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If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at [[:sv:Missväxtåren 1867–1869]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|sv|Missväxtåren 1867–1869}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869" title="Talk:Swedish famine of 1867–1869">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;"><span class="fn org">Swedish famine of 1867–1869</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">1867–1869</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">cold weather, drought</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/220px-Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/330px-Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/440px-Starvation_image_from_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of starvation in northern <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, Famine of 1867–1868.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Famine of 1867–1869</b> was the last <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and (together with the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_famine_of_1866%E2%80%931868" title="Finnish famine of 1866–1868">Finnish famine of 1866–1868</a>) the last major famine in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sweden, the year 1867 was known as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Storsvagåret</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Year of Great Weakness</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and, in <a href="/wiki/Tornedalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornedalen">Tornedalen</a>, as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Lavåret</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a> Year</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) because of the <a href="/wiki/Bark_bread" title="Bark bread">bark bread</a> made of lichen.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contributed to the great rush of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_emigration_to_the_United_States" title="Swedish emigration to the United States">Swedish emigration to the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1860s, Sweden had suffered poor harvests on several occasions. The spring and summer of 1867 were much colder than usual all over Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Burtr%C3%A4sk" title="Burträsk">Burträsk</a>, for example, it was not possible to start sowing before <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>: <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> was still left in June. The late spring was followed by a very short summer and an early autumn. This caused not just bad harvests, but also made it difficult to feed the cattle. The consequence was rising <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused widespread famine. The famine struck throughout Sweden, but was particularly severe in the colder northern provinces. Because early ice and snow disturbed communications, it was hard to transport and distribute emergency food supplies to the starving areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A widespread drought occurred in 1868, which caused a failed harvest and starving animals. Thus, the famine continued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actions">Actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charity_for_starving_Swedes_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Charity_for_starving_Swedes_1867.jpg/220px-Charity_for_starving_Swedes_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Charity_for_starving_Swedes_1867.jpg/330px-Charity_for_starving_Swedes_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Charity_for_starving_Swedes_1867.jpg/440px-Charity_for_starving_Swedes_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A Charity play organized in favor of the famine victims, Sweden, 1867.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the autumn of 1867, the government of Sweden granted emergency loans to the Northern counties, and the county governors were given permission and encouraged to establish emergency committees (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">undsättningskomitté</i>) to collect the funds needed from volunteers and philanthropists.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, two central emergency committees were created by the government: one located in the capital of Stockholm and the second in Gothenburg. The press published appeals for funds to help the needed, and charity concerts, charity plays and other similar events were hosted to collect money to pay for emergency help to the victims of the famine.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funds from outside Sweden were also contributed both from Europe and America: in fact, the foreign contributions were reportedly about as large as those from inside the country. Among the contributors from outside Sweden was <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind" title="Jenny Lind">Jenny Lind</a>, with a sum of 500 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kronor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a> with a sum of 20,000 kronor (equivalent to 1,020,000 kronor in 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The help from the emergency committees was distributed by the local city councils.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formally, the <a href="/wiki/1847_%C3%A5rs_fattigv%C3%A5rdf%C3%B6rordning" class="mw-redirect" title="1847 års fattigvårdförordning">Poor Care Regulation of 1847</a>, which was in effect at this time, was quite liberal, and would provide help for all who needed it. In reality, however, the emergency help was severely restricted by regulations imposed by the authorities and the elite in opposition to the law, which had come to be regarded as too liberal (it was in fact to be replaced soon after by the strict <a href="/wiki/1871_%C3%A5rs_fattigv%C3%A5rdf%C3%B6rordning" class="mw-redirect" title="1871 års fattigvårdförordning">Poor Care Regulation of 1871</a>). </p><p>The terms to receive help was not merely starvation: a starvation victim would have to be willing to work to receive help, otherwise they would not be given help. An exception was made for people who were physically unable to work, such as invalids and the elderly, but the regulations stipulated that only 10 percent of the emergency help was allowed to be spent on "<a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a>", while the rest was only to be distributed to people willing to work in exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, work such as road construction and home production of various form of handicraft objects were organized to give people in need of the emergency help an opportunity to work for it. In practice, these work tasks were meant as a symbolic demonstration that the government would only help those willing to work and be productive.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local city councils were criticized for enforcing the principle of help in exchange for work so far that the most needing were left without help. An example of this abuse occurred in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Grundsunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundsunda">Grundsunda</a> kommun in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland" title="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</a>, where no one who could not offer <a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a> was given help.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local governor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_Grundstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Per Grundström (page does not exist)">Per Grundström</a>, described in the distribution of help in the press: "A great mass of beggars and paupers could not be given anything. <i><a href="/wiki/Torp_(architecture)" title="Torp (architecture)">Torp</a></i>-dwellers and other undesirables were in fact left without much at all."<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authorities recommended that the starving people should eat <a href="/wiki/Bark_bread" title="Bark bread">Bark bread</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> rather than expect great amounts of <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> in relief help. Some of the local emergency committees, such as the one in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand" title="Härnösand">Härnösand</a>, mixed the flour with lichen and had it baked to bread before distributing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bread, however, caused chest pains and, in children, vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emergency_help_image_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emergency_help_image_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/220px-Emergency_help_image_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emergency_help_image_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/330px-Emergency_help_image_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emergency_help_image_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg/440px-Emergency_help_image_F%C3%A4derneslandet_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Caricature from the paper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A4derneslandet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fäderneslandet (page does not exist)">Fäderneslandet</a></i> 14 December 1867, criticizing the unjust distribution of the relief help committees: the relief help are given first to county governor, and are thereafter given first to the wealthy officials and rich farmers and last, when only an handful is left, to the poor people truly in need.</figcaption></figure> <p>The authorities were exposed to harsh criticism from the press because of how ineffectively the relief funds from the emergency committees were distributed, and on which terms. Notably the paper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A4derneslandet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fäderneslandet (page does not exist)">Fäderneslandet</a></i> voiced its anger at the fact that those most in need of help were left without because of the unwillingness of the authorities to compromise the principle of help in exchange for work, a regulation the paper described as "quasi philosophical thoughts about the value of work".<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was widespread criticism focused on the belief that the famine in Sweden was caused by unjust distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is supported by the fact that the year of 1867 was in fact a successful year for the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> exports: the largest of the farms and estates in Sweden exported their harvests, mostly <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, where it was used for horse drawn <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Häger_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a fact that authorities had elected to impose a more strict interpretation than the <a href="/wiki/1847_%C3%A5rs_fattigv%C3%A5rdf%C3%B6rordning" class="mw-redirect" title="1847 års fattigvårdförordning">Poor Care Regulation of 1847</a> would have allowed, thus making the famine worse than it needed to be. The 1847 law was replaced but a few years after the famine by the very strict <a href="/wiki/1871_%C3%A5rs_fattigv%C3%A5rdf%C3%B6rordning" class="mw-redirect" title="1871 års fattigvårdförordning">Poor Care Regulation of 1871</a>, which followed the strict practice of distribution made by the elite during the famine. </p><p>The great famine of 1867–68, and the distrust and discontent over the way the authorities handled the relief help to the needy, is estimated to have contributed greatly to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_emigration_to_the_United_States" title="Swedish emigration to the United States">Swedish emigration to the United States</a>, which skyrocketed around this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction_and_media">In fiction and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In fiction and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%A4lten:_Hunger%C3%A5ren_som_formade_Sverige" title="Svälten: Hungeråren som formade Sverige">Svälten: Hungeråren som formade Sverige</a></i></span>, a non-fiction book which describes the famine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1695%E2%80%931697" title="Great Famine of 1695–1697">Great Famine of 1695–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">List of famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%9303" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1601–03">Russian famine of 1601–03</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/last-great-famine-northern-europe">"Last Great Famine in Northern Europe"</a>. <i>Environment & Society Portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+%26+Society+Portal&rft.atitle=Last+Great+Famine+in+Northern+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmentandsociety.org%2Ftools%2Fkeywords%2Flast-great-famine-northern-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+famine+of+1867%E2%80%931869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsbergBohman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Forsberg, Henrik; Bohman, Magnus (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03585522.2023.2279215">"Relieving famine. Northern Sweden ( Västerbotten ) between state, market, and civil society during the 1860s"</a>. <i>Scandinavian Economic History Review</i>. <b>72</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">248–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03585522.2023.2279215">10.1080/03585522.2023.2279215</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0358-5522">0358-5522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Relieving+famine.+Northern+Sweden+%28+V%C3%A4sterbotten+%29+between+state%2C+market%2C+and+civil+society+during+the+1860s&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03585522.2023.2279215&rft.issn=0358-5522&rft.aulast=Forsberg&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.au=Bohman%2C+Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03585522.2023.2279215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+famine+of+1867%E2%80%931869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Häger-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Häger_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Häger, Olle; Torell, Carl; Villius, Hans (1978). <i>Ett satans år: Norrland 1867.</i> Stockholm: Sveriges Radio. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-522-1529-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-522-1529-6">91-522-1529-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Rehn–Meidner model">Rehn–Meidner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Stockholm" title="Nasdaq Stockholm">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sweden" title="Rail transport in Sweden">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sweden" title="Tourism in Sweden">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sweden" title="Category:Society of Sweden">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" 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