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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iraq</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Iraq" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Iraq" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in West Asia. 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> officially known as the Republic of Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, bordered by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border" title="Iran–Iraq border">the east</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border" title="Iraq–Jordan border">the southwest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Iraq–Syria border">west</a>. It covers an area of 438,317 square kilometres (169,235 sq mi) and has a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">population</a> of over 46 million, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">58th largest country by area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">31st most populous in the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">largest city of Iraq</a>, home to over 8 million people. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Iraq</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq</li><li>کۆماری عێراق (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>) Komarî Êraq<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/125px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/188px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/250px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Iraq"><img alt="Coat of arms of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="787"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" title="Coat of arms of Iraq"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: مَوْطِنِيْ <a href="/wiki/Mawtini_(Ibrahim_Tuqan_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawtini (Ibrahim Tuqan song)">Mawṭinī</a> "My Homeland"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=aa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aa" label="Qafár af ‪(aa)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=as&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="as" label="অসমীয়া ‪(as)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_(orthographic).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Iraq"><img alt="Location of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg/250px-Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg/375px-Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg/500px-Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_20_N_44_23_E_type:city(8,100,000)_region:IQ">33°20′N 44°23′E / 33.333°N 44.383°E / 33.333; 44.383</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Recognised regional languages</li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian (Suret)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkish/Turkmen</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>75–80% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li><li>15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li><li>5–10% <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Others</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>90–95% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq"> Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li>61-64% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li>29-34% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li></ul></li> <li>5–10% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">irreligion</a> and others<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Iraq">Federation Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Independence declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1932</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Republic declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 July 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 2005</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">438,317 km2 (169,235 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.93 (as of 2024)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 47,020,774<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">82.7/km2 (214.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $655.417 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $14,756<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">110th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $264.149 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $5,947.315<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2012)</th><td class="infobox-data">29.5<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.673<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">128th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">IQD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iraq" title="Telephone numbers in Iraq">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iraq" title="Telephone numbers in Iraq">+964</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IQ" title="ISO 3166-2:IQ">IQ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.iq" title=".iq">.iq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">.العراق</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Starting in the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a>, fertile plains between Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, fostered the rise of early cities, civilizations, and empires like <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-disambig" title="Akkad">Akkad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle of Civilization">Cradle of Civilization</a>, it saw the invention of <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">writing systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">timekeeping</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheels">wheels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailboat</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">law code</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a>, Baghdad became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and a global cultural and intellectual hub during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, home to institutions like the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>. The city's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">destruction</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1258 led to a prolonged decline due to plagues and successive empires. Addtionally, Iraq holds religious significance in Christianity, Judaism, Yazidism, and Mandaeism. It has deep biblical history.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_History_Encyclopedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Since independence, Iraq has experienced spells of significant <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iraq">military growth</a> alongside periods of <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">instability and conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a> was established by the British in 1921 and transitioned to an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">independent kingdom</a> in 1932. In a coup in 1958, it was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Iraq" title="First Republic of Iraq">republic</a>, successively led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Qasim">Abdul Karim Qasim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> took <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">power in 1968</a>, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">one-party state</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, who launched <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">wars against Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Kuwait</a>. In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">U.S.-led coalition forces</a> <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupied Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">overthrowing Saddam</a> and triggering an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">sectarian violence</a>, came known as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">ended in 2011</a>. From 2013 to 2017, it faced another <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">war</a> with the rise and defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>. Today <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">post-war conflict in Iraq</a> continues at a lower scale, hampering stability alongside the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">rising influence of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-dec11-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal parliamentary republic</a> country, Iraq is considered an <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">emerging middle power</a>. It is home to diverse population, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">wildlife</a>. Majority of Iraqis are Muslims, while minorities are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Iraq">Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi people">Iraqi people</a> are ethnically diverse; mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Domcs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabakis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> are official languages of Iraq, while <a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> spoken regionally. With a strategic location, Iraq has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">largest oil reserves in the world</a> and a significant <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">oil and gas industry</a>. In addition, it has been popular for its agriculture and tourism. At present, Iraq is putting efforts to <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">rebuild</a> with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">foreign support</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iraq_%E2%80%93_The_northeast-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Bronze_and_Iron_Age">2.1 Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Ages">2.2 Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_Iraq">2.3 Modern Iraq</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq">2.4 Republic and Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-Saddam_Iraq">2.5 Post-Saddam Iraq</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.2 Biodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Law">4.1 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Military">4.2 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.3 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Human_rights">4.4 Human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.5 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tourism">5.1 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Transport">5.2 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Oil_and_energy">5.3 Oil and energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation">5.4 Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Infrastructure">5.5 Infrastructure</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Cities_and_towns">6.1 Cities and towns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">6.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Languages">6.3 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Religion">6.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Diaspora_and_refugees">6.5 Diaspora and refugees</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Health">6.6 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Education">6.7 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Art">7.1 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Architecture">7.2 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Literature">7.3 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Music">7.4 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Media">7.5 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Cuisine">7.6 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Sport">7.7 Sport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Government">12.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#History_2">12.2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Maps">12.3 Maps</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and is thus ultimately of <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Another possible etymology for the name is from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> word erāg, meaning "lowlands."<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> An Arabic <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">fertile</a>".<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī ("Arabian Iraq") for Lower <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Iraq" title="Persian Iraq">ʿIrāq ʿAjamī</a> ("Persian Iraq"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-34">[32]</a> for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-34">[32]</a> The term historically included the plain south of the <a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a> and did not include the northernmost and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">westernmost</a> parts of the modern territory of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-35">[33]</a> Prior to the middle of the 19th century, the term Eyraca Arabica was commonly used to describe Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a> was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. As an Arabic word, عراق ʿirāq means "hem", "shore", "bank", or "edge", so that the name by folk etymology came to be interpreted as "the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a>", such as at the south and east of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> Plateau, which forms the northern and western edge of the "al-Iraq arabi" area.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic pronunciation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʕiˈrɑːq]</a>. In English, it is either <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɑːk/</a> (the only pronunciation listed in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> and the first one in Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈræk/</a> (listed first by <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">MQD</a>, the American Heritage Dictionary,<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> and the Random House Dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a>) When the British established the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> king on 23 August 1921, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a>, the official English name of the country changed from Mesopotamia to the endonymic Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-1990-42">[40]</a> Since January 1992, the official name of the state is "Republic of Iraq" (Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq), reaffirmed in the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History of Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History of Iraq</a></div>Iraq largely coincides with the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[44]</a> The history of Mesopotamia extends back to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> period, with significant developments continuing through the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> in the late 7th century AD, after which the region became known as Iraq. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_and_Iron_Age">Bronze and Iron Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg/220px-Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4885" data-file-height="3257"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg/220px-Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg/330px-Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg/440px-Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Inside the Shanidar Cave, where the remains of eight adults and two infant <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, dating from around 65,000–35,000 years ago were found<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png/220px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png/220px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png/330px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png/440px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nabonidus_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> (r. 556–539 BC) Neo-Babylonian Empire at its greatest territorial extent.</figcaption></figure> Within its borders lies the ancient land of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, which emerged between 6000 and 5000 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[44]</a> Sumer is recognized as the world's earliest civilization, marking the beginning of urban development, written language, and monumental architecture.<a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[44]</a> Iraq's territory also includes the heartlands of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonian</a> empires, which dominated Mesopotamia and much of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron</a> Ages.<a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[44]</a> Iraq was a center of innovation in antiquity, producing early <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">written languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">literary works</a>, and significant advancements in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law" title="Babylonian law">law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyro-Babylonian_literature#Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyro-Babylonian literature">philosophy</a>. This era of indigenous rule ended in 539 BC when the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who declared himself the "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a>." The city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, the ancient seat of Babylonian power, became one of the key capitals of the Achaemenid Empire. Ancient Iraq, known as the Mesopotamia, is home to world's first Jewish diaspora community, which emerged during the Babylonian exile. The Babylonians were defeated by the Persian Empire, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>. Following the fall of Babylon, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> took control of the Mesopotamian region. Enslaved Jews were freed from the Babylonian captivity, though many remained in the land and thus the Jewish community grew in the region. Iraq is the location of numerous Jewish sites, which are also revered by the Muslims and Christians. In the following centuries, the regions constituting modern Iraq came under the control of several empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, establishing new centers like <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd century</a> AD, the region fell under Persian control through the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, during which time Arab tribes from <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> migrated into Lower Mesopotamia, leading to the formation of the Sassanid-aligned <a href="/wiki/Lakhmid_kingdom" title="Lakhmid kingdom">Lakhmid kingdom</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21952"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tower of Babel">The Tower of Babel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>, 1563</figcaption></figure> The Arabic name al-ʿIrāq likely originated during this period. The Sasanian Empire was eventually <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in the 7th century, bringing Iraq under Islamic rule after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyyah" title="Battle of al-Qadisiyyah">Battle of al-Qadisiyyah</a> in 636. The city of <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, founded shortly thereafter, became a central hub for the Rashidun dynasty until their <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">overthrow</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> in 661. Karbala is considered as one of the holiest cities in Shia Islam, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>, which took place in 680. With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in the mid-8th century, Iraq became the center of Islamic rule, with <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, founded in 762, serving as the capital. Baghdad flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, becoming a global center for culture, science, and intellectualism. However, the city's prosperity declined following the <a href="/wiki/Buwayhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buwayhid">Buwayhid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuq</a> invasions in the 10th century and suffered further with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Mongol invasion</a> of 1258. Iraq later came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 16th century. During the years 1747–1831, Iraq was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> origin, who succeeded in obtaining autonomy from the Ottoman Empire. In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the Mamluk regime and reimposed their direct control over Iraq. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Iraq">Modern Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouri_Al-Saeed,_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/189px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="921"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 189px;height: 234px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/189px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg" data-width="189" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/284px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/379px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri Pasha al-Said</a> served eight terms as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> during <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq">Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> Iraq's modern history began in the wake of World War I, as the region emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Arab forces, inspired by the promise of independence, had helped dismantle the Ottoman hold on the Middle East, but the dream of a united, sovereign Arab state was soon dashed.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Despite agreements made with <a href="/wiki/Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein ibn Ali">Hussein ibn Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Makkah</a>, the European powers had different plans for the region. Following the British withdrawal of support for a <a href="/wiki/Arab_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab state">unified Arab state</a>, Hussein's son, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>, briefly declared the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Syria">Kingdom of Syria</a> in 1920, encompassing parts of what are now <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> However, the kingdom was short-lived, crushed by local opposition and the military might of France, which had been granted a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syria">mandate over Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> In Iraq, under British mandate, tensions were rising as local forces increasingly resisted foreign control.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">rebellion erupted</a>, challenging British authority, and the need for a new strategy became clear.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1921)" title="Cairo Conference (1921)">Cairo Conference</a>, led by British officials including <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, decided that Faisal, now exiled in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, would become the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Iraq">king of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> This decision was seen as a way to maintain British influence in the region while placating local demands for leadership.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Upon his coronation, he focused on unifying a land formerly divided into three <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman provinces">Ottoman provinces</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mosul_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire">Baghdad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basra_vilayet" title="Basra vilayet">Basra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> He worked hard to gain the support of Iraq's diverse population, including both <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shiites</a>, and paid special attention to the country's Shiite communities, symbolically choosing the date of his coronation to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid al-Ghadeer</a>, a key day for Shiite Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> His reign laid the foundations of modern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Faisal worked to establish key state institutions and fostered a sense of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> His education reforms included the founding of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt_University" title="Ahl al-Bayt University">Ahl al-Bayt University</a> in Baghdad, and he encouraged the migration of Syrian exiles to Iraq to serve as doctors and educators.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Faisal also envisioned infrastructural links between Iraq, Syria, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Jordan</a>, including plans for a railway and an <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Haifa_oil_pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline">oil pipeline to the Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Although Faisal succeeded in securing greater autonomy for Iraq, British influence remained strong, particularly in the country's oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty_of_1930" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930">Iraq signed a treaty with Britain</a> that gave the country a measure of political independence while maintaining British control over key aspects, including military presence and oil rights.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> By 1932, Iraq gained formal independence, becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Faisal's reign was marked by his efforts to balance the pressures of external influence and internal demands for sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> He was admired for his diplomatic skill and his commitment to steering Iraq toward self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Untimely, he died from a heart attack on 8 September 1933, leaving his son <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_of_Iraq" title="Ghazi of Iraq">Ghazi</a> to inherit the throne.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> King Ghazi's reign was brief and turbulent, as Iraq was impacted by numerous coup attempts.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> He died in a motor accident in 1939, passing the throne to his young son, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II" title="Faisal II">Faisal II</a>, who ascended to the throne at just 3 years old.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Faisal II's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Crown Prince Abdullah</a>, assumed regency until the young king came of age.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> On 1 April 1941, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and installed a <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">pro-German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">pro-Italian</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> invaded Iraq for fear that the government might cut oil supplies to <a href="/wiki/Western_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Western nations">Western nations</a> because of its links to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> The war started on 2 May, and the British, together with loyal <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Levies" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Levies">Assyrian Levies</a>, defeated the forces of Al-Gaylani, forcing an armistice on 31 May.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Regency of King Faisal II began in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> The hopes for Iraq's future under Faisal II were high, but the nation remained divided.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> Iraq's Sunni-dominated monarchy struggled to reconcile the diverse ethnic and religious groups, particularly the Shiite, Assyrian, Jewish and Kurdish populations, who felt marginalized.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[47]</a> In 1958, these tensions culminated in a military coup, inspired by the revolutionary wave sweeping across the Arab world, particularly the <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Egyptian Revolution">1952 Egyptian Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq">Republic and Ba'athist Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></div> A coup d'état known as the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> in 1958 was led by the Brigadier General and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> This revolt was strongly anti-imperial and anti-monarchical in nature and had strong socialist elements.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Faysal_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Faysal II">Faisal II</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Abd al-Ilah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Sa%27id" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri al-Sa'id">Nuri al-Sa'id</a>, along with the royal family were killed brutally.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> Qasim controlled Iraq through military rule and in 1958 he began a process of forcibly reducing surplus land owned by a few citizens and having the state redistribute the land.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahab_al-Shawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf">Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf</a> led an uprising in Mosul against Qasim. The uprising was crushed by the government forces.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> He claimed <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> as part of Iraq, when the former was granted independence in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> The United Kingdom deployed its army on <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraq–Kuwait border</a>, which forced Qasim to back down.<a href="#cite_note-:13-50">[48]</a> He was overthrown by the Ba'ath Party in <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">February 1963 coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-51">[49]</a> However internal division within Ba'athist factions caused another coup in November, which brought Colonel Abdul Salam Arif to power.<a href="#cite_note-:14-51">[49]</a> The new regime recognized Kuwait's independence.<a href="#cite_note-:14-51">[49]</a> After the latter's death in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-51">[49]</a> Under his rule, Iraq participated in the Six Day War in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-:14-51">[49]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg/180px-Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1098"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 253px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg/180px-Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg/270px-Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg/359px-Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, president of Iraq (1979–2003)</figcaption></figure> Arif was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> came to power, with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> as the president of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> However, the government gradually came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, Iraq's then vice-president.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> Saddam sought to achieve stability between Iraq's ethnic and religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">first Iraqi–Kurdish war</a> ended in 1970, after which a peace treaty was signed between Saddam and Barzani, granting autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> He introduced free healthcare and education, nationalized oil, promoted women's rights and developed infrastructure. Within a few years, Iraq became one of the most developed countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">second Iraqi–Kurdish war</a> began and <a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">border clashes with Iran</a> took place on <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>. Iran supported Kurdish militants.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">Algiers Agreement</a> signed in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and Saddam resolved the dispute and Iran withdrew support for the Kurds, resulting in their defeat in the war.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> In 1973, Iraq participated in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> against Israel, alongside <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> An attempt to ban an annual pilgrimage to Karbala caused an <a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">uprising by Shia Muslims across Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> Another Shia uprising took place from 1979 to 1980, as a followup to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> On 16 July 1979, Saddam acceded to the presidency and chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">supreme executive body</a> in July 1979.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> Following months of cross-border raids with Iran, Saddam declared war on Iran in September 1980, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (or First Persian Gulf War).<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> Taking advantage of the post-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> chaos in Iran, Iraq captured some territories in southwest Iran, but Iran recaptured all of the lost territories within two years, and for the next six years Iran was on the offensive.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Sunni-led Arab countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States supported Iraq throughout the war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> In 1981, Israel destroyed a nuclear reactor of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> In midst of the war, between 1983 to 1986, Kurds led <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">rebellion against the regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> In retaliation, the government-coordinated <a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a> led to the killing of 50,000–100,000 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> During the war, Saddam extensively used <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program" title="Iraqi chemical weapons program">chemical weapons</a> against Iranians.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> The war, which ended in <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> in 1988, killed between half a million and 1.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-:15-52">[50]</a> Kuwait's refusal to waive Iraq's debt and reducing oil prices pushed Saddam to take military action against it.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> On 2 August 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi forces invaded</a> and annexed Kuwait as its <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">19th governorate</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> This led to military intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">United States-led alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in southern Iraq and Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> Iraq also attempted to invade Saudi Arabia and attacked Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> Iraq's armed forces were devastated during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> Sanctions were imposed on Iraq, following the invasion of Kuwait, which resulted in economic decline.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> After the end of the war in 1991, Iraqi Kurds and Shi'ite Muslims in northern and southern Iraq led several <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">uprisings against Saddam's regime</a>, but these were repressed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> It is estimated that as many as 100,000 people, including many civilians, were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> During the uprisings, the United States, the United Kingdom, Turkey and France, claiming authority under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_688" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 688">UNSC Resolution 688</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> to protect Kurdish population from attacks and autonomy was given to Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> Iraq was also affected by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a> from 1994 to 1997.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> Around 40,000 fighters and civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> Between 2001 and 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a> engaged in conflict, which would merge with the upcoming war.<a href="#cite_note-:6-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Saddam_Iraq">Post-Saddam Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Iraq (2011–present)">History of Iraq (2011–present)</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> began planning the overthrow of Saddam in what is now widely regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">false pretense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> Saddam's Iraq was included in Bush's "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>". The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">joint resolution</a>, which authorized the use of armed force against Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> In November 2002 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1441" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441">resolution 1441</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> On 20 March 2003, the United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, as part of <a href="/wiki/Global_war_on_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Global war on terror">global war on terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> Within weeks, coalition forces occupied much of Iraq, with the Iraqi Army adopting guerrilla tactics to confront coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">fall of Baghdad</a> in the first week of April, Saddam's regime had completely lost control of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">statue of Saddam was toppled</a> in Baghdad, symbolizing the end of his rule.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> began disbanding the Ba'ath Army and expelling Ba'athists from the new government.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> The insurgents fought against the coalition forces and the newly installed government.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> Saddam was captured and executed.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> The Shia–Sunni civil war took place from 2006 to 2008.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> The coalition forces were criticized for war crimes such as the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_killings_of_April_2003" title="Fallujah killings of April 2003">Fallujah massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahmudiyah_rape_and_killings" title="Mahmudiyah rape and killings">Mahmudiyah rape and killings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mukaradeeb_wedding_party_massacre" title="Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre">Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdrawal of US troops</a> in 2011, the occupation ceased and war ended. The war in Iraq has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">between 151,000 and 1.2 million Iraqis being killed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.cfr.org-54">[52]</a> The subsequent efforts to rebuild the country amidst sectarian violence and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> began after the war. Iraq was galvanized by the civil war in Syria. Continuing discontent over <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>'s government led to <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Iraqi_protests" title="2012–2013 Iraqi protests">protests</a>, after which a coalition of Ba'athist and Sunni militants launched an <a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Anbar campaign (2013–2014)">offensive</a> against the government, initiating <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">full-scale war in Iraq</a>. The climax of the campaign was an <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">offensive</a> in Northern Iraq by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (ISIS) that marked the beginning of the rapid <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">territorial expansion</a> by the group, prompting an <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">American-led intervention</a>. By the end of 2017, ISIS had lost all its territory in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iran has also intervened</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_policy_of_exporting_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution">expanded its influence</a> through sectarian <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinist</a> militias. In 2014, Sunni insurgents belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> group seized control of large swathes of land including several major cities, like <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, creating hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">internally displaced persons</a> amid reports of atrocities by ISIL fighters. An estimated 500,000 civilians fled from Mosul. Around 5,000 Yazidis were killed in the genocide by ISIS, as a part of the war. With the help of <a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">US-led intervention in Iraq</a>, the Iraqi forces successfully defeated ISIS. The war officially ended in 2017, with the Iraqi government declaring victory over ISIS. In October 2022, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">president</a> after winning the parliamentary election.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia al-Sudani</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-2023-59">[57]</a> Corruption remains endemic throughout Iraqi governance while the United States-endorsed sectarian political system has driven increased levels of violent terrorism and sectarian conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karam-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-2023-59">[57]</a> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-62">[60]</a> The country has been in a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">prolonged drought</a> since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> are down 30-40%. Half the country's farmland is at risk of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-2023-59">[57]</a> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year."<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-63">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/220px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/220px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/330px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/440px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheekha_Dar" title="Cheekha Dar">Cheekha Dar</a>, highest point in Iraq</figcaption></figure> Iraq lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_north" title="29th parallel north">29°</a> and <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/39th_meridian_east" title="39th meridian east">39°</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_meridian_east" title="49th meridian east">49° E</a> (a small area lies west of 39°). Spanning 437,072 km2 (168,754 sq mi), it is the 58th-largest country in the world. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border" title="Iran–Iraq border">the east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Iraq–Syria border">the west</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">southeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border" title="Iraq–Jordan border">the southwest</a>. It has a coastline measuring 58 km (36 miles) on the northern <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Further north, but below the main headwaters only, the country easily encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain</a>. Two major rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, run south through Iraq and into the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, thence the Persian Gulf. Broadly flanking this estuary (known as arvandrūd: اروندرود among Iranians) are marshlands, semi-agricultural. Flanking and between the two major rivers are fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial plains">alluvial plains</a>, as the rivers carry about 60,000,000 m3 (78,477,037 cu yd) of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> annually to the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piran,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Piran%2C.jpg/220px-Piran%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Piran%2C.jpg/220px-Piran%2C.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Piran%2C.jpg/330px-Piran%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Piran%2C.jpg/440px-Piran%2C.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Piran and Mount Piran seen from Kure Hure summit</figcaption></figure> The central part of the south, which slightly tapers in favour of other countries, is natural vegetation marsh mixed with rice paddies and is humid, relative to the rest of the plains.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Iraq has the northwestern end of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros mountain range</a> and the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rocky deserts cover about 40 percent of Iraq. Another 30 percent is mountainous with bitterly cold winters. The north of the country is mostly composed of mountains; the highest point being at 3,611 m (11,847 ft). Iraq is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains_forest_steppe" title="Zagros Mountains forest steppe">Zagros Mountains forest steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_steppe" title="Middle East steppe">Middle East steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_shrub_desert" title="Mesopotamian shrub desert">Mesopotamian shrub desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Iran_Nubo-Sindian_desert_and_semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert">South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq#Climate" title="Geography of Iraq">Climate of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagros_iraq.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/220px-Zagros_iraq.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2070"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/220px-Zagros_iraq.png" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/330px-Zagros_iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/440px-Zagros_iraq.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A road through the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> Much of Iraq has a hot <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> climate with <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> influence. Summer temperatures average above 40 °C (104 °F) for most of the country and frequently exceed 48 °C (118.4 °F). Winter temperatures infrequently exceed 15 °C (59.0 °F) with maxima roughly 5 to 10 °C (41.0 to 50.0 °F) and night-time lows 1 to 5 °C (33.8 to 41.0 °F). Typically, precipitation is low; most places receive less than 250 mm (9.8 in) annually, with maximum rainfall occurring during the winter months. Rainfall during the summer is rare, except in northern parts of the country. The northern mountainous regions have cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">Iraq is highly vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The country is subject to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall, and suffers from increasing <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> for a human population that rose tenfold between 1890 and 2010 and continues to rise.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-68">[66]</a> The country's electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[56]</a> Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of Iraqi governance while the political system has exacerbated sectarian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karam-61">[59]</a> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-62">[60]</a> The country has been in a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">prolonged drought</a> since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> are down between 30 and 40%. Half of the country's farmland is at risk of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-2023-59">[57]</a> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year".<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-63">[61]</a> However, in 2023, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia al-Sudani</a> announced that government was working on a wider "Iraqi vision for climate action". The plan would include promoting clean and renewable energy, new irrigation and water treatment projects and reduced industrial gas flaring, he said. Sudani said Iraq was "moving forward to conclude contracts for constructing renewable energy power plants to provide one-third of our electricity demand by 2030". In addition, Iraq will plant 5 million trees across the country and will create green belts around cities to act as windbreaks against dust storms.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/220px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/220px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/330px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/440px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A reservoir in the <a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a> desert of Southern Iraq</figcaption></figure> In the same year, Iraq and <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> signed a $27 billion energy deal that aims to increase oil production and boost the country's capacity to produce energy with four oil, gas and renewables projects. According to experts, the project will "accelerate Iraq's path to energy self-sufficiency and advance Iraq's collective climate change objectives".<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/220px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4557" data-file-height="3038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/220px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/330px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/440px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> has remained a prominent symbol since ancient times</figcaption></figure> The wildlife of Iraq includes its <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and their natural <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hatt1959-73">[71]</a> Iraq has multiple and diverse biomes which include the mountainous region in the north to the wet <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshlands</a> along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, while western part of the country comprises mainly <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and some semi-arid regions. Many of Iraq's bird species were endangered, including seven of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and 12 of its <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species. The <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian marches</a> in the middle and south are home to approximately 50 species of birds, and rare species of fish.<a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_Extra-74">[72]</a> At risk are some 50% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Marbled_teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbled teal">marbled teal</a> population that live in the marshes, along with 60% of the world's population of <a href="/wiki/Basra_reed-warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra reed-warbler">Basra reed-warbler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_Extra-74">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a>, in the present-day extinct in the region, has remained a prominent symbol of the country throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Sass-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes</a>, during the time of Saddam's government, caused there a significant drop in biological life.<a href="#cite_note-Med-O-Med-76">[74]</a> Since the 2003–2011, flow is restored and the ecosystem has begun to recover.<a href="#cite_note-Med-O-Med-76">[74]</a> Iraqi corals are some of the most extreme heat-tolerant as the seawater in this area ranges between 14 and 34 °C.<a href="#cite_note-sr-77">[75]</a> Aquatic or semi-aquatic wildlife occurs in and around these, the major lakes are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Habbaniyah" title="Lake Habbaniyah">Lake Habbaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Milh" title="Lake Milh">Lake Milh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Qadisiyah" title="Lake Qadisiyah">Lake Qadisiyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar" title="Lake Tharthar">Lake Tharthar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1995-78">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all 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class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg/131px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 131px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg/131px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="131" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg/197px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_in_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani,_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq,_at_the_Pentagon,_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/133px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 133px;height: 178px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/133px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="133" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/266px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_at_the_Pentagon%2C_Virginia_on_15_April_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">federal government of Iraq</a> is defined under the current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The federal government is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial</a> branches, as well as numerous independent commissions. Aside from the federal government, there are regions (made of one or more governorates), governorates, and districts within Iraq with jurisdiction over various matters as defined by law.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-79">[77]</a> The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a> and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-:12-79">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a> meeting at Baghdad</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Alliance (Iraq)">National Alliance</a> is the main Shia parliamentary bloc, and was established as a result of a merger of Prime Minister Nouri Maliki's <a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Alliance">Iraqi National Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-80">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Movement" title="Iraqi National Movement">Iraqi National Movement</a> is led by <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Allawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyad Allawi">Iyad Allawi</a>, a secular Shia widely supported by Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-80">[78]</a> The party has a more consistent anti-sectarian perspective than most of its rivals.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-80">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a> is dominated by two parties, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iraq)">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Masood_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Masood Barzani">Masood Barzani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-80">[78]</a> Baghdad is Iraq's capital, home to the seat of government.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-81">[79]</a> Located in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>, which contains governmental headquarters and the army, in addition to containing the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">American embassy</a> and the headquarters of foreign organizations and agencies for other countries. According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Iraq was the third most <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">electoral democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-81">[79]</a> Under Saddam, the government employed 1 million employees, but this increased to around 7 million in 2016. In combination with decreased oil prices, the government budget deficit is near 25% of GDP as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law of Iraq</a></div> In October 2005, the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> was approved in a referendum with a 78% overall majority, although the percentage of support varied widely between the country's territories.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The new constitution was backed by the Shia and Kurdish communities, but was rejected by Arab Sunnis. Under the terms of the constitution, the country conducted <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_parliamentary_election,_December_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi parliamentary election, December 2005">fresh nationwide parliamentary elections</a> on 15 December 2005. All three major <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iraq">ethnic groups in Iraq</a> voted along ethnic lines, as did Assyrian and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">Turcoman</a> minorities. Law no. 188 of the year 1959 (Personal Status Law)<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> made polygamy extremely difficult, granted child custody to the mother in case of divorce, prohibited repudiation and marriage under the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-85">[83]</a> Article 1 of Civil Code also identifies Islamic law as a formal source of law.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Iraq had no Sharia courts but civil courts used Sharia for issues of personal status including marriage and divorce. In 1995 Iraq introduced Sharia punishment for certain types of criminal offences.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The code is based on French civil law as well as Sunni and Jafari (<a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a>) interpretations of Sharia.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">CPA</a> chief executive L. Paul Bremer said he would veto any constitutional draft stating that sharia is the principal basis of law.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The declaration enraged many local Shia clerics,<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> and by 2005 the United States had relented, allowing a role for sharia in the constitution to help end a stalemate on the draft constitution.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Penal_Code" title="Iraqi Penal Code">Iraqi Penal Code</a> is the statutory law of Iraq. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_equipment_of_the_Iraqi_Ground_Forces" title="List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces">List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_F-16_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2243"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 121px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, the main combat aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a>, during a take-off</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/200px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="717"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/200px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/300px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/400px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">ISOF</a> during training in <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon</a>, 2021</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces" title="Iraqi security forces">Iraqi security forces</a> are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and the Ministry of Defense (MOD), as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau (CTB), which oversees the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">Iraqi Special Operations Forces</a>, and the Popular Mobilization Committee (PMC). Both CTB and PMC report directly to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a>. MOD forces include the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Iraqi Air Defence Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> The MOD also runs a Joint Staff College, training army, navy, and air force officers, with support from the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_-_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Training Mission - Iraq">NATO Training Mission - Iraq</a>. The college was established at <a href="/wiki/Ar_Rustamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Rustamiyah">Ar Rustamiyah</a> on 27 September 2005.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The center runs Junior Staff and Senior Staff Officer Courses designed for <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenants</a> to <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">majors</a>. The current Iraqi armed forces was rebuilt on American foundation. The army consists of 13 infantry divisions and one <a href="/wiki/Motorised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorised infantry">motorised infantry</a>. Each division consists of four brigades and comprises 14,000 soldiers. Before 2003, Iraq was mostly equipped with Soviet-made military equipment, but since then the country has turned to Western suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The Iraqi air force is designed to support ground forces with surveillance, reconnaissance and troop lift. Two reconnaissance squadrons use light aircraft, three helicopter squadrons are used to move troops and one air transportation squadron uses <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130</a> transport aircraft to move troops, equipment, and supplies. The air force currently has 5,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors, including 800 <a href="/wiki/Marines_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marines (military)">marines</a>. The navy consists of an operational headquarters, five afloat squadrons, and two marine battalions, designed to protect shorelines and inland waterways from insurgent infiltration. On 4 November 2019, more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> personnel left <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> for the 10th rotation of Task Group <a href="/wiki/Taji" class="mw-redirect" title="Taji">Taji</a>, based north of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The Australian contingent mentors the Iraqi School of Infantry, where the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Security_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Security Forces">Iraqi Security Forces</a> are trained. However, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s contribution was reduced from 250 to 120 ADF personnel, which along with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> had trained over 45,000 ISF members before that.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations of Iraq</a></div> Iraq has followed different foreign policies under various regimes throughout its history. Under monarchical rule, it was pro-Western and part of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a>, an alliance against the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-97">[95]</a> During Qasim's rule, the country withdrew from the pact and formed close ties with the Eastern Bloc and claimed Kuwait as part of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:23-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-97">[95]</a> While the successive regime recognized Kuwait's independence.<a href="#cite_note-:23-98">[96]</a> Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq maintained ties with pro-Soviet countries.<a href="#cite_note-:23-98">[96]</a> It also provided financial support to <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> during the Vietnam War and aid to rebuild Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-:23-98">[96]</a> During this time, Iraq had close trade relations with India and Jordan. France, Germany, Belarus, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> opposed the invasion of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:9-97">[95]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/440px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> meets with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> during a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure>After the end of the war, Iraq sought and strengthened regional economic cooperation and improved relations with neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-in-99">[97]</a> On 12 February 2009, Iraq officially became the 186th State Party to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>. Under the provisions of this treaty, Iraq is considered a party with declared stockpiles of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a>. Because of their late accession, Iraq is the only State Party exempt from the existing timeline for destruction of their chemical weapons.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Since the situation eased, Iraq re-engaged with its Arab neighbors while maintaining relations with Iran in an attempt to position Iraq as a country that would not exacerbate the security concerns of its neighbors and seeking a pragmatic balance in foreign relations.<a href="#cite_note-in-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Relations with Iran</a> have flourished since 2005 by the exchange of high-level visits.<a href="#cite_note-in-99">[97]</a> A conflict occurred in December 2009, when Iraq accused Iran of seizing an oil well on the border.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Relations with Turkey</a> are tense, largely because of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>, as clashes between <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> continue.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In October 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish parliament">Turkish parliament</a> renewed a law that gives Turkish forces the ability to pursue rebels over the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">border in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Project" title="Southeastern Anatolia Project">"Great Anatolia Project"</a> reduced Iraq's water supply and affected agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-68">[66]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia al-Sudani</a> has sought to normalise <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iraq–Syria relations">relations with Syria</a> in order to expand co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Iraq is also seeking to deepen its ties with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Recently foreign ministers of Iraq and Kuwait have announced that they were working on a definitive agreement on border demarcation.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iran has also intervened</a> since 2014, expanding through sectarian parties and <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinist militias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> The intervention traces its roots in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> Various militia groups that have emerged in the country since 2003 have ties with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Resistance in Iraq">Islamic Resistance in Iraq</a> and groups within the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> are part of Iran's proxies — the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a>, which includes other proxies from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> These Iraqi militias have also participated in confronting Israel, during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas War">Israel–Hamas War</a>, along with other groups of the Axis of Resistance.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> Iraq has emerged as an emerging middle power. It has played an important role in mediating talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia. In 2021, Baghdad hosted a meeting between Iranian and Saudi officials.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> It has also hosted talks between Egypt, Jordan and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> On 17 November 2008, the US and Iraq agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> as part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Framework_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Framework Agreement">Strategic Framework Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> On 5 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi parliament">Iraqi parliament</a> voted for a resolution that urges the government to work on expelling US troops from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> The resolution was passed two days after <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">an American drone strike</a> that killed Iranian Major General <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> The resolution specifically calls for ending of a 2014 agreement allowing Washington to help Iraq against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State groups</a> by sending troops.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> This resolution will also signify ending an agreement with Washington to station troops in Iraq as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> vows to retaliate after the killing.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> On 28 September 2020, Washington made preparations to withdraw diplomats from Iraq, as a result of Iranian-backed militias firing rockets at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">American Embassy in Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-116">[114]</a> The officials said that the move was seen as an escalation of American confrontation with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The United States significantly <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2020%E2%80%932021)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2020–2021)">reduced its military presence in Iraq</a> after <a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">the defeat of ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_ISIL-controlled_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory">Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL_occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL occupied Mosul">Mass executions in ISIL occupied Mosul</a></div> Relations between Iraq and its <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurds">Kurdish population</a> have been sour in recent history, especially with <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal Campaign">Saddam Hussein's genocidal campaign</a> against them in the 1980s. After <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">uprisings during the early 90s</a>, many Kurds fled their homeland and <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zones</a> were established in northern Iraq to prevent more conflicts. Despite historically poor relations, some progress has been made, and Iraq elected its first Kurdish president, <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, in 2005. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> is now an official language of Iraq alongside <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> according to Article 4 of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT rights in Iraq</a> remain limited. Although <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">decriminalised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> remains <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">stigmatised in Iraqi society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory</a> have been recorded as highly violated. It included <a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_Islamic_State-occupied_Mosul" title="Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul">mass executions in Islamic State-occupied</a> part of Mosul and <a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">genocide of the Yazidis</a> in Yazidi populated <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>, which is in northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorates of Iraq</a></div> Iraq is composed of eighteen <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">governorates</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: muhafadhat, singular muhafadhah). The governorates are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">districts</a> (or qadhas), which are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">sub-districts</a> (or nawāḥī). A nineteenth governorate, <a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a>, is unrecognised by the Iraqi government. Clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its eighteen governorates, and partially recognized Halabja. <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/360px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="367" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" usemap="#ImageMap_30de456dbfe705b5" resource="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 360px;height: 367px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/360px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png" data-alt="A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates." data-width="360" data-height="367" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/540px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/720px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_30de456dbfe705b5"> <map name="ImageMap_30de456dbfe705b5"><area href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="261,89,257,90,257,90,258,91,258,91,258,92,258,92,259,93,259,93,259,93,259,94,259,95,259,95,258,95,257,95,257,95,257,96,257,97,256,98,256,98,255,98,255,99,254,99,254,100,253,100,253,100,254,101,254,101,255,102,255,102,255,102,256,102,257,103,257,103,258,103,258,103,259,103,259,103,260,103,261,104,261,104,262,104,263,104,264,104,264,104,264,104,265,104,266,104,267,103,267,102,267,102,266,102,266,101,266,100,266,100,266,99,267,99,267,99,267,98,267,98,267,98,267,98,266,98,265,97,265,97,265,97,264,97,264,96,264,96,265,95,265,95,265,95,265,95,266,94,265,93,264,93,264,92,264,92,263,91,262,90,262,90,261,89,261,89,261,88,260,88,260,88,261,88" alt="Halabja Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Ninawa_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="135,26,153,39,167,32,177,35,178,28,186,27,202,38,195,42,172,66,170,79,156,82,151,90,158,103,138,103,137,111,96,101,100,84,98,66,100,47,117,44" alt="Ninawa Governorate" title="Ninawa Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="178,27,177,35,167,30,154,39,135,23,142,22,149,12,155,15,161,12,186,19,192,14,196,18,187,27" alt="Dohuk Governorate" title="Dohuk Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Arbil_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="188,26,195,15,203,17,200,26,204,29,214,19,228,45,214,47,213,58,222,71,187,73,181,88,169,84,176,62,201,39" alt="Arbil Governorate" title="Arbil Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="215,47,213,60,222,72,217,72,222,89,211,101,224,112,236,122,252,100,254,110,267,100,261,82,274,76,273,73,253,76,238,67,234,50" alt="Sulaymaniyah Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="216,74,221,89,201,116,169,99,164,89,181,86,187,73" alt="Kirkuk Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="222,113,238,122,254,102,254,110,244,130,241,147,260,167,248,181,226,174,217,185,209,177,215,170,212,166,204,166,208,149,202,144" alt="Diyala Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Salah_ad_Din_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="138,105,158,103,151,91,168,78,170,87,166,89,169,99,201,118,212,102,223,111,210,125,201,143,208,147,203,166,201,170,193,158,174,155,174,146,161,132,158,142,156,137,156,126,150,132,138,124" alt="Salah ad Din Governorate" title="Salah ad Din Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="96,102,136,113,141,125,148,134,155,129,154,139,169,158,176,157,194,159,201,169,196,175,188,175,188,178,195,181,194,194,187,196,176,180,172,188,175,201,166,204,186,222,174,229,161,252,154,282,127,260,68,227,29,218,31,214,30,210,21,212,20,205,23,204,13,172,79,133,87,131,97,116" alt="Al Anbar Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="210,167,214,172,210,175,207,176,201,178,195,175,203,167" alt="Baghdad Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="190,175,207,177,210,182,210,188,227,199,232,210,220,215,220,220,208,215,204,219,194,201,200,198,194,194,196,182,190,179" alt="Babil Governorate" title="Babil Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="188,197,198,195,195,202,201,212,185,220,166,203,178,201,183,205" alt="Karbala Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="212,184,216,185,223,177,230,176,248,182,260,166,267,176,262,183,266,187,280,191,274,210,279,217,274,225,249,226,232,209,218,190,212,190" alt="Wasit Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Al_Najaf_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="183,219,199,212,201,220,205,216,210,219,208,241,218,249,186,309,156,282,161,253,176,230,185,223" alt="Al Najaf Governorate" title="Al Najaf Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="212,219,219,220,232,209,251,227,253,240,236,235,228,238,231,241,224,252,218,248,208,241,210,229" alt="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="273,226,279,218,274,211,280,191,300,207,305,205,324,231,319,255,302,253,299,258,290,258,282,248" alt="Maysan Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="251,226,272,226,283,249,288,259,299,258,299,281,295,279,279,283,268,272,248,271,252,258" alt="Dhi Qar Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Al_Muthanna_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="234,236,252,239,248,271,267,272,277,282,285,299,279,338,275,341,216,335,185,309,219,250,224,253" alt="Al Muthanna Governorate" title="Al Muthanna Governorate"><area href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="302,256,318,255,318,264,330,264,330,283,343,296,350,306,329,303,309,300,299,304,281,339,286,296,281,288,281,282,294,279,299,281" alt="Basra Governorate" title="Basra Governorate"></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate">Dohuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">Al-Qādisiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_World_Erbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Empire_World_Erbil.jpg/220px-Empire_World_Erbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Empire_World_Erbil.jpg/220px-Empire_World_Erbil.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Empire_World_Erbil.jpg/330px-Empire_World_Erbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Empire_World_Erbil.jpg/440px-Empire_World_Erbil.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Empire World in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a></figcaption></figure> Iraq's economy is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. The lack of development in other sectors has resulted in 18%–30% unemployed and a per capita GDP of $4,812.<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a> Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-usaid11-120">[118]</a> The oil export industry, which dominates the Iraqi economy, generates little employment.<a href="#cite_note-usaid11-120">[118]</a> Currently only a modest percentage of women (the highest estimate for 2011 was 22%) participate in the labour force.<a href="#cite_note-usaid11-120">[118]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">American occupation</a>, Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">centrally planned economy</a> prohibited foreign ownership of Iraqi businesses, ran most large industries as state-owned enterprises, and imposed large <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> to keep out foreign goods.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> During the regime of Saddam Hussein in the 1970s, Iraq was one of the most developed countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> After <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> quickly began issuing many binding orders <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatising</a> Iraq's economy and opening it up to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>. On 20 November 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> of creditor countries agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the invasion, and had grown another $5 billion by 2004. The <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> was to be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The official currency in Iraq is the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> issued new dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by <a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a> using modern anti-forgery techniques.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cramer" title="Jim Cramer">Jim Cramer</a>'s 20 October 2009 endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a> on <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> has further piqued interest in the investment.<a href="#cite_note-Jim_Cramer_on_the_Iraqi_Dinar-125">[123]</a> Five years after the invasion, an estimated 2.4 million people were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a> (with a further two million refugees outside Iraq), four million Iraqis were considered food-insecure (a quarter of children were chronically malnourished) and only a third of Iraqi children had access to safe drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-126">[124]</a> In 2022, and after more than 30 years after the <a href="/wiki/UN_Compensation_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Compensation Commission">UN Compensation Commission</a> was created to ensure restitution for Kuwait following the invasion of 1990, the reparations body announced that Iraq has paid a total of $52.4 billion in war reparations to Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">international NGOs</a> face challenges in carrying out their mission, leaving their assistance "piecemeal and largely conducted undercover, hindered by insecurity, a lack of coordinated funding, limited operational capacity and patchy information".<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-126">[124]</a> International NGOs have been targeted and during the first 5 years, 94 aid workers were killed, 248 injured, 24 arrested or detained and 89 kidnapped or abducted.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-126">[124]</a> Iraq's "dollar auction" system, established after <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003</a>, has become a conduit for massive <a href="/wiki/Financial_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial fraud">financial fraud</a>. This system allows Iraqi banks to purchase U.S. dollars from Iraq's oil revenues held at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a>. However, it has been exploited by fraudsters, terrorists, and money launderers to funnel billions of dollars out of Iraq. Despite warnings and evidence of fraud, American officials failed to take significant action for years. In 2015, an Iraqi parliamentary committee uncovered widespread fraud, including $6.5 billion obtained fraudulently by Al-Huda Bank. The typical fraud involved Iraqi banks submitting fake invoices and documents to obtain dollars, which were then sent to exchange houses or individuals instead of legitimate exporters. These misused funds have reportedly supported various U.S. adversaries, including Iran-backed militias, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syrian regime</a>. Recent U.S. actions have included sanctioning some Iraqi banks and individuals involved in the fraud, but critics argue these measures came too late. Specific examples of fraudulent transactions are provided, including those involving United Bank for Investment (UBI) and its chairman, Fadhil al-Dabbas. Experts suggest that U.S. inaction was due to various factors, including a focus on maintaining Iraqi dinar stability and the distraction of the war against the Islamic State. This long-standing financial abuse has had far-reaching consequences for both Iraq and U.S. interests in the region, highlighting the complexity of financial oversight in post-conflict environments.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Although overthrow of Saddam in 2003 have caused post-war conflict in Iraq, affecting the economy.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> However, the Kurdish and Shia populated regions of Iraq have experienced economic boom since the end of the 2003–2011 war.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-133">[131]</a> In addition, Iraq is an agricultural country. Tourism in Iraq stands to be a major growth sector, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iraq" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq">archaeological tourism</a> and religious tourism while the country is also considered to be a potential location for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/220px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/220px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/330px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/440px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A reconstructed portion of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> Iraq was an important <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">tourist destination</a> for many years but that changed dramatically during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war with Iran</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion by the United States and allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> As Iraq continues to develop and stabilizes, the tourism in Iraq is still facing many challenges, little has been made by the government to meet its tremendous potential as a global tourist destination, and gain the associated economic benefits, mainly due to conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Sites from Iraq's ancient past are numerous and many that are close to large cities have been excavated. Babylon has seen major recent restoration; known for its famous <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat_of_Ur" title="Ziggurat of Ur">Ziggurat</a> (the inspiration for the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">Seven Wonders of the World</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, making it a prime destination. <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, a rival to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, has also seen significant restoration and reconstruction. <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, one of the first Sumerian cities, which is near <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyya</a>, has been partially restored. This is a list of examples of some significant sites in a country with a tremendous archaeological and historic wealth.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Iraq is considered to be a potential location for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The tourism in Iraq includes also making pilgrimages to <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam_(Shia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiest sites in Islam (Shia)">holy Shia Islamic sites</a> near <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-133">[131]</a> Since 2003, Najaf and Karbala have experienced economic boom, due to religious tourism.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a> is the second largest museum in Iraq after the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. It contains ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> artifacts. Saddam Hussein built hundreds of palaces and monuments across the country. Some of them include <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Palace" title="Al-Faw Palace">Al-Faw Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/As-Salam_Palace" title="As-Salam Palace">As-Salam Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radwaniyah_Palace" title="Radwaniyah Palace">Radwaniyah Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vince-2016-141">[139]</a> Al-Faw Palace is currently occupied by the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad" title="American University of Iraq - Baghdad">American University of Iraq</a>. Since Saddam's overthrow, the palaces are open to tourists, though they are not officially functioning, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">government of Iraq</a> is considering to sell them for useful purposes. A majority of these structures were built after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">1991 Gulf War</a>, when Iraq was put under sanctions by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-Vince-2016-141">[139]</a> Saddam reconstructed part of Babylon, one of the world's earliest cities, using bricks inscribed with his name to associate himself with the region's past glories.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> One of his palaces in Basra was turned into a museum, despite it was time when Iraq allied with the United States was engaged in war with the ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transport in Iraq</a></div> Iraq has a modern network of highways. <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Iraq">Roadways</a> extended 45,550 km (28,303 mi).<a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-144">[142]</a> The roadway also connect Iraq to neighboring countries of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-144">[142]</a> There are more than seven million passenger cars, over million commercial taxis, buses, and trucks in use. On major highways the maximum speed is 110 km/h (68 mph).<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Iraq has about 104 airports as of 2012. Major airports include <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Airport" title="Basra International Airport">Basra International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_International_Airport" title="Kirkuk International Airport">Kirkuk International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaimaniyah_International_Airport" title="Sulaimaniyah International Airport">Sulaimaniyah International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Najaf_International_Airport" title="Al Najaf International Airport">Najaf International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-146">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosul_International_Airport" title="Mosul International Airport">Mosul International Airport</a> was captured by ISIS militants during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">2014 Northern Iraq offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Despite the government re-taking of the city, the airport remained closed. The government is constructing an international airport for <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and proposed an international airport in <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>, with partnership with China.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_energy">Oil and energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Energy in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_(ABOT).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/220px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/220px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/330px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/440px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Basra oil terminal, southern Iraq</figcaption></figure> With its 143.1 billion barrels (2.275×1010 m3) of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Oil production levels reached 3.4 million barrels per day by December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Only about 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil wells</a> have been drilled in Iraq, compared with about 1 million wells in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Iraq was one of the founding members of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> During the 1970s Iraq produced up to 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels per day</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">sanctions imposed against Iraq</a> after its invasion of Kuwait in 1990 crippled the country's oil sector. The sanctions prohibited Iraq from exporting oil until 1996 and Iraq's output declined by 85% in the years following the First <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. The sanctions were lifted in 2003 after the US-led invasion removed Saddam Hussein from power, but development of Iraq's oil resources has been hampered by the ongoing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-155">[153]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a>, despite improved security and billions of dollars in oil revenue, Iraq still generates about half the electricity that customers demand, leading to protests during the hot summer months.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_oil_law_(2007)" title="Iraq oil law (2007)">Iraq oil law</a>, a proposed piece of legislation submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a> in 2007, has failed to gain approval due to disagreements among Iraq's various political blocs.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_Oil_Terminal" title="Al Başrah Oil Terminal">Al Başrah Oil Terminal</a> is a trans-shipment facility from the pipelines to the tankers and uses <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">supertankers</a>. According to a US Study from May 2007, between 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d) and 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) of Iraq's declared oil production over the past four years could have been siphoned off through corruption or smuggling.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> reported $13 billion of Iraqi oil revenues in American care was improperly accounted for, of which $2.6 billion is totally unaccounted for.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Some reports that the government has reduced corruption in public procurement of oil; however, reliable reports of bribery and kickbacks to government officials persist.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Oil (Iraq)">Ministry of Oil</a> awarded service contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera091211-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-163">[161]</a> Oil fields contracted include the "super-giant" <a href="/wiki/Majnoon_oil_field" title="Majnoon oil field">Majnoon oil field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Field" title="Halfaya Field">Halfaya Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Qurna_Field" title="West Qurna Field">West Qurna Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-163">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> won a deal to develop Rumaila, the largest oil field in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> On 14 March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> said Iraq's oil output jumped by half a million barrels a day in February to average 3.6 million barrels a day. The country had not pumped that much oil since 1979, when Saddam Hussein rose to power.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> However, on 14 July 2014, as sectarian strife had taken hold, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Field" title="Kirkuk Field">Kirkuk</a> oilfields in the north of the country, taking them from Iraq's control. Baghdad condemned the seizure and threatened "dire consequences" if the fields were not returned.<a href="#cite_note-KurdsOilfields-167">[165]</a> On 2018, the UN estimated that oil accounts for 99% of Iraq's revenue.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-155">[153]</a> As of 2021, the oil sector provided about 92% of foreign exchange earnings.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iraq">Water supply and sanitation in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5._Lake_Dukan,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/220px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/220px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/330px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/440px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Dukan" title="Lake Dukan">Lake Dukan</a></figcaption></figure>Three decades of war greatly cut the existing <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water resources management</a> system for several major cities. This prompted widespread <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> shortfalls thus poor <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water</a> and service quality.<a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-68">[66]</a> This is combined with few businesses and households who are fully environmentally aware and legally compliant however the large lakes, as pictured, alleviate supply relative to many comparators in Western Asia beset by more regular drought. Access to potable water diverges among governorates and between urban and rural areas. 91% of the population has access to potable water. Forming this figure: in rural areas, 77% of people have access to improved (treated or fully naturally filtered) drinking water sources; and 98% in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-UNWater-169">[167]</a> Much water is discarded during treatment, due to much outmoded equipment, raising energy burden and reducing supply.<a href="#cite_note-UNWater-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Investment in post-invasion Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/220px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/220px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/330px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/440px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The image shows a cargo ship docked at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, highlighting the progress and activity as the port nears completion.</figcaption></figure> Although many infrastructure projects had already begun, at the end of 2013 Iraq had a housing crisis. The then war-ravaged country was set to complete 5 percent of the 2.5 million homes it needs to build by 2016 to keep up with demand, confirmed the Minister for Construction and Housing.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In 2009, the Iraq Britain Business Council formed. Its key impetus was House of Lords member and trade expert <a href="/wiki/Emma_Nicholson,_Baroness_Nicholson_of_Winterbourne" title="Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne">Lady Nicholson</a>. In mid 2013, South Korean firm Daewoo reached a deal to build <a href="/wiki/Bismayah_New_City" title="Bismayah New City">Bismayah New City</a> of about 600,000 residents in 100,000 homes.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> launched the second phase of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a> via winning bid of project head contractor <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewood</a> at $2.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> In late 2023, the government announced that it will build a total of 15 new cities across Iraq, in an attempt to tackle a persistent housing problem, according to officials.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> This project falls under the government's plan and strategy to establish new residential cities outside city centers, aiming to alleviate the urban housing crisis.<a href="#cite_note-:27-174">[172]</a> The first 5 new cities cities will be located in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, while another 10 new residential cities will be launched in other governorates.<a href="#cite_note-:27-174">[172]</a> The initial phase of the [housing] plan began in late 2023, when <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> laid the foundation stone of Al-Jawahiri city.<a href="#cite_note-:27-174">[172]</a> Located west of the capital, the new city will host 30,000 housing units which will cost $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:27-174">[172]</a> It is expected to be completed in four to five years. According to officials, none of it is financed by the government.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-iraqinews.com-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-174">[172]</a> In 2024, and during a visit to Baghdad by Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a>, a quadrilateral memorandum of understanding regarding cooperation in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Development_Road" title="Iraq Development Road">Iraq Development Road</a> project was signed between Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Türkiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>. The deal was inked by the transportation ministers from each country. The 1,200-kilometer project with railway and highways which will connect the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, aimed to be the largest port in the Middle East. It is planned to be completed by 2025 to the Turkish border at an expected cost of $17 billion. According to officials, it is a strategic national project for Iraq, and will become the largest sea port in the Middle East, as such strengthening Iraq's geopolitical position.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">List of largest cities of Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></div> The 2021 estimate of the total Iraqi population is 43,533,592.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-181">[179]</a> Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Issawi1988-182">[180]</a> In 2013 Iraq's population reached 35 million amid a post-war population boom.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Those three vilayets of the Ottoman Empire — Mosul, Basra and Baghdad — were designated as concentration of different ethnic groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">List of cities in Iraq</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Iraq <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad"><noscript><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/120px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/120px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" data-alt="Baghdad" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/180px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/240px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Site,_Mosel,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosul"><noscript><img alt="Mosul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg/120px-Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 86px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg/120px-Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg" data-alt="Mosul" data-width="120" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg/180px-Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg/240px-Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate"> Baghdad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,719,477</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate"> Babylon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">455,741 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basra"><noscript><img alt="Basra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/120px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="635"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/120px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg" data-alt="Basra" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/180px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/240px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erbil"><noscript><img alt="Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/120px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/120px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg" data-alt="Erbil" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/180px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/240px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Governorate"> Nineveh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,361,819</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diwaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwaniyah">Diwaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate"> Al-Qādisiyyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">403,796 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate"> Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,340,827</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate"> Wasit</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">389,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate"> Erbil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,550,071</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate"> Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">340,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate"> Kirkuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">972,272</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Az Zubayr</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate"> Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">300,751 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate"> Najaf as-Sharif</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">747,261</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate"> Diyala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate"> Karbala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">711,530</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anbar_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Governorate"> Anbar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,884 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate"> Sulaymaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">676,492</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anbar_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Governorate"> Anbar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">223,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate"> Dhi Qar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">558,446</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate"> Muthanna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate"> Maysan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">527,472</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate"> Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">211,964 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/220px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/220px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/330px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/440px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Sunni Arabs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Shiite Arabs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Sunni Kurds</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Assyrians</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Yazidis</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Turkmen</div> Map of all majority-group clusters of the country's ethnic groups in large, deliberately grouped, census output areas as at the 2006 to 2008 study</figcaption></figure> Iraq's native population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, but also includes other ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kawliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawliya">Kawliya</a>. A report by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Research_Service" title="European Parliamentary Research Service">European Parliamentary Research Service</a> suggests that, in 2015, there were 24 million Arabs (14 million <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and 9 million <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>); 4.7 million Sunni <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> (plus 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Faili_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Faili Kurds">Faili Kurds</a> and 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Kaka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaka'i">Kaka'i</a>); 3 million (mostly Sunni) <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmens</a>; 1 million <a href="/wiki/Black_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Iraqis">Black Iraqis</a>; 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>); 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>; 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>; 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Gypsies_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies in Iraq">Roma</a>; 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>; 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a>; 1,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>; and a few hundred <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPRS-185">[183]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, citing a 1987 Iraqi government estimate,<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a> the population of Iraq is 75–80% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> followed by 15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a> In addition, the estimate claims that other minorities form 5% of the country's population, including the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen/Turcoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yezidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak people">Shabak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaka'i">Kaka'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsies_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies in Iraq">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a>, Mandaeans, and <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> points out that figures from the 1987 census, as well as the 1967, 1977, and 1997 censuses, "are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation" because Iraqi citizens were only allowed to indicate belonging to either the Arab or Kurdish ethnic groups;<a href="#cite_note-ICG-186">[184]</a> consequently, this skewed the number of other ethnic minorities, such as Iraq's third largest ethnic group – the Turkmens.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-186">[184]</a> The historic Assyrian Quarter in Baghdad housed 150,000 Armenians in 2003. Most of them fled, following the escalation of war, and today only 1,500 Armenians are found in the city. Around 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> live in southern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Iraq has a community of 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> and some 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In southern Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Afro_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Iraqis">there is a community of Iraqis of African</a> descent, a legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> practised in the Islamic Caliphate beginning before the <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a> of the 9th century, and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>'s role as a key port.<a href="#cite_note-zanj-190">[188]</a> It is the most populous country in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/220px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1436"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/220px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/330px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/440px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Children in a village near the city of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a></figcaption></figure> The main languages spoken in Iraq are <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian Arabic language">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a> languages (specifically <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Neo-Aramaic">Chaldean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a> dialects).<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Arabic and Kurdish are written with versions of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turkoman have switched from the Arabic script to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shanks_2016_loc=57-193">[191]</a> In addition, the Neo-Aramaic languages use the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac script">Syriac script</a>. Other smaller minority languages include <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaki_language" title="Shabaki language">Shabaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Prior to the invasion in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was the sole official language. Since the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> was approved in 2005, both Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> are recognised (Article 4) as official languages of Iraq, while three other languages, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, are also recognised as <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages">minority languages</a>. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-43">[41]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> (Article 4): The Arabic language and the Kurdish language are the two official languages of Iraq. The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion in Iraq</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Iraq">Judaism in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/220px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/220px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/330px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/440px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shrine in Karbala, showing use of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></figcaption></figure> Religions in Iraq are dominantly <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-194">[192]</a> The CIA <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a> estimated in 2015 that between 90 and 95% of Iraqis followed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, with 61–64% being Shia and 29–34% being Sunni. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a> accounted for 1%, and the rest (1-4%) practiced <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, and other religions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-194">[192]</a> An older 2011 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> estimated that 51% of Muslims in Iraq see themselves as <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, 42% as <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, while 5% as "just a Muslim".<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Iraq is also home to two of the holiest places among the Shi'as – <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Shia Muslims are mostly concentrated in southern Iraq and in parts of north region and Baghdad. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> are found in the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Triangle" title="Sunni Triangle">Sunni Triangle region</a>, in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>, where Sunnis make majority. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a> has its roots from the conception of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> in the 5th century AD, predating the existence of Islam in the region of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:2-197">[195]</a> Iraqi Christians are predominantly native <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-198">[196]</a> There is also a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christians</a> in Iraq who had fled <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-198">[196]</a> Christians numbered over 1.4 million in 1987 or 8% of the estimated population of 16.3 million and 550,000 in 1947 or 12% of the population of 4.6 millions.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> After the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, violence against Christians rose, with reports of abduction, torture, bombings, and killings.<a href="#cite_note-besieged-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-198">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">post-2003 war</a> have displaced much of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">remaining Christian community from their homeland</a> as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-1-206">[204]</a> Iraq is home to one of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">oldest Jewish communities in the Middle East</a> and the first Jewish diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-:1-207">[205]</a> In 1948, the Jewish population was estimated at 200,000, although some sources suggest the population may have been even higher.<a href="#cite_note-:1-207">[205]</a> After the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948, Jews emigrated, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">fleeing persecution in Iraq</a>, while 100,000 of them remained.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> By the time Saddam Hussein came to power, their population had reached 15,000.<a href="#cite_note-:18-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-210">[208]</a> Under his rule, the population dwindled—not due to persecution, but because the government lifted travel restrictions, allowing many Jews to emigrate abroad and visiting Iraq occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-:17-211">[209]</a> At this point, around 1,500 Jews remained.<a href="#cite_note-:16-212">[210]</a> After 2003, fear among the Jewish community increased, leading to their further decline.<a href="#cite_note-:20-213">[211]</a> Today, it is estimated that only around 400 Jews remain in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:21-214">[212]</a> Iraq is home to over <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">250 Jewish sites</a>. There are also small <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> minority populations of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarsan">Yarsan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yezidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi">Yezidis</a> remaining.<a href="#cite_note-:3-201">[199]</a> Prior to 2003 their numbers together may have been 2 million, the majority Yarsan, a non-Islamic religion with roots in pre-Islamic and pre-Christian religion.<a href="#cite_note-:3-201">[199]</a> Yazidis are mostly concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-201">[199]</a> Mandaeans live primarily around Baghdad, Fallujah, Basra and <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_and_refugees">Diaspora and refugees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Refugees of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian exodus from Iraq</a></div> The dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries is known as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_diaspora" title="Iraqi diaspora">Iraqi diaspora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commission_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commission for Refugees">UN High Commission for Refugees</a> has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis fled the country after the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">multinational</a> invasion of Iraq in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The UN Refugee agency estimated in 2021 that 1.1 million were displaced within the country.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> In 2007, the UN said that about 40% of Iraq's middle class was believed to have fled and that most had fled systematic persecution and had no desire to return.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Subsequently, the diaspora seemed to be returning, as security improved; the Iraqi government claimed that 46,000 refugees returned to their homes in October 2007 alone.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> In 2011, nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-223">[221]</a> More than half of Iraqi Christians had fled the country since the US-led invasion.<a href="#cite_note-:7-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-223">[221]</a> According to official <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> statistics, 58,811 Iraqis had been granted refugee-status citizenship as of 25 May 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> in 2011, numerous Iraqis in Syria returned to their native country.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> To escape the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, over 252,000 <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a> of varying ethnicities have fled to Iraq since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png/220px-Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1295"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png/220px-Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png/330px-Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png/440px-Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Babil Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Pediatrics</figcaption></figure> In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 6.84% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 6.96 physicians and 13.92 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The life expectancy at birth was 68.49 years in 2010, or 65.13 years for males and 72.01 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> This is down from a peak life expectancy of 71.31 years in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Iraq had developed a centralised free health care system in the 1970s using a hospital based, capital-intensive model of <a href="/wiki/Curative_care" title="Curative care">curative care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-230">[228]</a> The country depended on large-scale imports of medicines, medical equipment and even nurses, paid for with oil export income, according to a "Watching Brief" report issued jointly by the <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UN Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in July 2003.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-230">[228]</a> Unlike other poorer countries, which focused on mass health care using primary care practitioners, Iraq developed a Westernised system of sophisticated hospitals with advanced medical procedures, provided by specialist physicians.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-230">[228]</a> The UNICEF/WHO report noted that prior to 1990, 97% of the urban dwellers and 71% of the rural population had access to free primary health care; just 2% of hospital beds were privately managed.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-230">[228]</a> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shi'a Al-Sudani</a> officially inaugurated Shaab General Hospital, Baghdad's first new general hospital in nearly 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-:22-231">[229]</a> The 246-bed facility, which was a long-delayed project was completed under a collaborative management model, which boasts state-of-the-art infrastructure, with advanced medical equipment, and a full range of healthcare services according to Sudani.<a href="#cite_note-:22-231">[229]</a> Minister of Health Salih Hasnawi highlighted the ministry's accomplishments over the past two years, including the construction of 13 new hospitals, three specialized centers, two burn units, and 25 kidney treatment centers in different governorates, while plans are in place to build 16 new hospitals, each with 100 beds, to be managed by qualified companies.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> In the same year, the government launched the implementation of a joint operation and management program for modern hospitals at the newly opened Najaf Teaching Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-:25-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>University students in Iraq, 2016</figcaption></figure> Before 1990 and later 2003, Iraq already had an advanced and successful education system.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-235">[233]</a> However, it has now been "de-developing" in its educational success.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-235">[233]</a> During his rule, Saddam turned Iraq into a leading center of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-235">[233]</a> Since the implementation of the MDGs, education has shown improvement in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-235">[233]</a> Enrollment numbers nearly doubled from 2000 to 2012, reaching six million students.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> By 2015–2016, around 9.2 million children were attending school, with a steady annual increase of 4.1% in enrollment rates.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> However, the rapid increase in primary education students has strained the system.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> Education receives only 5.7% of government spending, leading to a lack of investment in schools and poor educational rankings in the region.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> UNICEF found that funding has been wasted, resulting in increasing dropout and repetition rates.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> Dropout rates range from 1.5% to 2.5%, with girls being affected more due to economic or family reasons. Repetition rates have reached almost 17%, causing a loss of approximately 20% of education funding in 2014–2015.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> Regional disparities greatly impact enrollment rates for children in primary education in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> Conflict-ridden areas like Saladin Governorate have seen over 90% of school-age children out of school due to the conversion of schools into shelters or military bases.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> Limited resources strain the education system, hindering access to education.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> However, efforts have been made to reopen closed schools, with success seen in Mosul, where over 380,000 children are back in school.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> Access to education varies depending on location, and there are disparities between boys and girls.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-236">[234]</a> In 2024, the government inaugurated 790 new schools across the country, as part of a framework agreement with China to build 1,000 schools. This initiative aims to address overcrowding and the issue of triple shifts in schools, which have been exacerbated by the destruction caused by years of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:29-237">[235]</a> Many schools have had to operate multiple shifts, sometimes giving students as little as four hours of learning per day, which negatively affects educational outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-:29-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-238">[236]</a> The school construction project stems from a 2021 agreement between the Iraqi and Chinese governments to build 1,000 schools. Additionally, the Iraqi Prime Minister announced that the Development Fund for Iraq (DFI) will soon collaborate with the private sector to build 400 more schools, addressing the current shortage of over 8,000 schools in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:29-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-238">[236]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture of Iraq</a></div> Iraq's culture has a deep heritage that extends back in time to ancient Mesopotamian culture. Iraq has one of the longest written traditions in the world including <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>. The culture of Iraq or Mesopotamia is one of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> histories and is considered one of the most influential cultures in the world. Mesopotamian legacy went on to influence and shape the civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> in different ways such as inventing <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">astrology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">law code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_History_Encyclopedia-17">[15]</a> Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups that have each contributed in different ways to the country's long and rich heritage. The country is known for its poets, architects, painters and sculptors, who are among the best in the region, some of them being world-class. Iraq is known for producing fine <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">handicrafts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">rugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpets">carpets</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art of Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Iraqi art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/160px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/160px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/240px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/320px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti" title="Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti">Wasiti</a>'s illustrations served as an inspiration for the modern Baghdad art movement in the 20th-century.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a></figcaption></figure> There were several interconnected traditions of art in ancient Iraq. The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Dynasty developed in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> between 750 and 945, primarily in its heartland of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The Abbasids were influenced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian art traditions</a> and later influenced <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Persian</a> as well as Central Asian styles. Between the 8th and 13th centuries during the Abbasid period, pottery achieved a high level of sophistication, calligraphy began to be used to decorate the surface of decorative objects and illuminated manuscripts, particularly <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Q'ranic</a> texts became more complex and stylised. Iraq's first art school was established during this period, allowing artisans and crafts to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> At the height of the Abbasid period, in the late 12th century, a stylistic movement of manuscript illustration and calligraphy emerged. Now known as the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_School" title="Baghdad School">Baghdad School</a>, this movement of Islamic art was characterised by representations of everyday life and the use of highly expressive faces rather than the stereotypical characters that had been used in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Online-241">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iraq" title="Architecture of Iraq">Architecture of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="566"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 215px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/299px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> (1950–2016), an acclaimed architect</figcaption></figure> The architecture of Iraq has a long history, encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC and features both the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-242">[240]</a> Baghdad and Mosul have plethora of cultural and heritage buildings. There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">historic mosques in Baghdad</a> and Basra, <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_and_monasteries_in_Nineveh" title="List of churches and monasteries in Nineveh">old churches in Mosul</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">synagogues in Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-242">[240]</a> Modern prominent architects include <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Al_Bayati" title="Basil Al Bayati">Basil Bayati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifat_Chadirji" title="Rifat Chadirji">Rifat Chadirji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hisham_N._Ashkouri" title="Hisham N. Ashkouri">Hisham N. Ashkouri</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-:24-242">[240]</a> The capital, Ninus or <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>, and some 200 years after <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> passed over its site, then mere mounds of earth. It remained buried until 1845, when Botta and <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Layard</a> discovered the ruins of the Assyrian cities. The principal remains are those of <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, 16 km (10 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>; of Nimroud, supposed to be the ancient Calah; and of Kouyunjik, in all probability the ancient Nineveh. In these cities are found fragments of several great buildings which seem to have been palace-temples. They were constructed chiefly of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">sun-dried bricks</a>, and all that remains of them is the lower part of the walls, decorated with sculpture and paintings, portions of the pavements, a few indications of the elevation, and some works connected with the drainage. Recent years's modern buildings includes shopping malls and high-rise towers. Important cultural institutions in the capital include the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra">Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra</a> – rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a> but have since returned to normal.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> The National Theatre of Iraq was looted during the 2003 invasion, but efforts are underway to restore it. The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 cinemas were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5101" data-file-height="3247"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Facade of Temple at <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a> near Mosul was declared <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1985<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></figcaption></figure> Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the <a href="/wiki/Music_and_Ballet_school_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Music and Ballet school Baghdad">Music and Ballet School Baghdad</a>. Baghdad also features a number of museums including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> – which houses the world's largest and finest collection of artefacts and relics of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">Ancient Iraqi</a> civilisations; some of which were <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">stolen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a>. On 2021, it was announced that Iraq had reclaimed about 17,000 looted artifacts, which was considered to be the biggest repatriation.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraqi literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuneiform_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/220px-Cuneiform_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1563"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 373px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/220px-Cuneiform_script.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="373" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/330px-Cuneiform_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/440px-Cuneiform_script.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Akkadian inscription</figcaption></figure> The literature in Iraq is often referred to as "Mesopotamian literature" due to the flourishing of various civilisations as a result of the mixture of these cultures and has been called Mesopotamian or Babylonian literature in allusion to the geographical territory that such cultures occupied in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> between the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> The Sumerian literature was unique because it does not belong to any known linguistic root. Its appearance began with symbols of the things denoting it, then it turned with time to the cuneiform line on tablets. The literature during this time were mainly about mythical and epic texts dealing with creation issues, the emergence of the world, the gods, descriptions of the heavens, and the lives of heroes in the wars that broke out between the nomads and the urbanites. They also deal with religious teachings, moral advice, astrology, legislation, and history. One of which was the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, which is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> During the Abbasid Caliphate, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which was a public academy and intellectual center, hosted numerous scholars and writers. A number of stories in <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a> feature famous Abbasid figures.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Iraq has various medieval poets, most remarkably <a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">Hariri of Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Mutanabbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>. In modern times, various languages are used in Iraqi literature including Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, although the Arabic literature remains the most influential literature. Notably poets include <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri">Jawahiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safa_Khulusi" title="Safa Khulusi">Safa Khulusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunya_Mikhail" title="Dunya Mikhail">Dunya Mikhail</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/180px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="4016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/180px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/270px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/360px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Queen's gold <a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">lyre</a> from the Royal Cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.</figcaption></figure> Iraq is known primarily for its rich <a href="/wiki/Arabian_maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian maqam">maqam</a> heritage which has been passed down orally by the masters of the maqam in an unbroken chain of transmission leading up to the present. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a> is considered to be the most noble and perfect form of maqam. Al-maqam al-Iraqi is the collection of sung poems written either in one of the sixteen meters of classical Arabic or in Iraqi dialect (Zuhayri).<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> This form of art is recognised by UNESCO as "an intangible heritage of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Early in the 20th century, many of the most prominent musicians in Iraq were <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-251">[249]</a> In 1936, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraq Radio (page does not exist)">Iraq Radio</a> was established with an ensemble made up entirely of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, with the exception of the percussion player.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-251">[249]</a> At the nightclubs of Baghdad, ensembles consisted of oud, qanun and two percussionists, while the same format with a <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> were used on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-251">[249]</a> The most famous singer of the 1930s–1940s was perhaps <a href="/wiki/Salima_Pasha" title="Salima Pasha">Salima Pasha</a> (later Salima Murad).<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manasseh-252">[250]</a> The respect and adoration for Pasha were unusual at the time since public performance by women was considered shameful.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-251">[249]</a> The most famous early composer from Iraq was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Aharon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezra Aharon (page does not exist)">Ezra Aharon</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> player, while the most prominent instrumentalist was <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Za%27arur" title="Yusuf Za'arur">Yusuf Za'arur</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Za'arus formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iraq">Media of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema of Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_films" title="List of Iraqi films">List of Iraqi films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Iraq,_Number_5,_June_5,_1920_WDL10101.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-220px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="3750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 304px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-220px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="304" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-330px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-440px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An image showing a page from Iraq newspaper dated 5 June 1920</figcaption></figure> Iraq was home to the second television station in the Middle East, which began during the 1950s. As part of a plan to help Iraq modernise, English telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Pye_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Pye Ltd.">Pye Limited</a> built and commissioned a television broadcast station in the capital city of Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> After the end of the full state control in 2003, there were a period of significant growth in the broadcast media in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> By mid-2003, according to a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> report, there were 20 radio stations from 0.15 to 17 television stations owned by Iraqis, and 200 Iraqi newspapers owned and operated. Iraqi media expert and author of a number of reports on this subject, Ibrahim Al Marashi, identifies four stages of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 where they had been taking the steps that have significant effects on the way for the later of the Iraqi media since then. Stages are: pre-invasion preparation, and the war and the actual choice of targets, the first post-war period, and a growing insurgency and hand over power to the Iraqi Interim Government (IIG) and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Allawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyad Allawi">Iyad Allawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MosulDolma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/220px-MosulDolma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="424"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/220px-MosulDolma.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/330px-MosulDolma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/440px-MosulDolma.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a>, a popular Iraqi dish</figcaption></figure> Iraqi cuisine can be traced back some 10,000 years – to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Ancient Persians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Tablets</a> found in ancient ruins in Iraq show recipes prepared in the temples during religious festivals – the first cookbooks in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">Ancient Iraq</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, was home to many sophisticated and highly advanced civilisations, in all fields of knowledge – including the culinary arts.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> However, it was in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval era</a> when Baghdad was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> that the Iraqi kitchen reached its zenith.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> Today the cuisine of Iraq reflects this rich inheritance as well as strong influences from the culinary traditions of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> Some characteristic ingredients of Iraqi cuisine include – vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Aubergine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubergine">aubergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courgette" class="mw-redirect" title="Courgette">courgette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">peppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilli</a>, cereals such as <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">bulgur</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, pulses and legumes such as <a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannellini#White_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannellini">cannellini</a>, fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Date_Palm#Dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Date Palm">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus fruits</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> Similarly with other countries of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, chicken and especially lamb are the favourite meats. Most dishes are served with rice – usually <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">Basmati</a>, grown in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">marshes</a> of southern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a> wheat is used in many dishes, having been a staple in the country since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Ancient Assyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sport in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/220px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/220px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/330px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/440px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Stadium" title="Basra International Stadium">Basra International Stadium</a> at its opening</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kick_boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kick boxing">kick boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> are also popular sports. The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Football_Association" title="Iraq Football Association">Iraq Football Association</a> is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team" title="Iraq national football team">Iraq national football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a>. It was founded in 1948, and has been a member of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> since 1950 and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> since 1971. Iraq were champions of the <a href="/wiki/2007_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2007 AFC Asian Cup">2007 AFC Asian Cup</a>, and they participated in the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2009_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2009 FIFA Confederations Cup">2009 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iraq" title="Outline of Iraq">Outline of Iraq</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلْعِرَاق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-ʿIrāq; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: عێراق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Êraq, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: ܥܝܪܐܩ </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga\/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Jumh\u016briyya al-\u02bfIr\u0101q"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Jumh\u016briyyat al-\u2018Ir\u0101q.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Jumhūriyya al-ʿIrāq</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga" title="File:Ar-Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: کۆماری عێراق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Komarî Êraq </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iq.parliament.iq/ku/%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1/">"دەستووری کۆماری عێراق"</a> (in Kurdish). Parliament of Iraq. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiq.parliament.iq%2Fku%2F%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005">"Constitution of Iraq"</a>. Constitute. Retrieved 31 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=111c">"National Profiles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D111c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iraq/">"Iraqi religions"</a>. www.state.gov. Office of International Religious Freedom. 12 May 2021. <q>The constitution establishes Islam as the official religion and states no law may be enacted contradicting the "established provisions of Islam." It provides for freedom of religious belief and practice for all individuals, including Muslims, Christians, Yezidis, and Sabean-Mandeans, but does not explicitly mention followers of other religions or atheists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Iraqi+religions&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"Iraq"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 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World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. 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Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Balancing+Act+%7C+Strategic+Monitor+2018%E2%80%932019&rft.pub=www.clingendael.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clingendael.org%2Fpub%2F2018%2Fstrategic-monitor-2018-2019%2Fa-balancing-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/987321468159610496/pdf/802410BRI0Iraq0Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf">"Iraq's Tourism Potential"</a> (PDF). 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Tourism+Potential&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Far%2F987321468159610496%2Fpdf%2F802410BRI0Iraq0Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. 10 December 1979. Retrieved 23 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft.date=1979-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Diraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloran2000" class="citation web cs1">Halloran, John A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm">"Sumerian Lexicon"</a>. <q>The name of the very ancient city of URUK- City of Gilgamesh is made up from the UR-city and UK- thought to mean existence (a-ku, a-Ki & a-ko. The Aramaic and Arabic root of IRQ and URQ denotes rivers or tributaries at the same times referring to condensation (of water).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Lexicon&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Halloran&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumerian.org%2Fsumerlex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Wilhelm Eilers (1983). "Iran and Mesopotamia". In E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "often said to be from Arabic araqa, covering notions such as "perspiring, deeply rooted, well-watered," which may reflect the impression the lush river-land made on desert Arabs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">etymonline.com</a>; see also "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRassam2005" class="citation book cs1">Rassam, Suha (31 October 2005). Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day. Gracewing Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1"><bdi>978-0-85244-633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Iraq%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-633-1&rft.aulast=Rassam&rft.aufirst=Suha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosworth1998">Bosworth 1998</a>, p. 538. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernhardsson-97_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnus_Thorkell_Bernhardsson2005" class="citation book cs1">Magnus Thorkell Bernhardsson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVHtRZwU-cAC&pg=PAPA97">Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology And Nation Building in Modern Iraq</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70947-8"><bdi>978-0-292-70947-8</bdi></a>. <q>The term Iraq did not encompass the regions north of the region of Tikrit on the Tigris and near Hīt on the Euphrates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+a+Plundered+Past%3A+Archaeology+And+Nation+Building+in+Modern+Iraq&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70947-8&rft.au=Magnus+Thorkell+Bernhardsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVHtRZwU-cAC%26pg%3DPAPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1767" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Thomas (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlttD01OMU4C&q=Eyraca">A New Geographical and Historical Grammar</a>. Sands, Murray, and Cochran. Retrieved 22 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Geographical+and+Historical+Grammar&rft.pub=Sands%2C+Murray%2C+and+Cochran&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlttD01OMU4C%26q%3DEyraca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1761" class="citation magazine cs1">Martin, Benjamin (1761). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxdbAAAAYAAJ&q=Eyraca">"Philosophical Geography of Turkey in Asia"</a>. A New and Comprehensive System of Philology or A Treatise of the Literary Arts and Sciences, According to their Present State. 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Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-181"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. 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Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fertile+Crescent%2C+1800%E2%80%931914%3A+A+Documentary+Economic+History&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504951-0&rft.au=Charles+Philip+Issawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2TGkO7G43oC%26pg%3DPAPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1">"Iraqi population reaches about 35 million"</a>. Aswat Al Iraq. 27 April 2013. 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Iran & the Caucasus. 14 (1): 143–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338410X12743419189540">10.1163/157338410X12743419189540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703837">25703837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=A+Remnant+Remaining%3A+Armenians+amid+Northern+Iraq%27s+Christian+Minority&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25703837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338410X12743419189540&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Darren+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25703837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zanj-190"><a href="#cite_ref-zanj_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Timothy (2 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/world/middleeast/03basra.html">"In Iraq's African Enclave, Color Is Plainly Seen"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Middle+East+Gets+Its+First+Television+Station%2C+June+1955+Popular+Electronics&rft.aulast=Cafe&rft.aufirst=Kirt+Blattenberger+RF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfcafe.com%2Freferences%2Fpopular-electronics%2Fmiddle-east-first-tv-station-popular-electronics-june-1955.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultrairaq.ultrasawt.com/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84">"صناعة "الخبر" في الفضائيات العراقية"</a>. الترا عراق | Ultra Iraq. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%26%23124%3B+Ultra+Iraq&rft.atitle=%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%22+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultrairaq.ultrasawt.com%2F%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9%2F%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%2F%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Marashi2007" class="citation web cs1">Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=asc_papers">"Toward an Understanding of Media Policy and Media Systems in Iraq"</a>. Center for Global Communications Studies, Occasional Paper Series. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Understanding+of+Media+Policy+and+Media+Systems+in+Iraq&rft.series=Center+for+Global+Communications+Studies%2C+Occasional+Paper+Series&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Al-Marashi&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1058%26context%3Dasc_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salloum-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_256-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/3592">"Foods of Iraq: Enshrined With A Long History"</a>. ThingsAsian. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foods+of+Iraq%3A+Enshrined+With+A+Long+History&rft.pub=ThingsAsian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thingsasian.com%2Fstories-photos%2F3592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eraq-e-ajami">"ʿErāq-E ʿAjam(ī)"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFEr%C4%81q-E+%CA%BFAjam%28%C4%AB%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VIII%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=538&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feraq-e-ajami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shadid, Anthony 2005. Night Draws Near. Henry Holt and Co., <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">NY</a>, US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7602-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7602-6">0-8050-7602-6</a>.</li> <li>Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glass" title="Charles Glass">Charles Glass</a>, "The Northern Front: A Wartime Diary"' Saqi Books, London, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-770-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-770-3">0-86356-770-3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/">A Dweller in Mesopotamia</a>, being the adventures of an official artist in the garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf">layered PDF</a> format).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/">By Desert Ways to Baghdad</a>, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) With illustrations and a map, 1908 (1909 ed.) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf">layered PDF</a> format).</li> <li>Benjamin Busch, "'Today is Better than Tomorrow'. A Marine returns to a divided Iraq", <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a>, October 2014, pp. 29–44.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N3248.pdf">Global Arms Exports to Iraq 1960–1990, Rand Research report</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman2006" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-991-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-991-6"><bdi>1-84176-991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+1941%3A+The+Battles+for+Basra%2C+Habbaniya%2C+Fallujah+and+Baghdad&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84176-991-6&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2005" class="citation book cs1">Polk, William Roe (2005). Understanding Iraq. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-764-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iraq&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-764-1&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+Roe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1996" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (1996). Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16052-4"><bdi>978-0-312-16052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+From+Sumer+to+Saddam&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16052-4&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIraqi_Constitution" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">"Iraqi Constitution"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Interior – General Directorate For Nationality. 30 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Constitution&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Interior+%E2%80%93+General+Directorate+For+Nationality&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinationality.gov.iq%2Fattach%2Firaqi_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles R. H.</a> (2002). A History of Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Iraq <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iraq">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iraq&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IQ">Key Development Forecasts for Iraq</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ur.gov.iq/">Ur Portal</a> – gateway to government sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidency.iq/EN/">Presidency</a> – official website of the president of Iraq</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmo.iq/">Prime Minister</a> – official website of the prime minister of Iraq</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosit.gov.iq">Statistics</a> – Official website of Central Statistical Organization</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqiembassy.us/page/iraqs-history-an-interactive-timeline">"History"</a> – Iraqi History at Embassy of the Republic of Iraq in Washington</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Iraq">Wikimedia Atlas of Iraq</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/304934">Iraq</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Iraq at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" class="extiw" title="c:العراق">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Iraq">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iraq" class="extiw" title="q:Iraq">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iraq" class="extiw" title="voy:Iraq">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_N_44_E_type:country_region:IQ">33°N 44°E / 33°N 44°E / 33; 44</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&oldid=1276034736">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&oldid=1276034736</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 14:19 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Иракъ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Иракъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="ኢራቅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢራቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9F" title="Ираҟ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ираҟ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9" title="ܥܝܪܐܩ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܝܪܐܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইৰাক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইৰাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ke" title="Iráke – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iráke" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="ГӀиракъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀиракъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ираҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ираҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1k" title="Irák – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraccu" title="Iraccu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iraccu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="لعراق – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعراق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraek" title="Iraek – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Iraek" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A4%DE%AA" title="ޢިރާޤު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢިރާޤު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honooj%C3%ADtah_Tooh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ιράκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ирак Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ирак Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako" title="Irako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1ic" title="An Iaráic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iaráic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Earack" title="Yn Earack – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Earack" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rak" title="İrak – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İrak" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0c" title="Ioràc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioràc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95" title="ઈરાક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરાક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="이라크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C6%99i" title="Iraƙi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iraƙi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaka" title="ʻIlaka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="इराक़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इराक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%95%89%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᕉᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᕉᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Iraki" title="I-Iraki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Iraki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drak" title="Írak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="עיראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak%C9%A9" title="Irakɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Irakɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عِراق – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عِراق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraka" title="Iraka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Iraka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irach" title="Irach – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irach" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iraca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81ka" title="Irāka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakas" title="Irakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/raksygu%27e" title="raksygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="raksygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0ka" title="Iràka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iràka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഇറാഖ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാഖ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81ki" title="Īrāki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īrāki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عیراق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عیراق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiraque" title="Eiraque – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiraque" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF" title="イラク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ӏиракъ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏиракъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraak" title="Eraak – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eraak" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95" title="ଇରାକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରାକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraaq" title="Iraaq – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iraaq" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq" title="Iroq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਇਰਾਕ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰਾਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ираак – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираак" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="इराक् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इराक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraku" title="Iraku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iraku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරාක ජනරජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරාක ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irakhi" title="I-Irakhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Irakhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciraaq" title="Ciraaq – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciraaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஈராக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈராக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90iraq" title="Ɛiraq – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɛiraq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Гыйрак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гыйрак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇరాక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศอิรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Ироқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ироқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaaki" title="ʻIlaaki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIlaaki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎢᎳᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎳᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrak" title="Yrak – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Yrak" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80" title="ᨕᨗᨑᨀ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨑᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ئىراق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىراق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirak%C3%A4n" title="Lirakän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lirakän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="איראק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איראק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraks" title="Iraks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Iraks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A2k" title="Irâk – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Irâk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irag" title="Irag – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Irag" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 14:19 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-9hwhw","wgBackendResponseTime":467,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.872","walltime":"3.351","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22416,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":655610,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":62358,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":88,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":982910,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2821.823 1 -total"," 39.82% 1123.612 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.36% 630.911 161 Template:Cite_web"," 15.48% 436.903 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.60% 186.316 55 Template:Cite_news"," 4.12% 116.356 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 3.93% 110.996 2 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 3.62% 102.126 2 Template:Sfn"," 3.46% 97.529 2 Template:Native_name"," 3.44% 97.068 20 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