms_01.shtml">Dr Micheál Ó Siochrú on Ireland and the war of three kingdoms</option> <option value="/history/society_culture/art/vermeer_camera_01.shtml">Philip Steadman on Vermeer's use of the camera obscura</option> <option value="/history/war/englishcivilwar/choosingsides_01.shtml">Dr Mark Stoyle on choosing sides in the English Civil War</option> <option value="/history/society_culture/protest_reform/casement_01.shtml">Paul Tilzey on Roger Casement</option> <option value="/history/state/nations/scotland_jacobites_01.shtml">Louise Yeoman on the Jacobite cause</option> <option value="/history/state/nations/four_nations_01.shtml">Fiona Watson on a separate Scotland</option> <option value="/history/war/coldwar/korea_usa_01.shtml">Jeremy Williams on US involvement in the Korean War</option> <option value="/history/state/monarchs_leaders/queen_victoria_01.shtml">Professor Lynne Vallone on the young Queen Victoria</option> <option value="/history/war/englishcivilwar/west_01.shtml">Dr John Wroughton on the English Civil War in the West Country</option> </select> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="go"></p> </form> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- This is main content area. --> <!-- end main content area --> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- end main content area //--> <!-- begin footer --></td></tr></table><!--if no nav or stretchy but not both --><br clear="all"/><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" lang="en"><tr><td class="bbcpageFooterMargin" width="110"><img 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