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Environnement - Population Reference Bureau
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"/> 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En anglais seulement.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="61"><img alt="/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx" hspace="6" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images08/WPDS08-thumb-FR.jpg" border="0"/></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left" width="153"><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2008/2008wpdsfre.aspx"><strong>Fiche de données sur la population mondiale 2008></strong> </a><br/>Monde: 6 705 000 000<br/>Afrique sub-saharienne:<br/>809 000 000</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><img alt="/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx" hspace="6" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images09/PopBull642-thumb.gif" border="0"/></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx"><strong>Bulletins de Population ></strong></a></strong> <br/>Explorer les tendances et questions de population aux niveaux domestique et international. En anglais seulement.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb3.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><strong><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Banquedegraphes.aspx"><strong><strong>Banque de graphes ></strong></strong></a> </strong></strong><br/>Présentations en PowerPoint sur la population et la santé</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.phishare.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb5.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.phishare.org/"><strong>InfoShare > </strong></a></strong><br/>Archives électroniques sur la santé de la reproduction et de l’enfant, le VIH/SIDA et la population. En anglais seulement.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.igwg.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb6.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.igwg.org/"><strong>IGWG > </strong></a></strong><br/>Outils pour promouvoir l’équité des programmes de genre de par le monde. En anglais seulement.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.dcp2.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb7.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.dcp2.org/"><strong>DCPP > </strong></a></strong><br/>Analyses attestées pour informer les décideurs de santé dans les pays en développement. En anglais seulement.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr></tbody></table> <br/> <br/> </div> <!--googleon: all--> <p><br/> <div id="featuredlinksbox"> <div id="titles"><span class="titletext">Thème: Environnement</span></div> <span class="numresults">Il y a 25 résultats pour le thème "Environnement"</span> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_pnlPagesTop"> <!-- paged navigation --> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_Div1" style="text-align:center;" name="nav"> <!-- previous link --> <a id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_btnPrevTop" disabled="disabled">< Précédent</a> <!-- page numbers --> <span class="page_body_main"><span class="pageon">1</span> | <span class="pageon"><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Topics/Environnement.aspx?page=1">2</a></span> | <span class="pageon"><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Topics/Environnement.aspx?page=2">3</a></span></span> <!-- next link --> <a id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_btnNextTop" href="javascript:__doPostBack('ctl15$ctl08$ctl01$btnNextTop','')">Suite ></a> </div> </div> <br/> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2008/2008WPDSfre.aspx">Fiche de données sur la population mondiale 2008 </a><br/> La fracture démographique — ou inégalité entre les profiles de population et de santé entre pays riches et pays pauvres — se creuse. Deux schémas radicalement différents de croissance démographique se dessinent : une croissance limitée — voire même un déclin — dans les pays les plus aisés et une poursuite de la croissance démographique rapide dans les pays les plus démunis. (Décembre 2008) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/pdf07/wpds07_fr.pdf">Fiche de données sur la population mondiale 2007</a><br/> La Fiche de données sur la population mondiale du PRB contient les plus récentes estimations et projections démographiques, ainsi que d'autres indicateurs clés, y compris les naissances, les décès, les augmentations naturelles, la mortalité infantile, la population urbaine, le pourcentage de population avec VIH/sida, la fécondité totale, l'utilisation des contraceptifs, le RNB PPA par habitant, et la population au km2. Nouveau dans la Fiche est le pourcentage d’enfants de moins de cinq ans en sous-poids, les émissions de dioxide de carbone par habitant, et le pourcentage d’habitat naturel restant. (2007) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/pdf07/PHEMadagascar-Fr.pdf">Les liens entre population, santé et environnement dans la province de Fianarantsoa à Madagascar (PDF : 299KB)</a><br/> Depuis plus de dix ans, les communautés et les spécialistes du développement de la province de Fianarantsoa à Madagascar participent à des projets à base communautaire qui conjuguent les efforts dans les domaines de la planification familiale, de la santé et de l’environnement. (2007) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2006/Fichededonneessurlapopulationdumondiale2006.aspx">Fiche de données sur la population mondiale 2006</a><br/> La Fiche de données sur la population mondiale du PRB contient les plus récentes estimations et projections démographiques, ainsi que d'autres indicateurs clés, y compris les naissances, les décès, les augmentations naturelles, la mortalité infantile, la population urbaine, le pourcentage de population avec VIH/sida, la fécondité totale, l'utilisation des contraceptifs, la superficie terrestre, le pourcentage de la population vivant avec moins de 2 USD par jour, et la population au km2. Nouveau dans la Fiche est information sur la migration nette, la superficie protégée, et la population ayant accès à des installations sanitaires améliorées. (August 2006) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2005/DonneesdemographiquesdutremblementdeterreenAsieduSud.aspx">Données démographiques du tremblement de terre en Asie du Sud</a><br/> Le tremblement de terre du 8 octobre est l’un des quelque 450 séismes majeurs qui ont frappé l’Asie au cours des 100 dernières années. Et les régions les plus durement touchées, les régions du Cachemire du Pakistan et de l’Inde ainsi que la Province de la frontière nord-ouest du Pakistan, sont parmi les plus pauvres du monde et celles dont les populations sont les plus jeunes en Asie du Sud. (Octobre 2005) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2005/Apresletsunami.aspx">Après le tsunami‚ un effort de promotion de la reperméation dans l’État du Tamil Nadu</a><br/> Après le tsunami survenu en décembre dernier dans l’océan Indien, qui a tué plus de 2 300 enfants de moins de 18 ans au Tamil Nadu, le gouvernement de l’État a commencé à offrir des interventions gratuites de renversement de la résection des trompes des femmes qui souhaitaient avoir davantage d’enfants. (Juillet 2005) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2005/Surlacotetanzanienne.aspx">Sur la côte tanzanienne, un cercle vicieux enchaîne le VIH/sida, la pauvreté, l’inégalité entre les sexes et la détérioration des ressources naturelles</a><br/> Le littoral nord de la Tanzanie, sur l’océan Indien, présente un paysage rural parsemé de petits villages de pêche et de communautés agricoles. Cependant, au cours des dernières décennies, le secteur de la pêche a attiré dans la région un grand nombre de pêcheurs, courtiers et entrepreneurs venus de l’extérieur. (Juillet 2005) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2005/Lerazdemareemetenlumierelespauvresconditions.aspx">Le raz-de-marée met en lumière les pauvres conditions de vie des pêcheurs de Chennai</a><br/> Le raz-de-marée de décembre 2004 a dévasté les biens, les embarcations de pêche et le principal moyen de subsistance des pêcheurs de Chennai, en Inde. Près de 100 000 familles habitent les 44 villages qui jalonnent la côte de Chennai et environ la moitié d’entre elles vivent dans des huttes de chaume dans une région densément peuplée à 500 mètres à peine de la ligne de marée haute. (Février 2005) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2005/LerazdemareedeloceanIndien.aspx">Le raz-de-marée de l’océan Indien : des défis importants pour les survivantes</a><br/> Au fur et à mesure que le nombre de morts augmente à la suite du raz-de-marée de décembre 2004 dans l’océan Indien, les femmes qui ont survécu au désastre sont confrontées à des défis importants, tels que l’accès aux soins de santé maternelle et reproductive. (Janvier 2005) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <span class="featuredlinktext"><p> <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Articles/2005/Activitesdepechecotieredurementtoucheesparlerazdemaree.aspx">Activités de pêche côtière durement touchées par le raz-de-marée</a><br/> Le raz-de-marée de décembre 2004 a endommagé ou détruit grand nombre de communautés de pêcheurs côtiers en Asie du Sud et en Afrique. Le PRB a demandé au Worldfish Centre en Malaisie quelle était l’étendue de la destruction écologique. (Janvier 2005) <br/><br/><img alt="divider" src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/featuretextdiv.gif" width="570" height="6"/></p> </span> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_pnlPagesBottom"> <br/> <!-- paged navigation --> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_nav" style="text-align:center;" name="nav"> <!-- previous link --> <a id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_btnPrevBot" disabled="disabled">< Précédent</a> <!-- page numbers --> <span class="page_body_main"><span class="pageon">1</span> | <span class="pageon"><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Topics/Environnement.aspx?page=1">2</a></span> | <span class="pageon"><a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent/Topics/Environnement.aspx?page=2">3</a></span></span> <!-- next link --> <a id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_btnNextBot" href="javascript:__doPostBack('ctl15$ctl08$ctl01$btnNextBot','')">Suite ></a> </div> </div> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_debugdiv"></div> </div> <div align="left"></div> </p> </div> </div> </div> <br/><br/> <!--googleoff: all--> <div align="center" style="clear: both"> <p> </p> <div align="center" id="ftr"><img src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer2.gif" width="3" height="23" align="right"/><img src="/web/20091008193940im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer1.gif" width="3" height="23" align="left"/><span class="footertext">Services: <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Rss.aspx">RSS Feeds</a> · <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Home/EmailSignup.aspx">Get E-Mail News</a> · <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx">Join/Renew Membership</a> · <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx">Donate</a> · <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a> · <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Home/Contact.aspx">Contact</a> · <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/">English</a> · <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a></span></div> <span class="footer2text"><b>Copyright 2009, Population Reference Bureau.</b> All rights reserved. • <a href="/web/20091008193940/http://www.prb.org/Home/Privacy.aspx">Privacy Policy</a></span><br/> <span class="footer2text">1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW • Suite 520 • Washington, DC 20009-5728 • USA <br/> <b>Phone:</b> 800-877-9881 • <b>Fax:</b> 202-328-3937 • <b>E-mail:</b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008193940/mailto:popref@prb.org">popref@prb.org</a></span><br/> </div> <span class="footer2text"> <!-- left column --> </span> <span class="footer2text"> <!-- end of left column --> <!-- right column --> </span> <!--googleon: all--> </form> <div id="debugdiv"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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