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She was married to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, commonly known as [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="forgotten" /> ''National Safe Motherhood Day'' is observed in India annually on April 11, coinciding with Kasturba's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2022-04-11 |title=National Safe Motherhood Day: History, theme, significance and all you need to know |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/national-safe-motherhood-day-history-theme-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-164009 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref> ==Early life and background== Kasturba was born on 11 April 1869 to Gokuladas Kapadia and Vrajkunwerba Kapadia. The family belonged to the [[Modh]] [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] caste of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Hindu]] tradesmen and were based in the coastal town of [[Porbandar]].<ref name=forgotten>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Arun and Sunanda|title=The Forgotten Woman|year=1998|publisher=Zark Mountain Publishers|location=Huntsville, AR|isbn=1-886940-02-9|pages=314}}</ref> In May 1883, 14-year-old Kasturba was married to 13-year-old [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas]] in a [[arranged marriage|marriage arranged]] by their parents.<ref name="Mohanty2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha |year=2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58 |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> Recalling the day of their marriage, her husband once said, ''"As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives."''{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} However, as was prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend the first few years of marriage at her parents' house, and away from her husband.<ref name="Husband">Gandhi (1940). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120701002125/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband Chapter "Playing the Husband"]}}.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2018|reason=Gandhi implies that they 'lived together' right after the wedding : 'I can picture to myself, even today, how we (...)the newly wedded husband and wife, put the sweet Kansar into each other's mouth, and how we began to live together' 'The Story of my experiment with truth', chapter 'Child marriage'}} Writing many years later, Mohandas described with regret the lustful feelings he felt for his young bride, ''"even at school I used to think of her, and the thought of nightfall and our subsequent meeting was ever haunting me."''<ref>{{cite book|title=Gandhi before India|date=4 April 2015|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-385-53230-3|pages=28–29}}</ref> At the beginning of their marriage, Mohandas was also possessive and manipulative; he wanted the ideal wife who would follow his command.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tarlo |first=Emma |year=1997 |title=Married to the Mahatma: The Predicament of Kasturba Gandhi |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=264–277 |doi=10.1080/09574049708578316}}</ref> Kasturba became pregnant at the age of 17. The first child was born prematurely and did not survive the first year. Although their other four sons survived to adulthood, Kasturba never fully recovered from the death of her first child.<ref name="Kasturba: A Life">{{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Arun|title=Kasturba: A Life|date=14 October 2000|publisher=Penguin UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EntuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 November 2016|isbn=9780140299717}}</ref> Mohandas decided to go to London to study and departed in 1888, soon after their second child was born, a son named Harilal. Kasturba remained in [[India]]. Mohandas returned from London in 1891, and in 1892 Kasturba gave birth to another son, Manilal. Unable to find a successful career in India, Mohandas left for South Africa in 1893, once again leaving behind Kasturba and his children. In 1896 the family joined Mohandas in [[South Africa]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} [[File:Kasturba and children.jpg|thumb|Gandhi with her four sons]] In 1906, Mohandas took a vow of chastity, or [[Brahmacharya|brahamacharya]].<ref name=":0" /> Some reports indicated that Kasturba felt that this opposed her role as a traditional [[Hindus|Hindu]] wife.<ref name=":0" /> However, Kasturba quickly defended her marriage when a woman suggested she was unhappy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tarlo |first=Emma |date=1997 |title=Married to the mahatma: The predicament of Kasturba Gandhi |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=264–277 |doi=10.1080/09574049708578316 |issn=0957-4042}}</ref> Kasturba's relatives also insisted that the greatest good was to remain and obey her husband, the [[Mahatma]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Ramachandra Guha]]'s biography ''[[Gandhi Before India]]'' described the marriage, saying, "They had, in the emotional as well as sexual sense, always been true to one another. Perhaps because of their periodic, extended separations, Kasturba deeply cherished their time together."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guha|first1=Ramachandra|title=Gandhi Before India|date=15 October 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ|access-date=2 November 2016|isbn=9789351183228}}</ref> ==Political career== [[File:Gandhi-Tagore.jpg|upright|300px|thumb|Bengali poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Kasturba Gandhi at [[Santiniketan]], 1940.]] Kasturba first involved herself with politics in South Africa in 1904 when, with her husband and others, she established the [[Phoenix Settlement]] near [[Durban]]. In 1913 she took part in protests against the ill-treatment of Indian immigrants in South Africa, for which she was arrested and sentenced to hard labour. While in prison, she led other women in prayer<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hiralal|first=Kalpana|title=Rethinking Gender and Agency in the Satyagraha Movement of 1913|journal=Journal of Social Sciences|volume=25|pages=94–101}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kapadia|first=Sita|title=Windfall: Tribal Women Come Through|jstor=40003104|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=17|issue=3/4|pages=140–149|year=1989}}</ref> and encouraged the educated women to teach the uneducated women how to read and write.<ref name=":1" /> The Gandhis left South Africa in July 1914 and returned to live in India. In spite of Kasturba’s [[chronic bronchitis]] she continued to take part in civil actions and protests across India and often took her husband's spot when he was in prison. The majority of her time was dedicated to serving in [[ashram]]s.<ref name="EncyclopediaBritannica">{{cite web|last1=Routray|first1=Bibhu Prasad|title=Kasturba Gandhi: Indian Political Activist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kasturba-Gandhi|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> Here, Gandhi was referred to as "Ba" or Mother, because she served as mother of the ashrams in India.<ref>Banerjee, Mita. "Kasturba Gandhi Strength of a Woman." Alive 02 2013: 32-4. ProQuest. Web. 27 Sep. 2017</ref> A point of difference between Kasturba and Mohandas was the treatment of their children in their ashram. Mohandas believed that their sons did not deserve special treatment, while Kasturba felt that Mohandas neglected them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=Kasturba Gandi - MANAS |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/kasturba-gandi/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819081042/https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/kasturba-gandi/ |archive-date=19 August 2020 }}</ref> In 1917, Kasturba worked for women's welfare in [[Champaran]], [[Bihar]] where Mohandas was working with [[Indigo dye|indigo]] farmers. She taught women hygiene, discipline, health, reading and writing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} In 1922, she participated in a ''[[Satyagraha]]'' (nonviolent resistance) movement in [[Borsad]], [[Gujarat]] even though she was in poor health. She did not take part in her husband's famous [[Salt March]] in 1930, but continued to take part in many civil disobedience campaigns and marches. As a result, she was arrested and jailed on numerous occasions.<ref name="EncyclopediaBritannica" /> In 1939, Gandhi took part in nonviolent protests against the British rule in [[Rajkot]], after the women in the city specifically asked her to advocate for them.<ref name=EncyclopediaBritannica /> Gandhi was arrested once again, and kept in [[solitary confinement]] for a month. Her health worsened but she continued to fight for independence. In 1942, she was arrested again, along with Mohandas and other freedom fighters, for participating in the [[Quit India movement]]. She was imprisoned in the [[Aga Khan Palace]] in [[Pune]]. By this time her health had severely deteriorated and she died at the detention camp in Pune.<ref name="Kasturba: A Life"/> Mohandas wrote of his wife in terms which showed that he expected obedience from her. "According to my earlier experience, she was very obstinate. In spite of all my pressure she would do as she wished. This led to short or long periods of estrangement between us. But as my public life expanded, my wife bloomed forth and deliberately lost herself in my work."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Mohandas Karamchand|title=My Experiments With Truth: An Autobiography|year=1926|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.935|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}</ref> ==Health and death== [[File:Gandhi and Kasturba seated.jpg|thumb|right|Kasturba with [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas]] in the 1930s]] [[File:Gandhi and Kasturbhai 1902.jpg|left|thumb|Kasturba and [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas]] in 1902]] [[File:kasturba gandhi burial.JPG|thumb|right|Kasturba Gandhi memorial stone (on the right) with the memorial stone of [[Mahadev Desai]] in [[Aga Khan Palace]], [[Pune]] where she died]] Kasturba suffered from chronic [[bronchitis]] due to complications at birth. Her bronchitis was complicated by [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Birth Anniversary of Kasturba Mohandas Gandhi|url=http://english.dcbooks.com/birth-anniversary-kasturba-mohandas-gandhi.html|website=english.dcbooks.com|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019214624/http://english.dcbooks.com/birth-anniversary-kasturba-mohandas-gandhi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 1908 she fasted while her husband was in prison, and she became gravely ill. She came so close to death that Mohandas apologised to her, and promised he would not remarry if she died. Kasturba would later undergo a major surgery.<ref name="Ivanov 2017 p. 91">{{cite book | last=Ivanov | first=Alex | title=Gandhi | publisher=New Word City | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-936529-47-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmrNDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 | page=91}}</ref> In January 1944, Gandhi suffered two heart attacks, after which she was confined to her bed much of the time. Even there she found no respite from pain. Spells of breathlessness interfered with her sleep at night. She asked to see an [[Ayurvedic]] doctor, and after several delays, the government allowed a specialist in traditional Indian medicine to attend to her. At first she responded well, recovering enough by the second week in February to sit on the veranda in a wheelchair for short periods and talk with him. Later she suffered a relapse. Her son Devdas ordered [[penicillin]], but her doctors did not want to use it because the final failure of the kidneys could not be relieved by penicillin. The doctors informed the Gandhi family that the condition of Kasturba had already deteriorated enough that penicillin would not be helpful.<ref>{{cite book | last=Thomas | first=K.P. | title=Kasturba Gandhi: A Biographical Study | publisher=Orient Illustrated Weekly | year=1944 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vC1AAAAIAAJ | quote= Penicillin had just arrived in the verandah of the Aga Khan's Palace. The doctors had little desire to try it. Pneumonia was only a contributory factor. The final failure of the kidneys would not have been relieved by the penicillin. | page=90}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi 1998 p. 244">{{cite book | last=Gandhi | first=Arun | title=Daughter Of Midnight - The Child Bride of Gandhi | publisher=Kings Road Publishing | year=1998 | isbn=978-1-78219-261-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzetDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244 | quote=doctors had told him her condition was beyond help| page=244}}</ref> She died at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] in [[Poona|Pune]], at 7:35 PM local time on 22 February 1944, aged 74.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death Takes Gandhi's Wife|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-6QkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1645%2C2363960|access-date=18 May 2017|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=23 February 1944|page=2}}</ref> The Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust Fund was set up in her memory. Mohandas requested that this fund be used to help women and children in villages in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhatt|first=Neela|title=The Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust: Plan, Development and Programme of the First nation-Wide Movement of its Kind for Dealing with the Problem of Women and Children in Rural India|journal=Indian Journal of Social Work|volume=10|pages=94–101}}</ref>[[File:Kasturba and Mahatma Gandhi 1969 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|right|Kasturba and [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas]] on an Indian Postal Stamp (1969) ]] ==Legacy== Many institutions, roads, and cities are named after Kasturba Gandhi: *[[Kasturba Gandhi College for Women]] *[[Kasturba Hospital (Wardha)]] *[[Kasturba Vaidyakiya Rahat Mandal (Kasturba Hospital, Valsad, Gujarat)]] Since 1944 *[[Kasturba Medical College, Manipal]] *[[Kasturba Nagar railway station]] *[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] *[[Kasturba Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)]] *[[Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust]] *[[Kasturba Health Society]] *[[Kasturba Nagar, Chennai]] *[[Kasturba Nagar, Puducherry]] *[[Kasthurba College for Women, Villianur, Puducherry|Kasturba College for Women, Villianur, Puducherry]] *[[Kasturba Road]] *[[Kasturba Gandhi Marg]], [[New Delhi]]. *[[Kasturba Nagar]], [[Kochi]]. *[[Kasturba Nagar]], [[Bhopal]]. *[[Kasturba Gandhi Primary School]], [[Durban, South Africa]] [[File:Non Interactive Gandhi.jpg|thumbnail|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]] and Kasturba Gandhi at [[Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum]], [[Gandhi Smriti|Gandhi Smriti (Birla House)]], [[Tees January Marg]], [[New Delhi]].]] == In popular culture == [[Narayan Desai]] wrote a play, ''Kasturba'', based on Kasturba Gandhi. It was directed by Aditi Desai and was staged several times.<ref name="mumbaitheatreguide.com 2013">{{cite web | title=Ahemdabad-based theatre group to perform KASTURBA in Mumbai... Penned by veteran Gandhian Narayan Desai... : www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com | website=mumbaitheatreguide.com | date=2013-05-16 | url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/13/may/16-ahmedabad-based-theatre-group-to-perform-kasturba-in-mumbai.asp# | access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref> In the 1982 film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', the role of Kasturba Gandhi was played by [[Rohini Hattangadi]]. ==<span lang="gu" dir="ltr">See also</span>== * [[List of civil rights leaders|<span lang="gu" dir="ltr">List of civil rights leaders</span>]] [[File:Kasturba Gandhi 1964 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Kasturba Gandhi Postal Stamp (1964)]] ==<span lang="gu" dir="ltr">References</span>== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Arun|title=Kasturba : a life|date=2000|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=0140299718|oclc=46314502}} *{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Indra|title=India's 50 Most Illustrious Women|date=December 31, 2010|publisher=Icon Publications|isbn=978-8188086047}} *{{cite book|last1=Nayyar|first1=Sushila|title=Kasturba, wife of Gandhi|date=1948|publisher=Pendle Hill|isbn=9780875740003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pkPvgAACAAJ&q=Kasturba,+wife+of+Gandhi|access-date=25 March 2017}} *{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=KP|title=Kasturba Gandhi: A biographical study|date=1944|publisher=Orient Illustrated Weekly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vC1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 March 2017}} ==External links== * [http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/the-mahatma/gandhi-and-kasturba Gandhi and Kasturba] *Get to know about [https://www.hindivichar.in/2022/01/mahatma-gandhi-biography.html Mahatma Gandhi Biography] (हिन्दी) {{Mohandas K. Gandhi}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Kasturba}} [[Category:1869 births]] [[Category:1944 deaths]] [[Category:Indian pacifists]] [[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]] [[Category:Gujarati people]] [[Category:Indian rebels]] [[Category:Hindu pacifists]] [[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Kasturba]] [[Category:Gandhians]] [[Category:People from Porbandar]] [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]] [[Category:Deaths from bronchopneumonia]] [[Category:Indian emigrants to South Africa]] [[Category:19th-century Indian women]] [[Category:19th-century Indian people]] [[Category:20th-century Indian women]] [[Category:20th-century Indian people]] [[Category:Women Indian independence activists]] [[Category:Women from Gujarat]] [[Category:Colony of Natal people]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> 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