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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Acjachemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Acjachemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Acjachemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Acjachemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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title="Juaneño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juaneño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" title="Juaneño – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Juaneño" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اكياشين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكياشين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acjachemen" title="Acjachemen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acjachemen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" title="Juaneño – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Juaneño" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28842834#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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California</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Acjachemen (Juaneño)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jose_de_Gracia_Cruz,_a_San_Juan_Capistrano_Mission_Indian_bell_ringer,_ca._June_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_of_Jose_de_Gracia_Cruz%2C_a_San_Juan_Capistrano_Mission_Indian_bell_ringer%2C_ca._June_1909.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Jose_de_Gracia_Cruz%2C_a_San_Juan_Capistrano_Mission_Indian_bell_ringer%2C_ca._June_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_of_Jose_de_Gracia_Cruz%2C_a_San_Juan_Capistrano_Mission_Indian_bell_ringer%2C_ca._June_1909.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Jose_de_Gracia_Cruz%2C_a_San_Juan_Capistrano_Mission_Indian_bell_ringer%2C_ca._June_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_of_Jose_de_Gracia_Cruz%2C_a_San_Juan_Capistrano_Mission_Indian_bell_ringer%2C_ca._June_1909.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Jose_de_Gracia_Cruz%2C_a_San_Juan_Capistrano_Mission_Indian_bell_ringer%2C_ca._June_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A1cia_Cruz" title="José de Grácia Cruz">José de Grácia Cruz</a>, an Acjachemen craftsman and bell ringer at Mission San Juan Capistrano, photo taken ca. June 1909.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">about 1,900<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">United States (California)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño language">Juaneño</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Indigenous religion,<br />Christianity</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pay%C3%B3mkawichum" class="mw-redirect" title="Payómkawichum">Payómkawichum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabriele%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrieleño">Gabrieleño</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Acjachemen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of California">Indigenous people of California</a>. Published maps often identify their ancestral lands as extending from the beach to the mountains, south from what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Aliso_Creek_(Orange_County)" title="Aliso Creek (Orange County)">Aliso Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Las_Pulgas_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Pulgas Canyon">Las Pulgas Canyon</a> in the northwestern part of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sources also show that Acjachemen people shared sites with other Indigenous nations as far north as <a href="/wiki/Puvunga" title="Puvunga">Puvunga</a> in contemporary Long Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Acjachemen language does not have any fluent speakers. It is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño language</a> still spoken by the neighboring Payómkawichum (<a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a>) people. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish colonists called the Acjachemen <b>Juaneños</b>, following their conversion to Christianity at <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano" title="Mission San Juan Capistrano">Mission San Juan Capistrano</a> in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, many contemporary members of organizations for Acjachemen descendants prefer the term <i>Acjachemen</i> as their autonym, or name for themselves. The name is derived from the village of <a href="/wiki/Acjacheme" title="Acjacheme">Acjacheme</a>, which was less than 60 yards from the site where Mission San Juan Capistrano was built in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternate spellings include <i>Acachme</i> or <i>Acagchemem.</i><sup id="cite_ref-clark_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonization">Pre-colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juane%C3%B1o_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Juane%C3%B1o_map.svg/220px-Juane%C3%B1o_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Juane%C3%B1o_map.svg/330px-Juane%C3%B1o_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Juane%C3%B1o_map.svg/440px-Juane%C3%B1o_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Map of Acjachemen communities</figcaption></figure> <p>Acjachemen creation and origins stories represent their history in Southern California as beginning in the beginning of time. Archaeologists argue there has been an Acjachemen presence in the region for at least 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the era preceding colonization by Spain, the Acjachemen resided in permanent, well-defined villages and seasonal camps. Village populations ranged from between 35 and 300 residents, consisting of a single lineage in the smaller villages, and of a dominant clan joined with other families in the larger settlements. Each clan had its own resource territory and was politically independent; ties to other villages were maintained through economic, religious, and social networks in the immediate region. The elite class (composed chiefly of families, lineage heads, and other ceremonial specialists), a middle class (established and successful families), and people of disconnected or wandering families and captives of war comprised the three hierarchical social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native leadership consisted of the Nota, or clan chief, who conducted community rites and regulated ceremonial life in conjunction with the council of elders (<span title="Luiseno-language text"><i lang="lui">puuplem</i></span>), which was made up of lineage heads and ceremonial specialists in their own right. This body decided upon matters of the community, which were then carried out by the Nota and his underlings. While the placement of residential huts in a village was not regulated, the ceremonial enclosure (<span title="Luiseno-language text"><i lang="lui">vanquesh</i></span>) and the chief's home were most often centrally located.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Acjachemen relied upon harvesting and processing acorns, grasses, seeds, and bay shellfish. They had a dietary preference for birds and small mammals like rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomczyk_171–201_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomczyk_171–201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They crafted animal bones into weapons, tools, and jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomczyk_171–201_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomczyk_171–201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_period">Mission period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mission period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acjachemen_hut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Acjachemen_hut.jpg/220px-Acjachemen_hut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Acjachemen_hut.jpg/330px-Acjachemen_hut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Acjachemen_hut.jpg/440px-Acjachemen_hut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of Acjachemen hut at Mission San Juan Capistrano</figcaption></figure> <p>Acjachemen villages were primarily concentrated along the lower San Juan Creek.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1775, Spanish colonists erected a cross on an Acjachemen religious site before retreating to San Diego due to a revolt at <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Diego">Mission San Diego</a>. They returned one year later to begin constructing and converting the Acjachemen population. The majority of early converts were often children, who may have been brought by their parents in an attempt to "make alliances with missionaries, who not only possessed new knowledge and goods but also presented the threat of force." Spanish military presence ensured the continuation of the mission system. </p><p>In 1776, as <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a> approached Acjachemen territory with a Spanish soldier and one "neophyte," a recently baptized Native and Spanish translator, a "crowd of painted and well-armed [Acjachemen] Indians, some of whom put arrows to their bowstrings as though they intended to kill the Spanish intruders" surrounded Serra's group. The "neophyte" informed the Acjachemen that attacking would only result in further violence from the Spanish military. As a result, the Acjachemen "desisted, aware of the serious threat that military retaliation represented."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While, before 1783, those who had been converted, known as "Juaneños, both children and adults, represented a relatively small percentage of the Acjachemen population, all that changed between 1790 and 1812, when the vast majority of remaining non-converts were baptized."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish colonists referred to the Acjachemen as Juaneño.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acjachemen were designated as Juaneños by Spanish priests through the baptismal process performed at Mission San Juan Capistrano, named after St. Juan Capistrano in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Many other local tribes were named similarly (Kizh (pronounced <i>keech</i>) – Gabrieleño; named after <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Gabriel">Mission San Gabriel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 18th century, the mission economy extended over the entire territory of the Acjachemen. Acjachemen villages still had "access to specific hunting, collecting, and fishing areas" and "within these collectively owned areas villagers also possessed private property." However, the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a> system was first paralleled and then undermined by the mission system and colonization. The Spanish transformed the countryside into grazing lands for livestock and horticulture. Between 1790 and 1804, "mission herds increased in size from 8,034 head to 26,814 head."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As European disease also began to decimate the rural population, the dominion and power of the Spanish missions over the Acjachemen further increased."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1812, the mission was at the peak of its growth: "3,340 persons had been baptized at the mission, and 1,361 Acjachemen resided in the mission compound." After 1812, the rate of Acjachemen who died surpassed the amount of those who were baptized. By 1834, the Acjachemen population had declined to about 800.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Acjachemen resisted assimilation by practicing their cultural and religious ceremonies, performing sacred dances and healing rituals both in villages and within the mission compound. Missionaries attempted to prevent "Indigenous forms of knowledge, authority, and power" from passing on to younger generations by placing recently baptized Indian children in <i><a href="/wiki/Monjer%C3%ADos" title="Monjeríos">monjerios</a></i> "away from their parents from the age of seven or so until their marriage." Native children and adults were punished for disobeying Spanish priests through confinement and lashings. The logic behind these harsh practices was "integral to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> belief and practice." <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Boscana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerónimo Boscana">Gerónimo Boscana</a>, a missionary at San Juan between 1812 and 1822, admitted that, despite harsh treatment, attempts to convert Native people to Christian beliefs and traditions were largely unsuccessful: "All the missionaries in California, declares Boscana, would agree that the true believer was the rare exception."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emancipation_from_San_Juan_mission_and_Mexican_rule">Emancipation from San Juan mission and Mexican rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emancipation from San Juan mission and Mexican rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juane%C3%B1o_mortars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Juane%C3%B1o_mortars.jpg/220px-Juane%C3%B1o_mortars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Juane%C3%B1o_mortars.jpg/330px-Juane%C3%B1o_mortars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Juane%C3%B1o_mortars.jpg/440px-Juane%C3%B1o_mortars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Acjachemen <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortars</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echeand%C3%ADa" title="José María de Echeandía">José María de Echeandía</a>, the first Mexican governor of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, issued a "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "<i>Prevenciónes de Emancipacion</i>") on July 25, 1826, which freed Native people from <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Mission San Diego de Alcalá">San Diego Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Barbara" title="Mission Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monterey" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey">Monterey</a>. When news of this spread to other missions, it inspired widespread resistance to work and even open revolt. At San Juan, "the missionary stated that if the 956 neophytes residing at the mission in 1827 were 'kindly begged to go to work,' they would respond by saying simply that they were 'free.'" Following the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican secularization act of 1833">Mexican secularization act of 1833</a>, "neophyte <a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde"><i>alcades</i></a> requested that the community be granted the land surrounding the mission, which the Acjachemen had irrigated and were now using to support themselves." </p><p>Terrestrial and marine fauna refuse, food storage vessels, specialized craft goods, ritual artifacts culturally associated with elite clan lineages, and interregional trade connections were found at the Puhú village site.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomczyk_171–201_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomczyk_171–201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, while Acjachemen "claimed and were granted villages," there was "rarely" any legal title issued, meaning that the land was "never formally ceded" to them following emancipation, which they protested as others encroached upon their traditional territory. While rancho grants issued by the Mexican government on the lands of the San Juan mission "were made in the early 1840s, Indians' rights to their village lands went unrecognized." Although the Acjachemen were now "free," they were "increasingly vulnerable to being forced to work on public projects" if it was determined that they had "'reverted' to a state of dependence on wild fruits or neglected planting crops and herding" or otherwise failed to continue practicing Spanish-imposed methods of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of a lack of formal recognition, "most of the former Acagchemem territory was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californio</a> ranchos by 1841, when San Juan Mission was formed into a pueblo."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of the San Juan pueblo was a direct result of the actions of San Diego settlers, who petitioned the government to gain access to the lands of the mission territory. Before the formation of the pueblo, the "one-hundred or so Acjachemen living there" were asked if they favored or opposed this change: seventy voted in favor, while thirty, mostly older, Acjachemen opposed, "possibly because they did not want to live among the Californios." The formation of the San Juan pueblo granted Californios and Acjachemen families <i>solars</i>, or lots for houses, and <i>suertes</i>, or plots of land in which to plant crops.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_occupation,_genocide,_and_territorial_conquest"><span id="American_occupation.2C_genocide.2C_and_territorial_conquest"></span>American occupation, genocide, and territorial conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American occupation, genocide, and territorial conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_California_Indian_Linguistic_Groups_-_Juane%C3%B1o.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Southern_California_Indian_Linguistic_Groups_-_Juane%C3%B1o.png/425px-Southern_California_Indian_Linguistic_Groups_-_Juane%C3%B1o.png" decoding="async" width="425" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Southern_California_Indian_Linguistic_Groups_-_Juane%C3%B1o.png/638px-Southern_California_Indian_Linguistic_Groups_-_Juane%C3%B1o.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Southern_California_Indian_Linguistic_Groups_-_Juane%C3%B1o.png/850px-Southern_California_Indian_Linguistic_Groups_-_Juane%C3%B1o.png 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>The territorial boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> Indian tribes based on dialect, including the <a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diegue%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Diegueño">Diegueño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabrieli%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrieliño">Gabrieliño</a>, Juaneño (highlighted), and <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a> language groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the American occupation of California in 1846 and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> in 1848, "Indian peoples throughout California were drawn into the 'cycles of conquest' that had been initiated by the Spanish." During the 1850s alone, the California Indian population declined by 80 percent. Any land rights Native people had under Mexican rule were completely erased under American occupation, as stated in Article 11 of the treaty: "A great part of the territories which, by the present treaty, are to be comprehended for the future within the limits of the United States, is now occupied by savage tribes." As the United States government declared its right to police and control Native people, the "claims of Indians who had acquired land in the 1841 formation" of the San Juan pueblo, "were similarly ignored, despite evidence that the [American] land commission had data substantiating these Juaneños' titles."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1860, Acjachemen were recorded in the census "with Spanish first names and no surnames; the occupations of 38 percent of their household heads went unrecorded; and they owned only 1 percent of the land and 0.6 percent of the assets (including cattle, household items, and silver or gold)." It was recorded that 30 percent of all households were headed by women "who still lived in San Juan on the plots of land that had been distributed in 1841" under Mexican rule. It was reported that "shortly after the census was taken, the entire population began to leave the area for villages to the southeast of San Juan." A <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic in 1862 took the lives of 129 Acjachemen people in one month alone of a population now "of only some 227 Indians." The remaining Acjachemen established themselves among the <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a>, who they "shared linguistic and cultural similarities, family ties, and colonial histories." Even after their relocation to various Luiseño villages, "San Juan remained an important town for Acjachemen and other Indians connected to it" so that by the "latter part of the nineteenth century individuals and families often moved back and forth between these villages and San Juan for work, residence, family events, and festivals."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American occupation resulted in increasing power and wealth for European immigrants and Anglo-Americans to own land and property by the 1860s, "in sharp contrast to the pattern among Californios, Mexicans, and Indians." In the Santa Ana and San Juan Capistrano townships, most Californios lost their ranchos in the 1860s. By 1870, European immigrants and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-Americans</a> now owned 87 percent of the land value and 86 percent of the assets. Native people went from owning 1 percent of the land value and assets, as recorded in the 1860 census, to 0 percent in 1870. Anglo-Americans became the majority of the population by the mid-1870s, and the towns in which they resided "were characterized by a marked lack of ethnic diversity."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1890s, a permanent elementary school was constructed in San Juan. However, until 1920, for education beyond sixth grade, "students had to relocate to Santa Ana – an impossibility for the vast majority of Californio and Acjachemen families."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerónimo Boscana, a Franciscan scholar who was stationed at San Juan Capistrano for more than a decade beginning in 1812, compiled the first, comprehensive study of Acjachemen religious practices. Religious knowledge was secret, and the prevalent religion, called <i><a href="/wiki/Chinigchinix" title="Chinigchinix">Chinigchinich</a></i>, placed village chiefs in the position of religious leaders, an arrangement that gave the chiefs broad power over their people.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boscana divided the Acjachemen into two classes: the "Playanos" (who lived along the coast) and the "Serranos" (who inhabited the mountains, some three to four leagues from the Mission).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious beliefs of the two groups as related to creation differed quite profoundly. The Playanos held that an all-powerful and unseen being called "Nocuma" brought about the earth and the sea, together with all of the trees, plants, and animals of sky, land, and water contained therein.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Serranos, on the other hand, believed in two separate but related existences: the "existence above" and the "existence below". These states of being were "altogether explicable and indefinite" (like brother and sister), and it was the fruits of the union of these two entities that created "...the rocks and sands of the earth; then trees, shrubbery, herbs and grass; then animals...".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Starman" drawn by artist Jean Goodwin has become an iconic image with the Acjachemen people and is seen often in art and tribal seals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acjachemen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Acjachemen language">Acjachemen language</a> is related to the <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño language</a> spoken by the nearby <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a> tribe located to the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered to speak a dialect of Luiseño, the Juaneño were part of the Cupan subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan languages</a>. Northern Uto-Aztecan (NUA) is divided into four branches; Numic, Tubatrlabalic, Takic, and Hopic. Takin includes seven languages; Kitanemuk, Serrano (including Vanyume), Gabrielino (including Fernandeńo), Luiseño (including Acjachemen), Cahuilla, Cupeño, and Tataviam.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their language became extinct by the early 20th century. People are working at reviving it, with several members learning it. Their studies are based on the research and records of Anastacia Majel and <a href="/wiki/John_P._Harrington" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Harrington">John P. Harrington</a>, who recorded the language in 1933. (The tape recordings resurfaced around 1995.)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_organizations">Contemporary organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_H_Lobo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Clarence_H_Lobo.jpg/220px-Clarence_H_Lobo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Clarence_H_Lobo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clarence_H._Lobo" title="Clarence H. Lobo">Clarence H. Lobo</a> (1912–1985), elected spokesperson of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians from 1946 to 1985. Lobo wore a Plain-style headdress, even though this was not customary for the Acjachemen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several organizations today identify as representing Acjachemen descendants. None of them are <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized">federally recognized</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and California has no process for creating <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized tribes">state-recognized tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the Acjachemen Nation divided into three different governments, all claiming their identity as the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-NAHC_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAHC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_that_self-identify_as_Native_American_tribes" title="List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes">unrecognized organizations</a> include: </p> <ol><li>Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation, San Juan Capistrano, CA (Petitioner 84A, originally known as the Belardes group and now referred to as 84A)<sup id="cite_ref-pet08A_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pet08A-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAHC_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAHC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation, Santa Ana, CA (Petitioner 84B)<sup id="cite_ref-pet084B_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pet084B-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAHC_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAHC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation (Romero), Santa Ana, CA<sup id="cite_ref-NAHC_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAHC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation (84A), based in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano,_California" title="San Juan Capistrano, California">San Juan Capistrano</a> elects a tribal council, assisted by tribal elders. They have about 1,800 members.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, an Assembly <a href="/wiki/Joint_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Resolution">Joint Resolution</a> No. 48 was filed in the state of California, which "memorialized the President and Congress of the United States to declare the Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemem Nation, to be the aboriginal tribe of Orange County."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation 84A petitioned for federal recognition in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-pet08A_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pet08A-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 26, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> declined the petition due to not meeting the four of the seven mandatory criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-pet08A_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pet08A-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the lack of federal recognition, in 2008 the Acjachemen community was successful in protecting a sacred site from being desecrated by a toll road.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also reached a legal agreement agreement with <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach" title="California State University, Long Beach">CSULB</a> to protect the land of <a href="/wiki/Puvunga" title="Puvunga">Puvungna</a>, where the university is partially situated. The university made several promises to maintain the integrity of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the tribe<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> filed a land claim, seeking to regain the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_El_Toro" title="Marine Corps Air Station El Toro">Marine Corps Air Station El Toro</a>. This had been held by them as an Indian <a href="/wiki/Rancheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancheria">Rancheria</a> until the 1930s. At that time, the US government bought the land for use as a defense facility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 2013, the 84A group of the Acjachemen Nation voted to elect the first all-female Acjachemen tribal council in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the Adelia Sandoval, Jerry Nieblas and other Acjachemen members celebrated the opening of <a href="/wiki/Putuidem" title="Putuidem">Putuidem Village</a>, a 1.5-acre park (0.61 ha) in San Juan Capistrano, part of their original lands, which commemorates their history.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 10, 2021, one of the Acjachemen Nation 84A group elected a new tribal council of Heidi Lee Lucero, Chairwoman; Dr. Richard Rodman, Vice Chairman; Ricky Hernandez, Treasurer; Georgia "Chena" Edmundson, Secretary; Sabrina Banda, Member-At-Large; and Ruth "Cookie" Stoffel, Member-At-Large.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Acjachemen">Notable Acjachemen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable Acjachemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A1cia_Cruz" title="José de Grácia Cruz">José de Grácia Cruz</a>, Father of Paul Arbiso, bell ringer, and artisan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbie_Banda" title="Bobbie Banda">Bobbie Banda</a>, elder who established Native American education programs in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_H._Lobo" title="Clarence H. Lobo">Clarence H. Lobo</a> (1912–1985), chief, lobbyist, and spokesperson of the Acjachemen for 39 years who "was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson administration</a> reimbursing California Indians $2.9 million for the loss of their land."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1994, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarence_Lobo_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarence Lobo Elementary School (page does not exist)">Clarence Lobo Elementary School</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_California" title="San Clemente, California">San Clemente</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Capistrano_Unified_School_District" title="Capistrano Unified School District">Capistrano Unified School District</a>. It was the first school in California to be named after a Native American leader.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heidi Lucero, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.JBMIAN.com">Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation</a> - Chairwoman 2021-current. <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach" title="California State University, Long Beach">California State University Long Beach</a> lecturer of indigenous studies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Native_California" title="Population of Native California">Population of Native California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#California" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification of Indigenous peoples of the Americas#California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li></ul> <p>Acjachemen villages and significant sites in Southern California (a partial list): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acjacheme" title="Acjacheme">Acjacheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahunx" title="Ahunx">Ahunx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauna, California">Alauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genga,_California" title="Genga, California">Genga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutuknga" title="Hutuknga">Hutuknga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupukngna" title="Lupukngna">Lupukngna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyongna" title="Moyongna">Moyongna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajbenga" title="Pajbenga">Pajbenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhe" title="Panhe">Panhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puh%C3%BA" title="Puhú">Puhú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piwiva" title="Piwiva">Piwiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totpavit" title="Totpavit">Totpavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puvunga" title="Puvunga">Puvunga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The appellation Juaneño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group, as the Spanish sometimes gathered diverse peoples to live and work as servants and slaves at their missions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLuppi2016" class="citation news cs1">Luppi, Kathleen (June 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-san-juan-20160620-snap-story.html">"After having land stolen for generations, Juaneño Indians get a sliver back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=After+having+land+stolen+for+generations%2C+Juane%C3%B1o+Indians+get+a+sliver+back&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.aulast=Luppi&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fla-me-san-juan-20160620-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2014" class="citation book cs1">Haas, Lisbeth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865853684"><i>Saints and citizens: Indigenous histories of colonial missions and Mexican California</i></a>. Berkeley. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95674-2"><bdi>978-0-520-95674-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865853684">865853684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+citizens%3A+Indigenous+histories+of+colonial+missions+and+Mexican+California&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865853684&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95674-2&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Lisbeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F865853684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe2016" class="citation book cs1">Loewe, Ronald (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950751182"><i>Of sacred lands and strip malls : the battle for Puvungna</i></a>. Lanham, MD. pp. 1–3, 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2162-1"><bdi>978-0-7591-2162-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950751182">950751182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+sacred+lands+and+strip+malls+%3A+the+battle+for+Puvungna&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=1-3%2C+120-121&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950751182&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-2162-1&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F950751182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, pp. 19–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2007" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Lisa Louise (2007). <i>The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community</i>. University of California, Davis. pp. 3, 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acjachemen+of+San+Juan+Capistrano%3A+The+History%2C+Language+and+Politics+of+an+Indigenous+California+Community&rft.pages=3%2C+8&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Davis&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeilEvans1980" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neil, Stephen; Evans, Nancy H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/220219100-Uc-merced-journal-of-california-and-great-basin-anthropology.html">"Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features"</a>. <i>UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 226–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UC+Merced+Journal+of+California+and+Great+Basin+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Historical+Juaneno+Villages+and+Geographical+Features&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=226-232&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Evans%2C+Nancy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F220219100-Uc-merced-journal-of-california-and-great-basin-anthropology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Patricia Roberts (October 21, 2009). <i>Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced</i>. McFarland. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5169-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5169-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-5169-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Names+of+the+Americas%3A+Spelling+Variants+and+Alternative+Forms%2C+Cross-Referenced&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5169-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbmian.com/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Juane%C3%B1o+Band+of+Mission+Indians+Acjachemen+Nation&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbmian.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeanBlackburn1976">Bean & Blackburn 1976</a>, pp. 109–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoscana1933">Boscana 1933</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomczyk_171–201-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomczyk_171–201_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomczyk_171–201_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomczyk_171–201_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomczykAcebo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tomczyk, Weronika; Acebo, Nathan P. (July 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1947461X.2021.1997515">"Enduring Dimensions of Indigenous Foodways in the Southern Alta California Mountain Hinterlands"</a>. <i>California Archaeology</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 171–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1947461X.2021.1997515">10.1080/1947461X.2021.1997515</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1947-461X">1947-461X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244551127">244551127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Enduring+Dimensions+of+Indigenous+Foodways+in+the+Southern+Alta+California+Mountain+Hinterlands&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-201&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244551127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1947-461X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1947461X.2021.1997515&rft.aulast=Tomczyk&rft.aufirst=Weronika&rft.au=Acebo%2C+Nathan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1947461X.2021.1997515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neil2002">O'Neil 2002</a>, pp. 68–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisbeth Haas, <i>Conquests and Historical Identities in California</i>, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroeber1925">Kroeber 1925</a>, p. 636</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbmian.com/history.html#/">"Acjachemen History"</a>. Juaneño Band of Mission Indians<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acjachemen+History&rft.pub=Juane%C3%B1o+Band+of+Mission+Indians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbmian.com%2Fhistory.html%23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, pp. 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, pp. 38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After <a href="#CITEREFKroeber1925">Kroeber 1925</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/902909972 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/902889951 cite #1 – verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, pp. 56–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, pp. 60–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, pp. 66–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaas1996">Haas 1996</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelsey1993">Kelsey 1993</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHittell1898">Hittell 1898</a>, p. 746</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHittell1898">Hittell 1898</a>, p. 749</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHittell1898">Hittell 1898</a>, pp. 746–747</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbmian.com/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Juane%C3%B1o+Band+of+Mission+Indians+Acjachemen+Nation&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbmian.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparkman1908">Sparkman 1908</a>, p. 189: Linguistically, the Acjachemen tongue is a dialect of the larger <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño language</a>, which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Takic" class="mw-redirect" title="Takic">Takic</a> language family (Luiseño, Juaneño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla Indians all belong to the Cupan subgroup), a part of the <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shoshone_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone language">Shoshone</a>) linguistic stock (this language is sometimes referred to as "Southern California Shoshonean"). But the language at Capistrano and <a href="/wiki/Temecula,_California" title="Temecula, California">Soboba</a> differed "considerably from that of the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseños</a>, and by some the people of these places are not included among the Luiseños."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, Mark (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cal.2010.2.1.3">"A Reevaluation of Early Northern Uto-Aztecan Prehistory in Alta California"</a>. <i>California Archaeology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 3–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fcal.2010.2.1.3">10.1179/cal.2010.2.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1947-461X">1947-461X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162210224">162210224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Reevaluation+of+Early+Northern+Uto-Aztecan+Prehistory+in+Alta+California&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162210224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1947-461X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fcal.2010.2.1.3&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1179%2Fcal.2010.2.1.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/US/9603/lost_language/">"CNN - Long-dead Indian teaches lost language - Mar. 30, 1996"</a>. <i>edition.cnn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edition.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN+-+Long-dead+Indian+teaches+lost+language+-+Mar.+30%2C+1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9603%2Flost_language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00504/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of">"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>88</b>: 2112–16. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Indian+Entities+Recognized+by+and+Eligible+To+Receive+Services+From+the+United+States+Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=2112-16&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2023%2F01%2F12%2F2023-00504%2Findian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsl.org/quad-caucus/state-recognition-of-american-indian-tribes">"State Recognition of American Indian Tribes"</a>. <i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i>. October 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.atitle=State+Recognition+of+American+Indian+Tribes&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fquad-caucus%2Fstate-recognition-of-american-indian-tribes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAHC-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAHC_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAHC_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAHC_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAHC_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nahc.ca.gov/cp/p17acjachemen/">"Acjachemen"</a>. <i>State of California Native American Heritage Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+California+Native+American+Heritage+Commission&rft.atitle=Acjachemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnahc.ca.gov%2Fcp%2Fp17acjachemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pet08A-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pet08A_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pet08A_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pet08A_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/084a-juajba-ca">"Petition #084A: Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation, CA"</a>. <i>Office of Federal Acknowledgment</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Federal+Acknowledgment&rft.atitle=Petition+%23084A%3A+Juaneno+Band+of+Mission+Indians%2C+Acjachemen+Nation%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Fas-ia%2Fofa%2F084a-juajba-ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pet084B-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pet084B_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/084b-juajbb-ca">"Petition #084B: Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, CA"</a>. <i>Office of Federal Acknowledgment</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior. June 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Federal+Acknowledgment&rft.atitle=Petition+%23084B%3A+Juaneno+Band+of+Mission+Indians%2C+CA&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Fas-ia%2Fofa%2F084b-juajbb-ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazil2021" class="citation news cs1">Brazil, Ben (September 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/story/2021-09-22/new-tribal-leader-will-help-the-first-people-of-o-c-in-its-three-decade-battle-to-gain-federal-recognition">"New tribal leader will help the first people of O.C. in their decades-long battle to gain federal recognition"</a>. <i>Daily Pilot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pilot&rft.atitle=New+tribal+leader+will+help+the+first+people+of+O.C.+in+their+decades-long+battle+to+gain+federal+recognition&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.aulast=Brazil&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fsocal%2Fdaily-pilot%2Fentertainment%2Fstory%2F2021-09-22%2Fnew-tribal-leader-will-help-the-first-people-of-o-c-in-its-three-decade-battle-to-gain-federal-recognition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/93-94/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ajr_48_bill_930922_chaptered">"BILL NUMBER: AJR 48"</a>. <i>California Legislative Information</i>. Legislative Counsel of the State of California<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capistrano+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Bobbie+Banda%2C+Juane%C3%B1o+Tribal+Elder%2C+Dies+at+66&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecapistranodispatch.com%2F2013%2F05%2F08%2Fbobbie-banda-juaneno-tribal-elder-dies-at-66%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazil2021" class="citation news cs1">Brazil, Ben (December 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-12/first-people-of-orange-county-have-preserved-a-piece-of-ancestral-village">"After delays, the first people of Orange County have preserved a piece of their ancestral village"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=After+delays%2C+the+first+people+of+Orange+County+have+preserved+a+piece+of+their+ancestral+village&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft.aulast=Brazil&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2021-12-12%2Ffirst-people-of-orange-county-have-preserved-a-piece-of-ancestral-village&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbmian.com/governance.html">"Governance"</a>. <i>Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Juane%C3%B1o+Band+of+Mission+Indians+Acjachemen+Nation&rft.atitle=Governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbmian.com%2Fgovernance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Necrology". <i>The Journal of American Indian Family Research</i>. <b>VI</b> (4). HISTREE: 62. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Indian+Family+Research&rft.atitle=Necrology&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCekola1993" class="citation web cs1">Cekola, Anna (October 28, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-28-me-50598-story.html">"A Special Groundbreaking Makes History, Remembers It"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Special+Groundbreaking+Makes+History%2C+Remembers+It&rft.date=1993-10-28&rft.aulast=Cekola&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-10-28-me-50598-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeanBlackburn1976" class="citation book cs1">Bean, Lowell John; Blackburn, Thomas C., eds. (1976). <i>Native California: A Theoretical Retrospective</i>. Socorro, New Mexico: Ballena Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+California%3A+A+Theoretical+Retrospective&rft.place=Socorro%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Ballena+Press&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoscana1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Boscana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerónimo Boscana">Boscana, Gerónimo, O.F.M.</a> (1933). Hanna, Phil Townsend (ed.). <i>Chinigchinich: A Revised and Annotated Version of Alfred Robinson's Translation of Father Gerónimo Boscana's Historical Account of the Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagancies of the Indians of this Mission of San Juan Capistrano Called the Acagchemen Tribe</i>. Santa Ana, CA: Fine Arts Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinigchinich%3A+A+Revised+and+Annotated+Version+of+Alfred+Robinson%27s+Translation+of+Father+Ger%C3%B3nimo+Boscana%27s+Historical+Account+of+the+Belief%2C+Usages%2C+Customs+and+Extravagancies+of+the+Indians+of+this+Mission+of+San+Juan+Capistrano+Called+the+Acagchemen+Tribe&rft.place=Santa+Ana%2C+CA&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Boscana&rft.aufirst=Ger%C3%B3nimo%2C+O.F.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas1996" class="citation book cs1">Haas, Lisbeth (1996). <i>Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769–1936</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20704-2"><bdi>978-0-520-20704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquests+and+Historical+Identities+in+California%2C+1769%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20704-2&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Lisbeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHittell1898" class="citation book cs1">Hittell, Theodore H. (1898). <i>History of California, Volume I</i>. San Francisco, CA: N.J. Stone & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+California%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=N.J.+Stone+%26+Company&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Hittell&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey1993" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, Harry (1993). <i>Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Pocket History</i>. Altadena, CA: Interdisciplinary Research, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9785881-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9785881-0-X"><bdi>0-9785881-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+San+Juan+Capistrano%3A+A+Pocket+History&rft.place=Altadena%2C+CA&rft.pub=Interdisciplinary+Research%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-9785881-0-X&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Kroeber, Alfred L.</a> (1925). <i>Handbook of the Indians of California</i>. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Indians+of+California&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2002" class="citation thesis cs1">O'Neil, Stephen (2002). <i>The Acjachemen in the Franciscan Mission System: Demographic Collapse and Social Change</i> (Master's thesis). Fullerton, California: Department of Anthropology, California State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Acjachemen+in+the+Franciscan+Mission+System%3A+Demographic+Collapse+and+Social+Change&rft.degree=Master%27s&rft.inst=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+California+State+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparkman1908" class="citation journal cs1">Sparkman, Philip Stedman (1908). "The Culture of the Luiseño Indians". <i>University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 187–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Publications+in+American+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Culture+of+the+Luise%C3%B1o+Indians&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=187-234&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Sparkman&rft.aufirst=Philip+Stedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Feinberg, Leslie (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transgenderwarri0000fein"><i>Transgender Warriors</i></a></span>. Beacon Press, Boston, MA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-7940-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-7940-5"><bdi>0-8070-7940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+Warriors&rft.pub=Beacon+Press%2C+Boston%2C+MA&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8070-7940-5&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransgenderwarri0000fein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1907" class="citation journal cs1">Kroeber, Alfred L. (1907). "The Religion of the Indians of California". <i>University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 318–356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Publications+in+American+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+the+Indians+of+California&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=318-356&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcjachemen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acjachemen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juaneno.com/">Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation</a>, San Juan Capistrano, CA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119174054/http://www.webroots.org/library/usahist/ca/cahaoto0.html">Reverend Father Friar Gerónimo Boscana, 1846. "Chinigchinich; a Historical Account of the Origin, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California Called The Acjachemen Nation"</a>, Webroots</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indigenouspeoplesissues.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399:traditional-native-american-acjachemen-planting-song&catid=68:videos-and-movies&Itemid=96">Traditional California Native American Acjachemen Planting Song</a>, Indigenous Peoples Issues</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomawi" title="Achomawi">Achomawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acjachemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwahnechee" title="Ahwahnechee">Ahwahnechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi" title="Atsugewi">Atsugewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok" title="Bay Miwok">Bay Miwok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saklan_tribe" title="Saklan tribe">Saklan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_people" title="Chimariko people">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_River_Athapaskan_peoples" title="Eel River Athapaskan peoples">Eel River Athapaskans</a> (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">Hupa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chilula" title="Chilula">Chilula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whilkut" title="Whilkut">Whilkut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk" title="Karuk">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahto" title="Cahto">Cahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizh" title="Kizh">Kizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a> (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok" title="Lake Miwok">Lake Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattole" title="Mattole">Mattole</a> (Bear River)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechoopda" title="Mechoopda">Mechoopda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a> (Klamath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Mono</a> (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan" title="Nisenan">Nisenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki" title="Nomlaki">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kucadikadi" title="Kucadikadi">Kucadikadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a> <ul><li>Costanoan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a> (Yuma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_people" title="Shasta people">Shasta</a> (Konomihu, Okwanuchu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a> (Fernandeño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa" title="Tolowa">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> (Gabrieliño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal" title="Tübatulabal">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok" title="Plains and Sierra Miwok">Plains and Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanyume" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot" title="Wiyot">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukchumni" title="Wukchumni">Wukchumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_people" title="Yana people">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki_people" title="Yuki people">Yuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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