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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_and_New_Deal_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_and_New_Deal_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reconstruction and New Deal era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_and_New_Deal_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Civil Rights Act of 1957</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963_Kennedy_civil_rights_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963_Kennedy_civil_rights_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1963 Kennedy civil rights bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963_Kennedy_civil_rights_bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legislative history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislative_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislative history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lobbying efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johnson's_appeal_to_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnson's_appeal_to_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Johnson's appeal to Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnson's_appeal_to_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passage_in_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_in_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Passage in the Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passage_in_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Final passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vote_totals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vote_totals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Vote totals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vote_totals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>By party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_party_and_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_party_and_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>By party and region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_party_and_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Women's rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desegregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desegregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Desegregation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desegregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political repercussions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Continued resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_impact_on_LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_impact_on_LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Later impact on LGBT rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_impact_on_LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_I_–_voting_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_I_–_voting_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Title I – voting rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_I_–_voting_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_II_–_public_accommodations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_II_–_public_accommodations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Title II – public accommodations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_II_–_public_accommodations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_III_–_desegregation_of_public_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_III_–_desegregation_of_public_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Title III – desegregation of public facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_III_–_desegregation_of_public_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_IV_–_desegregation_of_public_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_IV_–_desegregation_of_public_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Title IV – desegregation of public education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_IV_–_desegregation_of_public_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_V_–_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_V_–_Commission_on_Civil_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Title V – Commission on Civil Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_V_–_Commission_on_Civil_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_VI_–_nondiscrimination_in_federally_assisted_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_VI_–_nondiscrimination_in_federally_assisted_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_VI_–_nondiscrimination_in_federally_assisted_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_VII_–_equal_employment_opportunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_VII_–_equal_employment_opportunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Title VII – equal employment opportunity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_VII_–_equal_employment_opportunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Administrative precedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_VIII_–_registration_and_voting_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_VIII_–_registration_and_voting_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Title VIII – registration and voting statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_VIII_–_registration_and_voting_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_IX_–_intervention_and_removal_of_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_IX_–_intervention_and_removal_of_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Title IX – intervention and removal of cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_IX_–_intervention_and_removal_of_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_X_–_Community_Relations_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_X_–_Community_Relations_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Title X – Community Relations Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_X_–_Community_Relations_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_XI_–_miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_XI_–_miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Title XI – miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_XI_–_miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Major amendments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_amendments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major amendments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act_of_1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act_of_1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act_of_1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Supreme_Court_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>United States Supreme Court cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_Supreme_Court_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States Supreme Court cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_Supreme_Court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_II_case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_II_case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Title II case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_II_case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States_(1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States_(1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span><i>Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</i> (1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States_(1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katzenbach_v._McClung_(1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katzenbach_v._McClung_(1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span><i>Katzenbach v. McClung</i> (1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katzenbach_v._McClung_(1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_v._Johnson_(1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_v._Johnson_(1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span><i>United States v. Johnson</i> (1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_v._Johnson_(1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newman_v._Piggie_Park_Enterprises,_Inc._(1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newman_v._Piggie_Park_Enterprises,_Inc._(1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span><i>Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.</i> (1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newman_v._Piggie_Park_Enterprises,_Inc._(1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daniel_v._Paul_(1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniel_v._Paul_(1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span><i>Daniel v. Paul</i> (1969)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniel_v._Paul_(1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green_(1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green_(1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span><i>McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green</i> (1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green_(1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_VI_case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_VI_case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Title VI case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_VI_case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lau_v._Nichols_(1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lau_v._Nichols_(1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span><i>Lau v. Nichols</i> (1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lau_v._Nichols_(1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regents_of_the_Univ._of_Cal._v._Bakke_(1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regents_of_the_Univ._of_Cal._v._Bakke_(1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span><i>Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke</i> (1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regents_of_the_Univ._of_Cal._v._Bakke_(1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_v._Sandoval_(2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_v._Sandoval_(2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span><i>Alexander v. Sandoval</i> (2001)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_v._Sandoval_(2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard_(2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard_(2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span><i>Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</i> (2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard_(2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_VII_case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_VII_case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Title VII case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_VII_case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co._(1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co._(1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span><i>Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</i> (1971)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co._(1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp._(1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp._(1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span><i>Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.</i> (1971)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp._(1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington_v._Davis_(1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_v._Davis_(1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span><i>Washington v. Davis</i> (1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington_v._Davis_(1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TWA_v._Hardison_(1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TWA_v._Hardison_(1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span><i>TWA v. Hardison</i> (1977)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TWA_v._Hardison_(1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dothard_v._Rawlinson_(1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dothard_v._Rawlinson_(1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span><i>Dothard v. Rawlinson</i> (1977)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dothard_v._Rawlinson_(1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christiansburg_Garment_Co._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christiansburg_Garment_Co._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.6</span> <span><i>Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i> (1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christiansburg_Garment_Co._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson_(1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson_(1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.7</span> <span><i>Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson</i> (1986)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson_(1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins_(1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins_(1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.8</span> <span><i>Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins</i> (1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins_(1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wards_Cove_Packing_Co._v._Atonio_(1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wards_Cove_Packing_Co._v._Atonio_(1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.9</span> <span><i>Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio</i> (1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wards_Cove_Packing_Co._v._Atonio_(1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls,_Inc._(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls,_Inc._(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.10</span> <span><i>United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.</i> (1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls,_Inc._(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oncale_v._Sundowner_Offshore_Services_(1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oncale_v._Sundowner_Offshore_Services_(1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.11</span> <span><i>Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services</i> (1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oncale_v._Sundowner_Offshore_Services_(1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burlington_Northern_&_Santa_Fe_Railway_Co._v._White_(2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burlington_Northern_&_Santa_Fe_Railway_Co._v._White_(2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.12</span> <span><i>Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White</i> (2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burlington_Northern_&_Santa_Fe_Railway_Co._v._White_(2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_&_Rubber_Co._(2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_&_Rubber_Co._(2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.13</span> <span><i>Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.</i> (2007)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_&_Rubber_Co._(2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ricci_v._DeStefano_(2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ricci_v._DeStefano_(2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.14</span> <span><i>Ricci v. DeStefano</i> (2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ricci_v._DeStefano_(2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_v._Nassar_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_v._Nassar_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.15</span> <span><i>University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar</i> (2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_v._Nassar_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_&_Fitch_Stores_(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_&_Fitch_Stores_(2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.16</span> <span><i>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores</i> (2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_&_Fitch_Stores_(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_v._Brennan_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_v._Brennan_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.17</span> <span><i>Green v. Brennan</i> (2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_v._Brennan_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bostock_v._Clayton_County_(2020)_and_Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda_(2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bostock_v._Clayton_County_(2020)_and_Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda_(2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.18</span> <span><i>Bostock v. Clayton County</i> (2020) and <i>Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda</i> (2020)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bostock_v._Clayton_County_(2020)_and_Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda_(2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-R.G._&_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R.G._&_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.19</span> <span><i>R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i> (2020)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R.G._&_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groff_v._DeJoy_(2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groff_v._DeJoy_(2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.20</span> <span><i>Groff v. DeJoy</i> (2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groff_v._DeJoy_(2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_civil_rights_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_civil_rights_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Other civil rights legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_civil_rights_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1964" title="قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1964 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1964" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClki_H%C3%BCquqlar_Qanunu" title="Mülki Hüquqlar Qanunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mülki Hüquqlar Qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_von_1964" title="Civil Rights Act von 1964 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Civil Rights Act von 1964" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Derechos_Civiles_de_1964" title="Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AD%D9%87_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B6%DB%B4" title="لایحه حقوق مدنی ۱۹۶۴ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایحه حقوق مدنی ۱۹۶۴" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_de_1964" title="Civil Rights Act de 1964 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civil Rights Act de 1964" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%EB%85%84_%EB%AF%BC%EA%B6%8C%EB%B2%95" title="1964년 민권법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1964년 민권법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Hak_Sipil_1964" title="Undang-Undang Hak Sipil 1964 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-Undang Hak Sipil 1964" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1964)" title="Civil Rights Act (1964) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civil Rights Act (1964)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_(1964)" title="חוק זכויות האזרח (1964) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק זכויות האזרח (1964)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(1964)" title="სამოქალაქო უფლებების აქტი (1964) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამოქალაქო უფლებების აქტი (1964)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_m._pilietini%C5%B3_teisi%C5%B3_aktas" title="1964 m. pilietinių teisių aktas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1964 m. pilietinių teisių aktas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Civil Rights Act of 1964" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9%E6%B3%95" title="1964年公民権法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1964年公民権法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B6%DB%B4%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="د ۱۹۶۴ز کال د مدني حقونو قانون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ۱۹۶۴ز کال د مدني حقونو قانون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_dos_Direitos_Civis_de_1964" title="Lei dos Direitos Civis de 1964 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei dos Direitos Civis de 1964" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_drepturilor_civile_din_1964" title="Legea drepturilor civile din 1964 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea drepturilor civile din 1964" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85_(1964)" title="Закон о гражданских правах (1964) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закон о гражданских правах (1964)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Civil Rights Act of 1964" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A6%D9%A4" title="یاسای مافە مەدەنییەکانی ساڵی ١٩٦٤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای مافە مەدەنییەکانی ساڵی ١٩٦٤" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Закон о грађанским правима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Закон о грађанским правима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakon_o_gra%C4%91anskim_pravima" title="Zakon o građanskim pravima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zakon o građanskim pravima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1964)" title="Civil Rights Act (1964) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Civil Rights Act (1964)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1964" title="รัฐบัญญัติสิทธิพลเมือง ค.ศ. 1964 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบัญญัติสิทธิพลเมือง ค.ศ. 1964" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Medeni_Haklar_Yasas%C4%B1" title="1964 Medeni Haklar Yasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1964 Medeni Haklar Yasası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1964)" title="Закон про громадянські права (1964) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закон про громадянські права (1964)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e_%C3%92fin_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B8%CC%80t%E1%BB%8D%CC%81_Ar%C3%A1%C3%A0l%C3%BA_1964" title="Ìṣe Òfin àwọn Ẹ̀tọ́ Aráàlú 1964 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣe Òfin àwọn Ẹ̀tọ́ Aráàlú 1964" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964">reviewed</a> on <i>27 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Landmark U.S. civil rights and labor law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For other American laws called the Civil Rights Acts, see <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act" title="Civil Rights Act">Civil Rights Act</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Civil Rights Act of 1964</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">July 2, 1964<span class="noprint">; 60 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1964-07-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-78/pdf/STATUTE-78-Pg241.pdf">88-352</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">78 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-78-241">241</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">Title 42—The Public Health and Welfare</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the House as H.R. 7152 by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Emanuel Celler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>) on June 20, 1963</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on February 10, 1964<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_GovTrack_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_GovTrack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (290–130)</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on June 19, 1964<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_Senate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (73–27) with amendment</li><li><b>House agreed to Senate amendment</b> on July 2, 1964<sup id="cite_ref-GovTrack_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovTrack-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (289–126)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> on July 2, 1964</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act_of_1972" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972">Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_Discrimination_Act" title="Pregnancy Discrimination Act">Pregnancy Discrimination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Restoration_Act_of_1987" title="Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987">Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991" title="Civil Rights Act of 1991">Civil Rights Act of 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">See <a href="#United_States_Supreme_Court_cases">§ United States Supreme Court cases</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CRM_in_Washington_D.C." title="Template:CRM in Washington D.C."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CRM_in_Washington_D.C." title="Template talk:CRM in Washington D.C."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CRM_in_Washington_D.C." title="Special:EditPage/Template:CRM in Washington D.C."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_in_Washington_D.C." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C.#Civil_rights" title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C.</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>National movement</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond_filibuster_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957">Strom Thurmond filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_March_for_Integrated_Schools_(1958)" title="Youth March for Integrated Schools (1958)">1st Youth March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_March_for_Integrated_Schools_(1959)" title="Youth March for Integrated Schools (1959)">2nd Youth March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">Baldwin–Kennedy meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">President Kennedy's civil rights address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>District of Columbia</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._John_R._Thompson_Co." title="District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.">District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Civil Rights Act of 1964</b> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/88/352">88–352</a>, 78 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-78-241">241</a>, enacted <span data-sort-value="000000001964-07-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">July 2, 1964</span>) is a landmark <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">labor law</a> in the United States that outlaws <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">color</a>, religion, sex,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and national origin.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in schools and <a href="/wiki/Public_accommodations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public accommodations">public accommodations</a>, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, principally its <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">enumerated power</a> to regulate interstate commerce under the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 8</a>, its duty to guarantee all citizens <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">equal protection</a> of the laws under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">14th Amendment</a>, and its duty to protect voting rights under the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a>. </p><p>The legislation was proposed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in June 1963, but it was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> in the Senate. After <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy was assassinated</a> on November 22, 1963, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> pushed the bill forward. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after a 72-day filibuster, it passed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on July 2, 1964. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_and_New_Deal_era">Reconstruction and New Deal era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reconstruction and New Deal era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1883 landmark <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i>, the United States Supreme Court had ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a> of much of its ability to protect civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality. </p><p>In the 1930s, during the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the Commerce Clause, thus paving the way for the federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. </p><p>Influenced in part by the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a>" advisors and the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a>, just before the U.S. entered World War II, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_8802" title="Executive Order 8802">Executive Order 8802</a>, the first federal anti-discrimination order, and established the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practices_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Employment Practices Committee">Fair Employment Practices Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's successor, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, appointed the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Civil_Rights" title="President's Committee on Civil Rights">President's Committee on Civil Rights</a>, proposed the 20th century's first comprehensive Civil Rights Act, and issued Executive Order 9980 and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a>, providing for fair employment and desegregation throughout the federal government and the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil Rights Act of 1957"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a>, signed by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> on September 9, 1957, was the first federal civil rights legislation since the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a> to become law. After the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled school segregation unconstitutional in 1954 in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>, Southern Democrats began a campaign of "<a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a>" against desegregation, and even the few moderate white leaders shifted to openly racist positions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly in an effort to defuse calls for more far-reaching reforms, Eisenhower proposed a civil rights bill that would increase the protection of African American voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite having a limited impact on African-American voter participation, at a time when black voter registration from 0% (in 11 counties) to less than 5% (in 97 counties) despite being majority-Black counties,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did establish the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">United States Commission on Civil Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a>. By 1960, black voting had increased by only 3%,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a>, which eliminated certain loopholes left by the 1957 Act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963_Kennedy_civil_rights_bill">1963 Kennedy civil rights bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1963 Kennedy civil rights bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights,_11_June_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg/170px-President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg/255px-President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg/340px-President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="2923" /></a><figcaption>United States President John F. Kennedy <a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">addresses the nation</a> on civil rights on June 11, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In winning the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a>, Kennedy took 70% of the African American vote.<sup id="cite_ref-election_of_1960_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-election_of_1960-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But due to his somewhat narrow victory and Democrats' narrow majorities in Congress, he was wary to push hard for civil rights legislation for fear of losing southern support.<sup id="cite_ref-election_of_1960_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-election_of_1960-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, according to the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center</a>, he wanted to wait until his second term to send Congress a civil rights bill.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But with elevated racial tensions and a wave of African-American protests in the spring of 1963, such as the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a>, Kennedy realized he had to act on civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy first proposed the 1964 bill in his <a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a> on June 11, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments"—as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". In late July, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a>, warned that if Congress failed to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill, the country would face another civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emulating the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a>, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations and enable the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> to join lawsuits against state governments that operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. But it did not include a number of provisions civil rights leaders deemed essential, including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, and granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later, <a href="/wiki/Senate_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Minority Leader">Senate Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a> both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, saying legislative action was "imperative".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president's bill went first to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, where it was referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> Democrat <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Emanuel Celler</a>. After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">1957 Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">1960 Act</a>. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights.<sup id="cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying_efforts">Lobbying efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lobbying efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg/220px-Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg/330px-Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg/440px-Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4567" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>Following the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> on August 28, 1963, civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson to discuss civil rights legislation.</figcaption></figure><p>Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil Rights</a>, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Rauh_Jr." title="Joseph L. Rauh Jr.">Joseph L. Rauh Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a> of the NAACP.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, on August 28, 1963, the organizers visited Kennedy to discuss the civil rights bill.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a>, and Walter Reuther attempted to persuade him to support a provision establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission that would ban discriminatory practices by all federal agencies, unions, and private companies.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">Rules Committee</a>, whose chairman, <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Smith" title="Howard W. Smith">Howard W. Smith</a>, a Democrat and staunch segregationist from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnson's_appeal_to_Congress"><span id="Johnson.27s_appeal_to_Congress"></span>Johnson's appeal to Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Johnson's appeal to Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy</a> on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the <a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">bully pulpit</a> he wielded as president, in support of the bill. In his first address to a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session of Congress</a> on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a <a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">petition to discharge</a> the bill from the Rules Committee;<sup id="cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially, Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed. </p><p>After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to pass through the Rules Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passage_in_the_Senate">Passage in the Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Passage in the Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/200px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/300px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/400px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> on March 26, 1964, listening to the Senate debate on the bill. The two met for only one minute.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4687" /></a><figcaption>United States President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></figcaption></figure><p>Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that it would be quickly considered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. </p><p>Normally, the bill would have been referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a>, which was chaired by <a href="/wiki/James_O._Eastland" class="mw-redirect" title="James O. Eastland">James O. Eastland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a> took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. </p><p>When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Southern Bloc</a>" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a> of Texas, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell</a> (D-GA), launched a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> to prevent its passage.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">intermingling and amalgamation of the races</a> in our [Southern] states."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals [<i>sic</i>], which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> proposals and actions of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">radical Republican</a> Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the filibuster had gone on for 54 days, Senators Mansfield, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a> introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would overcome it by combining a sufficient number of Republicans as well as core liberal Democrats. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version as to the government's power in regulating the conduct of private business, but not weak enough to make the House reconsider it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a> ended his filibuster in opposition to the bill on the morning of June 10, 1964, after 14 hours and 13 minutes. Up to then, the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, including six Saturdays. The day before, Humphrey, the bill's manager, concluded that he had the 67 votes required at that time to end the debate and the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never before in its entire history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to defeat a filibuster on a civil rights bill, and only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> for any measure.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most dramatic moment during the cloture vote came when Senator <a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">Clair Engle</a> (D-CA) was wheeled into the chamber. Suffering from terminal <a href="/wiki/Brain_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain cancer">brain cancer</a>, unable to speak, he pointed to his left eye, signifying his affirmative "<a href="/wiki/Voice_vote#United_States" title="Voice vote">Aye</a>" vote when his name was called.<sup id="cite_ref-engle_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engle-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died seven weeks later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_passage">Final passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 19, the compromise bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, quickly passed through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Conference_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Conference committee">conference committee</a>, which adopted the Senate version of the bill, then was passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by Johnson on July 2, 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vote_totals">Vote totals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vote totals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#f5f5f5">Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">June 19, 1964 </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Total votes </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Yea</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffffff"><b>46</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffffff"><b>27</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffffff"><b>73</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nay </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">21 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">6 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">27 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">Result: <span style="color:green;">Passed</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#f9f7f0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Roll call vote<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 170px;">Senator</th> <th>Party</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 115px;">State</th> <th>Vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Aiken, George"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">George Aiken</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Allott, Gordon"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allott" title="Gordon Allott">Gordon Allott</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Anderson, Clinton"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Clinton Anderson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Bartlett, Bob"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bartlett" title="Bob Bartlett">Bob Bartlett</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Bayh, Birch"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Birch Bayh</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Beall, J. Glenn"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall" title="J. Glenn Beall">J. Glenn Beall</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Bennett, Wallace F."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_F._Bennett" title="Wallace F. Bennett">Wallace F. Bennett</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Bible, Alan"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bible" title="Alan Bible">Alan Bible</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Boggs, J. Caleb"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/J._Caleb_Boggs" title="J. Caleb Boggs">J. Caleb Boggs</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Brewster, Daniel"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Burdick, Quentin"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Burdick" title="Quentin Burdick">Quentin Burdick</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Byrd, Harry F."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Byrd, Robert"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Cannon, Howard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Howard Cannon</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Carlson, Frank"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Frank Carlson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Case, Clifford P."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Case" title="Clifford P. Case">Clifford P. Case</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Church, Frank"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Clark Jr., Joseph S."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark_Jr." title="Joseph S. Clark Jr.">Joseph S. Clark Jr.</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Cooper, John Sherman"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">John Sherman Cooper</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Cotton, Norris"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Norris_Cotton" title="Norris Cotton">Norris Cotton</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Curtis, Carl"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Curtis" title="Carl Curtis">Carl Curtis</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Dirksen, Everett"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Dodd, Thomas J."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Dodd" title="Thomas J. Dodd">Thomas J. Dodd</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Dominick, Peter H."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Dominick" title="Peter H. Dominick">Peter H. Dominick</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Douglas, Paul"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Eastland, James"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">James Eastland</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Edmondson, J. Howard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Edmondson" title="J. Howard Edmondson">J. Howard Edmondson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Ellender, Allen J."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Allen J. Ellender</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Engle, Clair"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">Clair Engle</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Ervin, Sam"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Fong, Hiram"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Fulbright, J. William"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Goldwater, Barry"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Gore Sr., Albert"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Albert Gore Sr.</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Gruening, Ernest"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gruening" title="Ernest Gruening">Ernest Gruening</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hart, Philip"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">Philip Hart</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hartke, Vance"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Vance Hartke</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hayden, Carl"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Carl Hayden</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hickenlooper, Bourke B."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bourke_B._Hickenlooper" title="Bourke B. Hickenlooper">Bourke B. Hickenlooper</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hill, J. Lister"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">J. Lister Hill</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Holland, Spessard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Spessard Holland</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hruska, Roman"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Hruska" title="Roman Hruska">Roman Hruska</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Humphrey, Hubert"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Inouye, Daniel"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel Inouye</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Jackson, Henry M."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Javits, Jacob"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Jacob Javits</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Johnston, Olin D."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Olin D. Johnston</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Jordan, Leonard B."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Jordan" title="Leonard B. Jordan">Leonard B. Jordan</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Jordan, B. Everett"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">B. Everett Jordan</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Keating, Kenneth"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Kenneth Keating</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Kennedy, Ted"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Kuchel, Thomas"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Lausche, Frank"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Frank Lausche</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Long, Russell B."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Russell B. Long</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Long, Edward V."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V._Long" title="Edward V. Long">Edward V. Long</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Magnuson, Warren"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Warren Magnuson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Mansfield, Mike"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="McCarthy, Eugene"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="McClellan, John L."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_L._McClellan" title="John L. McClellan">John L. McClellan</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="McGee, Gale W."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Gale_W._McGee" title="Gale W. McGee">Gale W. McGee</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="McGovern, George"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="McIntyre, Thomas J."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McIntyre" title="Thomas J. McIntyre">Thomas J. McIntyre</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="McNamara, Patrick V."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">Patrick V. McNamara</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Mechem, Edwin L."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_L._Mechem" title="Edwin L. Mechem">Edwin L. Mechem</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Metcalf, Lee"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Metcalf" title="Lee Metcalf">Lee Metcalf</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Miller, Jack"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Miller_(politician)" title="Jack Miller (politician)">Jack Miller</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Monroney, Mike"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Monroney" title="Mike Monroney">Mike Monroney</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Morse, Wayne"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Morton, Thruston Ballard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">Thruston Ballard Morton</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Moss, Frank"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss" title="Frank Moss">Frank Moss</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Mundt, Karl"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mundt" title="Karl Mundt">Karl Mundt</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Muskie, Edmund"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Nelson, Gaylord"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Gaylord Nelson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Neuberger, Maurine"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Maurine_Neuberger" title="Maurine Neuberger">Maurine Neuberger</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Pastore, John"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Pastore" title="John Pastore">John Pastore</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Pearson, James B."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Pearson" title="James B. Pearson">James B. Pearson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Pell, Claiborne"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Prouty, Winston L."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Winston_L._Prouty" title="Winston L. Prouty">Winston L. Prouty</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Proxmire, William"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">William Proxmire</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Randolph, Jennings"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Ribicoff, Abraham"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ribicoff" title="Abraham Ribicoff">Abraham Ribicoff</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Robertson, A. Willis"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/A._Willis_Robertson" title="A. Willis Robertson">A. Willis Robertson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Russell Jr., Richard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Saltonstall, Leverett"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Scott, Hugh"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Hugh Scott</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Simpson, Milward"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Milward_Simpson" title="Milward Simpson">Milward Simpson</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Smathers, George"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Smith, Margaret Chase"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Sparkman, John"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Stennis, John C."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">John C. Stennis</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Symington, Stuart"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Talmadge, Herman"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Herman Talmadge</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Thurmond, Strom"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Tower, John"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Walters, Herbert S."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Walters" title="Herbert S. Walters">Herbert S. Walters</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Williams, John J."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Williams_(politician)" title="John J. Williams (politician)">John J. Williams</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Williams, Harrison A."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_A._Williams" title="Harrison A. Williams">Harrison A. Williams</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Yarborough, Ralph"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Young, Milton"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Young" title="Milton Young">Milton Young</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Young, Stephen M."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Stephen M. Young</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Totals are in <i>Yea</i>–<i>Nay</i> format: </p> <ul><li>Original House version: 290–130 (69–31%)<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_GovTrack_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_GovTrack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cloture in the Senate: 71–29</li> <li>Senate version: 73–27<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_Senate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289–126 (70–30%)<sup id="cite_ref-GovTrack_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovTrack-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_party">By party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: By party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Original House version:<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_GovTrack_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_GovTrack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Democratic Party: 152–96 (61–39%)</li> <li>Republican Party: 138–34 (80–20%)</li></ul> <p>Cloture in the Senate:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Democratic Party: 44–23 (66–34%)</li> <li>Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%)</li></ul> <p>Senate version:<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_Senate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Democratic Party: 46–21 (69–31%)</li> <li>Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%)</li></ul> <p>Senate version, voted on by the House:<sup id="cite_ref-GovTrack_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovTrack-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Democratic Party: 153–91 (63–37%)</li> <li>Republican Party: 136–35 (80–20%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_region">By region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_(HR_7152).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png/300px-Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png/450px-Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png/600px-Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Note that "Southern", as used here, only refers to members of Congress from the 11 states that had made up the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. "Northern" refers to members from the other 39 states, regardless of their geographic location including Southern states like Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-Enten_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enten-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>House of Representatives:<sup id="cite_ref-GovTrack_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovTrack-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Northern: 281–32 (90–10%)</li> <li>Southern: 8–94 (8–92%)</li></ul> <p>Senate:<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_Senate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Northern: 72–6 (92–8%)</li> <li>Southern: 1–21 (5–95%) – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> was the only Southerner to vote in favor in the Senate</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_party_and_region">By party and region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By party and region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_(July_2,_1964)_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv" title="File:Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill (July 2, 1964) Lyndon Baines Johnson.theora.ogv">"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv/232px--Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="174" data-durationhint="590" data-mwtitle="Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_(July_2,_1964)_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv/Remarks_upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Bill_%28July_2%2C_1964%29_Lyndon_Baines_Johnson.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description">Public statement by <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> of July 2, 1964, about the Civil Rights Act of 1964.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg" title="File:LBJ Civil Rights signing 1964 edited.ogg">"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="622" data-mwtitle="LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg/LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">audio only</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>House of Representatives:<sup id="cite_ref-GovTrack_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovTrack-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Southern Democrats: 8–83 (9–91%) – four Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Jack Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Thomas_(American_politician)" title="Albert Thomas (American politician)">Albert Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._J._Pickle" title="J. J. Pickle">J. J. Pickle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry B. Gonzalez">Henry González</a>), two from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Fulton" title="Richard Fulton">Richard Fulton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ross_Bass" title="Ross Bass">Ross Bass</a>), <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Weltner" title="Charles L. Weltner">Charles L. Weltner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._State)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S. State)">Georgia</a> voted in favor</li> <li>Southern Republicans: 0–11 (0–100%)</li> <li>Northern Democrats: 145–8 (95–5%)</li> <li>Northern Republicans: 136–24 (85–15%)</li></ul> <p>Note that four Representatives voted <i>Present</i> while 13 did not vote. </p><p>Senate:<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._7152_Senate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Southern Democrats: 1–20 (5–95%) – only <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> voted in favor</li> <li>Southern Republicans: 0–1 (0–100%) – <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, the only Southern Republican at the time, voted against</li> <li>Northern Democrats: 45–1 (98–2%) – only <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> voted against</li> <li>Northern Republicans: 27–5 (84–16%) – <a href="/wiki/Norris_Cotton" title="Norris Cotton">Norris Cotton</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a>), <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bourke_Hickenlooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourke Hickenlooper">Bourke B. Hickenlooper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Edwin_L._Mechem" title="Edwin L. Mechem">Edwin L. Mechem</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Milward_Simpson" title="Milward Simpson">Milward Simpson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a>) voted against</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspects">Aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg/310px-Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg/465px-Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg/620px-Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Engrossing copy of H.R. 7152, which added sex to the categories of persons against whom the bill prohibited discrimination, as passed by the House of Representatives<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One year earlier, the same Congress had passed the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a>, which prohibited wage differentials based on sex. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Smith" title="Howard W. Smith">Howard W. Smith</a>, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate whether Smith <a href="/wiki/Wrecking_amendment" title="Wrecking amendment">cynically attempted to defeat the bill</a> because he opposed civil rights for Black people and women or attempted to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-'70s_245_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_245-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith expected that Republicans, who had included <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">equal rights for women</a> in their party's platform since 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would probably vote for the amendment. Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because labor unions opposed the clause. Representative <a href="/wiki/Carl_Elliott" title="Carl Elliott">Carl Elliott</a> of Alabama later said, "Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights", as "he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>, laughter greeted Smith when he introduced the amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith asserted that he was not joking and sincerely supported the amendment. Along with Representative <a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Griffiths</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was the amendment's chief spokesperson.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 20 years, Smith had sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> (with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it. For decades he had been close to the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a>, who had been a leading figure in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, co-authored the first Equal Rights Amendment, and had been a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category, and felt now was the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that that was unfair to white women. Black feminist lawyer <a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Pauli Murray</a> wrote a supportive memorandum at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professional_Women%27s_Foundation" title="Business and Professional Women's Foundation">National Federation of Business and Professional Women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffiths also argued that the laws "protecting" women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats. Thus, as Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson" title="Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson">Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson</a></i>, "The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives [...] the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on 'sex.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desegregation">Desegregation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Desegregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the bill's opponents' most damaging arguments was that once passed, the bill would require <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">forced busing</a> to achieve certain <a href="/wiki/Racial_quotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial quotas">racial quotas</a> in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_251_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_251-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill's proponents, such as <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Emanuel Celler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Jacob Javits</a>, said it would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Hubert Humphrey wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_251_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_251-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humphrey said, "if the bill were to compel it, it would be a violation [of the Constitution], because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race."<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_251_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_251-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes "would be making a fool of himself," but two years later the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Education_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health, Education and Welfare">Department of Health, Education and Welfare</a> said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_251_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_251-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_repercussions">Political repercussions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political repercussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">Political realignment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_Civil_Rights_Act_crowd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/LBJ_Civil_Rights_Act_crowd.jpg/310px-LBJ_Civil_Rights_Act_crowd.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/LBJ_Civil_Rights_Act_crowd.jpg/465px-LBJ_Civil_Rights_Act_crowd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/LBJ_Civil_Rights_Act_crowd.jpg/620px-LBJ_Civil_Rights_Act_crowd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8578" data-file-height="8380" /></a><figcaption>United States President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to a television camera at the signing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>The bill divided both major American political parties and engendered a long-term change in the demographics of the support for each. President Kennedy realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell, Jr.</a> later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill "will not only cost you the South, it will cost you the election".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson, however, went on to win the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 election</a> by one of the biggest landslides in American history. The South, which had five states swing Republican in 1964, became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill, there were notable exceptions. Though he opposed forced segregation,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> 1964 presidential candidate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> of Arizona, voted against the bill, remarking, "You can't legislate morality." Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a> outlawing the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a>. He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II, which in his opinion violated individual liberty and <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>. Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 60 working day filibuster, including Senators <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Albert Gore, Sr.</a> (D-TN) and <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a> (D-AR), as well as Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a> (D-WV), who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_resistance">Continued resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Continued resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental question [...] is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers".<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> and also violated the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth</a> Amendments by depriving him of "liberty and property without due process".<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States</a></i> (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. </p><p>Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina, attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Orangeburg_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangeburg massacre">Orangeburg massacre</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the <i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i> (1968) court decision.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_impact_on_LGBT_rights">Later impact on LGBT rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Later impact on LGBT rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_speaks_at_an_event_celebrating_the_60th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_on_29_July_2024,_at_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Presidential_Library_and_Museum_in_Austin,_Texas_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/President_Joe_Biden_speaks_at_an_event_celebrating_the_60th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_on_29_July_2024%2C_at_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Presidential_Library_and_Museum_in_Austin%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/President_Joe_Biden_speaks_at_an_event_celebrating_the_60th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_on_29_July_2024%2C_at_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Presidential_Library_and_Museum_in_Austin%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/President_Joe_Biden_speaks_at_an_event_celebrating_the_60th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_on_29_July_2024%2C_at_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Presidential_Library_and_Museum_in_Austin%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1559" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum</a> in Austin, Texas. </figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in three cases (<i><a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda" title="Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda">Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/R.G._%26_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></i>) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which barred employers from discriminating on the basis of sex, precluded employers from discriminating on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> stated that in addition to LGBTQ employment discrimination, "[t]he court's ruling is likely to have a sweeping impact on federal civil rights laws barring sex discrimination in education, health care, housing and financial credit."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_I_–_voting_rights"><span id="Title_I_.E2.80.93_voting_rights"></span>Title I – voting rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Title I – voting rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilrightsact1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Civilrightsact1964.jpg/220px-Civilrightsact1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Civilrightsact1964.jpg/330px-Civilrightsact1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Civilrightsact1964.jpg/440px-Civilrightsact1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="4136" /></a><figcaption>First page of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Title I</b> barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. This title did not eliminate <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a>, which acted as one barrier for black voters, other racial minorities, and poor whites in the South or address economic retaliation, police repression, or physical violence against nonwhite voters. While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races, it did not abolish the concept of voter "qualification". It accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but would have to meet standards beyond citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-20201215CivilRightsMovementHistory1964July-Dec_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20201215CivilRightsMovementHistory1964July-Dec-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-20201215CivilRightsMovementHistory1964July-Dec_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20201215CivilRightsMovementHistory1964July-Dec-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_II_–_public_accommodations"><span id="Title_II_.E2.80.93_public_accommodations"></span>Title II – public accommodations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Title II – public accommodations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title II</b> outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; Title II defined "public accommodations" as establishments that serve the public. It exempted private clubs, without defining the term "private", or other establishments not open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_III_–_desegregation_of_public_facilities"><span id="Title_III_.E2.80.93_desegregation_of_public_facilities"></span>Title III – desegregation of public facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Title III – desegregation of public facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title III</b> prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_IV_–_desegregation_of_public_education"><span id="Title_IV_.E2.80.93_desegregation_of_public_education"></span>Title IV – desegregation of public education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Title IV – desegregation of public education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title IV</b> enforced the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_V_–_Commission_on_Civil_Rights"><span id="Title_V_.E2.80.93_Commission_on_Civil_Rights"></span>Title V – Commission on Civil Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Title V – Commission on Civil Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title V</b> expanded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">Civil Rights Commission</a> established by the earlier <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> with additional powers, rules, and procedures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_VI_–_nondiscrimination_in_federally_assisted_programs"><span id="Title_VI_.E2.80.93_nondiscrimination_in_federally_assisted_programs"></span>Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title VI</b> prevents discrimination by programs and activities that receive federal funds. If a recipient of federal funds is found in violation of Title VI, that recipient may lose its federal funding. </p><p><b>General</b> </p><p>This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and agencies to take action to carry out this policy. This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs. Section 601 – This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race, color, or national origin under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. </p><p>Section 602 directs each Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant, contract, or loan to take action pursuant to rule, regulation, or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance. In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section, an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program, and it may also employ any other means authorized by law. However, each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means. </p><p>Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds. Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency's requirements imposed under section 602, and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law, judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act (<a href="/wiki/Title_5_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 5 of the United States Code">5 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/1009">§ 1009</a>). The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10. The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10, section 10 itself has an exception for action "committed to agency discretion," which might otherwise be carried over into section 603. It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603, however, otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act. </p><p><b>Executive Order</b> </p><p>The December 11, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> on combating antisemitism states: "While Title VI does not cover discrimination based on religion, individuals who face discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin do not lose protection under Title VI for also being a member of a group that shares common religious practices. Discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> may give rise to a Title VI violation when the discrimination is based on an individual’s race, color, or national origin. It shall be the policy of the executive branch to enforce Title VI against prohibited forms of discrimination rooted in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">antisemitism</a> as vigorously as against all other forms of discrimination prohibited by Title VI." The order specifies that agencies responsible for Title VI enforcement shall "consider" the (non-legally binding) <a href="/wiki/Working_Definition_of_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Working Definition of Antisemitism">working definition of antisemitism</a> adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance</a> (IHRA) on May 26, 2016, as well as the IHRA list of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_Examples_of_Anti-Semitism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism (page does not exist)">Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism</a>, "to the extent that any examples might be useful as evidence of discriminatory intent".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_VII_–_equal_employment_opportunity"><span id="Title_VII_.E2.80.93_equal_employment_opportunity"></span>Title VII – equal employment opportunity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Title VII – equal employment opportunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Amendment" title="Bennett Amendment">Bennett Amendment</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">United States labor law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination_law_in_the_United_States" title="Employment discrimination law in the United States">Employment discrimination law in the United States</a></div> <p><b>Title VII</b> of the Act, codified as <b>Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">Title 42 of the United States Code</a></b>, prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (see <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e-2">§ 2000e-2</a><sup id="cite_ref-Finduslaw_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finduslaw-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Title VII applies to and covers an employer "who has fifteen (15) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year" as written in the Definitions section under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e">42 U.S.C. §2000e(b)</a>. Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of their association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, such as by an interracial marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy, age, and disability discrimination (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_Discrimination#Pregnancy_Discrimination_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnancy Discrimination">Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Age Discrimination in Employment Act">Age Discrimination in Employment Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a>). </p><p>In very narrowly defined situations, an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait if the trait is a <a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_occupational_qualification" title="Bona fide occupational qualification">bona fide occupational qualification</a> (BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise. To make a BFOQ defense, an employer must prove three elements: a direct relationship between the trait and the ability to perform the job; the BFOQ's relation to the "essence" or "central mission of the employer's business", and that there is no less restrictive or reasonable alternative (<i><a href="/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls,_Inc." title="United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.">United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_499" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 499">499</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/499/187/">187</a> (1991), 111 S. Ct. 1196). BFOQ is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits (<i><a href="/wiki/Dothard_v._Rawlinson" title="Dothard v. Rawlinson">Dothard v. Rawlinson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_433" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 433">433</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/433/321/">321</a> (1977) 97 S. Ct. 2720). An employer or customer's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a BFOQ (<i>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School – Bishop Estate</i>, 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir. 1993)).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Title VII allows any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency to bypass the "unlawful employment practice" for any person involved with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States">Communist Party of the United States</a> or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Subversive_Activities_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive Activities Control Act">Subversive Activities Control Act</a> of 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers: </p> <ul><li>Federal government; (the proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021141154/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21#17">42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-16</a>)</li> <li>Federally recognized Native American tribes;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Religious groups performing work connected to the group's activities, including associated education institutions;</li> <li>Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Amendment" title="Bennett Amendment">Bennett Amendment</a> is a U.S. labor law provision in Title VII that limits sex discrimination claims regarding <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay for women">pay</a> to the rules in the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a>. It says an employer can "differentiate upon the basis of sex" when it compensates employees "if such differentiation is authorized by" the Equal Pay Act. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC), as well as certain <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_fair_employment_practices_agencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State fair employment practices agencies (page does not exist)">state fair employment practices agencies</a> (FEPAs), enforce Title VII (see <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e-4">§ 2000e-4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Finduslaw_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finduslaw-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate, mediate, and may file lawsuits on employees' behalf. Where a state law contradicts federal law, it is overridden.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every state except Arkansas and Mississippi maintains a state FEPA (see EEOC and state FEPA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eeocoffice.com">directory </a>). Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit. They must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or they may lose the right to file suit. Title VII applies only to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year (<a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e#b">§ 2000e#b</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_precedents">Administrative precedents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Administrative precedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> status is prohibited under Title VII. The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping, discomfort with a transition, or discrimination due to a perceived change in the individual's sex.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity, with additional litigation under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Chai_Feldblum" title="Chai Feldblum">Chai Feldblum</a> is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (February 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On December 15, 2014, under a memorandum issued by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) took a position aligned with the EEOC's, namely that the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status. DOJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EEOC in 2015 reissued another non-binding memo, reaffirming its stance that sexual orientation was protected under Title VII.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTFEUER_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTFEUER-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2017, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> withdrew the Holder memorandum.<sup id="cite_ref-BF-171005_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-171005-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a copy of Sessions' directive reviewed by <i>BuzzFeed News</i>, he stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between "men and women". Sessions stated that as a matter of law, "Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devin O'Malley, on behalf of the DOJ, said, "the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle [that the Department of Justice cannot expand the law beyond what Congress has provided], which necessitated today's action." <a href="/wiki/Sharon_McGowan" title="Sharon McGowan">Sharon McGowan</a>, a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DOJ, rejected that argument, saying "[T]his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is – it's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were" and "The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court."<sup id="cite_ref-BF-171005_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-171005-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the EEOC did not change its stance, putting it at odds with the DOJ in certain cases.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTFEUER_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTFEUER-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_VIII_–_registration_and_voting_statistics"><span id="Title_VIII_.E2.80.93_registration_and_voting_statistics"></span>Title VIII – registration and voting statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Title VIII – registration and voting statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title VIII</b> required compilation of voter-registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_IX_–_intervention_and_removal_of_cases"><span id="Title_IX_.E2.80.93_intervention_and_removal_of_cases"></span>Title IX – intervention and removal of cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Title IX – intervention and removal of cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the prohibition of sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities, see <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972</a>.</div> <p><b>Title IX</b> made it easier to move civil rights cases from U.S. state courts to federal court. This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_X_–_Community_Relations_Service"><span id="Title_X_.E2.80.93_Community_Relations_Service"></span>Title X – Community Relations Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Title X – Community Relations Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title X</b> established the <a href="/wiki/Community_Relations_Service" title="Community Relations Service">Community Relations Service</a>, tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_XI_–_miscellaneous"><span id="Title_XI_.E2.80.93_miscellaneous"></span>Title XI – miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Title XI – miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title XI</b> gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_amendments">Major amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Major amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act_of_1972">Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act_of_1972" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972">Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972</a></div> <p>Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions. Instead, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination. The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found. The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices, the first study of this kind done. </p><p>In 1972, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Act">Equal Employment Opportunity Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Supreme_Court_cases">United States Supreme Court cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United States Supreme Court cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_II_case_law">Title II case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Title II case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States_(1964)"><span id="Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel.2C_Inc._v._United_States_.281964.29"></span><i>Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</i> (1964)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></div> <p>After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case <i>Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States</i> established the law's constitutionality, but did not settle all the legal questions surrounding it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katzenbach_v._McClung_(1964)"><span id="Katzenbach_v._McClung_.281964.29"></span><i>Katzenbach v. McClung</i> (1964)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_v._Johnson_(1968)"><span id="United_States_v._Johnson_.281968.29"></span><i>United States v. Johnson</i> (1968)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United States v. Johnson (1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Johnson_(1968)" title="United States v. Johnson (1968)">United States v. Johnson (1968)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newman_v._Piggie_Park_Enterprises,_Inc._(1968)"><span id="Newman_v._Piggie_Park_Enterprises.2C_Inc._.281968.29"></span><i>Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.</i> (1968)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc. (1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newman_v._Piggie_Park_Enterprises,_Inc." title="Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.">Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daniel_v._Paul_(1969)"><span id="Daniel_v._Paul_.281969.29"></span><i>Daniel v. Paul</i> (1969)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Daniel v. Paul (1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green_(1973)"><span id="McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green_.281973.29"></span><i>McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green</i> (1973)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green (1973)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green" title="McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green">McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_VI_case_law">Title VI case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Title VI case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lau_v._Nichols_(1974)"><span id="Lau_v._Nichols_.281974.29"></span><i>Lau v. Nichols</i> (1974)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Lau v. Nichols (1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lau_v._Nichols" title="Lau v. Nichols">Lau v. Nichols</a></div> <p>In the 1974 case <i>Lau v. Nichols</i>, the Supreme Court ruled that the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> school district was violating non-English speaking students' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_270_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_270-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regents_of_the_Univ._of_Cal._v._Bakke_(1978)"><span id="Regents_of_the_Univ._of_Cal._v._Bakke_.281978.29"></span><i>Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke</i> (1978)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke (1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_Univ._of_Cal._v._Bakke" class="mw-redirect" title="Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke">Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alexander_v._Sandoval_(2001)"><span id="Alexander_v._Sandoval_.282001.29"></span><i>Alexander v. Sandoval</i> (2001)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Alexander v. Sandoval (2001)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Sandoval" title="Alexander v. Sandoval">Alexander v. Sandoval</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard_(2023)"><span id="Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard_.282023.29"></span><i>Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</i> (2023)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard">Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_VII_case_law">Title VII case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Title VII case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co._(1971)"><span id="Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co._.281971.29"></span><i>Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</i> (1971)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp._(1971)"><span id="Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp._.281971.29"></span><i>Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.</i> (1971)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. (1971)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp." title="Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.">Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.</a></div> <p>In <i>Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.</i>, a 1971 Supreme Court case about the Act's gender provisions, the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool-age child unless it did the same with potential male employees.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_245_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_245-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A federal court overruled an <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> state law that barred women from obtaining jobs that required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women but not men to take lunch breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_245_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_245-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press_Co._v._Pittsburgh_Commission_on_Human_Relations" title="Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations">Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations</a></i>, the Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women is illegal, ending that practice at the country's newspapers. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> ended the practice of designating federal jobs "women only" or "men only."<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_245_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_245-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington_v._Davis_(1976)"><span id="Washington_v._Davis_.281976.29"></span><i>Washington v. Davis</i> (1976)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Washington v. Davis (1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Davis" title="Washington v. Davis">Washington v. Davis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TWA_v._Hardison_(1977)"><span id="TWA_v._Hardison_.281977.29"></span><i>TWA v. Hardison</i> (1977)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: TWA v. Hardison (1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/TWA_v._Hardison" class="mw-redirect" title="TWA v. Hardison">TWA v. Hardison</a></div><p>A <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business#Landmark_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Religion and business">landmark United States Supreme Court case on religion and business</a>, holding that employers may fire employees who refuse to work on the <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">seventh-day</a> in observation of a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">biblical sabbath</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dothard_v._Rawlinson_(1977)"><span id="Dothard_v._Rawlinson_.281977.29"></span><i>Dothard v. Rawlinson</i> (1977)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dothard_v._Rawlinson" title="Dothard v. Rawlinson">Dothard v. Rawlinson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christiansburg_Garment_Co._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(1978)"><span id="Christiansburg_Garment_Co._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_.281978.29"></span><i>Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i> (1978)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christiansburg_Garment_Co._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson_(1986)"><span id="Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson_.281986.29"></span><i>Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson</i> (1986)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson" title="Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson">Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson</a></div> <p><i>Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_477" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 477">477</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/477/57/">57</a> (1986) determined that sexual harassment is considered discrimination based on sex.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins_(1989)"><span id="Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins_.281989.29"></span><i>Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins</i> (1989)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins" title="Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins">Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins" title="Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins">Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_490" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 490">490</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/490/228/">228</a> (1989) established that discrimination related to non-conformity of gender stereotypical behavior is unallowable under Title VII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wards_Cove_Packing_Co._v._Atonio_(1989)"><span id="Wards_Cove_Packing_Co._v._Atonio_.281989.29"></span><i>Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio</i> (1989)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wards_Cove_Packing_Co._v._Atonio" title="Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio">Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls,_Inc._(1991)"><span id="United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls.2C_Inc._.281991.29"></span><i>United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.</i> (1991)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls,_Inc." title="United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.">United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oncale_v._Sundowner_Offshore_Services_(1998)"><span id="Oncale_v._Sundowner_Offshore_Services_.281998.29"></span><i>Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services</i> (1998)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services (1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oncale_v._Sundowner_Offshore_Services,_Inc." title="Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.">Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.</a></div> <p><i>Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_523" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 523">523</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/523/75/">75</a> (1998) further ruled that same-sex harassment is discrimination under Title VII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burlington_Northern_&_Santa_Fe_Railway_Co._v._White_(2006)"><span id="Burlington_Northern_.26_Santa_Fe_Railway_Co._v._White_.282006.29"></span><i>Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White</i> (2006)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White (2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_%26_Santa_Fe_Railway_Co._v._White" title="Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White">Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White</a></div><p>On June 22, 2006, in <i>Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White</i>, the Supreme Court held that White's reassignment to from forklift operator to less desirable duties as a track laborer as well as her suspension without pay after complaining about workplace sexual harassment constituted retaliatory discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a landmark case because it clarified that Title VII’s retaliation provision is not confined to harmful acts occurring at the workplace or are related to employment.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Title VII’s anti-discrimination provision prevents actions including a hire, a discharge, a change in compensation, conditions, privileges, opportunities, or status of employment.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Title VII’s retaliation provision contains no such limiting language.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of retaliation against a complainant of sexual harassment was changed to encompass any unfavorable job decision or treatment that might deter a "reasonable worker" from filing a discrimination claim or from supporting one.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_&_Rubber_Co._(2007)"><span id="Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_.26_Rubber_Co._.282007.29"></span><i>Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.</i> (2007)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (2007)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_%26_Rubber_Co." title="Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.">Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ricci_v._DeStefano_(2009)"><span id="Ricci_v._DeStefano_.282009.29"></span><i>Ricci v. DeStefano</i> (2009)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ricci_v._DeStefano" title="Ricci v. DeStefano">Ricci v. DeStefano</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_v._Nassar_(2013)"><span id="University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_v._Nassar_.282013.29"></span><i>University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar</i> (2013)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar (2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_v._Nassar" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_&_Fitch_Stores_(2015)"><span id="Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_.26_Fitch_Stores_.282015.29"></span><i>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores</i> (2015)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_Stores" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_v._Brennan_(2016)"><span id="Green_v._Brennan_.282016.29"></span><i>Green v. Brennan</i> (2016)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Green v. Brennan (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_v._Brennan" title="Green v. Brennan">Green v. Brennan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bostock_v._Clayton_County_(2020)_and_Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda_(2020)"><span id="Bostock_v._Clayton_County_.282020.29_and_Altitude_Express.2C_Inc._v._Zarda_.282020.29"></span><i>Bostock v. Clayton County</i> (2020) and <i>Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda</i> (2020)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) and Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda (2020)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda" title="Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda">Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda</a></div> <p>On June 15, 2020, in <i>Bostock v. Clayton County</i>, the Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that Title VII protections against workplace discrimination on the basis of sex apply to discrimination against <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion, Justice <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> wrote that a business that discriminates against homosexual or transgender individuals is discriminating "for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex." Thus discrimination against homosexual and transgender employees is a form of sex discrimination, which is forbidden under Title VII.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bostock</i> was consolidated with <i>Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bostock_ruling_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bostock_ruling-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Supreme Court's intervention, there was a split in the circuit courts, including these two cases<sup id="cite_ref-title7lgbtq_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-title7lgbtq-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital</i> in the Eleventh Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="R.G._&_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_(2020)"><span id="R.G._.26_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_.282020.29"></span><i>R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i> (2020)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2020)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R.G._%26_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></div> <p><i>R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i> determined that Title VII covers gender identity, including <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-title7lgbtq_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-title7lgbtq-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bostock_ruling_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bostock_ruling-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Groff_v._DeJoy_(2023)"><span id="Groff_v._DeJoy_.282023.29"></span><i>Groff v. DeJoy</i> (2023)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Groff v. DeJoy (2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Groff_v._DeJoy" title="Groff v. DeJoy">Groff v. DeJoy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a>—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and "draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation [Civil Rights Act of 1964]". The Americans with Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, "Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act". Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities",<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>, aiding not only African Americans, but also women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelita_C._et_al._v._California_Department_of_Pesticide_Regulation" title="Angelita C. et al. v. California Department of Pesticide Regulation">Angelita C. et al. v. California Department of Pesticide Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Amendment" title="Bennett Amendment">Bennett Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourke_B._Hickenlooper" title="Bourke B. Hickenlooper">Bourke B. Hickenlooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era in African-American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_civil_rights_legislation">Other civil rights legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Other civil rights legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Act of 1871">Civil Rights Act of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991" title="Civil Rights Act of 1991">Civil Rights Act of 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Non-Discrimination_Act" title="Employment Non-Discrimination Act">Employment Non-Discrimination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_of_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality Act of 2015">Equality Act of 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Enforcement_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="First Enforcement Act of 1871">First Enforcement Act of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Enforcement Act of 1871">Second Enforcement Act of 1871</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three Supreme Court rulings in June 2020 interpreted that employment discrimination on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> is a form of discrimination on the basis of sex and is therefore also outlawed by the Civil Rights Act. See <i><a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County</a></i>, and also see below for more details.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-H.R._7152_GovTrack-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_GovTrack_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_GovTrack_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_GovTrack_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128">"H.R. 7152. Passage"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164404/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=H.R.+7152.+Passage.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fh128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.R._7152_Senate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.R._7152_Senate_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409">"HR. 7152. Passage"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=HR.+7152.+Passage.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fs409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GovTrack-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GovTrack_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovTrack_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovTrack_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovTrack_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovTrack_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182">"H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. RES. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910051149/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=H.R.+7152.+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964.+Adoption+of+a+Resolution+%28H.+RES.+789%29+Providing+for+House+Approval+of+the+Bill+As+Amended+by+the+Senate.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fh182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97&page=transcript">"Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418015028/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97&page=transcript">Archived</a> April 18, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved July 28, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm">"U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416205114/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Landmark+Legislation%3A+The+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FCivilRightsAct1964.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409">"HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=HR.+7152.+Passage.+Senate+Vote+%23409+%E2%80%93+Jun+19%2C+1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fs409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_the_United_States1883" class="citation web cs1">Supreme Court of the United States (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep109003/">"U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)"</a>. <i>U.S. Reports</i>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2024</span>. <q>1. The 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act passed March 1st, 1875, are unconstitutional enactments as applied to the several States, not being authorized either by the XIllth or XTVth Amendments of the Constitution. 2. The XIVth Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and .redressing tho effect of such laws or acts. 3. The XIIIth Amendment relates only to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes) ; and although, by its reflex action, it establishes universal freedom in the United States, and Congress may probably pass laws directly enforcing its provisions; yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the XIVth Amendment. 4. Whether the accommodations and privileges sought to be protected by the 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act, are, or are not, rights constitutionally demandable; and if they are, in what form they are to be protected, is not now decided. 5. Nor is it decided whether the law as it stands is operative in the Territories and District of Columbia : the decision only relating to its validity as applied to the States. 6. Nor is it decided whether Congress, under the commercial power, may or may not pass a law securing to all persons equal accommodations on lines of public conveyance between two or more States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Reports&rft.atitle=U.S.+Reports%3A+Civil+Rights+Cases%2C+109+U.S.+3+%281883%29&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fusrep109003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/fdr-racial-discrimination-1942">"FDR on racial discrimination, 1942"</a>. <i>www.gilderlehrman.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=networks.h-net.org&rft.atitle=Gillman+on+Klarman%2C+%27From+Jim+Crow+to+Civil+Rights%3A+The+Supreme+Court+and+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Equality%27+%7C+H-Law+%7C+H-Ne+t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F16794%2Freviews%2F17020%2Fgillman-klarman-jim-crow-civil-rights-supreme-court-and-struggle-racial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210064143/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2000/marchapril/feature/racism-redemption">"Racism to Redemption"</a>. <i>National Endowment for the Humanities</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2000/marchapril/feature/racism-redemption">the original</a> on December 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Racism+to+Redemption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fhumanities%2F2000%2Fmarchapril%2Ffeature%2Fracism-redemption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPachRichardson1991" class="citation book cs1">Pach, Chester J.; Richardson, Elmo (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofdwig0000pach"><i>The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 145–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0437-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0437-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-0437-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rft.pages=145-146&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0437-1&rft.aulast=Pach&rft.aufirst=Chester+J.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Elmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofdwig0000pach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall,_Burke1962" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Burke (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/bmpp-013-008#?image_identifier=BMPP-013-008-p0003">"Speeches and interviews: Federal Protection of Negro Voting Rights"</a>. <i>Law and Contemporary Problems</i>. Duke University School of Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Despite these long-standing guarantees, the United States Commission on Civil Rights has found that racial denials of the right to vote occur in sections of eight states. In five of those states Negroes constitute more than a quarter of the adult population, but very few of these Negroes are registered to vote. For example, in Mississippi only five per cent are registered; in Alabama only fourteen per cent are registered; in South Carolina, sixteen per cent are registered; in Georgia, twenty-six per cent are registered; and in Louisiana, twenty-nine per cent are registered. Registration among adult whites invariably exceeds fifty per cent in the same areas, and Negroes are in the majority in ninety-one per cent of the counties where Negroes are in the majority. In ninety-seven counties fewer than three per cent of the adult Negroes are on the rolls. Indeed, in thirteen counties with sizable Negro populations the Negro voter rolls are significantly below the statewide percentage of eligible Negroes registered and in fifteen Negroes approaches the white voter percentage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Contemporary+Problems&rft.atitle=Speeches+and+interviews%3A+Federal+Protection+of+Negro+Voting+Rights&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fasset-viewer%2Farchives%2Fbmpp-013-008%23%3Fimage_identifier%3DBMPP-013-008-p0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29228077_1_civil-rights-nichols-truman-s-executive-order">"An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107182758/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29228077_1_civil-rights-nichols-truman-s-executive-order">Archived</a> 2012-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> at boston.com, 21 November 2007, accessed 28 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-election_of_1960-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-election_of_1960_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-election_of_1960_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123155/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement">"Civil Rights Movement (The Election of 1960)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></i>. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Movement+%28The+Election+of+1960%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fjfk-in-history%2Fcivil-rights-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/the-civil-rights-act-of-1964">"The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Miller Center"</a>. <i>Miller Center</i>. December 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=The+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964+%7C+Miller+Center&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fthe-presidency%2Feducational-resources%2Fthe-civil-rights-act-of-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-kennedys-and-civil-rights.htm">"The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=The+Kennedys+and+the+Civil+Rights+Movement+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fthe-kennedys-and-civil-rights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326001217/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_104.html">"American Experience.Eyes on the Prize.Transcript | PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. March 26, 2017. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=American+Experience.Eyes+on+the+Prize.Transcript+%7C+PBS&rft.date=2017-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Feyesontheprize%2Fabout%2Fpt_104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-005.aspx">"Radio and television address on civil rights, 11 June 1963"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. June 11, 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193600/https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-005.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+and+television+address+on+civil+rights%2C+11+June+1963&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1963-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FAsset-Viewer%2FArchives%2FJFKPOF-045-005.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2011" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Susan Dudley (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYhqH6xo8EYC&q=reuther+foresees+another+civil+war&pg=PA129"><i>The Civil Rights Act of 1964</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 64, 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60870-040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60870-040-0"><bdi>978-1-60870-040-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101183856/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYhqH6xo8EYC&q=reuther+foresees+another+civil+war&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964&rft.pages=64%2C+129&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60870-040-0&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Susan+Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYhqH6xo8EYC%26q%3Dreuther%2Bforesees%2Banother%2Bcivil%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521120444/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h">"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan-June: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)"</a>. Civil Rights Movement Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h">the original</a> on May 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+Movement+History+1964+Jan-June%3A+Civil+Rights+Bill+Passes+in+the+House+%28Feb%29&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis64.htm%231964cra64h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loevy, Robert (1997), <i>The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation</i>, State University of New York Press, p. 171. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3362-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3362-5">0-7914-3362-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Golway" title="Terry Golway">Golway, Terry</a> and Krantz, Les (2010), <i>JFK: Day by Day</i>, Running Press, p. 284. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3742-9">978-0-7624-3742-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629031854/http://civilrights.org/history-leadership-conference-civil-human-rights-leadership-conference-education-fund/">"History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund – The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilrights.org/history-leadership-conference-civil-human-rights-leadership-conference-education-fund/">the original</a> on June 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Leadership+Conference+on+Civil+and+Human+Rights+%26+The+Leadership+Conference+Education+Fund+%E2%80%93+The+Leadership+Conference+on+Civil+and+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcivilrights.org%2Fhistory-leadership-conference-civil-human-rights-leadership-conference-education-fund%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsMitchellKingLewis2014" class="citation web cs1">Wilkins, Roy; Mitchell, Clarence; King, Martin Luther Jr; Lewis, John; Humphrey, Hubert; Parks, Gordon; Ellison, Ralph; Rustin, Bayard; Warren, Earl (October 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html">"Civil Rights Era (1950–1963) – The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109202657/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Era+%281950%E2%80%931963%29+%E2%80%93+The+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964%3A+A+Long+Struggle+for+Freedom&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Clarence&rft.au=King%2C+Martin+Luther+Jr&rft.au=Lewis%2C+John&rft.au=Humphrey%2C+Hubert&rft.au=Parks%2C+Gordon&rft.au=Ellison%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Rustin%2C+Bayard&rft.au=Warren%2C+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcivil-rights-act%2Fcivil-rights-era.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves, Richard (1993), <i>President Kennedy: Profile of Power</i>, pp. 628–631</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429132839/https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1963/Transition-to-Johnson">"1963 Year In Review: Transition to Johnson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">UPI</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Transition-to-Johnson/12295509434394-3/">the original</a> on April 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=1963+Year+In+Review%3A+Transition+to+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1963%2FTransition-to-Johnson%2F12295509434394-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCone1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hal_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hal Cone">Cone, James H.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2"><i>Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare</i></a>. Orbis Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88344-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88344-721-5"><bdi>0-88344-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+%26+Malcolm+%26+America%3A+A+Dream+or+a+Nightmare&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88344-721-5&rft.aulast=Cone&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinmalcolmame00jame%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964">"A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act"</a>. The Dirksen Congressional Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729211300/https://dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Case+History%3A+The+1964+Civil+Rights+Act&rft.pub=The+Dirksen+Congressional+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dirksencenter.org%2Fresearch-collections%2Feverett-m-dirksen%2Fdirksen-record%2Fcivil-rights-june-10-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano, Andrew P.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dredscottsreveng0000napo/page/188/mode/1up?q=%22we+will+resist%22"><i>Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America</i></a>. Thomas Nelson. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1595552655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1595552655"><bdi>978-1595552655</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dred+Scott%27s+Revenge%3A+A+Legal+History+of+Race+and+Freedom+in+America&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1595552655&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdredscottsreveng0000napo%2Fpage%2F188%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%26quot%3Bwe%2Bwill%2Bresist%26quot%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2014" class="citation news cs1">Remnick, Noah (June 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154315/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story,amp.html">"The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Civil+Rights+Act%3A+What+JFK%2C+LBJ%2C+Martin+Luther+King+and+Malcolm+X+had+to+say&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft.aulast=Remnick&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fla-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/">1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502195055/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/">Archived</a> May 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Press International, 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64s">Civil Rights Act – Battle in the Senate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225052448/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64s">Archived</a> December 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm">Civil Rights Filibuster Ended</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202150111/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm">Archived</a> December 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – United States Senate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engle-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-engle_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter,_Marjorie1964" class="citation web cs1">Hunter, Marjorie (June 11, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/11/archives/packed-senate-galleries-tense-10minute-vote-makes-history.html">"Packed Senate Galleries Tense; 10-Minute Vote Makes History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Seconds before his name was called, Senator Clair Engle, of California, was pushed into the chamber in a wheel chair. He was smiling slightly. "Mr. Engle," the clerk called. There was a long silence. Senator Engle, recuperating from two brain operations, tried to speak. He could not. Finally, he raised his left arm, as though trying to point toward his eyes. He nodded his head, signaling that he was voting "aye." He was wheeled out of the chamber minutes later and taken by ambulance back to his home here. It was Senator Engle's first appearance on the Senate floor since April 13.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Packed+Senate+Galleries+Tense%3B+10-Minute+Vote+Makes+History&rft.date=1964-06-11&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F06%2F11%2Farchives%2Fpacked-senate-galleries-tense-10minute-vote-makes-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Dallek, Robert</a> (2004). <i>Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President</i>. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson%3A+Portrait+of+a+President&rft.pages=169&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409">"HR. 7152. PASSAGE"</a>. <i>Govtrack</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Govtrack&rft.atitle=HR.+7152.+PASSAGE.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fs409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongMillerSened2009" class="citation conference cs1">Jeong, Gyung-Ho; Miller, Gary J.; Sened, Itai (March 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231788483"><i>Closing The Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpsanet.org/">67th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association</a>. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729222357/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231788483_Closing_the_Deal_Negotiating_Civil_Rights_Legislation">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Closing+The+Deal%3A+Negotiating+Civil+Rights+Legislation&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2009-03-14&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Gyung-Ho&rft.au=Miller%2C+Gary+J.&rft.au=Sened%2C+Itai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231788483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enten-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enten_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/28/republicans-party-of-civil-rights">"Were Republicans Really..?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. August 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223195426/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/28/republicans-party-of-civil-rights">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Were+Republicans+Really..%3F&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Faug%2F28%2Frepublicans-party-of-civil-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._House_of_Representatives._Office_of_the_Clerk_of_the_House1964" class="citation book cs1">U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk of the House (September 25, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6037151"><i>Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments</i></a>. Series: General Records, 1789–2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925231053/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6037151">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2017</span> – via US National Archives Research Catalog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excerpt+of+the+Engrossing+Copy+of+H.R.+7152%2C+the+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964%2C+Showing+Amendments&rft.series=Series%3A+General+Records%2C+1789%E2%80%932015&rft.date=1964-09-25&rft.au=U.S.+House+of+Representatives.+Office+of+the+Clerk+of+the+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.archives.gov%2Fid%2F6037151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Freeman" title="Jo Freeman">Freeman, Jo.</a> "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy," <i>Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice</i>, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp 163–184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423141747/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm">Archived</a> April 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Rosenberg" title="Rosalind Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Rosalind</a> (2008), <i>Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century</i>, pp. 187–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gittinger, Ted and Fisher, Allen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/civil-rights-act-2.html">LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831112137/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/civil-rights-act-2.html">Archived</a> August 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Prologue Magazine, The National Archives, Summer 2004, Vol. 36, No. 2 ("Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill, if not in the House, then in the Senate.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_245-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_245_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_245_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_245_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_245_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/245"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/245">245–246, 249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.pages=245-246%2C+249&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25835">"The American Presidency Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624233257/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25835">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D25835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierenfield1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dierenfield, Bruce J (1981). "Conservative Outrage: the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia". <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Conservative+Outrage%3A+the+Defeat+in+1966+of+Representative+Howard+W.+Smith+of+Virginia&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Dierenfield&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gold, Michael Evan. <i>A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth.</i> Faculty Publications – Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History. Cornell, 1981 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cbpubs">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921222720/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cbpubs">Archived</a> September 21, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Olson" title="Lynne Olson">Olson, Lynne</a> (2001), <i>Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement</i>, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Rosenberg" title="Rosalind Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Rosalind</a> (2008), <i>Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century</i>, p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Freeman" title="Jo Freeman">Freeman, Jo</a> (March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm">"How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy"</a>. <i>Law and Inequality</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 163–184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423141747/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Inequality&rft.atitle=How+%27Sex%27+Got+into+Title+VII%3A+Persistent+Opportunism+as+a+Maker+of+Public+Policy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-184&rft.date=1991-03&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jofreeman.com%2Flawandpolicy%2Ftitlevii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Harrison" title="Cynthia Harrison">Harrison, Cynthia</a> (1989), <i>On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968</i>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Meritor_Savings_Bank_v._Vinson" title="Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson">Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_477" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 477">477</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/477/57/">57</a> (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_251-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_251_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_251_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_251_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_251_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a></span>. Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/251">251–252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465041954" title="Special:BookSources/9780465041954"><bdi>9780465041954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.pages=251-252&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780465041954&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Kotz" title="Nick Kotz">Kotz, Nick</a> (2005), <i>Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America</i>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Branch, Taylor (1998), <i>Pillar of Fire</i>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownstein2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brownstein" title="Ron Brownstein">Brownstein, Ronald</a> (May 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/cs_20090523_2195.php">"For GOP, A Southern Exposure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524221547/http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/cs_20090523_2195.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft.atitle=For+GOP%2C+A+Southern+Exposure&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft.aulast=Brownstein&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fnjmagazine%2Fcs_20090523_2195.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrill2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherrill" title="Robert Sherrill">Sherrill, Robert</a> (May 25, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/conservatism-phoenix#axzz2crNUSaxp">"Conservatism as Phoenix"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020193358/http://www.thenation.com/article/conservatism-phoenix#axzz2crNUSaxp">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Conservatism+as+Phoenix&rft.date=2001-05-25&rft.aulast=Sherrill&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fconservatism-phoenix%23axzz2crNUSaxp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/filibusters-cloture/civil-rights-filibuster-ended.htm">"U.S. Senate: Civil Rights Filibuster Ended"</a>. Senate.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114221341/https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/filibusters-cloture/civil-rights-filibuster-ended.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Civil+Rights+Filibuster+Ended&rft.pub=Senate.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fpowers-procedures%2Ffilibusters-cloture%2Fcivil-rights-filibuster-ended.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandoval-Strausz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sandoval-Strausz, A.K. (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0738248000000055">"Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow: Law, Public Accommodations, and Civil Rights in America"</a>. <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 53–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0738248000000055">10.1017/s0738248000000055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30042844">30042844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Travelers%2C+Strangers%2C+and+Jim+Crow%3A+Law%2C+Public+Accommodations%2C+and+Civil+Rights+in+America&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-94&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0738248000000055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30042844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sandoval-Strausz&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0738248000000055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/1964-civil-rights-battles/100744/">"1964: Civil Rights Battles"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309121206/https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/1964-civil-rights-battles/100744/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=1964%3A+Civil+Rights+Battles&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fphoto%2F2014%2F05%2F1964-civil-rights-battles%2F100744%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolcott2012" class="citation book cs1">Wolcott, Victoria W. (August 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJbiA_sBjzYC&q=cambridge"><i>Race, Riots, and Roller Coasters: The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812207590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812207590"><bdi>978-0812207590</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418012133/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJbiA_sBjzYC&q=cambridge">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Holder</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231094752/http://www.eeoc.gov/decisions/0120120821%20Macy%20v%20DOJ%20ATF.txt">Archived</a> December 31, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 (April 20, 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinones2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Quinones" title="Sam Quinones">Quinones, Sam</a> (April 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-apr-25-la-me-transgender-20120425-story.html">"EEOC rules job protections also apply to transgender people"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+You+Should+Know+about+EEOC+and+the+Enforcement+Protections+for+LGBT+Workers&rft.pub=Equal+Employment+Opportunity+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeoc.gov%2Feeoc%2Fnewsroom%2Fwysk%2Fenforcement_protections_lgbt_workers.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldblum2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chai_Feldblum" title="Chai Feldblum">Feldblum, Chai [@chaifeldblum]</a> (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/chaifeldblum/status/530426616821088256">"ICYMI – EEOC helping LGBT people get protection from discrimination under sex discrimination laws"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICYMI+%E2%80%93+EEOC+helping+LGBT+people+get+protection+from+discrimination+under+sex+discrimination+laws.&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Feldblum&rft.aufirst=Chai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fchaifeldblum%2Fstatus%2F530426616821088256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeidner,_Chris2014" class="citation news cs1">Geidner, Chris (December 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/justice-department-announces-reversal-on-litigating-transgen">"Justice Department Will Now Support Transgender Discrimination Claims In Litigation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202759/https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/justice-department-announces-reversal-on-litigating-transgen">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=Justice+Department+Will+Now+Support+Transgender+Discrimination+Claims+In+Litigation&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.au=Geidner%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fchrisgeidner%2Fjustice-department-announces-reversal-on-litigating-transgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTFEUER-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTFEUER_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTFEUER_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/nyregion/justice-department-gays-workplace.html">"Justice Department Says Rights Law Doesn't Protect Gays"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Department+Says+Rights+Law+Doesn%27t+Protect+Gays&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F27%2Fnyregion%2Fjustice-department-gays-workplace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BF-171005-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BF-171005_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BF-171005_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden,_Dominic2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Holden" title="Dominic Holden">Holden, Dominic</a> (October 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/jeff-sessions-just-reversed-a-policy-that-protects">"Jeff Sessions Just Reversed A Policy That Protects Transgender Workers From Discrimination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005155031/https://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/jeff-sessions-just-reversed-a-policy-that-protects">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dinsmore & Shohl LLP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070541/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/us-attorney-general-jefferson-sessions-issues-new-guidance-transgender-employees">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Law+Review&rft.atitle=US+Attorney+General+Jefferson+Sessions+Issues+New+Guidance+On+Transgender+Employees&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.aulast=Goico&rft.aufirst=Allison+L.&rft.au=Geller%2C+Hayley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Fus-attorney-general-jefferson-sessions-issues-new-guidance-transgender-employees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/milestones/1972.html">Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: 1972</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112174329/https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/milestones/1972.html">Archived</a> November 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed July 1, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/equal_employment_opportunity_commission">"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528200845/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/equal_employment_opportunity_commission">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Equal+Employment+Opportunity+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fequal_employment_opportunity_commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_270-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_270_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a></span>. Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/270">270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465041954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465041954"><bdi>978-0465041954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0465041954&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochran2004" class="citation book cs1">Cochran, Augustus B. 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Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700613234" title="Special:BookSources/0700613234"><bdi>0700613234</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53284947">53284947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Harassment+and+the+Law%3A+the+Mechelle+Vinson+Case&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kan.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53284947&rft.isbn=0700613234&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=Augustus+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexualharassment0000coch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2005/05-259">https://www.oyez.org/cases/2005/05-259</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Will+Hear+Cases+On+LGBTQ+Discrimination+Protections+For+Employees&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F04%2F22%2F716010002%2Fsupreme-court-will-hear-cases-on-lgbtq-discrimination-protections-for-employees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggens2019" class="citation web cs1">Higgens, Tucker (October 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/supreme-court-clashes-over-meaning-of-sex-in-lgbt-discrimination-cases.html">"Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008170007/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/supreme-court-clashes-over-meaning-of-sex-in-lgbt-discrimination-cases.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+clashes+over+meaning+of+%27sex%27+in+LGBT+discrimination+cases&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.aulast=Higgens&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F10%2F08%2Fsupreme-court-clashes-over-meaning-of-sex-in-lgbt-discrimination-cases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung,_Andrew2017" class="citation news cs1">Chung, Andrew (December 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-lgbt/u-s-high-court-turns-away-dispute-over-gay-worker-protections-idUSKBN1E51OT">"U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211165329/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-lgbt/u-s-high-court-turns-away-dispute-over-gay-worker-protections-idUSKBN1E51OT">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+high+court+turns+away+dispute+over+gay+worker+protections&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft.au=Chung%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-court-lgbt%2Fu-s-high-court-turns-away-dispute-over-gay-worker-protections-idUSKBN1E51OT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinerstein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Robert D. (Summer 2004). "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964". <i>Human Rights</i>. <b>31</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>: 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-8185">0046-8185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27880436">27880436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights&rft.atitle=The+Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%3A+Progeny+of+the+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27880436%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0046-8185&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Branch, Taylor (1998), <i>Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster.</li> <li>Freeman, Jo. "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy" <i>Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice</i>, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 163–184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm">online version</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolway2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Golway" title="Terry Golway">Golway, Terry</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jfkdaybydaychron00terr"><i>JFK: Day by Day: A Chronicle of the 1,036 Days of John F. Kennedy's Presidency</i></a>. Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762437429" title="Special:BookSources/9780762437429"><bdi>9780762437429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%3A+Day+by+Day%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+1%2C036+Days+of+John+F.+Kennedy%27s+Presidency&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780762437429&rft.aulast=Golway&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjfkdaybydaychron00terr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harrison, Cynthia (1988), <i>On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues 1945–1968</i>, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</li> <li>Jeong, Gyung-Ho, Gary J. Miller, and Itai Sened, "Closing the Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation", <i>American Political Science Review</i>, 103 (Nov. 2009)</li> <li>Loevy, Robert D. ed. (1997), <i>The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation</i>, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</li> <li>Risen, Clay. <i>The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billofcenturyepi0000rise">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brauer, Carl M., "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49 <i>Journal of Southern History</i>, February 1983.</li> <li>Burstein, Paul (1985), <i>Discrimination, Jobs and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Finley, Keith M. (2008), <i>Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965</i>, Baton Rouge: LSU Press.</li> <li>Graham, Hugh (1990), <i>The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972</i>, New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Gregory, Raymond F. (2014). <i>The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination.</i> Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.</li> <li>Loevy, Robert D. (1990), <i>To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964</i>, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.</li> <li>Loevy, Robert D. "The Presidency and Domestic Policy: The Civil Rights Act of 1964," in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed., <i>The American Presidency</i> (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411–419. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty1.coloradocollege.edu/~bloevy/CivilRightsActOf1964/">online version</a></li> <li>Mann, Robert (1996). <i>The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights.</i></li> <li>Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. "The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965–1971," <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, Nov 2004, Vol. 110 Issue 3, pp 709–760</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionincivi00cong"><i>Revolution in Civil Rights</i></a>. Congressional Quarterly Service. 1967. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894988538">894988538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Civil+Rights&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Service&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894988538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionincivi00cong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+Rights+Act+of+1964" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R. "The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation", <i>University of Pennsylvania Law Review</i>, Vol. 151. (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Weingast/publication/228184991_The_Positive_Political_Theory_of_Legislative_History_New_Perspectives_on_the_1964_Civil_Rights_Act_and_its_Interpretation/links/02e7e52c453f42da4d000000.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Rothstein, Mark A., Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman (1987). <i>Employment Law: Cases and Materials.</i> Foundation Press.</li> <li>Warren, Dan R. (2008), <i>If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964</i>, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.</li> <li>Whalen, Charles and Whalen, Barbara (1985), <i>The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act</i>, Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press.</li> <li>Woods, Randall B. (2006), <i>LBJ: Architect of American Ambition</i>, New York: Free Press, ch 22.</li> <li>Zimmer, Michael J., Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards, <i>Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination</i>, Little, Brown and Company (1982).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Civil Rights Act of 1964</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Civil Rights Act of 1964">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="extiw" title="s:Civil Rights Act of 1964">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585962" class="extiw" title="d:Q585962">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-342/uslm/COMPS-342.xml">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> as amended (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-342/pdf/COMPS-342.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-342/">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/88/public/352?link-type=pdf&.pdf">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> as enacted (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/88/public/352?link-type=details">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dirksencenter.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64_contents.htm">Narrative: The Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217005735/http://www.dirksencenter.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64_contents.htm">Archived</a> February 17, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Provided by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dirksencenter.org/">The Dirksen Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdl.usg.edu/events/civil_rights_act_1964/">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> – Provided by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdl.usg.edu/">Civil Rights Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf">110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 2 (January 30, 1964 to February 10, 1964)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i> House February 10 vote roll call pp. 2804–2805</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-3-2.pdf">110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 11 (June 17, 1964 to June 26, 1964)</a>, <i>Congressional Record</i> Senate June 19 vote roll call p. 14511</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf">110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 12 (June 29, 1964 to July 21, 1964)</a>, <i>Congressional Record</i> House July 2 amendment vote roll call p. 15897</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. 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Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lyndon_B._Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template talk:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lyndon_B._Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1963–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">Texas</a> (1949–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">TX-10</a> (1937–1949)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">Let Us Continue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Nutrition_Act" title="Child Nutrition Act">Child Nutrition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">Coinage Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Bound" title="Upward Bound">Upward Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIO_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIO (program)">TRIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">Dominican Republic occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)#History" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11375" title="Executive Order 11375">Executive Order 11375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#Lyndon_B._Johnson's_escalation,_1963–69" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">Credibility gap</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House" title="Committee for the Preservation of the White House">White House preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1964 State of the Union Address">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1965 State of the Union Address">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1966 State of the Union Address">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1967 State of the Union Address">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1968 State of the Union Address">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1969 State of the Union Address">1969</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_desk" title="Johnson desk">Johnson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/100px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/150px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/200px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Early_years" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Early years and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas" title="Operation Texas">Operation Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBC_(TV)" title="KTBC (TV)">Texas Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Amendment" title="Johnson Amendment">Johnson Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_13_scandal" title="Box 13 scandal">Box 13 scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_(camel_driver)" title="Bashir Ahmad (camel driver)">Bashir Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Memorial Grove on the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections">1938 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">United States Senate special elections, 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">1948 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1954 United States Senate elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1960_and_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Personality_and_public_image" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture" title="Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture">Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)"><i>Daisy</i> advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson">The Years of Lyndon Johnson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(1991_film)" title="LBJ (1991 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (1991 television film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War"><i>Path to War</i> (2002 film)</a></li> <li><i>All the Way</i> (<a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(2016_film)" title="LBJ (2016 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb" title="Lynda Bird Johnson Robb">Lynda Bird Johnson Robb</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines Johnson</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson" title="Sam Houston Johnson">Sam Houston Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Baines" title="Joseph Wilson Baines">Joseph Wilson Baines</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">← John F. Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. Johnson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alice_Paul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alice_Paul" title="Template:Alice Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alice_Paul" title="Template talk:Alice Paul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alice_Paul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alice Paul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alice_Paul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiated and <br /> co-strategized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">1913 Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Terror_(event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of Terror (event)">Night of Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aspects">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/90px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/135px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/180px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2624" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main <br /> associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Alva Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Haynes_Irwin" title="Inez Haynes Irwin">Inez Haynes Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Lewis" title="Dora Lewis">Dora Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Milholland" title="Inez Milholland">Inez Milholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stevens" title="Doris Stevens">Doris Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Vernon" title="Mabel Vernon">Mabel Vernon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_ten-dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 ten-dollar coin">2012 ten-dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jailed_for_Freedom" title="Jailed for Freedom">Jailed for Freedom</a></i> (1920 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Affirmative action in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Affirmative action in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Affirmative action in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> and<br />lower court decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DeFunis_v._Odegaard" title="DeFunis v. Odegaard">DeFunis v. Odegaard</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke" title="Regents of the University of California v. Bakke">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Fordice" title="United States v. Fordice">United States v. Fordice</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hopwood_v._Texas" title="Hopwood v. Texas">Hopwood v. Texas</a></i> (5th Cir. 1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Lesage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas v. Lesage (page does not exist)">Texas v. Lesage</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_v._Kamehameha_Schools/Bernice_Pauahi_Bishop_Estate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate (page does not exist)">Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1" title="Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1">Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2013)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2013)">Fisher v. University of Texas I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action">Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2016)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)">Fisher v. University of Texas II</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_TJ_v._Fairfax_County_School_Board" title="Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board">Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board</a></i> (4th Cir. 2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard">Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morton_v._Mancari" title="Morton v. Mancari">Morton v. Mancari</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Ballard" title="Schlesinger v. Ballard">Schlesinger v. Ballard</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_School_District_v._United_States" title="Hazelwood School District v. United States">Hazelwood School District v. United States</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers_v._Weber" title="United Steelworkers v. Weber">United Steelworkers v. Weber</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefighters_v._Stotts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firefighters v. Stotts (page does not exist)">Firefighters v. Stotts</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wygant_v._Jackson_Board_of_Education" title="Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education">Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheet_Metal_Workers_v._EEOC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC (page does not exist)">Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefighters_v._City_of_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firefighters v. City of Cleveland (page does not exist)">Firefighters v. City of Cleveland</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Paradise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Paradise (page does not exist)">United States v. Paradise</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._Transportation_Agency" title="Johnson v. Transportation Agency">Johnson v. Transportation Agency</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wards_Cove_Packing_Co._v._Atonio" title="Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio">Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_School_Board_v._Taxman" title="Piscataway School Board v. Taxman">Piscataway School Board v. Taxman</a></i> (3d Cir. 1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ricci_v._DeStefano" title="Ricci v. DeStefano">Ricci v. DeStefano</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlton-Perkins_v._University_of_Cincinnati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati (page does not exist)">Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati</a></i> (6th Cir. 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grants,<br />Contracting,<br />and Set-Asides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kahn_v._Shevin" title="Kahn v. Shevin">Kahn v. Shevin</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Califano_v._Webster" title="Califano v. Webster">Califano v. Webster</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullilove_v._Klutznick" title="Fullilove v. Klutznick">Fullilove v. Klutznick</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Richmond_v._J.A._Croson_Co." title="City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.">City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Broadcasting,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC">Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprecht_v._FCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamprecht v. FCC (page does not exist)">Lamprecht v. FCC</a></i> (D.C. Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeastern_Fla._Chapter,_Associated_Gen._Contractors_of_America_v._City_of_Jacksonville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville (page does not exist)">Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adarand_Constructors,_Inc._v._Pe%C3%B1a" title="Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña">Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adarand_Constructors,_Inc._v._Slater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater (page does not exist)">Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adarand_Constructors,_Inc._v._Mineta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta">Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitolo_v._Guzman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitolo v. Guzman (page does not exist)">Vitolo v. Guzman</a></i> (6th Cir. 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">legislation</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">edicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Section 1981 of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Executive Order 10925</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_209" title="1996 California Proposition 209">Proposition 209</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_200" title="Initiative 200">Initiative 200</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a>, 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Civil_Rights_Initiative" title="Michigan Civil Rights Initiative">Proposal 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a>, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Amendment_46" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Amendment 46">Amendment 46</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a>, 2008, failed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Initiative_424" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska Initiative 424">Initiative 424</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a>, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_Proposition_107_(2010)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arizona Proposition 107 (2010) (page does not exist)">Proposition 107</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a>, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Question_759&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Question 759 (page does not exist)">State Question 759</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a>, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum_88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendum 88 (page does not exist)">Referendum 88</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a>, 2019, failed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_16" title="2020 California Proposition 16">Proposition 16</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>, 2020, failed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arcidiacono" title="Peter Arcidiacono">Peter Arcidiacono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Edward Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Cohen_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Cohen (professor)">Carl Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Connerly" title="Ward Connerly">Ward Connerly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fletcher" title="Arthur Fletcher">Arthur Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kahlenberg" title="Richard Kahlenberg">Richard Kahlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sander" title="Richard Sander">Richard Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Taylor_Jr." title="Stuart Taylor Jr.">Stuart Taylor Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abigail_Thermstrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abigail Thermstrom (page does not exist)">Abigail Thermstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Thermstrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan Thermstrom (page does not exist)">Stephan Thermstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">Ron Unz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional<br />provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Composition_and_election_of_Members" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">House Electors Qualifications Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Time,_place,_and_manner_of_holding" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Congressional Elections Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1st Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th Amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal laws<br />and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965">amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jurisdictions_subject_to_the_special_provisions_of_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965">covered jurisdictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Accessibility_for_the_Elderly_and_Handicapped_Act" title="Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act">Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act" title="Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act">Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Voting_Assistance_Program" title="Federal Voting Assistance Program">Federal Voting Assistance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_and_Overseas_Voter_Empowerment_Act" title="Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act">Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993" title="National Voter Registration Act of 1993">National Voter Registration Act of 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_America_Vote_Act" title="Help America Vote Act">Help America Vote Act of 2002</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Assistance_Commission" title="Election Assistance Commission">Election Assistance Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voter access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_voting" title="Early voting">Early voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">Initiatives and referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Postal voting in the United States">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_ballot" title="Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Voter registration in the United States">Voter registration in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_space#United_States" title="Voting in space">Voting in space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vote denial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States" title="Electoral fraud in the United States">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">Grandfather clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">Literacy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">Poll tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_caging" title="Voter caging">Voter caging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Voter identification laws in the United States">Voter ID laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vote dilution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">Multiple non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">One man, one vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">Felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Non-citizen suffrage in the United States">Foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage#United_States" title="Youth suffrage">Young adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American voting rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_federal_voting_rights" title="District of Columbia federal voting rights">District of Columbia residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Guam" title="Voting in Guam">Guam residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district">Northern Mariana Islands residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district">United States Virgin Islands residents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of voting rights in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#American_(United_States)" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">U.S. suffragists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_publications" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Publications</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">History of direct democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Electoral reform in the United States">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Ranked-choice voting in the United States">Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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