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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لغات وسط السودان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات وسط السودان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_centrales" title="Llingües sudániques centrales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües sudániques centrales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_soudanek_ar_c%27hreiz" title="Yezhoù soudanek ar c'hreiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù soudanek ar c'hreiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaskasudanala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Gaskasudanalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gaskasudanalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralsudanische_Sprachen" title="Zentralsudanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zentralsudanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_sud%C3%A1nicas_centrales" title="Lenguas sudánicas centrales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas sudánicas centrales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_soudaniques_centrales" title="Langues soudaniques centrales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues soudaniques centrales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="중앙수단어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중앙수단어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralnosudanski_jezici" title="Centralnosudanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Centralnosudanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_sudaniche_centrali" title="Lingue sudaniche centrali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue sudaniche centrali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrinio_Sudano_kalbos" title="Centrinio Sudano kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Centrinio Sudano kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Централносудански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Централносудански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_sodanicas_centralas" title="Lengas sodanicas centralas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas sodanicas centralas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_%C5%9Brodkowosuda%C5%84skie" title="Języki środkowosudańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki środkowosudańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Центральносуданские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральносуданские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralsudanesiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Centralsudanesiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Centralsudanesiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="กลุ่มภาษาซูดานิกกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาซูดานิกกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Центральносуданські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральносуданські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: gold;">Central Sudanic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo (DRC)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 15 million<sup id="cite_ref-eth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Central Sudanic</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Central_Sudanic_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Central Sudanic reconstructions">Proto-Central Sudanic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bongo–Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu%E2%80%93Asoa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangbetu–Asoa languages">Mangbetu–Asoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu–Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lendu languages">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moru%E2%80%93Madi_languages" title="Moru–Madi languages">Moru–Madi</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Birri_language" title="Birri language">Birri</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kresh_languages" title="Kresh languages">Kresh</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: gold;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/csu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:csu">csu</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2225">cent2225</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Sudanic_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Central_Sudanic_Languages.svg/300px-Central_Sudanic_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Central_Sudanic_Languages.svg/450px-Central_Sudanic_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Central_Sudanic_Languages.svg/600px-Central_Sudanic_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Central Sudanic languages in Africa</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Central Sudanic</b> is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo (DRC)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lau_Laka_language" title="Lau Laka language">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. They include the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy">pygmy</a> languages <a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Efé">Efé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a>. </p><p>Blench (2011) suggests that Central Sudanic influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Noun-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun-class">noun-class</a> system characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Half a dozen groups of Central Sudanic languages are generally accepted as valid. They are customarily divided into East and West branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blench_(2023)"><span id="Blench_.282023.29"></span>Blench (2023)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Blench (2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blench cites the following classification:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Central Sudanic</b>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"> Eastern <br /><span class="nowrap">(Lendu–Mangbetu)</span> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu–Lese</a> (5) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_languages" title="Mangbetu languages">Mangbetu–Asua</a> (2–3) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lendu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lendu languages">Lendu–Ngiti</a> (2–3) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Moru%E2%80%93Madi_languages" title="Moru–Madi languages">Moru–Madi</a> (10) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Birri_language" title="Birri language">Birri</a> (1) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> West <br />(Bongo–Kresh)  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bongo–Bagirmi</a> (40 languages) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kresh_languages" title="Kresh languages">Kresh</a> (2) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>? <a href="/wiki/Sinyar_language" title="Sinyar language">Sinyar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Formona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Formona language">Formona</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Sinyar–Formona is sparsely documented and its placement in the western branch is "provisional". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starostin_(2016)"><span id="Starostin_.282016.29"></span>Starostin (2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Starostin (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starostin (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds support for Eastern Central Sudanic (<a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a>, etc., concentrated in the northeast corner of DR Congo) but not for the western division, which would include <a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bongo–Bagirmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kresh_language" title="Kresh language">Kresh</a> scattered across Chad, the CAR, and South Sudan. </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Central Sudanic</b>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"> Eastern <br /><span class="nowrap">(Lendu–Mangbetu)</span> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_languages" title="Mangbetu languages">Mangbetu</a> (2–3) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu–Lese</a> (5) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lendu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lendu languages">Lendu</a> (2–3) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Moru%E2%80%93Madi_languages" title="Moru–Madi languages">Moru–Madi</a> (10) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bongo–Bagirmi</a> (40 languages) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Birri–Kresh  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Birri_language" title="Birri language">Birri</a> (1) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kresh_languages" title="Kresh languages">Kresh</a> (2) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Starostin (2011) notes that the poorly attested language <a href="/wiki/Mimi_of_Decorse" title="Mimi of Decorse">Mimi of Decorse</a> is suggestive of Central Sudanic, though he provisionally treats it as an isolate. Boyeldieu (2010) states that the inclusion of Kresh has yet to be demonstrated, but Starostin (2016) finds good support, with Birri being its closest relative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bender_(1992)"><span id="Bender_.281992.29"></span>Bender (1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bender (1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bender" title="Lionel Bender">Lionel Bender</a> (1992) classifies the Central Sudanic languages as follows, with Central Sudanic bifurcating into a <i>Peripheral</i> branch and a <i>Central</i> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-Bender1992_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bender1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Central Sudanic</b> <ul><li><i>Peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moru%E2%80%93Madi_languages" title="Moru–Madi languages">Moru–Madi</a> <ul><li>Moru (Miza, etc.)</li> <li>Avukaya, Logo, Keliko</li> <li>Madi (Lokai, etc.)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu</a>: Mamvu; Balese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_languages" title="Mangbetu languages">Mangbetu</a>: Meje, Asua, Aka, Lombi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresh_languages" title="Kresh languages">Kresh</a>: Kresh; Aja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lendu languages">Baadha</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Baledha</i>, <i>Lendu</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Central</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bagirmi-Sara</a> <ul><li>Barma (Bagirmi)</li> <li>Sara-Mbay</li> <li>Sara-Ngambay, Sara Kaba</li> <li>Baka</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_language" title="Yulu language">Yulu</a>-Binga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fongoro_language" title="Fongoro language">Fongoro</a></li> <li>Shemya (<a href="/wiki/Sinyar_language" title="Sinyar language">Sinyar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongo languages">Bongoid</a> <ul><li>Bongo</li> <li>Fer (Kara)</li> <li>Modo, Jur Beli</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparison of numerals in individual languages:<sup id="cite_ref-ChanNumeralsNS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChanNumeralsNS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Classification</th> <th>Language</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lendu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:led" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:led">Lendu</a></td> <td>ɗì / di (by Rev. N.M. Mpanzu)</td> <td>arɔ / aro</td> <td>ɡ͡bɔ / ɡbo</td> <td>θɔ / tho</td> <td>mbə / mbu</td> <td>aza / aza</td> <td>àrʊ̀-ɡ͡bɔ / aruɡbo</td> <td>àrʊ̀ / aru</td> <td>ɗrɛ-ði / dredhi</td> <td>ɗrɛ / dree </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lendu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:niy" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:niy">Ngiti</a></td> <td>aɪdí</td> <td>ɔyɔ</td> <td>ɪ̀ɓʊ</td> <td>ɪ̀fɔ</td> <td>imbo</td> <td>aza</td> <td>àrʊ̀ɓʊ̀</td> <td>àrʊ̀</td> <td>àrʊ̀ɡyèɪdí</td> <td>ɪdrɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangbetu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mdj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mdj">Mangbetu</a></td> <td>kana</td> <td>sóóndrwé / sóóndrú</td> <td>sɔ́ta</td> <td>sɔ́sʉa</td> <td>tɔ́zɛrɛna / sɔ́zɛrɛna</td> <td>tɛ́nɡwɛkana / ɛ́tɛana</td> <td>tónórwe / tónóru</td> <td>bɔɡɨna</td> <td>téndeléɡí</td> <td>tɛ́ɛ́vhɛ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangbutu-Efe</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:efe" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:efe">Efe</a></td> <td>édí</td> <td>ɛ̀ɡbɛ̄</td> <td>tsínà</td> <td>tsītɔ̀</td> <td>tsībú</td> <td>tsínà tsínà (3 + 3)</td> <td>tsínà tsītɔ̀ (3 + 4)</td> <td>tsītɔ̀ tsītɔ̀ (4 + 4)</td> <td>tsītɔ̀ tsībú (4 + 5)</td> <td>ádíbȍsí </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangbutu-Efe</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mxh" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mxh">Mvuba</a></td> <td>eɗì</td> <td>àkpe</td> <td>ɛ̀tsɪrà</td> <td>ɛ̀tsɪrɔ̀</td> <td>ɛ̀tsɪᵐbú</td> <td>màⁿzà</td> <td>làlòɗu</td> <td>làlɔ̀</td> <td>àᵐbʊ̀tsɪhʊwa</td> <td>àᵐʊ̀tsí </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mgd" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mgd">Moru</a></td> <td>àlʊ̄</td> <td>rì</td> <td>nā</td> <td>sū</td> <td>nd͡ʒī</td> <td>nd͡ʒī drì àlʊ̄ (5+ 1)</td> <td>nd͡ʒī drì rì (5+ 2)</td> <td>nd͡ʒī drì nā (5+ 3)</td> <td>nd͡ʒī drì sū (5+ 4)</td> <td>ɓùtè </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Central</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:avu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:avu">Avokaya</a></td> <td>àlō</td> <td>rì</td> <td>nā</td> <td>sū</td> <td>njī</td> <td>njī-kázíyá</td> <td>njī-drì-là-rì (5 + 2)</td> <td>njī-drì-là-nā (5 + 3)</td> <td>njī-drì-là-sū (5 + 4)</td> <td>mūdrí (hands joined) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Central</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kbo" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kbo">Kaliko (Keliko)</a></td> <td>àlō</td> <td>ìrì</td> <td>nā</td> <td>sū</td> <td>tàu</td> <td>ázyá</td> <td>ázîrí</td> <td>àrò</td> <td>órōmè</td> <td>mūdrí (hands joined) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Central</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:log" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:log">Logo</a></td> <td>àlo</td> <td>rì</td> <td>na</td> <td>su</td> <td>nzi</td> <td>kází</td> <td>nzi-drì-rì (5 + 2)</td> <td>nzi-drì-na (5 + 3)</td> <td>nzi-drì-su (5 + 4)</td> <td>mudrí (hands joined) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Central</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:lgg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:lgg">Lugbara (Lugbarati)</a></td> <td>àlʊ̄</td> <td>ìrɪ̀</td> <td>nā</td> <td>sū</td> <td>tòwɪ́</td> <td>ázɪ́á</td> <td>ázɪ́ìrɪ̀</td> <td>àrò</td> <td>óròmɪ̀</td> <td>mōdrɪ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Central</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:omi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:omi">Omi (Omiti)</a></td> <td>àlō</td> <td>ìrɪ̀</td> <td>nā</td> <td>sū</td> <td>tòwú</td> <td>ázɪ́á</td> <td>ázɪ́ɪ̀rɪ̀</td> <td>àrò</td> <td>órōmɪ̀</td> <td>mūdrɪ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Southern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mhi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mhi">Ma'di</a> (1)</td> <td>àlʊ̄</td> <td>(è)rì</td> <td>(ī)nā</td> <td>(ī)sū</td> <td>tòú</td> <td>ázɨ́á</td> <td>tûdērì</td> <td>àrɔ̀</td> <td>drítʃàlʊ̄</td> <td>mūdrí </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Southern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mhi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mhi">Ma'di</a> (2)</td> <td>àlʊ̄</td> <td>èrì ~ rì</td> <td>ìnā ~ nā</td> <td>ìsū ~ sū</td> <td>tòú</td> <td>ázɨ́á</td> <td>tûdērì</td> <td>àrɔ̀</td> <td>drítʃàlʊ̄</td> <td>mūdrí </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moru-Madi, Southern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:lul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:lul">Olu'bo</a></td> <td>àlʊ̄</td> <td>rì</td> <td>nā</td> <td>sū</td> <td>tòú</td> <td>ázɨ́á</td> <td>tûdērì</td> <td>àrɔ̀</td> <td>tɔ́rɔ̄mɛ̀</td> <td>mūdúrí </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bdh" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bdh">Baka</a></td> <td>ké̘ɗò</td> <td>ɡ͡bʀ͡ʙɛ̀</td> <td>ɔ̀tà</td> <td>ɛ̀sɔ̀</td> <td>ìɲì</td> <td>ìɲi dɔ̀à kéɽí (5, on it 1)</td> <td>ìɲi dɔ̀à ɡ͡bʀ͡ʙɛ̀ (5, on it 2)</td> <td>ìɲi dɔ̀à ɔ̀tà (5, on it 3)</td> <td>ìɲi dɔ̀à ɛ̀sɔ̀ (5, on it 4)</td> <td>sɔ̀kɔ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Bongo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bot" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bot">Bongo</a></td> <td>kɔ̀tʊ́</td> <td>ŋɡɔ̀r</td> <td>mʊ̀tːà</td> <td>ʔɛ́w</td> <td>múì</td> <td>dɔ̀kɔtʊ́ (5 + 1)</td> <td>dɔ́ŋɡɔr (5 + 2)</td> <td>dɔ̀mʊ́tːà (5 + 3)</td> <td>dɔ̀mʔɛ́w (5 + 4)</td> <td>kɪ̀ː </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bex" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bex">Jur Mödö</a></td> <td>kɔ̀tɔ́</td> <td>rḯyö́</td> <td>mòtá</td> <td>sòwɔ́</td> <td>mùyí̈</td> <td>mòdɔ́ɔ́kɔ̀tɔ́ (5 + 1)</td> <td>mòdɔ́mòrḯyö́ (5 + 2)</td> <td>mòdɔ́ɔ́mòtá (5 + 3)</td> <td>mòdɔ́mòsòwɔ́ (5 + 4)</td> <td>ɓùtë́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:yul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:yul">Yulu</a></td> <td>kȁal(ə̏)</td> <td>jōoy(ə̄)</td> <td>mȍotȁ</td> <td>ȕsȍ</td> <td>mȕu</td> <td>mȉtə̏ kȁal(ə̏) {? / one}</td> <td>mȉtə̏ jōoy(ə̄) {? / two}</td> <td>mȉtə̏ mȍotȁ {? / three}</td> <td>mȉtə̏ ȕsȍ ~ mȉȕsȍ {? / four}</td> <td>kpúu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bmi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bmi">Bagirmi (Bʼarma)</a></td> <td>kɛ́ɗɛ̀</td> <td>sapi</td> <td>mtá</td> <td>só</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mìká</td> <td>tʃílí</td> <td>marta</td> <td>doso</td> <td>dòk kemɛ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kyq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kyq">Kenga</a></td> <td>kàlāŋ</td> <td>dìó</td> <td>mɔ̀tɔ́</td> <td>sɔ̄ː</td> <td>mīː</td> <td>mɛ̀cɛ́</td> <td>cīlí</td> <td>mārtá</td> <td>jɛ́rnàŋ</td> <td>sīk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mne" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mne">Naba (Bilala)</a></td> <td>fèné /pènè</td> <td>rìyó</td> <td>mɔ̀tɔ́ / mátà</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>móy</td> <td>míʃà / máʃà</td> <td>sī̄lí</td> <td>rātá</td> <td>rɔ̄fó</td> <td>sí </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bjv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bjv">Bébot</a></td> <td>káre</td> <td>ɟó</td> <td>mɨ̀té</td> <td>sɔ́ː</td> <td>mḭ́ː</td> <td>mɛ̰hɛ</td> <td>sɨrí</td> <td>ɟiɟó (10 -2)</td> <td>ɟikáre (10 -1)</td> <td>dɔ̀ɡɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bjv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bjv">Bedjond</a></td> <td>kárē</td> <td>jōó</td> <td>mə̀tá</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mêhḛ́</td> <td>sīrí</td> <td>jī jōó (10 -2)</td> <td>jī kárē (10 -1)</td> <td>dɔ̀ɡə̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gvl" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gvl">Gulay</a></td> <td>kérē</td> <td>jōó</td> <td>mùtœ́</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mèhé̯</td> <td>sìrí</td> <td>sɔ́sɔ́ (4 + 4)</td> <td>jī kérē (10 - 1)</td> <td>dɔ̀ɡə̀ / kùtə̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ksp" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ksp">Kaba (Kabba)</a> (1)</td> <td>kaára</td> <td>jooà</td> <td>moètaà</td> <td>sóà</td> <td>mïù</td> <td>mïìsaàn</td> <td>sirïù</td> <td>jijooà (4 + 4)</td> <td>jikaàra (10 - 1)</td> <td>dóèkuè </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ksp" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ksp">Kaba (Kabba)</a> (2)</td> <td>káɾā</td> <td>dʒōó</td> <td>mòtá</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mĩ́</td> <td>mĩ̀sã́n</td> <td>sīɾí</td> <td>dʒīdʒōó (4 + 4)</td> <td>dʒīkáɾā (10 - 1)</td> <td>dɔ̀kù </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mge" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mge">Mango</a></td> <td>kárē</td> <td>jōó</td> <td>mɨ̀tə́</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mèhẽ́</td> <td>sīrí</td> <td>jī̄-nàɲ-jōó (10 - 2)</td> <td>jī̄-nàɲ-kárē (10 - 1)</td> <td>dɔ̀ɡɨ̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:myb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:myb">Mbay</a></td> <td>kə́rā</td> <td>jōó</td> <td>mə̀tá</td> <td>sɔ̄ɔ́</td> <td>mḭ̄́ḭ</td> <td>kə́-bɔ̀y-dètə́</td> <td>tènə̀-mə̀tá (5 + 1)</td> <td>jī-jōó (10 - 2)</td> <td>jī-kə́rā (10 - 1)</td> <td>kə̀lá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:nmc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:nmc">Ngam</a></td> <td>kóɡīí</td> <td>dīyó</td> <td>mə̀tá</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mêhḛ́</td> <td>sīrí</td> <td>sɔ́sɔ́ (4 + 4)</td> <td>ndōhó</td> <td>kùtə̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sba" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sba">Ngambay (Sara Ngambai)</a></td> <td>kàrā</td> <td>jōó</td> <td>mùndá</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mìsã́ / màhã́</td> <td>sīrí</td> <td>jī̄-này-jōó (10 - 2)</td> <td>jī̄-này-kárā (10 - 1)</td> <td>dɔ̀ɡə̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mwm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mwm">Sar (Sara)</a></td> <td>kóɡīí</td> <td>jōó</td> <td>mə̀tá</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mèhé̯</td> <td>sìrí</td> <td>sɔ́sɔ́ (4 + 4)</td> <td>ndōkó</td> <td>kùtə̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kwg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kwg">Kaba Deme</a></td> <td>ɗíyá</td> <td>jó</td> <td>mùtɔ́</td> <td>sɔ̀ɔ́</td> <td>mìí</td> <td>mìi kàlí (5 + 1)</td> <td>mìí já jó (5 + 2)</td> <td>sàlānjā</td> <td>dɔ̀ kám</td> <td>dɔ̀ɡɔ̀ / kùtù </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kwv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kwv">Kaba Na</a></td> <td>kárē / hàré</td> <td>jōó</td> <td>mùtá</td> <td>sɔ̀ɔ́</td> <td>mìí</td> <td>màhá</td> <td>mìtə́kə́jə́</td> <td>sàlīnjā</td> <td>dàhábú</td> <td>dɔ̀ɡɔ̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ndy" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ndy">Lutos</a></td> <td>ɗóí</td> <td>zíò</td> <td>mútà</td> <td>só</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mí zò ɗóí (5 + 1)</td> <td>kál m͡bákàɗɛ̀ (8 - 1)</td> <td>m͡bákàɗɛ́</td> <td>kál ɓú (10 - 1)</td> <td>ɓú </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:vae" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:vae">Vale</a></td> <td>kīɗá</td> <td>díyò</td> <td>mùtá</td> <td>sɔ́</td> <td>mí</td> <td>míkìdí kīɗá (5 + 1)</td> <td>míkìdí díyò (5 + 1)</td> <td>ɗɔ̄ɗɔ̄sɔ́ (2 x 4) ??</td> <td>kàmnànɡà kīɗá (10 - 1)</td> <td>ɓúfú </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongo-Bagirmi, Sinyar</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sys" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sys">Sinyar</a></td> <td>kàllà</td> <td>róò</td> <td>mùʈʈà</td> <td>ùssà</td> <td>mòy</td> <td>mìccà</td> <td>mòorsò</td> <td>màartà</td> <td>mànɖéy</td> <td>ʈìyà </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kresh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:krs" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:krs">Kresh (Gbaya)</a></td> <td>ɓälã</td> <td>rǒmó</td> <td>tötö</td> <td>sösö</td> <td>sálã</td> <td>sálã lẽmbẽ ɓälã (5 + 1)</td> <td>sálã lẽmbẽ rǒmó (5 + 2)</td> <td>sálã lẽmbẽ tötö (5 + 3)</td> <td>sálã lẽmbẽ sösö (5 + 4)</td> <td>kpú </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Central_Sudanic_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Central Sudanic reconstructions">List of Proto-Central Sudanic reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Central_Sudanic_word_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Central Sudanic word lists">Central Sudanic word lists</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eth_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/718/">"Nilo-Saharan; Ethnologue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nilo-Saharan%3B+Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroup%2F718%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Sudanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2011" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518213056/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/blench-call-leiden-2011.pdf"><i>Can Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic help us understand the evolution of Niger-Congo noun classes?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CALL 41. Leiden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/blench-call-leiden-2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Can+Sino-Tibetan+and+Austroasiatic+help+us+understand+the+evolution+of+Niger-Congo+noun+classes%3F&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.leidenuniv.nl%2Flegacy%2Fblench-call-leiden-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Sudanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/104666399/In_defence_of_Nilo_Saharan_Saharan">In defence of Nilo-Saharan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Starostin (2016) <i>The Nilo-Saharan hypothesis tested through lexicostatistics: current state of affairs</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bender1992-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bender1992_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, Lionel M. 1992. "Central Sudanic segmental and lexical reconstruction." <i>Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere</i> 29: 5-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChanNumeralsNS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChanNumeralsNS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2019" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Eugene (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Nilo-Saharan.htm">"The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum"</a>. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nilo-Saharan+Language+Phylum&rft.pub=Numeral+Systems+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fchannumerals%2FNilo-Saharan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Sudanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger</a>. 2011. "Can Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic help us understand the evolution of Niger-Congo noun classes?",<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/blench-call-leiden-2011.pdf">[1]</a> CALL 41, Leiden.</li> <li>Blench, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Nilo-Saharan/Central%20Sudanic/CS%20overview.pdf">Central Sudanic overview</a>.</li> <li>Blench, Roger. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36568172/Core_and_peripheral_noun_morphology_in_Central_Sudanic_languages">Core and peripheral noun morphology in Central Sudanic languages</a>. Proceedings of the 13th Nilo-Saharan Conference University of Addis Ababa, 6 May 2017</li> <li>Starostin, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rggu.academia.edu/GeorgeStarostin/Papers/983014/On_Mimi">On Mimi</a>, Journal of Language Relationship, v. 6, 2011, pp. 115–140.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sudanic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Central Sudanic languages, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Central_Sudanic_languages" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Central Sudanic languages"><i><b>Central Sudanic languages</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerblench.info/Language/Nilo-Saharan/Central%20Sudanic/Central%20Sudanic%20colour.pdf">A map of Central Sudanic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Sudanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Template:Central Sudanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Template talk:Central Sudanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Sudanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Sudanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Sudanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan language family</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bongo–Bagirmi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Baka_languages" title="Bongo–Baka languages">Bongo–Baka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baka_language_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baka language (Sudan)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_language" title="Bongo language">Bongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morokodo–Beli</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Beli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jur Beli language">Jur Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Modo_language" title="Jur Modo language">Jur Modo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mittu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittu language">Mittu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morokodo_language" title="Morokodo language">Morokodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kara_languages" title="Kara languages">Kara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furu_language" title="Furu language">Furu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Gula_language" title="Tar Gula language">Tar Gula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_language" title="Yulu language">Yulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_languages" title="Bagirmi languages">Bagirmi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_language" title="Bagirmi language">Barma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beraku_language" title="Beraku language">Beraku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disa_language" title="Disa language">Disa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fer_language" title="Fer language">Fer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_language_(Chad)" title="Gula language (Chad)">Gula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_language" title="Jaya language">Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenga_language" title="Kenga language">Kenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morom_language" title="Morom language">Morom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naba_language" title="Naba language">Naba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sara_languages" title="Sara languages">Sara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabba_language" title="Kabba language">Kabba of Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laka_language" title="Laka language">Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Laka_language" title="Lau Laka language">Lau Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambay_language" title="Ngambay language">Ngambay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doba_language" title="Doba language">Doba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagba_language" title="Dagba language">Dagba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulay_language" title="Gulay language">Gulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horo_language" title="Horo language">Horo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbay_language" title="Mbay language">Mbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngam_language" title="Ngam language">Ngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar_language" title="Sar language">Sar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaba_languages" title="Kaba languages">Kaba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Deme_language" title="Kaba Deme language">Kaba Deme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Na_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaba Na language">Kaba Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulfa language">Kulfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vale_languages" title="Vale languages">Vale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruto language">Ruto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_language" title="Vale language">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yulu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_language" title="Yulu language">Yulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fongoro?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fongoro_language" title="Fongoro language">Fongoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sinyar?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinyar_language" title="Sinyar language">Sinyar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birri–Kresh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birri_language" title="Birri language">Birri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kresh_languages" title="Kresh languages">Kresh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aja_language_(Nilo-Saharan)" title="Aja language (Nilo-Saharan)">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_language_(Nilo-Saharan)" title="Dongo language (Nilo-Saharan)">Dongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furu_language" title="Furu language">Furu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresh_language" title="Kresh language">Kresh <small>(Dara–Gboko, Kresh–Hofra, Naka, Ndogo, Woro)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lendu–Mangbetu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_languages" title="Mangbetu languages">Mangbetu–Asoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombi_language_(DRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombi language (DRC)">Lombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu–Lese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendi_language_(Sudanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendi language (Sudanic)">Bendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamvu_language" title="Mamvu language">Mamvu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu_language" title="Mangbutu language">Mangbutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mvuba_language" title="Mvuba language">Mvuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndo_language" title="Ndo language">Ndo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lenduic_languages" title="Lenduic languages">Lenduic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiti_language" title="Ngiti language">Ngiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndrulo_language" title="Ndrulo language">Ndrulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moru%E2%80%93Madi_languages" title="Moru–Madi languages">Moru–Madi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moru</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moru_language" title="Moru language">Moru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Ma'di</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aringa_language" title="Aringa language">Aringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokaya_language" title="Avokaya language">Avokaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliko_language" title="Keliko language">Keliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_language" title="Logo language">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omi_language" title="Omi language">Omi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Ma'di</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27di_language" title="Ma'di language">Ma'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olu%27bo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Olu'bo language">Olu'bo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mimi-D?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimi_of_Decorse" title="Mimi of Decorse">Mimi of Decorse</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nilo-Saharan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nilo-Saharan_branches" title="Template:Nilo-Saharan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nilo-Saharan_branches" title="Template talk:Nilo-Saharan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nilo-Saharan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nilo-Saharan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nilo-Saharan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><br />border region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berta_languages" title="Berta languages">Berta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCaga_languages" title="Bʼaga languages">Bʼaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koman_languages" title="Koman languages">Koman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuliak_languages" title="Kuliak languages">Kuliak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunama_languages" title="Kunama languages">Kunama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur_languages" title="Fur languages">Furan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maban_languages" title="Maban languages">Maban</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saharan_languages" title="Saharan languages">Saharan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Sudanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birri_language" title="Birri language">Birri</a></i> ?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bongo–Bagirmi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresh_languages" title="Kresh languages">Kresh</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenduic_languages" title="Lenduic languages">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_languages" title="Mangbetu languages">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu–Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moru%E2%80%93Madi_languages" title="Moru–Madi languages">Moru–Madi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinyar_language" title="Sinyar language">Sinyar</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daju_languages" title="Daju languages">Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jebel_languages" title="Eastern Jebel languages">Eastern Jebel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic 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