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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayrıca_bakınız" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayrıca_bakınız"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ayrıca bakınız</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayrıca_bakınız-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaynakça" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaynakça"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kaynakça</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kaynakça-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Kaynakça alt bölümünü aç/kapa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kaynakça-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dipnotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="İçindekiler" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kapalı tohumlular</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 133 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeksadiges" title="Bedeksadiges - Afrikaanca" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedeksadiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD" title="ክንንብ ዘር - Amharca" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክንንብ ዘር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta - Aragonca" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="फूल - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फूल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كاسيات البذور - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاسيات البذور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ - Assamca" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta - Asturyasça" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturyasça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80-%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер - Avar dili" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7%C9%99kli_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Çiçəkli bitkilər - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çiçəkli bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр - Başkırtça" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Başkırtça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entikan_masekar" title="Entikan masekar - Bali dili" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Entikan masekar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsama" title="Bedecktsama - Bavyera dili" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bedecktsama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavyera dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%97id%C4%97n%C4%93_augal%C4%81" title="Žėidėnē augalā - Samogitçe" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žėidėnē augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinanom_na_namumurak" title="Tinanom na namumurak - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinanom na namumurak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кветкавыя - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кветкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кветкавыя расьліны - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кветкавыя расьліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Покритосеменни - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покритосеменни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="फूलदार पौधा - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फूलदार पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetnica" title="Cvjetnica - Boşnakça" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cvjetnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boşnakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermes" title="Angiospermes - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angiospermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار - Orta Kürtçe" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Orta Kürtçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9" title="Krytosemenné - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krytosemenné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран - Çuvaşça" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Çuvaşça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn_blodeuol" title="Planhigyn blodeuol - Galce" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn blodeuol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Galce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6kfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Dækfrøede planter - Danca" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dækfrøede planter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsamer" title="Bedecktsamer - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedecktsamer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3k%C5%A1yty_semjenjak" title="Pókšyty semjenjak - Aşağı Sorbça" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pókšyty semjenjak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Aşağı Sorbça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma - Orta Kadazan" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Orta Kadazan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αγγειόσπερμα - Yunanca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγειόσπερμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="kaliteli madde"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermoj" title="Angiospermoj - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angiospermoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katteseemnetaimed" title="Katteseemnetaimed - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katteseemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare_loredun" title="Landare loredun - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare loredun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گیاهان گل‌دار - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاهان گل‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppisiemeniset" title="Koppisiemeniset - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koppisiemeniset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloosenplaanten" title="Bloosenplaanten - Kuzey Frizce" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bloosenplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kuzey Frizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae - İrlandaca" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="İrlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiospermas" title="Anxiospermas - Galiçyaca" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anxiospermas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiçyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avo_ipot%C3%BDva" title="Ka'avo ipotýva - Guarani dili" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avo ipotýva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae - Man dili" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Man dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי פרחים - İbranice" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי פרחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="İbranice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="सपुष्पक पौधा - Hintçe" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सपुष्पक पौधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hintçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Kritosjemenjače - Hırvatça" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kritosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hırvatça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosymjenjak" title="Krytosymjenjak - Yukarı Sorbça" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Krytosymjenjak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Yukarı Sorbça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjyosp%C3%A8m" title="Anjyospèm - Haiti Kreyolu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anjyospèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haiti Kreyolu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rvaterm%C5%91k" title="Zárvatermők - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárvatermők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae - İnterlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="İnterlingua" data-language-local-name="İnterlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İnterlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula_nga_agsabsabong" title="Mula nga agsabsabong - Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mula nga agsabsabong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш - İnguşça" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="İnguşça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermi" title="Angiospermi - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Angiospermi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulfr%C3%A6vingar" title="Dulfrævingar - İzlandaca" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dulfrævingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="İzlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang - Cava dili" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Cava dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები - Gürcüce" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gürcüce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesdurifsan" title="Timesdurifsan - Kabiliyece" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timesdurifsan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabiliyece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гүлді өсімдіктер - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гүлді өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು - Kannada dili" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EC%94%A8%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="속씨식물 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속씨식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek%C3%AAn_kul%C3%AElkdar" title="Riwekên kulîlkdar - Kürtçe" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwekên kulîlkdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kürtçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жабык уруктуулар - Kırgızca" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жабык уруктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kırgızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae - Latince" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9ieplanzen" title="Bléieplanzen - Lüksemburgca" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bléieplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lüksemburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantas_florinte" title="Plantas florinte - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plantas florinte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C3%A8kz%C3%A4%C3%B6jige" title="Bedèkzäöjige - Limburgca" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bedèkzäöjige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta - Lombardça" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolij%C5%ABnai" title="Magnolijūnai - Litvanca" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnolijūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segs%C4%93k%C4%BCi" title="Segsēkļi - Letonca" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Segsēkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae - Malgaşça" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgaşça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Скриеносеменици - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скриеносеменици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സപുഷ്പി - Malayalam dili" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സപുഷ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цэцэгт ургамал - Moğolca" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэцэгт ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Moğolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती - Marathi dili" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင် - Birman dili" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birman dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconxinachtli" title="Teconxinachtli - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconxinachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todecktsadige" title="Todecktsadige - Aşağı Almanca" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Todecktsadige" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Aşağı Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति - Nepalce" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedektzadigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekkfr%C3%B8plantar" title="Dekkfrøplantar - Norveççe Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dekkfrøplantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomsterplanter" title="Blomsterplanter - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blomsterplanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta - Oksitan dili" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqiltoota_Daraaraa" title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa - Oromo dili" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ - Osetçe" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ - Pencapça" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pencapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrytonasienne" title="Okrytonasienne - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okrytonasienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%DA%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="پُھل دار بوٹے - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پُھل دار بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="ګل لرونکی بوټی - Peştuca" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګل لرونکی بوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Peştuca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatasqa_muruyuq" title="Qatasqa muruyuq - Keçuva dili" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatasqa muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Keçuva dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цветковые растения - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветковые растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta - Sicilyaca" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flouerin_plant" title="Flouerin plant - İskoçça" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Flouerin plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="İskoçça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا - Sindhi dili" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivenosjemenice" title="Skrivenosjemenice - Sırp-Hırvat Dili" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skrivenosjemenice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Sırp-Hırvat Dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A" title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක - Sinhali dili" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhali dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Krytosemenné rastliny - Slovakça" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krytosemenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosemenke" title="Kritosemenke - Slovence" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kritosemenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhirta_ubaxa" title="Dhirta ubaxa - Somalice" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhirta ubaxa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt_me_lule" title="Bimët me lule - Arnavutça" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët me lule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Arnavutça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Скривеносеменице - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скривеносеменице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_kembangan" title="Tutuwuhan kembangan - Sunda dili" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan kembangan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomv%C3%A4xter" title="Blomväxter - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blomväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae - Svahili dili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பூக்கும் தாவரம் - Tamilce" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூக்கும் தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆవృతబీజాలు - Telugu dili" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవృతబీజాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="พืชดอก - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชดอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang_namumulaklak" title="Halamang namumulaklak - Tagalogca" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang namumulaklak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalogca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBakau_matala" title="ʻakau matala - Tonga dili" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau matala" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%99%D1%87%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр - Tatarca" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Покритонасінні - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Покритонасінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%92" title="پھولدار پودے - Urduca" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھولدار پودے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urduca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulli_o%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Gulli oʻsimliklar - Özbekçe" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gulli oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Özbekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katesemni%C5%BEed" title="Katesemnižed - Veps dili" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katesemnižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_hoa" title="Thực vật có hoa - Vietnamca" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật có hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzoadign" title="Bedektzoadign - Batı Flamanca" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bedektzoadign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Batı Flamanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namumukad_nga_tanaman" title="Namumukad nga tanaman - Varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Namumukad nga tanaman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 - Wu Çincesi" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი - Megrelce" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Megrelce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן - Yidiş" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yidiş" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khui-hoe_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t - Min Nan Çincesi" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 - Kantonca" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&printable=yes" title="Bu sayfanın basılmaya uygun sürümü [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Basılmaya uygun görünüm</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Diğer projelerde </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnoliopsida" hreflang="en"><span>Vikitür</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25314" title="Veri havuzundaki 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gizle</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28603389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="font-size: 100%; width: 200px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(180,250,180);">Kapalı tohumlular<br /><div style="font-size: 80%;"><div style="line-height: 150%">Yaşadığı dönem aralığı: 134-0 <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1l" title="Yıl">myö</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valanjiniyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valanjiniyen (sayfa mevcut değil)">Valanjiniyen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Günümüz</a> </div><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both;width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666;border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px;padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106);background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Kambriyen_%C3%B6ncesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambriyen öncesi">PreЄ</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86);left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambriyen" title="Kambriyen">Є</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112);left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisiyen" title="Ordovisiyen">O</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182);left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Sil%C3%BCriyen" title="Silüriyen">S</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55);left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devoniyen" title="Devoniyen">D</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153);left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Karbonifer" title="Karbonifer">C</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,60);left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permiyen" title="Permiyen">P</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146);left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Triyas" title="Triyas">T</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201);left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Jura_d%C3%B6nemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura dönemi">J</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78);left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Kretase" title="Kretase">K</a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82);left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleojen" title="Paleojen"><small style="white-space: nowrap;">Pg</small></a></div><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25);left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neojen" title="Neojen"><small>N</small></a></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:151.63076923077px;width:68.369230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:174.64615384615px;width:45.353846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div><div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:175.64615384615px; width:43.353846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div></div> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Flower_poster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/220px-Flower_poster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/330px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/440px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4462" data-file-height="5932" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 88%;">Çeşitli kapalı tohumlular</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: rgb(180,250,180);"><a href="/wiki/Biyolojik_s%C4%B1n%C4%B1fland%C4%B1rma" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyolojik sınıflandırma">Biyolojik sınıflandırma</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Taksonomi/Angiosperms" title="Bu sınıflandırmayı düzenle"><img alt="Bu sınıflandırmayı düzenle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: center;"> <table style="width: 100%; display:table !important;font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Âlem:</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bitki" title="Bitki">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Şube:</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tracheophyta" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>Klad</i>:</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spermatophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophytes">Spermatophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>Klad</i>:</span> </td> <td><b>Angiosperms</b><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: rgb(180,250,180);"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi)">Sinonimler</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: center;;text-align:left"> <ul><li>Anthophyta <small>Cronquist</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Angiospermae <small><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindl.</a></small></li> <li>Magnoliophyta <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_J._Cronquist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur J. Cronquist (sayfa mevcut değil)">Cronquist</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takht.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takht. (sayfa mevcut değil)">Takht.</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.Zimm.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.Zimm. (sayfa mevcut değil)">W.Zimm.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Magnolicae <small>Takht.</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kapalı tohumlular</b>, <b>çiçekli bitkiler</b>, <b>anjiyospermler</b> veya bilimsel ismiyle <b>Angiospermae</b> ya da <b>Magnoliophyta</b>; 64 <a href="/wiki/Tak%C4%B1m_(biyoloji)" title="Takım (biyoloji)">takım</a>, 416 <a href="/wiki/Familya" title="Familya">familya</a> ve bilinen yaklaşık 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Cins" title="Cins">cins</a> ve 300,000 <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCr" title="Tür">tür</a> ile kara bitkilerinin en çeşitli grubunu oluştururlar.<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_tohumlular" title="Açık tohumlular">Açık tohumlu bitkiler</a> gibi kapalı tohumlu bitkiler de <a href="/wiki/Tohum" title="Tohum">tohum</a> üreten bitkilerdir. <a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek" title="Çiçek">Çiçeklerinin</a>, tohumlarındaki <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endospermlerinin</a> ve tohumlarını içeren <a href="/wiki/Meyve" title="Meyve">meyvelerinin</a> özellikleri ile açık tohumlulardan ayrılırlar. <a href="/wiki/Etimoloji" title="Etimoloji">Etimolojik</a> olarak anjiyosperm, bir kılıf içinde tohum üreten bir bitki, başka bir deyişle meyve veren bir bitki anlamına gelir. Terim, <a href="/wiki/Yunanca" title="Yunanca">Yunanca</a> <i>angeion</i> ("kılıf" veya "örtmek") ve <i>sperma</i> ("tohum") kelimelerinden gelir. </p><p>Çiçekli bitkilerin ataları, 245 ila 202 milyon yıl önce <a href="/wiki/Triyas_D%C3%B6nemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Triyas Dönemi">Triyas Döneminde</a> açık tohumlulardan ayrıldı ve ilk çiçekli bitkiler ~125 milyon yıl öncesine tarihlenmiştir. Kapalı tohumlular, <a href="/wiki/Erken_Kretase" title="Erken Kretase">Erken Kretase</a> döneminde yoğun bir şekilde çeşitlendi, 120 milyon yıl önce yaygınlaştı ve 60 ila 100 milyon yıl önce baskın ağaç olarak <a href="/wiki/Kozalakl%C4%B1lar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozalaklılar">kozalaklı ağaçların</a> yerini aldı. </p><p>Kara bitkileri içindeki en önemli topluluğu, "çiçekli bitkiler" oluşturmaktadır. Yeryüzünün en gelişmiş ve baskın bitkileridir. Morfolojik olarak, ot, çalı gibi değişik biçimleri bulunur. Kapalı tohumluların en belirgin özelliği farklılaşmış <a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek" title="Çiçek">çiçekleri</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Meyve" title="Meyve">meyveleridir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tohum" title="Tohum">Tohum</a> taslakları kapalı bir odacık içinde geliştiği için bu gruba "kapalı tohumlular" denilmiştir. <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_tohumlular" title="Açık tohumlular">Açık tohumlulardan</a> şu özellikleriyle ayrılırlar: </p> <ul><li>Tohum taslakları tek veya çok sayıda meyve yaprağıyla çevrili bir odacık içindedir.</li> <li>Sekonder odunlarında trakeidlerle birlikte trakeler de bulunur.</li> <li>Çiçekler genellikle <a href="/wiki/Hermafrodit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermafrodit">hermafrodit</a> olup hem erkek hem dişi organ aynı çiçek üzerinde bulunur.</li> <li>Çiçek örtü yaprakları (periant), <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anak_yaprak" title="Çanak yaprak">çanak yaprak</a> (sepal) ve <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%A7_yaprak" title="Taç yaprak">taç yaprak</a> (petal) şeklinde farklılaşmıştır.</li> <li>Dişi organda (pistil), ovaryum (yumurtalık), stigma ve stilus gibi farklılaşmış kısımlar bulunur.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terim_bilgisi">Terim bilgisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Terim bilgisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&action=edit&section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Terim bilgisi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uluslararası bitki bilimsel adlandırma kuralları, <a href="/wiki/Familya" title="Familya">familya</a> basamağının üstünde yer alan basamakların adlandırılmasında seçim serbestliği tanır ve bahsi geçen kuralların 16. maddesi, tanımlayıcı ya da içerilen bir <a href="/wiki/Cins" title="Cins">cinse</a> bağlı tanıtıcı (jenerik) adlara izin verir. Dolayısıyla, kapalı tohumluların da bölüm olarak adlandırılmasında geçerli olan ve birbirinin yerine kullanılabilen çeşitli <a href="/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik">bitki bilimsel</a> adlar bulunmaktadır; bunlar şöyle sıralanabilir: </p> <dl><dd><b>Tanımlayıcı adlar:</b> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Angiospermae:</b> "kapalı tohumlular" terimi ile çok yakın anlam benzerliği taşıyan ve tanımlayıcılık açısından en çok tercih edilen ad.</li></ul> <dl><dd>→ <small>terimin İngilizce ve tekil karşılığı olan "angiosperm" için <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=angiosperm&searchmode=none">İngilizce kaynak</a> 13 Ocak 2012 tarihinde <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sitesinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113063636/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=angiosperm&searchmode=none">arşivlendi</a>.</small></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Anthophyta:</b> Türkçe karşılığı "çiçekli / <a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek" title="Çiçek">çiçek</a> açan bitkiler" olan ve tanımlayıcılık açısından ikincil olarak tercih edilen ad.</li></ul> <dl><dd>→ <small>İngilizce Wikipedia'da <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" class="extiw" title="en:Angiospermae">Angiospermae</a> ve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthophyta" class="extiw" title="en:Anthophyta">Anthophyta</a></small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Cinse bağlı tanıtıcı ad:</b> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Magnoliophyta:</b> Fransız doktor ve botanikçi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Magnol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Magnol (sayfa mevcut değil)">Pierre Magnol</a>'ün (1638-1715) soyadına atıfta bulunarak adlandırılan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnolia (sayfa mevcut değil)">Magnolia</a></i> cinsi ve bu cinsin üyesi olduğu <a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a> familyasının adlarından türetilmiş olan ve kapalı tohumluların bilimsel adlandırılmasında çok sık tercih edilen isim.</li></ul> <dl><dd>→ <small>İngilizce Wikipedia'da <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" class="extiw" title="en:Angiospermae">Angiospermae</a>; "Magnolia" için <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=magnolia&searchmode=none">İngilizce kaynak</a> 20 Aralık 2007 tarihinde <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sitesinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220091341/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=magnolia&searchmode=none">arşivlendi</a>.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Kapalı tohumlular, <a href="/wiki/Tohum" title="Tohum">tohumlu</a> bitkilerin iki topluluğundan biridir; diğer topluluğu ise <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_tohumlular" title="Açık tohumlular">Açık tohumlular</a> oluşturur. </p><p>Kapalı tohumluların en çok tür sayısı bulunan familyaları şunlardır: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Salepgiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Salepgiller">Orchidaceae</a> (orkidegiller): yaklaşık 25.000 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papatyagiller" title="Papatyagiller">Asteraceae</a> ya da Compositae (papatyagiller): yaklaşık 20.000 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baklagiller" title="Baklagiller">Fabaceae</a> ya da Leguminosae (baklagiller): 17,000 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6kboyas%C4%B1giller" class="mw-redirect" title="Kökboyasıgiller">Rubiaceae</a> (kökboyasıgiller): yaklaşık 13,183 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%9Fdaygiller" title="Buğdaygiller">Poaceae</a> ya da Gramineae (buğdaygiller): yaklaşık 9,000 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtle%C4%9Fengiller" title="Sütleğengiller">Euphorbiaceae</a> (sütleğengiller): yaklaşık 5,000 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebeg%C3%BCmecigiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebegümecigiller">Malvaceae</a> (ebegümecigiller): yaklaşık 4,300 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papir%C3%BCsgiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Papirüsgiller">Cyperaceae</a>: yaklaşık 4,000 tür</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1lanyast%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1giller" title="Yılanyastığıgiller">Araceae</a> (yılanyastığıgiller): yaklaşık 3700 tür</li></ol> <p>Çiçekli Bitkilerin Kökü Vardır. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taksonomik_çeşitlilik"><span id="Taksonomik_.C3.A7e.C5.9Fitlilik"></span>Taksonomik çeşitlilik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Taksonomik çeşitlilik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&action=edit&section=2" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Taksonomik çeşitlilik"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Çiçekli bitki türlerinin sayısının 250.000 ila 400.000 arasında değiştiği tahmin edilmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buna karşılık, yaklaşık 12.000 karayosunu<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ve 11.000 pteridofit türü bulunmaktadır.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APG sistemi, esas olarak moleküler filogenetik yoluyla familya sayısını belirlemeye çalışmaktadır. APG III 2009'da 415 familya vardı. APG IV 2016'da beş yeni takım (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales ve Vahliales) ve bazı yeni familyalar eklenerek toplam 64 örtülü familya takımı ve 416 familya elde edilmiştir.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APG sistemi sadece takım seviyesinin üzerindeki gayri resmi grupları tanımasına rağmen, örtülü bitkiler Anthophyta adı verilen (hayvan sınıflandırma sistemlerindeki tür seviyesiyle karşılaştırılabilir) bölüm seviyesinde bir grup olarak kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Çiçekli bitkilerin çeşitliliği eşit olarak dağılmamıştır. Neredeyse tüm türler Eudicotaceae (%75), Unicotaceae (%23) ve Magnoliaceae (%2) kladlarına aittir. Geriye kalan beş klad toplam 250'den biraz fazla tür içerir, yani dokuz familyaya bölünmüş çiçekli bitkilerin çeşitliliğinin %0,1'inden daha azını. APG tanımlarında 166.000'den fazla tür içeren 443 familyadan<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tür bakımından en zengin 25'i. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ayrıca_bakınız"><span id="Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z"></span>Ayrıca bakınız</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ayrıca bakınız" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&action=edit&section=3" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Ayrıca bakınız"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_tohumlular" title="Açık tohumlular">Açık tohumlular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_%C3%A7enekliler" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir çenekliler">Bir çenekliler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ki_%C3%A7enekliler" title="İki çenekliler">İki çenekliler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&action=edit&section=4" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kaynakça"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dipnotlar">Dipnotlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Dipnotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&action=edit&section=5" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Dipnotlar"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32805677">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCronquist1960">Cronquist 1960</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">Reveal, James L. (2011) [ya da daha sonra]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827073817/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileM.html">"Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium – M"</a>. 27 Ağustos 2013 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileM.html">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ağustos 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indices+Nominum+Supragenericorum+Plantarum+Vascularium+%E2%80%93+M&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Reveal&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsystematics.org%2Freveal%2Fpbio%2Ffam%2FallspgfileM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan1964">Takhtajan 1964</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_4-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598">"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"</a>. <i>Phytotaxa</i>. <b>261</b> (3): 201-217. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1">10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1</a>. 29 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+number+of+known+plants+species+in+the+world+and+its+annual+increase&rft.pages=201-217&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1&rft.au=Christenhusz%2C+M.+J.+M.&rft.au=Byng%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FPhytotaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1%2F20598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102094719/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/3647306">"How many species of seed plants are there?"</a>. <i>onlinelibrary.wiley.com</i>. 2 Kasım 2021 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/3647306">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 14 Kasım 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&rft.atitle=How+many+species+of+seed+plants+are+there%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F3647306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233986259_Systematics_of_the_Bryophyta_mosses_From_molecules_to_a_revised_classification">"Systematics of the Bryophyta (mosses): From molecules to a revised classification"</a>. <i>www.researchgate.net</i>. 14 Kasım 2023 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233986259_Systematics_of_the_Bryophyta_mosses_From_molecules_to_a_revised_classification">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 14 Kasım 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.researchgate.net&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+the+Bryophyta+%28mosses%29%3A+From+molecules+to+a+revised+classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233986259_Systematics_of_the_Bryophyta_mosses_From_molecules_to_a_revised_classification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0716710072&newbks=0&redir_esc=y">"Biology of Plants"</a>. <i>books.google.com</i>. 14 Kasım 2023 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114180553/https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0716710072&newbks=0&redir_esc=y">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 14 Kasım 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=books.google.com&rft.atitle=Biology+of+Plants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DISBN0716710072%26newbks%3D0%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/181/1/1/2416499?login=false">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"</a>. <i>academic.oup.com</i>. 11 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111104145/https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/181/1/1/2416499?login=false">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 14 Kasım 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbotlinnean%2Farticle%2F181%2F1%2F1%2F2416499%3Flogin%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm">"Angiosperm"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 3 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503102316/https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 14 Kasım 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Angiosperm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplant%2Fangiosperm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html">"Angiosperm phylogeny website"</a>. <i>www.mobot.org</i>. 20 Ocak 2022 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120065914/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 14 Kasım 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mobot.org&rft.atitle=Angiosperm+phylogeny+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2FMOBOT%2FResearch%2FAPweb%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genel">Genel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Genel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&action=edit&section=6" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Genel"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCronquist1960" class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Cronquist, Arthur (1 Ekim 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02940572">"The divisions and classes of plants"</a>. <i>The Botanical Review</i> (İngilizce). <b>26</b> (4): 425-482. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02940572">10.1007/BF02940572</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_S%C3%BCreli_Yay%C4%B1n_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Süreli Yayın Numarası">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9372">1874-9372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+divisions+and+classes+of+plants&rft.pages=425-482&rft.date=1960-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02940572&rft.issn=1874-9372&rft.aulast=Cronquist&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF02940572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTakhtajan1964" class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Takhtajan, A. (Haziran 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1216134">"The Taxa of the Higher Plants Above the Rank of Order"</a>. <i>Taxon</i> (İngilizce). <b>13</b> (5): 160-164. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1216134">10.2307/1216134</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_S%C3%BCreli_Yay%C4%B1n_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Süreli Yayın Numarası">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262">0040-0262</a>. 1 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001193103/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1216134">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">1 Ekim</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Taxa+of+the+Higher+Plants+Above+the+Rank+of+Order&rft.pages=160-164&rft.date=1964-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1216134&rft.issn=0040-0262&rft.aulast=Takhtajan&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2307%2F1216134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKapal%C4%B1+tohumlular" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dış_bağlantılar"><span id="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar"></span>Dış bağlantılar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Dış bağlantılar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular&action=edit&section=7" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Dış bağlantılar"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>'ta <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></b> ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikit%C3%BCr" title="Vikitür">Vikitür</a>'de <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></b></i> ile ilgili ayrıntılı taksonomik bilgiler bulunur.</li></ul> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vikikitap"><img alt="Vikikitap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/75px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/100px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Vikikitap</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ana_Sayfa" class="extiw" title="b:Ana Sayfa">Vikikitapta</a> bu konu hakkında daha fazla bilgi var: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kapalı tohumlular">Kapalı tohumlular</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div 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