CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "help.medium.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e918c0fc878d437',cH: 'c35d.Na66w2ACCCWCYqtLqER.E0jZ.0Nt3NEoNrKEAQ-1732704519-1.2.1.1-gFj1sNUhQQOdDlEzJnh61Zru3XjdwSs7m5TloWYFL2sNHpSyPaRamtJRq0LlrSJ7',cUPMDTk: "\/hc\/en-us?source=collection_about---collection_sidebar-811ec52eb09a---------------------------------&__cf_chl_tk=Ixm5XIkyBeVTUi4AvVog7QOya0cnIh2lhMze8ndgNq0-1732704519-1.0.1.1-WjjvYKaA_NdS2SZg6seuXyRUp9vk1KET3X5gcvc6iL4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732704519',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/hc\/en-us?source=collection_about---collection_sidebar-811ec52eb09a---------------------------------&__cf_chl_f_tk=Ixm5XIkyBeVTUi4AvVog7QOya0cnIh2lhMze8ndgNq0-1732704519-1.0.1.1-WjjvYKaA_NdS2SZg6seuXyRUp9vk1KET3X5gcvc6iL4",md: "K5LRS11RYXliMR8XYiU.jsQKSHrIlnlW2L7063V.Yb4-1732704519-1.2.1.1-w6kVsgCOR3fSAlfz2EpIReBci7opKw16S8POEvAwqwEJF3jOYi1m9VnPM3Jr7bsU423L7pP_UQJ28rMavE2lyLUgV77S3XMQEbNnbfcWySbsdhUaCp1fiPANoLTWfpkd4ZWKkQSOAVY3QmE83XyMM0WQMy1dz6mJHUDypveyuf.udlFiwKA.9qdfl6QPMSqzF07vwjg88bWLS_krnu04DWcVefCo3nGKESgtN9815NUc4UC2wpd4k8T53auMEq5ic3pIgHIL1L9mKgrmcX34fI17Qy20Qq_E4rkbHtT0Uahf2P5TxCTfk_4orrK9_w566ceOEiK0.p0Q8Lwf96DzOhHgfzc_b1rcD7Ti1qTCEVqQzztXrfszUR6Lz7ahuMukTbzXY6blEmJaUxOSOE6ujwK8LSaAmrFk19xG0LlWDUEav6a5CDSJZWcomXeao1GzuMFqNs7b9gpMjV4Nt3jIFT7XTZ8vCH3vJ929rb_PEbpyXdxcKigbdwer7qZSod.pPtX072Y9T5NQ5e0lAKUAYPc9NV.jwudY4fatSwn9sQNHk5sU6B5f5EsMp16JNnh5u0NvSeP2lMUkN.uPRi8kYJP69eurmsxLobabglbCHTeqJOfYdrG028QepAVcjnAFYGjQ5Ta1L0gLIq.8dinCRvV7ZcYYuRmF7h1sW7jX3Bo81g7ZmMmuqoofQJOtzRWQr4Ittuwe9YPAezOXS24dgQIuLPJIC8lXjrC9zFzwZJ_s_ATXe6R8Q1wJJvcSosH6zmlxOwqX5HYayNoXg.OIrEuy6ELEVVzocwarDDKRolpd5zvbzzLesmMMeRNrO_yM7DX9DgNe5EijMnOL0gu3iAPrtMVxHnwISWba10V4RvUs2Tx80nc0X_wIiZxjV2q1qim7Dy8j767TWF2Q42PC_c9Nr.QEW2PxTQQ8G8bDphjC38i7JPHPCmolKkxkXMqmLCCO5aBWoAxm3aKzUWpMQWaEpNot4Lxg.yMGAvMLnotq8Tz5nFrScIrAGblvu5aH5ITugoEmQ0mROGEo.QAfUxIXZF6jO4MttLJ6w5K8fjiK_cxGQLLH.SWEKnKBGDigIxFRZeHbD7ZMzDanfOIRePmPs2PmSEweB1oZaxnThVKvj3es0sccZsGwxf4ziBRpwu_.qy6F_z.wiaMjUStdac0n2rW9..4c5BkB79Wz.RrMNWeNYL1NWV8qaplXqgbKLDoCS3Ro2Qr7tyi5eGa_ib_naf6Fmza8DZOyEYba8nMVDkA8LW81ApOIWrRdM4uAvvkLJ2rirECSAaaM9xD_b_RUvE.Gny1nrJdCYFBM5IYDsJSgB5wFfdMOyonegu7eQkEK8pL6gchzTJ94tDGijNGF.WEvbAYAtQXIUG6TNJ0vfApP8eR9tVL1iu3prC0Zg_O0nHr5iSjHDZgHga6BWZFyMqIU1ZGqpQYDFZBacb.HBWOfMfbQbZg7RWe8u9b4Ln32IQZNOge2mp8LHRDlMCNY4PgXttqjiIQCKHge2yWa3_mt5K7lrHd8hBw0BSbNdcpQzIem0iTBaqX8xCPwpLA.cE89bpEWISm2lnBcnhokEkP4vN6ktVyPkGKic2uhsiSgnprlQCWJkkutDWP9We_BG5vRiOrSijyzku4RKbiDSJBJ2IC6tiXKwikaKUsc3VXn3jQPI6xpo9bpQeEDbOM6vTXSS5WkfkA0NTc2ZT.I7w4Fn4dxHRO6FOwhGCHOw2zZn1ZZ.gkAUEzBgcLk.5ALm.fbILJH0ZipGMpSugqGzceQIKWOCGjmt4YAwkeI76hMC3Tm0rFGx_inpU9l2D_AfZPsRscq_kGYEUcuieJuBos_utNBaEM5lUkAAIhofzhfongwFAXYCgaYG068Hx25su_Ul68_yXyS53yc2NOjXBYWIAuihay515ZUJIZ3cUMWrfOtcFij7LmtSWuImY_e4UOG.MLzyr4vLowfRsIiQc49wgbz2Te8Rsj0OomjEzsXDU.IocJAxmp2WzjiBvl1EWWyW3oCUkt.Mn85XA3RmRBOSN.N1ewAV2.P9U3xiRwGcvCRWFrf0RGJHQkPhThHCo4fc8UHslB5uSjWV4WPY9SKTZNR92NTfCPfwf8z0zo6CvaIWTzzWyQAP6.nS5bxlgRsWOXMg.dbq38t.IjAgpeLmt86srGjHmvFCLZ9eKb6S1Ff7purG9PlcG4BWgTsOEH8FQKZoPFxJYUcuyGGzrTopgbcQoXDu56afL.WLkheyA0oKml_QitK4gjRYxzY6up.0rup4pqSntlR3WO8qJ4QuRmfrgMsbhDCof3y9F6tUXqThz_Gg6fN1E8AJTcpdsFlUbsnQYEHX4PHDTSiwlBVloKEyuAcuUnq25ni8tFha2W.GqTp4tOzozGTuiMztDkPnmU75cyur4jlefrkO4l281Xdkx0A.otr7iyiflk2eXQg_13lot9d8XTlZYAzpzPzgycpf5IUEZVIQQb9cR_Zjfc1n.TArjnxaIRSGFi6tU5AtmjJEW9w.VpL8bGbu6oESEjfpcbOSElI4iK1gJhk06EnE5rH1za2.sAX0zcn9UquBEwovK9bpn3efa_g674ycRbA9EFAM1P8Xrtv75ECAIuo5cISHHdAb2imtIHWnoeCYCRoQj.BU1P0msmHMj.AOCf4bDVMWpGhDQKfs5r3ChzbygDvqNAk7G4Wf0Znyk8Whnwlj.EAzIDYZSBOseI3syO6B8y6VCtpCpJHxAhLX6rspa5AxgU_sf5uW_hN6KEgGU.Mgh.vu4cwG979ZikIjtWej1NJWs.GQax6ooD5UTZhafFgIlb2ALI6zSw9mqqod8_BYXlkpE.jFjjq3qO6iA1HMOQSuiBqCkPTWelZlIImth9cbSZfzQf5i1HM2iO9ZSlR2VzUGg9fRPlmfGi3VX2anJGGS3otMhtkGsIdmTo2ahgp.WqLpu4.vDd1V2bNHLYo2UWXC9PwPjv_Fey_PyPmOJp6YcE_M3aq8motoiYGzsQo6uOKjV1oIGo32yARC2EUUwG11C8lDKfj2Kts8_1AXaatRCYW0z0G5pVqDqAoaxvewwKQxfpSOu7EEH6aQ38XmI1KceenEwoQSoxiTgW9ttIFGQBbT_84_5NMC1zlKuWWAM6TyPhxf7RlwHf6O_TbAEwwoGVu2Q",mdrd: "c1pKm85sZrBdhXPWlshpfJcTK2stueuTd0xYpDhe9Zo-1732704519-1.2.1.1-NnXShLEmzbhOme_qsxhcoz1kjv2MIwfPH2NX87TtCsNTCP2JH9oTEPbVMAthrvubNJl_mFKv_xm_b99YJOEdUolgEht75OyT.IikCemZWhX7nwtafYbGdGOZQk6Poy50OLn_ybFBrcia9o1HjGYPgLtEhZ6pwWA_s2WGkY0QSPMGNyz_heiKG25wB2CepP4Zos077Hbx3AqBoaMmjClH.Qk9yIpyfBvE9X7Xwu_karxi7z5fme7KiNkd8wea3ZYDAPy4KZnxzHPu3FU4Xf9DzOrnTyC4HJvMKXNps57zQJoi.AJZuk10WbU9PC2Fz58PDnux69O.SvBhm1JHpdmLNCys306uGvlPorZTN5c.KNdQdnsLpbPnlpfTv7iM63z563Nk24TAJVlnPmFf65GgS.IKU584bO0aBOULFC0uK2YveOGkzLDh95Hl9U4spn29Bm_VsLDDJC3r2rZj2spdh_eiAFWOSMq_zBNJNb4feQKn63_KkOqieUKz6nJqjLzs1e_GAyHeT1Z6PIPBvi0y4qZFy8xgs2gBLB5WfYN5E1GAu33e21frzJ9eesXwSI8BXD3gH4sklK76in6gHtJiiZEwBxgEbPdZUrcubQXuKmDdBkkISBWlx.FFduUI56_dSQZ6ZFJa1z8KXF.kPgiIHIR11JJymFaIqX9MQCXeZTF6tB6eAcz6uMsFcm1KPMUctzepvs0hvrdrr9QS6dNo04bYAft93Cuk_XAD4sMWZGAFuWcxtVH_hSa_edCRmRYqqr.ZBezrOhn.oTDiM5c1g3eFbSuxZNokRGYv5Q7O.b5_g5bww948O11Q0f310DRVMZZhSW1grV_nwgmM540Tg4lQiCUMthD4TT._NzxXWufv3fcTz0l1gKBFHNz.9mj.ElXiHow7pizv1AC6OqkqAEHllsaFFY.TuJ4h4ZUaDMOIq0NTCBs6SGQ_oPiEM5Sovx1lFdioI3PmF0Efh5ynFrgw.xWrW0YxTXY14KHTxrbq8nI.pEgCrrX4LOkxCSGvcPv_a8FCyp9pRL9vZWLDPJS0YZ7KIfiz0eB4.5X3BT0Sjaq.T.PVk2gnfkVYEEsFJ9MvElhXaL7rQCJLnP_12KxfaFZWP9GlwOXffKHY2K3E3iULF6RKKpaYdJ1zlWmNsJynmvnGECQJwsz.ZMdO0qu3AiH4tq.YuyCRMWg7pzaA9lBWsE9IXEBLJ_l6u7Nnr8slxN5WCzWTwf8Z77iPXQ5NM3JcV4HhLF7TEWe6WhKPemrHniWpZoKYlHJk7P2Bg88IA6FlV6XLzA75KLVBV84w3r0M8YCnycIX10VSDUm9J.8s6T8BSm8BAwzeg3mp9uOC2GuueCSzUpp8kuFR_ML0cpDl_kzx5HSo_z1Fmo1JcgDuD6z0Lt.M2KY6Fl9SC2sZCRX2RACCNtZK9MpSqKPPcSEhU9o10S23o.by3vP1v1hXefnzxbni1TtwCSHutoloNYXlKL9X_PJJpVXaWnnROIMeROFAUmTsVArmedYN78nncR9ZC61iMxVmBNCkkbe8Dzc209Xjl19E3OR7iXh6eEYz7FvZFtkTEz98R7x7NQFBSTc2oog4UEMQc7PxG5JCvv3xA8Q.n76abOQwBQ1BxnXDmZV9wFjD1L5pmuS9aJpPrJnzU6gi835EF.dgOIfp09Z9f0CXPiAUL8bUzePXe1jbTLdojiK1H30xtt_1ZVnEsDvG_IBTw3pVnKDj.ROGdH3HhFNqkaXXLyurF8Hxt81N5iLq20a_wvgWu7pRZkirfZQ6txSeEpJKVyY0oguwTWEC4B2buDxeiQO41Bqtedgj__Rs2I8k_wNjR6rorIGXqnJQlA8kYutQXdy3TVffiJaoQtEDNhUbAoZNGv2r_58RIPQZn2Ytzgzfs2Do1lTka2kiYvOLqXk9WbKhVzuXizzAdVAZ2q73V2v4HnF68BRk08AW3EyFKFPoeofo9kJtG5qL5221_kQ13sIT"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e918c0fc878d437';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/hc\/en-us?source=collection_about---collection_sidebar-811ec52eb09a---------------------------------&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Ixm5XIkyBeVTUi4AvVog7QOya0cnIh2lhMze8ndgNq0-1732704519-1.0.1.1-WjjvYKaA_NdS2SZg6seuXyRUp9vk1KET3X5gcvc6iL4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>