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That said at least two different hypotheses of balance between parental foraging effort and resource allocation have been proposed. First, parents with high foraging effort have high reproductive success. Second, parents with higher allocation of resources to offspring have high reproductive success. We tested the second hypothesis using chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) as a model. We evaluated nutritional condition of the parents using blood urea, uric acid, creatine kinase, and cholesterol levels. We evaluated reproductive success according to total mass of the brood and asymmetries inside the brood. We measured the degree of asymmetry using weight and culmen length. Generalized linear models were used to examine relationships between adult plasma urea levels with year, nest position, and degree of asymmetry in chicks. Our results demonstrate that lighter broods were more asymmetric and associated with lower values of adult plasma urea, uric acid, and creatine kinase. We interpret these findings as evidence that the birds allocate fewer resources to their chicks than adults with more symmetric broods are.","publication_date":"2013,,","publication_name":"Polar Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"105636807"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Parental physiological condition and reproductive success in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [159679242]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":105636807,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Parental physiological condition and reproductive success in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/105636807/mini_magick20230910-1-b3lmq1.png?1694338391" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Parental physiological condition and reproductive success in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159679242" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MiguelAngelFloresFerrer"><img alt="Profile image of Miguel Angel Flores Ferrer" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/159679242/131049881/120462620/s65_miguel_angel.flores_ferrer.jpeg" />Miguel Angel Flores Ferrer</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013, Polar Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 106438988; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Recent studies suggest that parental resource allocation may be the most important factor explaining differences in reproductive output among parents. That said at least two different hypotheses of balance between parental foraging effort and resource allocation have been proposed. First, parents with high foraging effort have high reproductive success. Second, parents with higher allocation of resources to offspring have high reproductive success. We tested the second hypothesis using chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) as a model. We evaluated nutritional condition of the parents using blood urea, uric acid, creatine kinase, and cholesterol levels. We evaluated reproductive success according to total mass of the brood and asymmetries inside the brood. We measured the degree of asymmetry using weight and culmen length. Generalized linear models were used to examine relationships between adult plasma urea levels with year, nest position, and degree of asymmetry in chicks. Our results demonstrate that lighter broods were more asymmetric and associated with lower values of adult plasma urea, uric acid, and creatine kinase. We interpret these findings as evidence that the birds allocate fewer resources to their chicks than adults with more symmetric broods are.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":105636807,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/106438988/Parental_physiological_condition_and_reproductive_success_in_chinstrap_penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":105636807,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/106438988/Parental_physiological_condition_and_reproductive_success_in_chinstrap_penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="105636807" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/106438988/Parental_physiological_condition_and_reproductive_success_in_chinstrap_penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="13271428" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13271428/Parental_foraging_effort_and_offspring_growth_in_Adelie_Penguins_does_working_hard_improve_reproductive_success">Parental foraging effort and offspring growth in Adelie Penguins: does working hard improve reproductive success?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32525947" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkikoKato1">Akiko Kato</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Functional Ecology, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Studying variability of parental foraging and provisioning behaviour in relation to reproductive success is fundamental to improving understanding of regulation of reproductive effort in animals. The hypothesis that parents with higher foraging effort have higher offspring growth rates was tested in chick-provisioning Adélie Penguins in Antarctica over five consecutive years. 2. Time spent diving per day, an index of foraging effort, varied among male and female parents, and among pairs. These daily interindividual or interpair differences in time spent diving appeared to be consistent over the 2-week study period within each breeding season. 3. Frequency of meals delivered by parents was positively correlated with their brood growth rate. Meal frequency was, however, independent of the amount of time spent diving per day by parents and the time spent diving did not affect brood growth rates. 4. Rates of body mass loss of breeding pairs were positively correlated with brood growth rates.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Parental foraging effort and offspring growth in Adelie Penguins: does working hard improve reproductive success?","attachmentId":45526466,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13271428/Parental_foraging_effort_and_offspring_growth_in_Adelie_Penguins_does_working_hard_improve_reproductive_success","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13271428/Parental_foraging_effort_and_offspring_growth_in_Adelie_Penguins_does_working_hard_improve_reproductive_success"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13271491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13271491/Inter_colony_and_sex_differences_in_the_effects_of_parental_body_condition_and_foraging_effort_on_the_brood_growth_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins">Inter-colony and sex differences in the effects of parental body condition and foraging effort on the brood growth of Adélie penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32525947" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkikoKato1">Akiko Kato</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inter-colony and sex differences in the effects of parental body condition and foraging effort on the brood growth of Adélie penguins","attachmentId":45526458,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13271491/Inter_colony_and_sex_differences_in_the_effects_of_parental_body_condition_and_foraging_effort_on_the_brood_growth_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13271491/Inter_colony_and_sex_differences_in_the_effects_of_parental_body_condition_and_foraging_effort_on_the_brood_growth_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="57250566" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57250566/Inter_colony_and_sex_differences_in_the_effects_of_parental_body_condition_and_foraging_effort_on_the_brood_growth_of_Ad_lie_penguins">Inter-colony and sex differences in the effects of parental body condition and foraging effort on the brood growth of Ad�lie penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67375818" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkinoriTakahashi">Akinori Takahashi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Ethology, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Among colonies with different foraging distances, central-place-foraging seabirds may change their foraging and reproductive efforts. We compared the body condition, meal frequency, and diving behavior of male and female Adélie penguins at two locations: Dumont d'Urville, where there was little sea ice and they foraged in open waters far from the colony; and Syowa, where there was heavy, fast sea ice and they foraged in ice cracks close to the colony. The parental mass decrease rate during the chick-rearing period was similar between colonies and between sexes. A large individual variation in meal frequency positively affected the brood growth rate, but daily underwater time did not. A weak but significant positive effect of body condition on brood growth rate was found only in males at Syowa. It was suggested that males work with better body condition than females. We propose the hypothesis that the regional difference in the distance to the feeding sites and the sex difference in body energy reserve might constrain the capacity to regulate reproductive effort.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inter-colony and sex differences in the effects of parental body condition and foraging effort on the brood growth of Ad�lie penguins","attachmentId":72240743,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57250566/Inter_colony_and_sex_differences_in_the_effects_of_parental_body_condition_and_foraging_effort_on_the_brood_growth_of_Ad_lie_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57250566/Inter_colony_and_sex_differences_in_the_effects_of_parental_body_condition_and_foraging_effort_on_the_brood_growth_of_Ad_lie_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="96634971" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96634971/Reproductive_effort_in_Ad_lie_penguins">Reproductive effort in Ad�lie penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39414758" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkChappell4">Mark Chappell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1993</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We estimated reproductive effort (energy expenditures for reproduction, as opposed to maintenance) in Ad61ie penguins breeding at Palmer Station, Antarctica. Data on body composition changes and metabolic rate were obtained using isotopic methods. Ad61ie breeding behavior consists of an initial courtship stage (during which both sexes fast), incubation, the 'guard' stage (when chicks are 1 to 18-28 days old), and the 'creche' stage (from the end of guarding until chicks are 38-45 days old). Both males and females lost considerable mass during the initial stages of the reproductive season, but males fasted longer and lost more mass. Mass losses of both sexes consisted of 66% depot fat and 34% lean tissue. Mass and body composition remained constant once birds resumed feeding. The metabolic expenditure for the foraging necessary to accumulate the mass lost while fasting-one component of reproductive effortwas about 63 MJ in males and 39 MJ in females. Field metabolic rates (FMR) were low during courtship and while incubating, increasing more than 2-fold when birds resumed foraging. Although mean F M R increased between incubation and the creche stage, differences between stages were small and not significant. We used F M R data and an energy balance model to estimate the cost of feeding chicks. Results suggest a maintenance F M R of about 2.7 x basal metabolism (BMR), increasing to 3.4-3.6 x BMR during the creche stage. The reproductive effort (as metabolic expenditures) associated with feeding chicks is 31 MJ (males) to 36 MJ (females). Cumulative reproductive effort is 94 MJ in males and 75 MJ in females, or 5.3-6.2% of the annual energy budget. The reproductive effort devoted to chick care does not appear to be constrained by physiological or time limitations. Instead, selection to reduce the risk of predation may prevent the evolution of increased parental care.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reproductive effort in Ad�lie penguins","attachmentId":98478949,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96634971/Reproductive_effort_in_Ad_lie_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96634971/Reproductive_effort_in_Ad_lie_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="18952445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18952445/Plasticity_in_parental_provisioning_and_chick_growth_in_Little_Penguins_Eudyptula_minor_in_years_of_high_and_low_breeding_success">Plasticity in parental provisioning and chick growth in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in years of high and low breeding success</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39085207" href="https://penguins.academia.edu/AndreChiaradia">Andre Chiaradia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Plasticity in parental provisioning and chick growth in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in years of high and low breeding success","attachmentId":40348228,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18952445/Plasticity_in_parental_provisioning_and_chick_growth_in_Little_Penguins_Eudyptula_minor_in_years_of_high_and_low_breeding_success","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18952445/Plasticity_in_parental_provisioning_and_chick_growth_in_Little_Penguins_Eudyptula_minor_in_years_of_high_and_low_breeding_success"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="48887184" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48887184/The_Effects_of_Hatching_Date_and_Parental_Quality_on_Chick_Growth_and_Creching_Age_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_A_Field_Experiment">The Effects of Hatching Date and Parental Quality on Chick Growth and Creching Age in the Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica): A Field Experiment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53502896" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SantiagoMerino6">Santiago Merino</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Auk, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Al•stRACT.-Negative effects of late breeding on chick growth and creching and fledging ages of chicks have been reported for Chinstrap Penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica). In a Chinstrap Penguin rookery on Deception Island, we experimentally tested two hypotheses to explain these effects of hatching date: (I) late breeding pairs are formed by low-quality breeders that are not able to feed their chicks efficiently and are forced to leave them unguarded at younger ages; and (2) late breeding pairs experience a conflict between properly caring for their chicks and commencing the period of premolt reserve storage. By exchanging chicks among nests hatched six days apart, we separated the effects of quality of adults (as expressed by their breeding dates) from the hatching date of chicks. We measured bill and flipper length and weighed chicks at 17 and 44 days of age, and noted the age at which chicks were left unguarded by parents. Late-hatched chicks attained smaller sizes and masses and were left unguarded at earlier ages than early-hatched chicks independent of the breeding date of the adults raising them. Also, chicks hatched on the same date but raised by adults with different breeding dates reached the same sizes and masses and were left unguarded at similar ages. Thus, seasonal changes in chick growth and creching age are related to hatching date, not to differences in parental quality.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Effects of Hatching Date and Parental Quality on Chick Growth and Creching Age in the Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica): A Field Experiment","attachmentId":67295588,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48887184/The_Effects_of_Hatching_Date_and_Parental_Quality_on_Chick_Growth_and_Creching_Age_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_A_Field_Experiment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48887184/The_Effects_of_Hatching_Date_and_Parental_Quality_on_Chick_Growth_and_Creching_Age_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_A_Field_Experiment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="18922964" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922964/Seabird_reproduction_in_an_unpredictable_environment_how_King_penguins_provide_their_young_chicks_with_food">Seabird reproduction in an unpredictable environment: how King penguins provide their young chicks with food</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39051122" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelGauthierclerc">Michel Gauthier-clerc</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pelagic seabirds depend on resources far out at sea and for which the availability can vary greatly. King penguins rely essentially on myctophid fish, which in summer are mostly available 400 to 500 km south of the Crozet Archipelago at the Antarctic Polar Front. Incubating male King penguins anticipate a possible delay in the return of the female by storing food in their stomach for several weeks, which enables them to feed the chick quickly if hatching occurs. We investigated the foraging trip duration, adult body mass regulation and the meal size for chicks relative to the laying date and the Polar Front position. We compared, in both early and late breeders, the energy content and the chemical and diet composition of the meals stored in their stomachs. During food storage by the male, the cessation of digestive processes was not complete as the meal showed some modifications of the biochemical composition, especially a decrease in lipid content; this is in contrast to oil storage in albatrosses and petrels, in which there is an increase in lipid content. On average, females came back from their second foraging trip at sea a short time before hatching. However, the trip durations were particularly variable depending on date and year, and as a consequence hatching occurred with either the female or the male incubating the egg. Late breeders showed longer foraging trip duration and built up larger fuel reserves than early breeders. Their energetic output per day foraging at sea was much lower than for early breeders. These differences in foraging trip durations of males were linked to a change in marine resource availability because, in spite of being at the same stage of the breeding cycle, male late breeders caught different prey compared to male early breeders. We assume that this strategy of long-term food storage and conservation in the stomach while fasting evolved in response to the unpredictable variations of water mass positions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Seabird reproduction in an unpredictable environment: how King penguins provide their young chicks with food","attachmentId":40331082,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18922964/Seabird_reproduction_in_an_unpredictable_environment_how_King_penguins_provide_their_young_chicks_with_food","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922964/Seabird_reproduction_in_an_unpredictable_environment_how_King_penguins_provide_their_young_chicks_with_food"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="33770131" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33770131/Hatching_order_and_size_dependent_mortality_in_relation_to_brood_sex_ratio_composition_in_chinstrap_penguins">Hatching order and size-dependent mortality in relation to brood sex ratio composition in chinstrap penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66123829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PoloVicente">Vicente Polo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The differential environmental sensitivity of the sexes has strong implications in the evolutionary history of species as it can alter sexual size dimorphism, population sex ratios, and the faculty of parents to manipulate offspring sex in relation to environmental conditions. We studied sexual differences in hatching patterns and evaluated sex-and size-related mortality in relation to hatching order and brood sex ratios in the chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica, a moderately size-dimorphic species, with a modal clutch size of 2 eggs. We found that male, second-hatched, and large eggs showed shorter hatching periods than female, first-hatched, and small eggs. We also found a male-biased mortality of nestlings in the colony. However, male mortality patterns differed depending on the brood sex ratio composition. Mortality of male chicks in all-male broods was higher than in mixed broods and higher than female mortality in all-female broods. Contrary, females from mixed brood showed higher mortality than their male nest mates and higher too than females in all-female broods. Second-hatched chicks also suffered from higher mortality than first-hatched chicks. Our results indicate that both the superior competitive capacity and the higher energy demand of the larger sex constitute 2 causal factors explaining patterns of sex-biased mortality. Both factors occur in the same species and in different situations of sibling competition shaped by brood sex ratio composition. This study constitutes a good example of how patterns of sex-related mortality can vary depending on nest environmental circumstances. Furthermore, our study suggests that hatching period can be a mechanism underlying sexual differences in the embryonic period of birds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hatching order and size-dependent mortality in relation to brood sex ratio composition in chinstrap penguins","attachmentId":53759007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33770131/Hatching_order_and_size_dependent_mortality_in_relation_to_brood_sex_ratio_composition_in_chinstrap_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33770131/Hatching_order_and_size_dependent_mortality_in_relation_to_brood_sex_ratio_composition_in_chinstrap_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="19442894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19442894/Environmental_influences_on_Adelie_penguin_breeding_schedules_endocrinology_and_chick_survival">Environmental influences on Adelie penguin breeding schedules, endocrinology, and chick survival</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39715019" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NicholasLing1">Nicholas Ling</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To understand how the social and physical environment influences behaviour, reproduction and survival, studies of underlying hormonal processes are crucial; in particular, interactions between stress and reproductive responses may have critical influences on breeding schedules. Several authors have examined the timing of breeding in relation to environmental stimuli, while others have independently described endocrine profiles. However, few studies have simultaneously measured endocrine profiles, breeding behaviour, and offspring survival across seasons. We measured sex and stress hormone concentrations (oestrogens, testosterone, and corticosterone), timing of breeding, and chick survival, in Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at two colonies in two different years. Clutch initiation at Cape Bird South (CBS; year 1, $14,000 pairs) occurred later than at Cape Crozier East (CCE; year 2, $25,000 pairs); however, breeding was more synchronous at CBS. This pattern was probably generated by the persistence of extensive sea ice at CBS (year 1). Higher corticosterone metabolite and lower sex hormone concentrations at CBS correlated with later breeding and lower chick survival compared to at CCE -again, a likely consequence of sea ice conditions. Within colonies, sub-colony size (S, 50-100; M, 200-300; L, 500-600; XL, >1000 pairs) did not influence the onset or synchrony of breeding, chick survival, or hormone concentrations. We showed that the endocrine profiles of breeding Adelie penguins can differ markedly between years and/or colonies, and that combining measures of endocrinology, behaviour, and offspring survival can reveal the mechanisms and consequences that different environmental conditions can have on breeding ecology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Environmental influences on Adelie penguin breeding schedules, endocrinology, and chick survival","attachmentId":40622656,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19442894/Environmental_influences_on_Adelie_penguin_breeding_schedules_endocrinology_and_chick_survival","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19442894/Environmental_influences_on_Adelie_penguin_breeding_schedules_endocrinology_and_chick_survival"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="91287099" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91287099/Sex_specific_costs_of_rearing_a_nestling_and_its_implications_in_the_brood_sex_ratio_of_Magellanic_penguins">Sex-specific costs of rearing a nestling and its implications in the brood sex ratio of Magellanic penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56809120" href="https://conicet.academia.edu/JavierCiancio">Javier Ciancio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In birds, possible explanations for a bias in brood sex ratio include differential cost of rearing nestlings of different sexes, and different parental fitness returns related to offspring sex. We studied brood sex ratio of Magellanic penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus, in Puerto Deseado for 3 years. Our objectives were to compare the growth curves and energetic costs of rearing nestlings of different sexes, and to evaluate the possible implications of environmental and parental condition in the establishment of a bias in the brood sex ratio. We also investigated the relationship between hatching order and sex, and its impact on brood survival. Asymptotic mass was 11.41% higher for males than for females. The energetic cost of feeding male nestlings was slightly higher than for feeding females, but the difference in energy requirements was only 2.6% of the total energy budget. During the 3 years, brood sex ratio was 0.53, and almost constant within years over the raising period, showing no sex allocation during feeding. Sea surface temperature, which is linked to higher prey abundance when colder, explained brood sex ratio at fledging. The sex ratio was male-biased during the coldest year. Parental body condition was not an important variable explaining brood sex ratio. There was no bias in nestling sex with respect to hatching order and nestling survival was not related to nestling sex. We conclude that, even though the cost of feeding male offspring is higher, it only involves a small fraction of total cost of raising nestlings and might not be responsible for an adaptive bias in the sex ratio of nestlings for this species. However, during good oceanic conditions, females might bias their brood sex ratio towards males, thereby potentially gaining an advantage by raising good-quality males.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex-specific costs of rearing a nestling and its implications in the brood sex ratio of Magellanic penguins","attachmentId":94613398,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91287099/Sex_specific_costs_of_rearing_a_nestling_and_its_implications_in_the_brood_sex_ratio_of_Magellanic_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91287099/Sex_specific_costs_of_rearing_a_nestling_and_its_implications_in_the_brood_sex_ratio_of_Magellanic_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":105636807,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":105636807,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_105636807" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16925253" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16925253/Hormonal_correlates_of_parental_behavior_in_yellow_eyed_penguins_Megadyptes_antipodes_">Hormonal correlates of parental behavior in yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28790893" href="https://uwa.academia.edu/GraemeMartin">Graeme B Martin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hormonal correlates of parental behavior in yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes)","attachmentId":39260550,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16925253/Hormonal_correlates_of_parental_behavior_in_yellow_eyed_penguins_Megadyptes_antipodes_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16925253/Hormonal_correlates_of_parental_behavior_in_yellow_eyed_penguins_Megadyptes_antipodes_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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