CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Numerical digit - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4d6ce9d1-390a-4a92-9b77-7c55b8c9057c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Numerical_digit","wgTitle":"Numerical digit","wgCurRevisionId":1260034824,"wgRevisionId":1260034824,"wgArticleId":280582,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2023","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Urdu-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Numeral systems"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Numerical_digit","wgRelevantArticleId":280582,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true ,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q82990","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Numerical digit - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digit"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digit"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Numerical_digit rootpage-Numerical_digit skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Numerical+digit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Numerical+digit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Numerical+digit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Numerical+digit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Digital values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computation_of_place_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computation_of_place_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Computation of place values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computation_of_place_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_historical_numeral_systems_using_digits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historical_numeral_systems_using_digits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Other historical numeral systems using digits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historical_numeral_systems_using_digits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_digital_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_digital_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern digital systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_digital_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern digital systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_digital_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In computer science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unusual_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Unusual systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digits_in_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digits_in_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digits in mathematics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digits_in_mathematics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digits in mathematics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digits_in_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Digital roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casting_out_nines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casting_out_nines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Casting out nines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casting_out_nines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repunits_and_repdigits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repunits_and_repdigits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Repunits and repdigits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repunits_and_repdigits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palindromic_numbers_and_Lychrel_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palindromic_numbers_and_Lychrel_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Palindromic numbers and Lychrel numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palindromic_numbers_and_Lychrel_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_ancient_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_ancient_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History of ancient numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_ancient_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_modern_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_modern_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History of modern numbers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_modern_numbers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of modern numbers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_modern_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerals_in_most_popular_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals_in_most_popular_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Numerals in most popular systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals_in_most_popular_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Additional numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Numerical digit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfer" title="Syfer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Syfer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85" title="رقم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رقم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="সাংখ্যিক অংক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাংখ্যিক অংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99q%C9%99m" title="Rəqəm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəqəm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="সংখ্যাসূচক অঙ্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংখ্যাসূচক অঙ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цифрҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цифрҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Лічба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лічба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Лічбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лічбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Цифра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цифра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xifra" title="Xifra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xifra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADslice" title="Číslice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Číslice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digid" title="Digid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Digid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciffer" title="Ciffer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ciffer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahlzeichen" title="Zahlzeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zahlzeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number" title="Number – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Number" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%88%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Αριθμητικό ψηφίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριθμητικό ψηφίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifra_(matem%C3%A1tica)" title="Cifra (matemática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cifra (matemática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifero" title="Cifero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cifero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zifra" title="Zifra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zifra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85" title="رقم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiffre" title="Chiffre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chiffre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifer" title="Sifer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sifer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figi%C3%BAr" title="Figiúr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Figiúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifra" title="Cifra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cifra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="數字 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="數字" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%AB%EC%9E%90" title="숫자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숫자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թվանշաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թվանշաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znamenka" title="Znamenka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znamenka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifro" title="Cifro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cifro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit" title="Digit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Digit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inani" title="Inani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lustafur" title="Tölustafur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölustafur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifra" title="Cifra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cifra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ספרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="N̄ʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಂಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ციფრები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ციფრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakimu" title="Tarakimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tarakimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chif" title="Chif – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chif" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chif" title="Chif – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chif" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAjimar" title="Pêjimar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêjimar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nota_numeri" title="Nota numeri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nota numeri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipars" title="Cipars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cipars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziffer" title="Ziffer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ziffer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Цифраяр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Цифраяр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaitmuo" title="Skaitmuo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skaitmuo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciefer" title="Ciefer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ciefer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%A1ngo" title="Motángo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Motángo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1mjegy" title="Számjegy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számjegy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="അക്കം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA(%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC)" title="ဂနန်(သၚ်္ချာ) – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂနန်(သၚ်္ချာ)" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angko" title="Angko – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Angko" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarismo" title="Algarismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Algarismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%8F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂဏန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂဏန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijfer" title="Cijfer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cijfer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="संख्यात्मक अङ्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संख्यात्मक अङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97" title="数字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="数字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Терахь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Терахь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siffer" title="Siffer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Siffer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siffer" title="Siffer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Siffer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifra" title="Chifra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chifra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Цифре-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Цифре-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqamlar" title="Raqamlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Raqamlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿੰਦਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuumerikal_dijit" title="Nyuumerikal dijit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuumerikal dijit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallteken" title="Tallteken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tallteken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfra" title="Cyfra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyfra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarismo" title="Algarismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Algarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifr%C4%83" title="Cifră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cifră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Цифры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цифры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыыппара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сыыппара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Numerical digit" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Numerical digit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADslica" title="Číslica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Číslica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tevka" title="Števka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Števka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiin_(lambar)" title="Thiin (lambar) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Thiin (lambar)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پێژمار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێژمار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Цифра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цифра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifra" title="Cifra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cifra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numero" title="Numero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Numero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siffra" title="Siffra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Siffra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="தானம் (கணிதம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தானம் (கணிதம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azwil" title="Azwil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azwil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цифралар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цифралар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94" title="เลขโดด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลขโดด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakam" title="Rakam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rakam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Цифри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цифри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%92" title="ہندسے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندسے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_s%E1%BB%91" title="Chữ số – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvot%C3%A4ht" title="Arvotäht – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arvotäht" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chife" title="Chife – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chife" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97" title="数字 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ציפער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ציפער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="數字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="數字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="數字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Numerical_digit" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Numerical_digit" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Numerical_digit" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&oldid=1260034824" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Numerical_digit&id=1260034824&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNumerical_digit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNumerical_digit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Numerical_digit&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Numerals" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_GRE/Digits_of_Numbers" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82990" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Symbols used to write numbers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numerals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Numbers written from 0 to 9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numerals.svg/330px-Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numerals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numerals.svg/495px-Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numerals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numerals.svg/660px-Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numerals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="57" /></a><figcaption>The ten digits of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>, in order of value</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>numerical digit</b> (often shortened to just <b>digit</b>) or <b>numeral</b> is a single <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> used alone (such as "1"), or in combinations (such as "15"), to represent <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a>, such as the common <a href="/wiki/Base_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 10">base 10</a>. The name "digit" originates from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>digiti</i> meaning fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For any numeral system with an integer <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">base</a>, the number of different digits required is the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_value" title="Absolute value">absolute value</a> of the base. For example, decimal (base 10) requires ten digits (0 to 9), and <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> (base 2) requires only two digits (0 and 1). Bases greater than 10 require more than 10 digits, for instance <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> (base 16) requires 16 digits (usually 0 to 9 and A to F). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a basic digital system, a <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">numeral</a> is a sequence of digits, which may be of arbitrary length. Each position in the sequence has a <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">place value</a>, and each digit has a value. The value of the numeral is computed by multiplying each digit in the sequence by its place value, and summing the results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_values">Digital values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each digit in a number system represents an integer. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> the digit "1" represents the integer <a href="/wiki/One" class="mw-redirect" title="One">one</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> system, the letter "A" represents the number <a href="/wiki/10_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="10 (number)">ten</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Positional_number_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional number system">positional number system</a> has one unique digit for each integer from <a href="/wiki/Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero</a> up to, but not including, the <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">radix</a> of the number system. </p><p>Thus in the positional decimal system, the numbers 0 to 9 can be expressed using their respective numerals "0" to "9" in the rightmost "units" position. The number 12 is expressed with the numeral "2" in the units position, and with the numeral "1" in the "tens" position, to the left of the "2" while the number 312 is expressed with three numerals: "3" in the "hundreds" position, "1" in the "tens" position, and "2" in the "units" position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computation_of_place_values">Computation of place values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Computation of place values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> numeral system uses a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, commonly a <a href="/wiki/Period_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (punctuation)">period</a> in English, or a <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> in other <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> languages,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to denote the "ones place" or "units place",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rickoff1888_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickoff1888-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McClymondsJones1905_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClymondsJones1905-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a place value one. Each successive place to the left of this has a place value equal to the place value of the previous digit times the <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">base</a>. Similarly, each successive place to the right of the separator has a place value equal to the place value of the previous digit divided by the base. For example, in the numeral <b>10.34</b> (written in <a href="/wiki/Base_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 10">base 10</a>), </p> <dl><dd>the <b>0</b> is immediately to the left of the separator, so it is in the ones or units place, and is called the <i>units digit</i> or <i>ones digit</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonLendsey1967_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonLendsey1967-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PierceTebeaux1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PierceTebeaux1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sobel1985a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel1985a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>the <b>1</b> to the left of the ones place is in the tens place, and is called the <i>tens digit</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel1985b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel1985b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>the <b>3</b> is to the right of the ones place, so it is in the tenths place, and is called the <i>tenths digit</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>the <b>4</b> to the right of the tenths place is in the hundredths place, and is called the <i>hundredths digit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The total value of the number is 1 ten, 0 ones, 3 tenths, and 4 hundredths. The zero, which contributes no value to the number, indicates that the 1 is in the tens place rather than the ones place. </p><p>The place value of any given digit in a numeral can be given by a simple calculation, which in itself is a complement to the logic behind numeral systems. The calculation involves the multiplication of the given digit by the base raised by the exponent <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i> − 1</span>, where <i>n</i> represents the position of the digit from the separator; the value of <i>n</i> is positive (+), but this is only if the digit is to the left of the separator. And to the right, the digit is multiplied by the base raised by a negative (−) <i>n</i>. For example, in the number <b>10.34</b> (written in base 10), </p> <dl><dd>the <b>1</b> is second to the left of the separator, so based on calculation, its value is,</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-1=2-1=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-1=2-1=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/842714522a43eea52b70b06333a7fbf16141d9f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:17.922ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-1=2-1=1}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\times 10^{1}=10}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\times 10^{1}=10}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ee1e41df52dd6186718f21dfe053c45198e4f80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.805ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\times 10^{1}=10}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>the <b>4</b> is second to the right of the separator, so based on calculation its value is,</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=-2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=-2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c989c8b70aa672c17f1044381903ef294387689" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.464ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=-2}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4\times 10^{-2}={\frac {4}{100}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>4</mn> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4\times 10^{-2}={\frac {4}{100}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e167cedd29bbabbbc446531fb5b14ca159ae88fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.083ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4\times 10^{-2}={\frac {4}{100}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system">History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a></div> <div style="float:right;"> <table class="wikitable zebra"> <tbody><tr> <th>Western Arabic </th> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Eastern Arabic </th> <td>٠</td> <td>١</td> <td>٢</td> <td>٣</td> <td>٤</td> <td>٥</td> <td>٦</td> <td>٧</td> <td>٨</td> <td>٩ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Persian </th> <td>۰</td> <td>۱</td> <td>۲</td> <td>۳</td> <td>۴</td> <td>۵</td> <td>۶</td> <td>۷</td> <td>۸</td> <td>۹ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Devanagari </th> <td>०</td> <td>१</td> <td>२</td> <td>३</td> <td>४</td> <td>५</td> <td>६</td> <td>७</td> <td>८</td> <td>९ </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The first true written <a href="/wiki/Positional_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional numeral system">positional numeral system</a> is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>. This system was established by the 7th century in India,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_and_Robertson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_and_Robertson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was not yet in its modern form because the use of the digit <a href="/wiki/Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero</a> had not yet been widely accepted. Instead of a zero sometimes the digits were marked with dots to indicate their significance, or a space was used as a placeholder. The first widely acknowledged use of zero was in 876.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original numerals were very similar to the modern ones, even down to the <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> used to represent digits.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_and_Robertson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_and_Robertson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/150px-Maya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/225px-Maya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/300px-Maya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The digits of the Maya numeral system</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Western_Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Arabic numerals">Western Arabic numerals</a> were accepted in European mathematical circles (<a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a> used them in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a></i></span>). They began to enter common use in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 20th century virtually all non-computerized calculations in the world were done with Arabic numerals, which have replaced native numeral systems in most cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_historical_numeral_systems_using_digits">Other historical numeral systems using digits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other historical numeral systems using digits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact age of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Maya numerals</a> is unclear, but it is possible that it is older than the Hindu–Arabic system. The system was <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> (base 20), so it has twenty digits. The Mayas used a shell symbol to represent zero. Numerals were written vertically, with the ones place at the bottom. The <a href="/wiki/Mayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayas">Mayas</a> had no equivalent of the modern <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, so their system could not represent fractions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numeral system</a> is identical to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a> except for the symbols used to represent digits. The use of these digits is less common in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> than it once was, but they are still used alongside Arabic numerals. </p><p>The rod numerals, the written forms of <a href="/wiki/Counting_rods" title="Counting rods">counting rods</a> once used by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> mathematicians, are a decimal positional system able to represent not only zero but also negative numbers. Counting rods themselves predate the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals#Suzhou_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Suzhou numerals</a> are variants of rod numerals. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Rod numerals (vertical) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50px">0 </th> <th style="width:50px">1 </th> <th style="width:50px">2 </th> <th style="width:50px">3 </th> <th style="width:50px">4 </th> <th style="width:50px">5 </th> <th style="width:50px">6 </th> <th style="width:50px">7 </th> <th style="width:50px">8 </th> <th style="width:50px">9 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Counting_rod_0.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="23" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Counting_rod_v1.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Counting_rod_v2.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Counting_rod_v3.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="19" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Counting_rod_v4.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Counting_rod_v5.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Counting_rod_v6.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Counting_rod_v7.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Counting_rod_v8.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Counting_rod_v9.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:50px">–0 </th> <th style="width:50px">–1 </th> <th style="width:50px">–2 </th> <th style="width:50px">–3 </th> <th style="width:50px">–4 </th> <th style="width:50px">–5 </th> <th style="width:50px">–6 </th> <th style="width:50px">–7 </th> <th style="width:50px">–8 </th> <th style="width:50px">–9 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_-0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Counting_rod_-0.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="23" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Counting_rod_v-1.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Counting_rod_v-2.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Counting_rod_v-3.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Counting_rod_v-4.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Counting_rod_v-5.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Counting_rod_v-6.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Counting_rod_v-7.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Counting_rod_v-8.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counting_rod_v-9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Counting_rod_v-9.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_digital_systems">Modern digital systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern digital systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_computer_science">In computer science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> (base 2), <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a> (base 8), and <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> (base 16) systems, extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, all follow the conventions of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The binary system uses only the digits "0" and "1", while the octal system uses the digits from "0" through "7". The hexadecimal system uses all the digits from the decimal system, plus the letters "A" through "F", which represent the numbers 10 to 15 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the binary system is used, the term "bit(s)" is typically used as an alternative for "digit(s)", being a portmanteau of the term "binary digit". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unusual_systems">Unusual systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unusual systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">ternary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balanced_ternary" title="Balanced ternary">balanced ternary</a> systems have sometimes been used. They are both base 3 systems.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balanced ternary is unusual in having the digit values 1, 0 and –1. Balanced ternary turns out to have some useful properties and the system has been used in the experimental Russian <a href="/wiki/Setun" title="Setun">Setun</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several authors in the last 300 years have noted a facility of <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a> that amounts to a <i>modified</i> <a href="/wiki/Decimal_representation" title="Decimal representation">decimal representation</a>. Some advantages are cited for use of numerical digits that represent negative values. In 1840 <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Augustin-Louis Cauchy</a> advocated use of <a href="/wiki/Signed-digit_representation" title="Signed-digit representation">signed-digit representation</a> of numbers, and in 1928 <a href="/wiki/Florian_Cajori" title="Florian Cajori">Florian Cajori</a> presented his collection of references for <a href="/wiki/Signed-digit_representation#Negative_numerals" title="Signed-digit representation">negative numerals</a>. The concept of signed-digit representation has also been taken up in <a href="/wiki/Computer_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer design">computer design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digits_in_mathematics">Digits in mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digits in mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the essential role of digits in describing numbers, they are relatively unimportant to modern <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there are a few important mathematical concepts that make use of the representation of a number as a sequence of digits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_roots">Digital roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Digital roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_root" title="Digital root">Digital root</a></div> <p>The digital root is the single-digit number obtained by summing the digits of a given number, then summing the digits of the result, and so on until a single-digit number is obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casting_out_nines">Casting out nines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casting out nines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casting_out_nines" title="Casting out nines">Casting out nines</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Casting_out_nines" title="Casting out nines">Casting out nines</a> is a procedure for checking arithmetic done by hand. To describe it, let <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}"></span> represent the <a href="/wiki/Digital_root" title="Digital root">digital root</a> of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span>, as described above. Casting out nines makes use of the fact that if <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A+B=C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A+B=C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a90a14f5ad55c95d2a36b7c16ca319c73f9bd61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.212ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A+B=C}"></span>, then <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(f(A)+f(B))=f(C)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(f(A)+f(B))=f(C)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a50abc0ee9bd112b63f87bd08411230e011c71e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.564ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(f(A)+f(B))=f(C)}"></span>. In the process of casting out nines, both sides of the latter <a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">equation</a> are computed, and if they are not equal, the original addition must have been faulty.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repunits_and_repdigits">Repunits and repdigits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Repunits and repdigits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Repunit" title="Repunit">Repunit</a></div> <p>Repunits are integers that are represented with only the digit 1. For example, 1111 (one thousand, one hundred and eleven) is a repunit. <a href="/wiki/Repdigit" title="Repdigit">Repdigits</a> are a generalization of repunits; they are integers represented by repeated instances of the same digit. For example, 333 is a repdigit. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">primality</a> of repunits is of interest to mathematicians.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palindromic_numbers_and_Lychrel_numbers">Palindromic numbers and Lychrel numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Palindromic numbers and Lychrel numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palindromic_number" title="Palindromic number">Palindromic number</a></div> <p>Palindromic numbers are numbers that read the same when their digits are reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Lychrel_number" title="Lychrel number">Lychrel number</a> is a positive integer that never yields a palindromic number when subjected to the iterative process of being added to itself with digits reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of whether there are any Lychrel numbers in base 10 is an open problem in <a href="/wiki/Recreational_mathematics" title="Recreational mathematics">recreational mathematics</a>; the smallest candidate is <a href="/wiki/196_(number)" title="196 (number)">196</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_ancient_numbers">History of ancient numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History of ancient numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_ancient_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of writing ancient numbers">History of writing ancient numbers</a></div> <p>Counting aids, especially the use of body parts (counting on fingers), were certainly used in prehistoric times as today. There are many variations. Besides counting ten fingers, some cultures have counted knuckles, the space between fingers, and toes as well as fingers. The <a href="/wiki/Oksapmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksapmin">Oksapmin</a> culture of New Guinea uses a system of 27 upper body locations to represent numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To preserve numerical information, <a href="/wiki/Tally_marks" title="Tally marks">tallies</a> carved in wood, bone, and stone have been used since prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone age cultures, including ancient <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous American</a> groups, used tallies for gambling, personal services, and trade-goods. </p><p>A method of preserving numeric information in clay was invented by the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> between 8000 and 3500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done with small clay tokens of various shapes that were strung like beads on a string. Beginning about 3500 BC, clay tokens were gradually replaced by number signs impressed with a round stylus at different angles in clay tablets (originally containers for tokens) which were then baked. About 3100  BC, written numbers were dissociated from the things being counted and became abstract numerals. </p><p>Between 2700 and 2000 BC, in Sumer, the round stylus was gradually replaced by a reed stylus that was used to press wedge-shaped cuneiform signs in clay. These cuneiform number signs resembled the round number signs they replaced and retained the additive <a href="/wiki/Sign-value_notation" title="Sign-value notation">sign-value notation</a> of the round number signs. These systems gradually converged on a common <a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">sexagesimal</a> number system; this was a place-value system consisting of only two impressed marks, the vertical wedge and the chevron, which could also represent fractions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sexagesimal number system was fully developed at the beginning of the Old Babylonia period (about 1950 BC) and became standard in Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">Sexagesimal</a> numerals were a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_radix" title="Mixed radix">mixed radix</a> system that retained the alternating base 10 and base 6 in a sequence of cuneiform vertical wedges and chevrons. By 1950 BC, this was a <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a> system. Sexagesimal numerals came to be widely used in commerce, but were also used in astronomical and other calculations. This system was exported from Babylonia and used throughout Mesopotamia, and by every Mediterranean nation that used standard Babylonian units of measure and counting, including the Greeks, Romans and Egyptians. Babylonian-style sexagesimal numeration is still used in modern societies to measure <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> (minutes per hour) and <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angles</a> (degrees).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_modern_numbers">History of modern numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History of modern numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, armies and provisions were counted using modular tallies of <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime numbers</a>. Unique numbers of troops and measures of rice appear as unique combinations of these tallies. A great convenience of <a href="/wiki/Modular_arithmetic" title="Modular arithmetic">modular arithmetic</a> is that it is easy to multiply.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes use of modular arithmetic for provisions especially attractive. Conventional tallies are quite difficult to multiply and divide. In modern times modular arithmetic is sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest Greek system was that of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the 4th century BC they began to use a quasidecimal alphabetic system (see <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews began using a similar system (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numerals</a>), with the oldest examples known being coins from around 100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman empire used tallies written on wax, papyrus and stone, and roughly followed the Greek custom of assigning letters to various numbers. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals system</a> remained in common use in Europe until <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a> came into common use in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Maya</a> of Central America used a mixed base 18 and base 20 system, possibly inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>, including advanced features such as positional notation and a <a href="/wiki/Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used this system to make advanced astronomical calculations, including highly accurate calculations of the length of the solar year and the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Incan Empire ran a large command economy using <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipu</a>, tallies made by knotting colored fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowledge of the encodings of the knots and colors was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> in the 16th century, and has not survived although simple quipu-like recording devices are still used in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> region. </p><p>Some authorities believe that positional arithmetic began with the wide use of <a href="/wiki/Counting_rods" title="Counting rods">counting rods</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest written positional records seem to be <a href="/wiki/Rod_calculus" title="Rod calculus">rod calculus</a> results in China around 400. Zero was first used in India in the 7th century CE by <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern positional Arabic numeral system was developed by <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">mathematicians in India</a>, and passed on to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Muslim mathematicians</a>, along with astronomical tables brought to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> by an Indian ambassador around 773.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/India_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="India subcontinent">India</a>, the thriving trade between Islamic sultans and Africa carried the concept to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Arabic mathematicians extended the system to include <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal fractions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-%E1%B8%B4w%C4%81rizm%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī">Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī</a> wrote an important work about it in the 9th  century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> were introduced to Europe with the translation of this work in the 12th century in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_of_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo of Pisa">Leonardo of Pisa</a>'s <i>Liber Abaci</i> of 1201.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the complete Indian system with the zero was derived from the Arabs in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary system</a> (base 2) was propagated in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leibniz had developed the concept early in his career, and had revisited it when he reviewed a copy of the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a> from China.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binary numbers came into common use in the 20th century because of computer applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals_in_most_popular_systems"><span id="popular"></span>Numerals in most popular systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Numerals in most popular systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" summary="Numerals in many different writing systems"> <tbody><tr> <th>West Arabic </th> <th>0 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Asomiya (Assamese); <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </th> <td>০ </td> <td>১ </td> <td>২ </td> <td>৩ </td> <td>৪ </td> <td>৫ </td> <td>৬ </td> <td>৭ </td> <td>৮ </td> <td>৯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </th> <td>० </td> <td>१ </td> <td>२ </td> <td>३ </td> <td>४ </td> <td>५ </td> <td>६ </td> <td>७ </td> <td>८ </td> <td>९ </td></tr> <tr> <th>East Arabic </th> <td>٠ </td> <td>١ </td> <td>٢ </td> <td>٣ </td> <td>٤ </td> <td>٥ </td> <td>٦ </td> <td>٧ </td> <td>٨ </td> <td>٩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </th> <td>٠ </td> <td>١ </td> <td>٢ </td> <td>٣ </td> <td>۴ </td> <td>۵ </td> <td>۶ </td> <td>٧ </td> <td>٨ </td> <td>٩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> </th> <td>੦ </td> <td>੧ </td> <td>੨ </td> <td>੩ </td> <td>੪ </td> <td>੫ </td> <td>੬ </td> <td>੭ </td> <td>੮ </td> <td>੯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </th> <td><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Urdu_numeral_zero.svg/5px-Urdu_numeral_zero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Urdu_numeral_zero.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_zero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Urdu_numeral_zero.svg/10px-Urdu_numeral_zero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="118" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۱" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Urdu_numeral_one.svg/1px-Urdu_numeral_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Urdu_numeral_one.svg/2px-Urdu_numeral_one.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="244" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Urdu_numeral_two.svg/5px-Urdu_numeral_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Urdu_numeral_two.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Urdu_numeral_two.svg/10px-Urdu_numeral_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="239" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:1px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۳" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Urdu_numeral_three.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_three.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Urdu_numeral_three.svg/13px-Urdu_numeral_three.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Urdu_numeral_three.svg/16px-Urdu_numeral_three.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:1px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۴" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Urdu_numeral_four.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_four.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Urdu_numeral_four.svg/11px-Urdu_numeral_four.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Urdu_numeral_four.svg/15px-Urdu_numeral_four.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="253" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:1px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۵" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Urdu_numeral_five.svg/6px-Urdu_numeral_five.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Urdu_numeral_five.svg/10px-Urdu_numeral_five.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Urdu_numeral_five.svg/13px-Urdu_numeral_five.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="243" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:1px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۶" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Urdu_numeral_six.svg/5px-Urdu_numeral_six.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Urdu_numeral_six.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_six.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Urdu_numeral_six.svg/10px-Urdu_numeral_six.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="241" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:1px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۷" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_seven.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_seven.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_seven.svg/11px-Urdu_numeral_seven.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_seven.svg/15px-Urdu_numeral_seven.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="228" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:1px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۸" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Urdu_numeral_eight.svg/7px-Urdu_numeral_eight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Urdu_numeral_eight.svg/10px-Urdu_numeral_eight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Urdu_numeral_eight.svg/14px-Urdu_numeral_eight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="247" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-left:1px;padding-right:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="۹" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_nine.svg/4px-Urdu_numeral_nine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_nine.svg/6px-Urdu_numeral_nine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_nine.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_nine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="265" /></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (everyday) </th> <td>〇 </td> <td>一 </td> <td>二 </td> <td>三 </td> <td>四 </td> <td>五 </td> <td>六 </td> <td>七 </td> <td>八 </td> <td>九 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chinese (Traditional) </th> <td>零 </td> <td>壹 </td> <td>貳 </td> <td>叄 </td> <td>肆 </td> <td>伍 </td> <td>陸 </td> <td>柒 </td> <td>捌 </td> <td>玖 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chinese (Simplified) </th> <td>零 </td> <td>壹 </td> <td>贰 </td> <td>叁 </td> <td>肆 </td> <td>伍 </td> <td>陆 </td> <td>柒 </td> <td>捌 </td> <td>玖 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chinese (Suzhou) </th> <td>〇 </td> <td>〡 </td> <td>〢 </td> <td>〣 </td> <td>〤 </td> <td>〥 </td> <td>〦 </td> <td>〧 </td> <td>〨 </td> <td>〩 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ge'ez (Ethiopic) </th> <td> </td> <td>፩ </td> <td>፪ </td> <td>፫ </td> <td>፬ </td> <td>፭ </td> <td>፮ </td> <td>፯ </td> <td>፰ </td> <td>፱ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> </th> <td>૦ </td> <td>૧ </td> <td>૨ </td> <td>૩ </td> <td>૪ </td> <td>૫ </td> <td>૬ </td> <td>૭ </td> <td>૮ </td> <td>૯ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hieroglyphic Egyptian </th> <td> </td> <td>𓏺 </td> <td>𓏻 </td> <td>𓏼 </td> <td>𓏽 </td> <td>𓏾 </td> <td>𓏿 </td> <td>𓐀 </td> <td>𓐁 </td> <td>𓐂 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese</a> (everyday) </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">〇</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">一</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">六</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">七</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">八</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">九</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Japanese (formal) </th> <td>零 </td> <td>壱 </td> <td>弐 </td> <td>参 </td> <td>四 </td> <td>五 </td> <td>六 </td> <td>七 </td> <td>八 </td> <td>九 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> </th> <td>೦ </td> <td>೧ </td> <td>೨ </td> <td>೩ </td> <td>೪ </td> <td>೫ </td> <td>೬ </td> <td>೭ </td> <td>೮ </td> <td>೯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> (Cambodia) </th> <td>០ </td> <td>១ </td> <td>២ </td> <td>៣ </td> <td>៤ </td> <td>៥ </td> <td>៦ </td> <td>៧ </td> <td>៨ </td> <td>៩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> </th> <td>໐ </td> <td>໑ </td> <td>໒ </td> <td>໓ </td> <td>໔ </td> <td>໕ </td> <td>໖ </td> <td>໗ </td> <td>໘ </td> <td>໙ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a> </th> <td>᥆ </td> <td>᥇ </td> <td>᥈ </td> <td>᥉ </td> <td>᥊ </td> <td>᥋ </td> <td>᥌ </td> <td>᥍ </td> <td>᥎ </td> <td>᥏ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> </th> <td>൦ </td> <td>൧ </td> <td>൨ </td> <td>൩ </td> <td>൪ </td> <td>൫ </td> <td>൬ </td> <td>൭ </td> <td>൮ </td> <td>൯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabet">Mongolian</a> </th> <td>᠐ </td> <td>᠑ </td> <td>᠒ </td> <td>᠓ </td> <td>᠔ </td> <td>᠕ </td> <td>᠖ </td> <td>᠗ </td> <td>᠘ </td> <td>᠙ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese</a> </th> <td>၀ </td> <td>၁ </td> <td>၂ </td> <td>၃ </td> <td>၄ </td> <td>၅ </td> <td>၆ </td> <td>၇ </td> <td>၈ </td> <td>၉ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Oriya_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriya alphabet">Oriya</a> </th> <td>୦ </td> <td>୧ </td> <td>୨ </td> <td>୩ </td> <td>୪ </td> <td>୫ </td> <td>୬ </td> <td>୭ </td> <td>୮ </td> <td>୯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>III </td> <td>IV </td> <td>V </td> <td>VI </td> <td>VII </td> <td>VIII </td> <td>IX </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a> </th> <td>႐ </td> <td>႑ </td> <td>႒ </td> <td>႓ </td> <td>႔ </td> <td>႕ </td> <td>႖ </td> <td>႗ </td> <td>႘ </td> <td>႙ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Sinhala</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>𑇡 </td> <td>𑇢 </td> <td>𑇣 </td> <td>𑇤 </td> <td>𑇥 </td> <td>𑇦 </td> <td>𑇧 </td> <td>𑇨 </td> <td>𑇩 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </th> <td>௦ </td> <td>௧ </td> <td>௨ </td> <td>௩ </td> <td>௪ </td> <td>௫ </td> <td>௬ </td> <td>௭ </td> <td>௮ </td> <td>௯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> </th> <td>౦ </td> <td>౧ </td> <td>౨ </td> <td>౩ </td> <td>౪ </td> <td>౫ </td> <td>౬ </td> <td>౭ </td> <td>౮ </td> <td>౯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai</a> </th> <td>๐ </td> <td>๑ </td> <td>๒ </td> <td>๓ </td> <td>๔ </td> <td>๕ </td> <td>๖ </td> <td>๗ </td> <td>๘ </td> <td>๙ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a> </th> <td>༠ </td> <td>༡ </td> <td>༢ </td> <td>༣ </td> <td>༤ </td> <td>༥ </td> <td>༦ </td> <td>༧ </td> <td>༨ </td> <td>༩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a> </th> <td>᧐ </td> <td>᧑ </td> <td>᧒ </td> <td>᧓ </td> <td>᧔ </td> <td>᧕ </td> <td>᧖ </td> <td>᧗ </td> <td>᧘ </td> <td>᧙ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a> </th> <td>꧐ </td> <td>꧑ </td> <td>꧒ </td> <td>꧓ </td> <td>꧔ </td> <td>꧕ </td> <td>꧖ </td> <td>꧗ </td> <td>꧘ </td> <td>꧙ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_numerals">Additional numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Additional numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" summary="Additional numerals used in Chinese"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>20 </th> <th>30 </th> <th>40 </th> <th>50 </th> <th>60 </th> <th>70 </th> <th>80 </th> <th>90 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>500 </th> <th>1000 </th> <th>10000 </th> <th>10<sup>8</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chinese<br /> (simple) </th> <td>一 </td> <td>五 </td> <td>十 </td> <td>二十 </td> <td>三十 </td> <td>四十 </td> <td>五十 </td> <td>六十 </td> <td>七十 </td> <td>八十 </td> <td>九十 </td> <td>百 </td> <td>五百 </td> <td>千 </td> <td>万 </td> <td>亿 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chinese<br /> (complex) </th> <td>壹 </td> <td>伍 </td> <td>拾 </td> <td>贰拾 </td> <td>叁拾 </td> <td>肆拾 </td> <td>伍拾 </td> <td>陆拾 </td> <td>柒拾 </td> <td>捌拾 </td> <td>玖拾 </td> <td>佰 </td> <td>伍佰 </td> <td>仟 </td> <td>萬 </td> <td>億 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ge'ez<br /> (Ethiopic) </th> <td>፩ </td> <td>፭ </td> <td>፲ </td> <td>፳ </td> <td>፴ </td> <td>፵ </td> <td>፶ </td> <td>፷ </td> <td>፸ </td> <td>፹ </td> <td>፺ </td> <td>፻ </td> <td>፭፻ </td> <td>፲፻ </td> <td>፼ </td> <td>፼፼ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Roman </th> <td>I </td> <td>V </td> <td>X </td> <td>XX </td> <td>XXX </td> <td>XL </td> <td>L </td> <td>LX </td> <td>LXX </td> <td>LXXX </td> <td>XC </td> <td>C </td> <td>D </td> <td>M </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">X</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">List of numeral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_system_topics" title="List of numeral system topics">List of numeral system topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary digit">Binary digit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexadecimal digit">Hexadecimal digit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_unit_of_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural unit of information">Natural unit of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">Abacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_figures" title="Significant figures">Significant figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">Alphabetic numeral system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/digit?s=t">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Digit" Origin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">dictionary.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Digit%22+Origin&rft.pub=dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdigit%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DecimalPoint.html">"Decimal Point"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Decimal+Point&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FDecimalPoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder,_Barbara_Bode1991" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Barbara Bode (1991). <i>Practical math for the technician : the basics</i>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-251513-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-251513-X"><bdi>0-13-251513-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22345295">22345295</a>. <q>units or ones place</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+math+for+the+technician+%3A+the+basics&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22345295&rft.isbn=0-13-251513-X&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Barbara+Bode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rickoff1888-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rickoff1888_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jackson_Rickoff1888" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Jackson Rickoff (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYvSWIw3oxUC&pg=PA5"><i>Numbers Applied</i></a>. D. Appleton & Company. pp. 5–. <q>units' or ones' place</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numbers+Applied&rft.pages=5-&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Andrew+Jackson+Rickoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYvSWIw3oxUC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClymondsJones1905-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClymondsJones1905_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_William_McClymondsD._R._Jones1905" class="citation book cs1">John William McClymonds; D. R. Jones (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwYAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Elementary Arithmetic</i></a>. R.L. Telfer. pp. 17–18. <q>units' or ones' place</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+Arithmetic&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=R.L.+Telfer&rft.date=1905&rft.au=John+William+McClymonds&rft.au=D.+R.+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwYAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonLendsey1967-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonLendsey1967_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_E._JohnsonLona_Lee_LendseyWilliam_E._Slesnick1967" class="citation book cs1">Richard E. Johnson; Lona Lee Lendsey; William E. Slesnick (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4AXAQAAMAAJ"><i>Introductory Algebra for College Students</i></a>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 30. <q>units' or ones', digit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Algebra+for+College+Students&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Richard+E.+Johnson&rft.au=Lona+Lee+Lendsey&rft.au=William+E.+Slesnick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4AXAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PierceTebeaux1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PierceTebeaux1983_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._PierceW._J._Tebeaux1983" class="citation book cs1">R. C. Pierce; W. J. Tebeaux (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ng11FOHjNmcC"><i>Operational Mathematics for Business</i></a>. Wadsworth Publishing Company. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-01235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-01235-9"><bdi>978-0-534-01235-9</bdi></a>. <q>ones or units digit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operational+Mathematics+for+Business&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-534-01235-9&rft.au=R.+C.+Pierce&rft.au=W.+J.+Tebeaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dng11FOHjNmcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobel1985a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sobel1985a_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_A._Sobel1985" class="citation book cs1">Max A. Sobel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3Y51BtCOKMC"><i>Harper & Row algebra one</i></a>. Harper & Row. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-544000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-544000-3"><bdi>978-0-06-544000-3</bdi></a>. <q>ones, or units, digit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper+%26+Row+algebra+one&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-544000-3&rft.au=Max+A.+Sobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3Y51BtCOKMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobel1985b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sobel1985b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_A._Sobel1985" class="citation book cs1">Max A. Sobel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3Y51BtCOKMC"><i>Harper & Row algebra one</i></a>. Harper & Row. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-544000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-544000-3"><bdi>978-0-06-544000-3</bdi></a>. <q>every two-digit number can be expressed as 10t+u when t is the tens digit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper+%26+Row+algebra+one&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-544000-3&rft.au=Max+A.+Sobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3Y51BtCOKMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaggart,_Robert2000" class="citation book cs1">Taggart, Robert (2000). <i>Mathematics. Decimals and percents</i>. Portland, Me.: J. Weston Walch. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8251-4178-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8251-4178-8"><bdi>0-8251-4178-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47352965">47352965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics.+Decimals+and+percents&rft.place=Portland%2C+Me.&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=J.+Weston+Walch&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47352965&rft.isbn=0-8251-4178-8&rft.au=Taggart%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor_and_Robertson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_and_Robertson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_and_Robertson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, J. J. and Robertson, E. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals.html">Arabic Numerals</a>. January 2001. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Casselman2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Casselman_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Casselman (mathematician)">Bill Casselman</a> (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/india-zero.html">"All for Nought"</a>. <i>Feature Column</i>. AMS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feature+Column&rft.atitle=All+for+Nought&rft.date=2007-02&rft.au=Bill+Casselman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Ffeaturecolumn%2Farchive%2Findia-zero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley" class="citation web cs1">Bradley, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theclassroom.com/how-to-identify-numbers-on-brass-from-india-12082499.html">"How Arabic Numbers Were Invented"</a>. <i>www.theclassroom.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theclassroom.com&rft.atitle=How+Arabic+Numbers+Were+Invented&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theclassroom.com%2Fhow-to-identify-numbers-on-brass-from-india-12082499.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavichandran2001" class="citation book cs1">Ravichandran, D. (1 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHNOHAjXdQcC&q=octal"><i>Introduction To Computers And Communication</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 24–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043565-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043565-0"><bdi>978-0-07-043565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+Computers+And+Communication&rft.pages=24-47&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-07-043565-0&rft.aulast=Ravichandran&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHNOHAjXdQcC%26q%3Doctal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/hexadecimals.html">"Hexadecimals"</a>. <i>www.mathsisfun.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mathsisfun.com&rft.atitle=Hexadecimals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathsisfun.com%2Fhexadecimals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030114823/http://bit-player.org/wp-content/extras/bph-publications/AmSci-2001-11-Hayes-ternary.pdf">"Third Base"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 30 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bit-player.org/wp-content/extras/bph-publications/AmSci-2001-11-Hayes-ternary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Base&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbit-player.org%2Fwp-content%2Fextras%2Fbph-publications%2FAmSci-2001-11-Hayes-ternary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer-museum.ru/english/setun.htm">"Development of ternary computers at Moscow State University. Russian Virtual Computer Museum"</a>. <i>www.computer-museum.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.computer-museum.ru&rft.atitle=Development+of+ternary+computers+at+Moscow+State+University.+Russian+Virtual+Computer+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer-museum.ru%2Fenglish%2Fsetun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirillov" class="citation web cs1">Kirillov, A.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.math.upenn.edu/~kirillov/MATH480-S08/WN1.pdf">"What are numbers?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>math.upenn</i>. p. 2. <q>True, if you open a modern mathematical journal and try to read any article, it is very probable that you will see no numbers at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=math.upenn.&rft.atitle=What+are+numbers%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.aulast=Kirillov&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.upenn.edu%2F~kirillov%2FMATH480-S08%2FWN1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DigitalRoot.html">"Digital Root"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Digital+Root&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FDigitalRoot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CastingOutNines.html">"Casting Out Nines"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Casting+Out+Nines&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FCastingOutNines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation mathworld" id="Reference-Mathworld-Repunit"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein" title="Eric W. Weisstein">Weisstein, Eric W.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Repunit.html">"Repunit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MathWorld&rft.atitle=Repunit&rft.au=Weisstein%2C+Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FRepunit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PalindromicNumber.html">"Palindromic Number"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Palindromic+Number&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FPalindromicNumber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LychrelNumber.html">"Lychrel Number"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Lychrel+Number&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FLychrelNumber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarciaMiller2019" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Stephan Ramon; Miller, Steven J. (13 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qCdDwAAQBAJ&q=Lychrel+196&pg=PA104"><i>100 Years of Math Milestones: The Pi Mu Epsilon Centennial Collection</i></a>. American Mathematical Soc. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4704-3652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4704-3652-0"><bdi>978-1-4704-3652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Math+Milestones%3A+The+Pi+Mu+Epsilon+Centennial+Collection&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Soc.&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4704-3652-0&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Stephan+Ramon&rft.au=Miller%2C+Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qCdDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DLychrel%2B196%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxe,_Geoffrey_B.2012" class="citation book cs1">Saxe, Geoffrey B. (2012). <i>Cultural development of mathematical ideas : Papua New Guinea studies</i>. Esmonde, Indigo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-55157-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-55157-1"><bdi>978-1-139-55157-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811060760">811060760</a>. <q>The Okspamin body system includes 27 body parts...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+development+of+mathematical+ideas+%3A+Papua+New+Guinea+studies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811060760&rft.isbn=978-1-139-55157-1&rft.au=Saxe%2C+Geoffrey+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuniz,_C._(Claudio)2016" class="citation book cs1">Tuniz, C. (Claudio) (24 May 2016). <i>Humans : an unauthorized biography</i>. Tiberi Vipraio, Patrizia, Haydock, Juliet. Switzerland. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31021-3"><bdi>978-3-319-31021-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951076018">951076018</a>. <q>...even notches cut into sticks made out of wood, bone or other materials dating back 30,000 years (often referred to as "notched tallies").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humans+%3A+an+unauthorized+biography&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951076018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-31021-3&rft.au=Tuniz%2C+C.+%28Claudio%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIfrah,_Georges1985" class="citation book cs1">Ifrah, Georges (1985). <i>From one to zero : a universal history of numbers</i>. New York: Viking. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-37395-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-37395-8"><bdi>0-670-37395-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11237558">11237558</a>. <q>And so, by the beginning of the third millennium B.C., the Sumerians and Elamites had adopted the practice of recording numerical information on small, usually rectangular clay tablets</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+one+to+zero+%3A+a+universal+history+of+numbers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11237558&rft.isbn=0-670-37395-8&rft.au=Ifrah%2C+Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxP0yJa2G6oC&q=he+vertical+wedge+and+the+chevron&pg=PA226"><i>London Encyclopædia, Or, Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature, and Practical Mechanics: Comprising a Popular View of the Present State of Knowledge; Illustrated by Numerous Engravings and Appropriate Diagrams</i></a>. T. Tegg. 1845. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Encyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+Or%2C+Universal+Dictionary+of+Science%2C+Art%2C+Literature%2C+and+Practical+Mechanics%3A+Comprising+a+Popular+View+of+the+Present+State+of+Knowledge%3B+Illustrated+by+Numerous+Engravings+and+Appropriate+Diagrams&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=T.+Tegg&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxP0yJa2G6oC%26q%3Dhe%2Bvertical%2Bwedge%2Band%2Bthe%2Bchevron%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Neugebauer, O. (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1bmBwAAQBAJ&q=sexagesimal+number+system+was+fully+developed+at+the+beginning+of+the+Old+Babylonia+period"><i>Astronomy and History Selected Essays</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-5559-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-5559-8"><bdi>978-1-4612-5559-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+and+History+Selected+Essays&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-5559-8&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1bmBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsexagesimal%2Bnumber%2Bsystem%2Bwas%2Bfully%2Bdeveloped%2Bat%2Bthe%2Bbeginning%2Bof%2Bthe%2BOld%2BBabylonia%2Bperiod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2008" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Marvin A. (2008). "Sexagesimal System". <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i>. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1998–1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4425-0_9055">10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-4559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexagesimal+System&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg&rft.pages=1998-1999&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4425-0_9055&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Marvin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth,_Donald_Ervin1998" class="citation book cs1">Knuth, Donald Ervin (1998). <i>The art of computer programming</i>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-03809-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-03809-9"><bdi>0-201-03809-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823849">823849</a>. <q>The advantages of a modular representation are that addition, subtraction, and multiplication are very simple</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+computer+programming&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823849&rft.isbn=0-201-03809-9&rft.au=Knuth%2C+Donald+Ervin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEchtleHammerPowell1994" class="citation book cs1">Echtle, Klaus; Hammer, Dieter; Powell, David (21 September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzw15Ew_iOoC&q=modern+times+modular+arithmetic++digital+signal+processing.&pg=PA439"><i>Dependable Computing - EDCC-1: First European Dependable Computing Conference, Berlin, Germany, October 4-6, 1994. Proceedings</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58426-1"><bdi>978-3-540-58426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dependable+Computing+-+EDCC-1%3A+First+European+Dependable+Computing+Conference%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany%2C+October+4-6%2C+1994.+Proceedings&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1994-09-21&rft.isbn=978-3-540-58426-1&rft.aulast=Echtle&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Powell%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbzw15Ew_iOoC%26q%3Dmodern%2Btimes%2Bmodular%2Barithmetic%2B%2Bdigital%2Bsignal%2Bprocessing.%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead,_A._G._(Arthur_Geoffrey)1981" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, A. G. (Arthur Geoffrey) (1981). <i>The study of Greek inscriptions</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23188-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23188-4"><bdi>0-521-23188-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7736343">7736343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+study+of+Greek+inscriptions&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=109-110&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7736343&rft.isbn=0-521-23188-4&rft.au=Woodhead%2C+A.+G.+%28Arthur+Geoffrey%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUshakov2012" class="citation book cs1">Ushakov, Igor (22 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cXOAwAAQBAJ&q=quasidecimal+alphabetic+system+greek&pg=PA17"><i>In the Beginning Was the Number (2)</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-105-88317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-105-88317-0"><bdi>978-1-105-88317-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning+Was+the+Number+%282%29&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.isbn=978-1-105-88317-0&rft.aulast=Ushakov&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cXOAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dquasidecimal%2Balphabetic%2Bsystem%2Bgreek%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisomalis,_Stephen2010" class="citation book cs1">Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). <i>Numerical notation : a comparative history</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-67683-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-67683-3"><bdi>978-0-511-67683-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630115876">630115876</a>. <q>The first safely dated instance in which the use of Hebrew alphabetic numerals is certain is on coins from the reign of Hasmonean king Alexander Janneus(103 to 76 BC)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numerical+notation+%3A+a+comparative+history&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630115876&rft.isbn=978-0-511-67683-3&rft.au=Chrisomalis%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvercloud2007" class="citation book cs1">Silvercloud, Terry David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy-ODwAAQBAJ&q=Roman+numerals+system+remained+in+common+use&pg=PA152"><i>The Shape of God: Secrets, Tales, and Legends of the Dawn Warriors</i></a>. Terry David Silvercloud. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-0836-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-0836-6"><bdi>978-1-4251-0836-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+God%3A+Secrets%2C+Tales%2C+and+Legends+of+the+Dawn+Warriors&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Terry+David+Silvercloud&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4251-0836-6&rft.aulast=Silvercloud&rft.aufirst=Terry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZy-ODwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRoman%2Bnumerals%2Bsystem%2Bremained%2Bin%2Bcommon%2Buse%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerWheeler2001" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Ruric E.; Wheeler, Ed R. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=azSPh9SBwwEC&pg=PA130"><i>Modern Mathematics</i></a>, Kendall Hunt, p. 130, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787290627" title="Special:BookSources/9780787290627"><bdi>9780787290627</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Mathematics&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Kendall+Hunt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780787290627&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Ruric+E.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Ed+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DazSPh9SBwwEC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2002" class="citation book cs1">Swami, Devamrita (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JRdIkxETUsC&q=Maya+length+of+the+solar+year+and+the+orbit+of+Venus&pg=PT304"><i>Searching for Vedic India</i></a>. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89213-350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89213-350-5"><bdi>978-0-89213-350-5</bdi></a>. <q>Maya astronomy finely calculated both the duration of the solar year and the synodical revolution of Venus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Vedic+India&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89213-350-5&rft.aulast=Swami&rft.aufirst=Devamrita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JRdIkxETUsC%26q%3DMaya%2Blength%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsolar%2Byear%2Band%2Bthe%2Borbit%2Bof%2BVenus%26pg%3DPT304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/quipu">"Quipu | Incan counting tool"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Quipu+%7C+Incan+counting+tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fquipu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Sheng-Hong (21 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3lhDwAAQBAJ&q=positional+arithmetic+began+with+the+wide+use+of+counting+rods+in+China&pg=PA8"><i>Computational Geomechanics and Hydraulic Structures</i></a>. Springer. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8135-4"><bdi>978-981-10-8135-4</bdi></a>. <q>… definitely before 400 BC they possessed a similar positional notation based on the ancient counting rods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+Geomechanics+and+Hydraulic+Structures&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.isbn=978-981-10-8135-4&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Sheng-Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3lhDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpositional%2Barithmetic%2Bbegan%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bwide%2Buse%2Bof%2Bcounting%2Brods%2Bin%2BChina%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/foundations-of-mathematics">"Foundations of mathematics – The reexamination of infinity"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Foundations+of+mathematics+%E2%80%93+The+reexamination+of+infinity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Ffoundations-of-mathematics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM0sRPoABq8C&q=astronomical+tables+brought+to+Baghdad+by+an+Indian+ambassador+around+773&pg=PA626"><i>The Encyclopedia Britannica</i></a>. 1899. p. 626.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pages=626&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM0sRPoABq8C%26q%3Dastronomical%2Btables%2Bbrought%2Bto%2BBaghdad%2Bby%2Ban%2BIndian%2Bambassador%2Baround%2B773%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruik,_Dirk_J._(Dirk_Jan)1967" class="citation book cs1">Struik, Dirk J. (Dirk Jan) (1967). <i>A concise history of mathematics</i> (3d rev. ed.). New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-60255-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-60255-9"><bdi>0-486-60255-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635553">635553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3d+rev.&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F635553&rft.isbn=0-486-60255-9&rft.au=Struik%2C+Dirk+J.+%28Dirk+Jan%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigler2003" class="citation book cs1">Sigler, Laurence (11 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PilhoGJeKBUC&q=Leonardo+of+Pisa's+Liber+Abaci+of+1201"><i>Fibonacci's Liber Abaci: A Translation into Modern English of Leonardo Pisano's Book of Calculation</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-40737-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-40737-1"><bdi>978-0-387-40737-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fibonacci%27s+Liber+Abaci%3A+A+Translation+into+Modern+English+of+Leonardo+Pisano%27s+Book+of+Calculation&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2003-11-11&rft.isbn=978-0-387-40737-1&rft.aulast=Sigler&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPilhoGJeKBUC%26q%3DLeonardo%2Bof%2BPisa%27s%2BLiber%2BAbaci%2Bof%2B1201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeming,_David2010" class="citation book cs1">Deming, David (2010). <i>Science and technology in world history. Volume 1, The ancient world and classical civilization</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5657-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5657-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-5657-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650873991">650873991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+technology+in+world+history.+Volume+1%2C+The+ancient+world+and+classical+civilization&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650873991&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5657-4&rft.au=Deming%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanushkevich,_Svetlana_N.2008" class="citation book cs1">Yanushkevich, Svetlana N. (2008). <i>Introduction to logic design</i>. Shmerko, Vlad P. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-6094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-6094-2"><bdi>978-1-4200-6094-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/144226528">144226528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+logic+design&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F144226528&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-6094-2&rft.au=Yanushkevich%2C+Svetlana+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloane,_Sarah2005" class="citation book cs1">Sloane, Sarah (2005). <i>The I Ching for writers : finding the page inside you</i>. Novato, Calif.: New World Library. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57731-496-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57731-496-4"><bdi>1-57731-496-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56672043">56672043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+I+Ching+for+writers+%3A+finding+the+page+inside+you&rft.place=Novato%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56672043&rft.isbn=1-57731-496-4&rft.au=Sloane%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumerical+digit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82990#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4477778-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571787">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="číslice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128227&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&oldid=1260034824">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&oldid=1260034824</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Numeral_systems" title="Category:Numeral systems">Numeral systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 13:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numerical_digit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-v4b7n","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.833","walltime":"1.025","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3702,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":91588,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1067,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":168552,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 810.344 1 -total"," 47.06% 381.335 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.81% 168.603 30 Template:Cite_book"," 18.29% 148.215 14 Template:Cite_web"," 17.03% 137.995 21 Template:Lang"," 12.36% 100.139 1 Template:Authority_control"," 10.50% 85.114 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.86% 55.620 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.45% 44.148 6 Template:Main"," 2.66% 21.529 10 Template:Urdu_numeral"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.532","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14957070,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-59bc7696-9l6x8","timestamp":"20241128133824","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Numerical digit","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Numerical_digit","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82990","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82990","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-27T17:50:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T13:38:23Z","headline":"numeric symbol used in combinations to represent numbers in positional numeral systems"}</script> </body> </html>