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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==North Atlantic== ===The Faroe Islands=== {{Main|Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands}} ===Iceland=== {{Main|Settlement of Iceland}} [[File:LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg|thumb|120px|right|A page from a skin manuscript of Landnámabók in the [[Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies]] in Reykjavík, Iceland]] [[File:Skálholt-Karte.png|thumb|300px|The 1590 [[Skálholt Map]] showing Latinized Norse placenames in North America:<ref>[http://www.myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/4316-skalholt-map/4316-skalholt-map.pdf Title: Skálholt Map; Author: Sigurd Stefansson/Thord Thorláksson; Date: 1590] myoldmaps.com</ref><br /> • Land of the ''[[Jötunn|Risi]]'' (a [[Norse cosmology|mythical location]])<br /> • [[Greenland]]<br /> • [[Helluland]] ([[Baffin Island]])<br /> • [[Markland]] (the [[Labrador Peninsula]])<br /> • Land of the ''[[Skræling]]'' (location undetermined)<br /> • Promontory of [[Vinland]] (the [[Great Northern Peninsula]])]] Iceland was discovered by [[Naddodd]], one of the first settlers on the [[Faroe Islands]], who was sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands but got lost and drifted to the east coast of Iceland. Naddoddr named the country ''Snæland'' (Snowland). Swedish sailor Garðar Svavarsson also accidentally drifted to the coast of Iceland. He discovered that the country was an island and named it ''Garðarshólmi'' (literally ''Garðar's Islet'') and stayed for the winter at [[Húsavík]]. The first Scandinavian who deliberately sailed to ''Garðarshólmi'' was [[Flóki Vilgerðarson]], also known as Hrafna-Flóki (Raven-Flóki). Flóki settled for one winter at [[Barðaströnd]]. It was a cold winter, and when he spotted some [[drift ice]] in the [[fjord]]s he gave the island its current name, ''Ísland'' (Iceland). Iceland was first settled around 870.<ref name=Smith1995>Smith K. 1995. "Landna'm: the settlement of Iceland in archaeological and historical perspective". ''World Archaeology'' 26:319–47.</ref> The first permanent settler in Iceland is usually considered to have been a Norwegian chieftain named [[Ingólfr Arnarson]]. According to the story, he threw two carved pillars overboard as he neared land, vowing to settle wherever they landed. He then sailed along the coast until the pillars were found in the southwestern peninsula, now known as [[Reykjanesskagi]]. There he settled with his family around 874, in a place he named [[Reykjavík]] (Bay of Smokes) due to the geothermal steam rising from the earth. It is recognized, however, that Ingólfur Arnarson may not have been the first one to settle permanently in Iceland&nbsp;– that may have been [[Náttfari]], a slave of [[Garðar Svavarsson]] who stayed behind when his master returned to Scandinavia. ===Greenland=== {{Main|History of Greenland#Norse settlement}} In 985, Erik the Red was believed to have discovered Greenland after being exiled from Iceland for murder in 982. In 986, Erik the Red returned with 14 surviving ships (as 25 set out on the expedition). Two areas along Greenland's southwest coast were colonised by Norse settlers, including Erik the Red, around 986.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life and Times of Erik the Red |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngqYBgAAQBAJ |publisher=Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc. |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-61228-882-6 |language=en |first=Earle Jr|last=Rice }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 6 Viking Leaders You Should Know&nbsp;– History Lists|url = http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/6-viking-leaders-you-should-know|website = History.com|access-date = 27 October 2015}}</ref> The land was at best marginal for Norse pastoral farming. The settlers arrived during a warm phase, when short-season crops such as rye and barley could be grown. Sheep and hardy cattle were also raised for food, wool, and hides. Their main export was walrus ivory, which was traded for iron and other goods which could not be produced locally. Greenland became a dependency of the king of Norway in 1261. During the 13th century, the population may have reached as high as 5,000, divided between the two main settlements of ''[[Eastern Settlement|Eystribygð]]'' (Eastern Settlement) and ''[[Western Settlement|Vestribygð]]'' (Western Settlement). The organisation of these settlements revolved mainly around religion, and they consisted of around 250 farms, which were split into approximately fourteen communities that were centred around fourteen churches,<ref>Diamond, J. ''Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed'' (2005).</ref> one of which was a cathedral at [[Garðar, Greenland|Garðar]]. The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] diocese of Greenland was subject to the archdiocese of [[Nidaros]]; many bishops chose to exercise this office from afar. As the years wore on, the climate cooled (see [[Little Ice Age]]). In 1379, the northernmost settlement was attacked by the ''[[Skræling]]'' (Norse word for Inuit).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/history/grontime2.html|title=History of Medieval Greenland|website=personal.utulsa.edu}}</ref> Crops failed and trade declined. The Greenland colony gradually faded away. By 1450, it had lost contact with Norway and Iceland and disappeared from all but a few Scandinavian legends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2003/07/17/2858655.htm|title=Why societies collapse|first=Jared|last=Diamond|date=17 July 2003|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> ===North America=== {{Main|Norse colonization of the Americas}} [[File:Christian Krohg - Leiv Eirikson discovering America - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[Leiv Eirikson Discovering America]]'' by [[Christian Krohg]], 1893]] [[File:Züge, Landnahmen und Siedlungsgebiete der Nordmänner - 800-1050.png|thumb|Exploration and expansion routes of [[Norsemen]]]] A Norwegian ship's captain named [[Bjarni Herjólfsson]] first came across a part of the North American continent ca. 985 when he was blown off course sailing to Greenland from Iceland. Subsequent expeditions from Greenland (some led by [[Leif Erikson]]) explored the areas to the west, seeking large timbers for building in particular (Greenland had only small trees and brush). Regular activity from Greenland extended to [[Ellesmere Island]], [[Skraeling Island]] and [[Ruin Island]] for hunting and trading with [[Inuit]] groups. A short-lived settlement was established at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]], located on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada. Wood from timber-framed buildings in the settlement was dated by a [[993–994 carbon-14 spike|solar storm in 993]] which caused a spike in [[carbon-14]] in the [[dendrochronological]] layer for the year. Tree rings were counted from that year on three separate logs from the settlement, and all three were found to have been felled in 1021, indicating that the settlement was occupied at that date.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuitems |first1=Margot |last2=Wallace |first2=Birgitta L. |last3=Lindsay |first3=Charles |last4=Scifo |first4=Andrea |last5=Doeve |first5=Petra |last6=Jenkins |first6=Kevin |last7=Lindauer |first7=Susanne |last8=Erdil |first8=ınar |last9=Ledger |first9=Paul M |last10=Forbes |first10=Véronique |last11=Vermeeren |first11=Caroline |last12=Friedrich |first12=Ronny |last13=Dee |first13=Michael W. |display-authors=2 |title= Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021 |journal= Nature |year=2021 |volume=601 |issue=7893 |pages=388–391 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03972-8.pdf |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8 |pmid=34671168 |pmc=8770119|bibcode=2022Natur.601..388K }}</ref> There is also evidence for Viking contact with Native Americans.<ref>Jones, Gwyn, ''A History of the Vikings'' (2nd edition, Oxford, 2001).</ref> The Vikings referred to them as the ''Skræling'' ("barbarians" or "puny, weaklings"). Fighting between the Natives and the Vikings took place with the natives having the advanced weaponry of bows and arrows. Trade by barter also took place between them but the conflict led to the Vikings' eventual evacuation of the area. The Greenlanders called the new-found territory [[Vinland]]. It is unclear whether Vinland referred to in the traditionally thinking as Vínland (wine-land) or more recently as Vinland (meadow- or pasture-land). In any case, without any official backing, attempts at colonization by the Norse proved failures. There were too many natives for the Greenlanders to conquer or withstand and they withdrew to Greenland. ===Svalbard=== {{Further|History of Svalbard}} Vikings may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century. Traditional Norse accounts exist of a land known as Svalbarð – literally "cold shores". This land might also have been [[Jan Mayen]], or a part of eastern [[Greenland]]. The Dutchman [[Willem Barents]] made the first indisputable discovery of Svalbard in 1596. === Azores === {{Further|History of Azores}} Multiple studies suggest the idea that the Norse could have reached the [[Azores|Azores islands]] and settled there between 700 and 850 AD.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Michael |date=4 October 2021 |title=Vikings in paradise: Were the Norse the first to settle the Azores? |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/vikings-paradise-were-norse-first-settle-azores |website=[[Science (journal)|Science]]}}</ref> For example, a 2015 study showed that there were substantial [[mitochondrial DNA]] similarities between mice living in the Azores and Scandinavia,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gabriel |first1=S. I. |last2=Mathias |first2=M. L. |last3=Searle |first3=J. B. |date=January 2015 |title=Of mice and the 'Age of Discovery': the complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=130–145 |doi=10.1111/jeb.12550|pmid=25394749 |s2cid=24375092 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and the idea was put forward that they might have travelled on Viking ships from there.<ref name=":3" /> Another study from 2021 collected cylindrical sediment cores from five lakes on various islands of the archipelago, trying to describe the climatic history of the region. The study found in the sediment layer corresponding to the years between 700 and 850, an unusual uptick in the organic compound called 5-beta-stigmastanol, which is found in the feces of [[ruminant]]s such as cows or sheep.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Raposeiro |first1=Pedro M. |last2=Hernández |first2=Armand |last3=Pla-Rabes |first3=Sergi |last4=Gonçalves |first4=Vítor |last5=Bao |first5=Roberto |last6=Sáez |first6=Alberto |last7=Shanahan |first7=Timothy |last8=Benavente |first8=Mario |last9=de Boer |first9=Erik J. |last10=Richter |first10=Nora |last11=Gordon |first11=Verónica |last12=Marques |first12=Helena |last13=Sousa |first13=Pedro M. |last14=Souto |first14=Martín |last15=Matias |first15=Miguel G. |date=12 October 2021 |title=Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=41 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2108236118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8522277 |pmid=34607952 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11808236R |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, a decrease in native tree pollen and an increase in carbon particles was noted at this time, suggesting that the islands' early settlers felled the trees and burned them, perhaps to make room for the ruminants they brought with them.<ref name=":4" /> More livestock fecal sterols and carbon particles from 950 onwards were also found continuously in Lake Peixinho, at [[Pico Island]], and more punctually in Lake Caldeirão, at [[Corvo Island]].<ref name=":4" /> The same study found pollen from ''[[Secale cereale]]'' (non-native) on Pico Island dated to around 1150 and on [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] to around 1300 AD.<ref name=":4" /> Finally, climate simulations of the archipelago at those times indicate that at that time the prevailing winds from the North Atlantic came from the northeast, making navigation from Scandinavia more or less direct and at the same time difficult to navigate from the east, which could indicate that these early settlers of the islands would not have come from Portugal, but from northern lands.<ref name=":4" /> Despite the prevailing winds coming from the north, this would not make navigation from the east entirely impossible, and the geographer Simon Connor noted on the subject of mice, that thanks to the trade routes already established at the time, a mouse from Scandinavia could have arrived by boat in what is now Portugal, and from there it would have taken another course towards the Azores<ref name=":3" /> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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