CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913523b9afa58965',cH: '1GAixz9pM1N9LxovZYOTuUBk0R1KkKWAUrBhe2r8TWk-1739788619-1.2.1.1-lQQ4BMUnCg1iDf4YRjoJgTX8aCP6x_2AvPpmC5bqwi.ODjJbUnKMRNHkODa5ruuH',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Wan%20Azlina%20Ahmad&__cf_chl_tk=hEooNrakAhEJwHz339vmuUpDgrR8WfbYb3iVYn.00LE-1739788619-1.0.1.1-NhAOEWb5ktXOqX9ENZFfXuQRDbtWOMewZ3OhSRu11QY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788619',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Wan%20Azlina%20Ahmad&__cf_chl_f_tk=hEooNrakAhEJwHz339vmuUpDgrR8WfbYb3iVYn.00LE-1739788619-1.0.1.1-NhAOEWb5ktXOqX9ENZFfXuQRDbtWOMewZ3OhSRu11QY",md: "cDCq6umGt2ThXpVgKbKZmKVdQw6z_FKzmLTDh8hMh8o-1739788619-1.2.1.1-TmTTUXTuuSEBdwHaTEQ7iyYymdu2Oicxx69lAcfLXLh1nXutM7B1xUKc2TJ.FvRG8KfQUHZ7dcUisVzmtEFENBgfwqUQf.R7MLFLAdfWDjbAC0qOgmBU7_w7yjY9a84g0OErqa5UKiA39BFZCmR6N2gD4qhwpWFBdlZ6m6piDazCXQit1kFTtEJQIpruCEdMpjA3mj0oe90PgmUg6sqZo3VyukLVUsg0W7ckRtJpxmTNLrq.e3tT8wdFU.KPv_m3EIBtk1flmxsDN2Kti1gWWEIqaP9UVTjXd82F8xN6BiUxwRNQTa0ZD0pXibG7GfGJYUQiYUcpfJ9Ih1aKku5tBPecEffc67uXYSLXnNd4mTM2cIBt6_NBJ4C6qTsH494uE39x_1KMDnfEbQCThKpU9gvKeY6vId7lme1EpzbmQLDiY4n6GsIku38WKoQE1emo0_cCycfpkx2WdyJMLUL28l8u3w6oRXGOlfMeGARYiAC6RGHzuhxhHU1sHnZejIil0wZh._wXW8K8ON2XFE8dhPCU1zkoxCHKjqx5FekFKZCyevgBvhMDE1K7fa6Fl1G9xCJTDJ.U9NSlVLhvkq59S10tQj84XXnzD7_RxBMN0wR5NoYuQV7rrq6Y8gqzosgXOWh5wS8j1BefaUsbbcOhA3L8wnbAjpZzceUayu6eJ8HMdX7K8rahE4TUI7QZSB1jIU7wSMLJrUGpaY605FxAHD2Q6qK2zXbJg5gUCWWVHByd3Ge3BgGH7h8UBa2.RtregjLzmAgiJGgzuviOdYb.HrNrGOk4CtP.dKm11zYW4191wmWPrucZJkcZpqE87EY8b_Ov.svHyCisKuItzTrIv0hFlCDSbO3MBL.kf8VNoyMVk_z85fRNb8H4Nvqr9N0yLRvWAJZoUKJb2CaVPinVgVMCU_oNxbFWzE3p9nUS5NnClumNpwhzuychpW8tw.gB.Q0BULjv9UfTsbaw9Ey.u75rKkiBKq0cPgiLxAR02D5b9V6hOtLKQrczkxOMrsU0JVsi4TEFtb4.eOPC7SzShCX_eRvsiKSRr16LlvC_yEQrIKl719UJcckJMLldN_jKFCnbDSLY1X7H_t4QrC2rbt.7q1nQm6fvrlBvJrpKrvBN3P4N.NCeZ6NgT6CBFqCxj7bw9SNWPGLq0d_aI09.eJK2WLCXa2EMoxg8CKW1oCPfpzSlUyU7.9TMBWFAV.QN5lzxhSEgXeb8fHCWwXUEJSgDa.SUBLrM5rGYRnVFeEOdsF82CpiBPdKYgOJOWt0Da3zV8bloYimvBPQ4nEV9lasvefgcbz7KVbtucejiNAOlKm1oXdB5xOc3QJVcVRb7UPhYtV6B64SzF8h8aAf8WZwGWUDec.kvI94eosti2yrT0FwOM.DIUxCOtIOJL0WS_60gGeG.vOX68SnsgyF3TQDf9QY1WX0_CmwH8fARPmoFHlTMaXCiyf3AxcwHd67z3atvYdZO700YaGrLQ9O7k_ZG5PXYJJJjZhPzhpihRmTHe6pNP.fl9D0dfYycAV44_R0a3OfpqGAE0rUqdfLiSVVdIaVF9BvyGpnYHIsXUcjlYfSCzN6MhEG_XGOPAHXWJBDWHCgndkAdn_gYaIa8oT4SAio95oJOxLUViT3fmEla2BJSAsq7WvP4T_d4awi8WBapep_2FQ9bq81auicN_5ztpnwL_SJ00VBzIGweZiqGGxga7b_eMcUisfKaVcjitccLY9cuC6ekyg95aRm0nz6XqSmcrtcvh7wEwZ9pQ3amOwgi5RXLkAeId4ElpLTJo8gS.7xja_Z.HgtOA_WMtRUuf_ujp53woDBOo49ps7cCAlDbM37tgVlt5WcLox1BormyRMlwD7C27aN1yEGTF7rv8owRt6Z.wVOguZvMwnx9qYss5gx2KvbGwOurGAmcThx4QIQklUMIec8Q1GIhL64ewEHs6_FCI2d38HiiCKo",mdrd: "LpjmE7tWlStKt7iftWPuPSe1QMi74rZCgexsBiqn0HY-1739788619-1.2.1.1-uK2DTw57ozFLiqWvb5q2E4PdYEesx6ixgDQEBGiLAuZZKbPv9TjV94g5.3cwBF_a.hPwrWvLT5q1F6hqac7RSjFpOXlCEOb8QXeVdTdTplVKtUS1Np3Zn4Dz2s0D5OsD13NySVd4SgvVCqsLEGq42yNo8pWha6uwDfEJuM6u5REpmhpS_93rd9RjAMzGdIb4H1O5s.IetAdD5d0ZjLBuKj1pJlwrw5bW8JWWAe5IJxpJGCHRShL1.QWJ703UYXq22.8ZPlbG52GxgkA3cz6fuYdOiVbPStuaJwlHp.DLjKBub6lxovRgVyGhCHU9ZllFTJgz_dtFQDbJ1VygEy4ak_BcBRiqAhCxeqb6QuExxkmTa9mmKk1.jMCUqE1HCvt3mi1pL144AVVqFeZT44PnQdzcL5PwcYPyxBvLnBePs.m7IKRFRK8tlRZ7wq0DlQnZV.Bs0HYaHqdGPKFgzzC9BRdMUMDIoNnA7C4b4mlplcSPGPjKTi5LPpn2pBoMJJ7uynTRj67WMUdoXAjpeKSAzCMO5k0B5q7sSZVzU2csA64csCUXIcLjmwmJ3.yZksXwf2DJaVMVFZ46tofXXHioNhvvyWHZ1IXvqPbXd3e4CQWCBgS2zxIs25kYKhNTH434I02pxtq3JYPCVG6HqHHhwh0sdJEaSPkU4RBKDXUpuv73lPbe3TdvoL1T_OF0J_ZPBuQuRPHshy9c6mnZ3uDxYG6Zzaw7muCnblp06dW9VcD1QDpBirRhteSbNEJmHvZbfeg4_eYSTyu3v3D.pwKY_Q7VhPxVCW3w1q_qNTfqdS3MmdfNs28lcrEoxP3mohqidSUq.WM8tTiWMPwLYJOGI28rmJ4Vx.yEmz_1vScfiQQ.vDeud7x2O6Beh9pkrqi5RAAtHekRQg2ixMfNoIaXeMyFmLv_JbG5vusQEXif6ZAm44dwdIF2BS.05Ktlpen1HvkAc4KycchtXLDUJ4MzcSuA4BZcKWf75N48cr_sUdqmxMqPs9NH_ErNeoFsQPpfNauPZ0lkcbgaluBK75HVom9hIIYUCba056BvMt2GA2.w2.rLX8J1rCC9D7bhWnuLkn5I.4RngfeB_sNJyiNFfia8CM_dZkFwGLABTfTjI.dN0HVNQ1b6Ef0wAc65NHG8l.kgkkCrarxEOY1EVB9Qk48cJXazq21GqoQ6H6Ln65EzUW3UtWrvH0zubUsM_nAdHydgxFe5tacmmhs.Sw5R6MgFPhNQK8RIHEk9ljN0t2r8409XC7jZ6aJ6CLXYZP2ZznhaddXLzEbfFUHxS6go8.hHD4.CjDhBpKFZm0rTV6aEPIXuPFeYdL47RfDOYPgSqW6F17QBK0nVF.7dg0hR.ED_vJSuzmijEjlQB1cbtPQREsL2xCME7CXerbzla6kOSMmEwH.hTXwGKOPFaumhM8ozwcDAByWjXbVVeBrdCNX94fiAjbaUzV3o37efzSxLM7Ba.3D.7e1YKrn04jCz7hYB.6q4PeP38JsSeS4MR3k2QvTs3ZKaQf_VCkt7EQ1rsb.M2jz.GIZluyzVZaUGMODQf6e07nkM_4AIq_T6IeLSjJV8fJMWCEMOgPNH1IQTBuJB0za91_MqJCVsbN.GWPtf_ffnwWki76mW2NXXKog.TfApDlMatPAXrrrUKpoJ4Mh2d4DwRWhIb9yPlwSECpGk.Uhc5M76Lm0eiq6He.s1qdtr5ckJgtoIikreI8RPaj7IJG1KLDY_rrR2h5Im_kUVpYOjVEjgAa45u0rtBr3vv3y3x45zEtpdZhgUDLEIufzaMFcgP7lvq4Q5L819SjRNjgvBIVdqMXaFQ7z6ogygaoBnrkydp3CJTcQNaf_OljRxiytwL2IJhW9akZ2tStRM6HLHFyyuFmfTVZBz0EaWCYp2Bj_TK1werB7BatY0JN3YJKeE4iCz5HM7hOWPxuzpcN9C_sjnKCgycga01Ytd494IW4A1A3bOnsBmmNmKxDPbkgEU5KBAe2v4AQgnxlvWjtcqxd_nHTtXlUNPKSo"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913523b9afa58965';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Wan%20Azlina%20Ahmad&__cf_chl_rt_tk=hEooNrakAhEJwHz339vmuUpDgrR8WfbYb3iVYn.00LE-1739788619-1.0.1.1-NhAOEWb5ktXOqX9ENZFfXuQRDbtWOMewZ3OhSRu11QY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>