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光芯片助力高维量子比特调控—论文—科学网
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float: right"> 选择字号：<span onclick="showsize(12)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer">小</span> <span onclick="showsize(14)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer">中</span> <span onclick="showsize(16)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer"> 大</span> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div id="content1" style="width: 94%; font: 14px 宋体; text-align: left; line-height: 24px; word-wrap: break-word"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td height="20"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" class="style1" style="font-size: 13px; color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px"> <b></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="style1" style="font-size: 22px; color: #587c19; font-family: 黑体; line-height: 30px"> 光芯片助力高维量子比特调控</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" class="style1" style="font-size: 13px; color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px;"> <b></b></td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="center"> <img src="/upload/paper/images/2024/7/2024722165537490.jpg" /></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 在传统的电子信息技术中，信息通常被编码为由“0”和“1”组成的二进制数串进行传输与处理。二进制数串中的每一位数字都是一个信息单元，称为“比特”，它只能取“0”和“1”两种状态。而在量子信息处理中，信息单元则被称为“量子比特”。不同于经典比特，量子比特可以取“0”和“1”之间的任意叠加状态。这一特性使得研究者们创造出了一系列量子算法和通信协议，实现了绝对安全、不可窃听的量子通信技术以及高效信息处理的量子计算技术。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 在实际应用中，量子比特通常由二维量子系统携带，比如光子的偏振状态。然而，量子比特在信息传输能力和信息通道的稳定性方面仍存在一定的局限性。这种局限性可以通过增加传统二维量子系统的维度来克服。例如，当我们将二维量子比特的维度增加到四维便会形成一个“高维量子比特”（qudit）， 这个高维量子比特可以取“0”、“1”、“2”和“3”之间的叠加状态，这使得信道容量提高为原来的两倍，并大大增加了信道的鲁棒性。但是，相比于二维量子系统，产生和控制高维量子系统更为困难，目前主要依赖于复杂的大型光学平台，因此难以进行大规模应用。如何准确且便捷地在高维量子系统中编码携带信息的高维量子比特，仍然是当前一个非常具有挑战性的课题。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 近日，美国宾夕法尼亚大学的冯亮教授研究团队研发出一种新型集成光学芯片，可以精确控制光子的空间模式和偏振状态，从而合成出由光子携带的四维量子系统，提高数据的传输效率和抗误码能力。该成果以“Integrated Preparation and Manipulation of High-dimensional Flying Structured Photons”为题发表于eLight。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 研究人员首先利用非线性光学的方法，产生了两个量子纠缠的光子。量子纠缠是指两个粒子在无论距离多远的情况下，其状态始终保持瞬时关联，一个粒子的状态变化会立即影响到另一粒子的状态。其中一个光子被称为信号光子，它被注入进集成光学芯片的光波导中（图1）。</p> <p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"> <img src="/upload/paper/images/2024/7/2024722166107020.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /></p> <p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"> <strong>图1：集成光学芯片及其辐射出的高维量子比特空间。</strong></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 芯片上可编程的光子线路可以调控光子的量子状态，并随后将光子辐射到自由空间中，赋予其特定的空间模式和偏振状态。与此同时，另一个光子，通常被称为闲置光子，可以通过量子纠缠，作为远程的量子控制器，控制信号光子的状态。通过这种方式，研究人员产生了高保真的四维量子比特（图2a），保真度达到了92.6%，并演示了其在高维量子通信中的应用（图2b）。</p> <p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"> <img src="/upload/paper/images/2024/7/2024722166182960.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> <strong>图2：(a) 实验测量得到的高维量子比特密度矩阵实部与理论预测的比较；(b) 实验测量得到的测量概率矩阵与理论预测结果的比较。</strong></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 这种四维量子系统的一个关键优势是所有的量子状态在时间和空间上完美重合，高维量子比特能够在远距离传播中保持其量子相干特性，因此其携带的数据可以高保真度地进行传输。基于此，该系统非常适合用于卫星量子通信等在自由空间中远距离传输信息的应用。这种新方法有助于高速量子互联网的发展，能够安全地传输大量数据。此外，产生的双光子量子系统整体构成了量子簇态，有助于创建强大的量子计算机，解决传统计算机无法解决的问题。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 研究人员目前正在致力于进一步提升高维量子比特的保真度，并将技术扩展到更高维度。他们相信这种技术在量子通信中有着极具潜力的发展前景。（来源：中国光学微信公众号）</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 相关论文信息：<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s43593-024-00066-6" target="_blank"><span style="text-indent: 2em;">https://doi.org/10.1186/s43593-024-00066-6</span></a></p> <div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div style="text-indent:2em;color: #587c19;font-size:13px; 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