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href="/environment/sustainability">Sustainability</a></li><li class="_1pMb9" data-testid="tag-name"><a title="Climate solutions" href="/topic/climate-solutions-6gy2">Climate solutions</a></li></ul><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https://www.smh.com.au/environment","name":"Environment"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https://www.smh.com.au/environment/sustainability","name":"Sustainability"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://www.smh.com.au/topic/climate-solutions-6gy2","name":"Climate solutions"}}]}</script></div><h1 data-testid="headline" itemProp="headline">From bottled lightning to ‘hempcrete’: The Australian innovations that could save the world</h1></div></div></header><section class="_3OhA4"><div class="_2h56q _2bGxr"><div class="_3J1te"><h5 class="_3-xPQ"><span class="_3pGt1">By </span><span><span data-testid="byline"><a href="/by/caitlin-fitzsimmons-j7gbf" title="Articles by Caitlin Fitzsimmons">Caitlin Fitzsimmons</a></span></span></h5><div class=""> <span class="_2xetH"><time class="_2_zR-" data-testid="datetime" dateTime="2024-11-20T11:45:00+11:00">November 20, 2024 — 11.45am</time></span></div></div></div><div class="_2CSKo noPrint"><div class="_1KqZ_"><div class="hLTvJ"><button aria-checked="false" aria-describedby="saveTooltip" aria-label="Save article to read later" class="_31ZN0" role="switch" type="button"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="QMY9O _11R7m" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em"><use xlink:href="#icon-save"></use></svg><span class="_3-fU6">Save</span></button><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lwFz uXbxr" id="saveTooltip" role="tooltip"><button>Log in</button>, <a data-testid="login-register" href="https://smh.myfairfax.com.au/channel/zHE9EWDHf1XPuz3Phk0YIg/members/signups/new?callback_uri=">register</a> or <a href="https://subscribe.smh.com.au/?promote_channel=HI_HL_GNL">subscribe</a> to save articles for later.</div><div><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lwFz WUf_a _1pHo1" id="onboardingTooltip" role="tooltip"><h3>Save articles for later</h3><p>Add articles to your saved list and come back to them any time.</p><button class="_2YSi8 _17BTN _3_hLE" data-ffx-event-action="cta click" data-ffx-event-category="save onboarding" data-ffx-event-label="got it - part 1" data-ffx-hittype="event">Got it</button></div></div></div><div class="_2Cn91"><div class="_2KkCz"><button class="_30X7v _2-NUy" data-ffx-event-action="cta click" data-ffx-event-category="component" data-ffx-event-label="font size normal" data-ffx-event-value="0" data-ffx-hittype="event">Normal text size</button><button class="_3Rq_0" data-ffx-event-action="cta click" data-ffx-event-category="component" data-ffx-event-label="font size large" data-ffx-event-value="0" data-ffx-hittype="event">Larger text size</button><button class="_3VkdU" data-ffx-event-action="cta click" data-ffx-event-category="component" data-ffx-event-label="font size extra large" data-ffx-event-value="0" data-ffx-hittype="event">Very large text size</button></div></div></div></div></section><section class="_1Rw6X" data-testid="article-body-top"><aside class="_2GZaf"><div class="_1q-_I _3sCHz"><div class="container"><div class="adWrapper _2UMq- noPrint" data-testid="ad"><small class="_3ToRr">Advertisement</small><div class="" id="adspot-160x600_300x250_300x600-pos2-desktop"></div></div></div></div></aside><div class="_1ysFk" data-testid="article-body"><div><div class="_5JLqO"><div class="_1Ld7U" id="beyondwords-player"></div><div class="_3Fhwk" data-testid="showPlayerOverlay"></div></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>Picture this: You arrive home to your apartment building, built using repurposed ancient technology, which means the walls literally suck in and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p><p>Inside, you flick on the lights and start cooking dinner, drawing down exactly your fair share of power from the communal rooftop solar system.</p><p>Your meal includes vegetables and grains that were fertilised by the harnessed power of lightning in a bottle.</p><p>Then, you take a shower, lathering up with soap containing palm oil made by genetically modified yeast without harming any orangutans or rainforests.</p><p>These are among the Australian innovations that could be transformative in our quest to solve environmental challenges, including climate change and biodiversity loss.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><h3>Lightning in a bottle to make fertiliser</h3><p>It might not have the profile of burning fossil fuels for energy, but one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse emissions is the way we grow our food.</p><p>Most of the world’s population eats crops grown with synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. It would be much more land intensive and probably impossible to feed 8 billion people with organic farming.</p><div class="_6ebFV noPrint"><div class="_15gOL AkZ3C"><iframe class="_16-Dw AkZ3C LntZY" data-testid="embed-iframe" frameBorder="0" height="157" data-src="https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/modules/autoplay-video-loop/live/index.html?resizable=true&v=34&configUrl=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/hub/configs/video-loop/36196.json&v=0.039425615998403885" title="Embedded iFrame"></iframe></div></div><p>The key ingredient is ammonia, which is mostly made using a century-old industrial method called the Haber-Bosch process in hugely polluting, centralised factories and then shipped around the world. It can be turned into fertiliser directly or further processed to make urea or nitrates.</p></div></div></div></section><div class="_1FVfK"><div class="container"><div class="adWrapper _2UMq- noPrint" data-testid="ad"><small class="_3ToRr">Advertisement</small><div class="" id="adspot-728x90_970x250-pos3-desktop"></div></div></div></div><section class="vPaWe" data-testid="article-body-bottom"><div class="_1ysFk"><div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>Ammonia production is a $US100 billion ($154 billion) global industry, and 70 per cent of that is for agriculture. The synthesis and transport of ammonia accounts for about 2 per cent of global emissions from both energy usage and the chemical process itself.</p><p>The true impact on greenhouse emissions is many times greater because once the fertiliser is applied to the soil, it releases nitrogen oxides – potent greenhouse gases that also cause smog and acid rain.</p><figure class="_3ujPS _3x3-4 RMwbY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.104%2C$multiply_0.9788%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_13/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/2c8d1e8b0f90d9897b86be6ce2696df8bfc5701a, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.104%2C$multiply_1.9577%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_13/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/2c8d1e8b0f90d9897b86be6ce2696df8bfc5701a 2x" height="494" width="740"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.104%2C$multiply_1.0159%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_13/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/2c8d1e8b0f90d9897b86be6ce2696df8bfc5701a, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.104%2C$multiply_2.0317%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_13/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/2c8d1e8b0f90d9897b86be6ce2696df8bfc5701a 2x" height="512" width="768"/><img alt="From left: PlasmaLeap co-founder Samantha Cullen, chief executive Frere Byrne and co-founder P.J. Cullen." src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.104%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_13/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/2c8d1e8b0f90d9897b86be6ce2696df8bfc5701a" height="390" width="584" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.104%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_13/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/2c8d1e8b0f90d9897b86be6ce2696df8bfc5701a, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.104%2C$multiply_1.545%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_13/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/2c8d1e8b0f90d9897b86be6ce2696df8bfc5701a 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">From left: PlasmaLeap co-founder Samantha Cullen, chief executive Frere Byrne and co-founder P.J. Cullen.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span>Janie Barrett</cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>There have been many attempts to create green ammonia, and one of the most promising is happening in Sydney’s inner west at the headquarters of PlasmaLeap.</p><p>The start-up, which grew out of University of Sydney and University of NSW research, claims it can make fertiliser out of renewable electricity, air and water at significantly lower cost and energy intensity than traditional methods. The technology can also be distributed and deployed on location.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><figure class="_3ujPS _1ilMH VXpYY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.107%2C$multiply_0.6799%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$width_378%2C$x_178%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/d43132aa624533a403bef04a5cacaaa18b3658a8, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.107%2C$multiply_1.3598%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$width_378%2C$x_178%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/d43132aa624533a403bef04a5cacaaa18b3658a8 2x" height="386" width="257"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.107%2C$multiply_0.7963%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$width_378%2C$x_178%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/d43132aa624533a403bef04a5cacaaa18b3658a8, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.107%2C$multiply_1.5926%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$width_378%2C$x_178%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/d43132aa624533a403bef04a5cacaaa18b3658a8 2x" height="452" width="301"/><img alt="The invention at PlasmaLeap, which enables the production of fertiliser with minimal carbon emissions." loading="lazy" src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.107%2C$multiply_0.7487%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$width_378%2C$x_178%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/d43132aa624533a403bef04a5cacaaa18b3658a8" height="425" width="283" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.107%2C$multiply_0.7487%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$width_378%2C$x_178%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/d43132aa624533a403bef04a5cacaaa18b3658a8, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.107%2C$multiply_1.4974%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$width_378%2C$x_178%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/d43132aa624533a403bef04a5cacaaa18b3658a8 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">The invention at PlasmaLeap, which enables the production of fertiliser with minimal carbon emissions.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span>Janie Barrett</cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>PlasmaLeap chief executive Frere Byrne says the researchers made a breakthrough discovery about two years ago and have been scaling it to something that could disrupt the entire fossil fuel-driven fertiliser market. It uses plasma, which is a “highly excited gas”, and occurs naturally in lightning.</p><p>“What we’re doing is replicating the process when lightning hits soil, which is a plasma-driven process that fixes nitrogen to the soil through electricity,” Byrne says.</p><p>“The technology captures very, very tiny lightning strikes – electrical discharges. We capture those discharges inside bubbles, the bubbles that are made of plasma, and then we proliferate them through liquids.”</p><p>In a nutshell, PlasmaLeap uses renewable electricity to make plasma and then employs the plasma to fix nitrogen and oxygen out of the air to make nitrates. In a second conversion, it can use plasma to turn the nitrate into ammonia, by replacing the oxygen with hydrogen.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>For every kilogram of nitrogen put on a crop, the Haber-Bosch process generates the equivalent of just under 11 kilograms of carbon dioxide. The PlasmaLeap process, Byrne says, generates closer to 0.1 kilograms of carbon dioxide.</p><p>Graham Gall of Dawson River Pastoral Co. says the technology could offer greater self-reliance and sustainability for the agricultural industry.</p><p>“In Australia, almost all our nitrogen fertilisers are sourced from overseas, leaving us vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions and price fluctuations,” Gall says. “PlasmaLeap’s solution allows us to produce nitrogen on-farm using green energy sources, which is a game-changer.”</p><h3>Building homes with hemp</h3><p>Expect to hear a lot more about hemp as a building material since actor Zac Efron recently revealed he is using it to construct an eco-home in northern NSW near Tweed Heads.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>“Hempcrete” – concrete made from hemp fibres – is not new. Archaeologists have confirmed it was used in a bridge in sixth century France, back when it was still Gaul. The Romans used hemp in the mortar for Hadrian’s Wall. It’s in buildings in South-East Asia that have stood for 1000 years. And it has been used in modern times for several decades, with a builder mixing a pallet of hemp and a pallet of binder on site and casting it in a frame.</p><figure class="_3ujPS _3x3-4 RMwbY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.351%2C$multiply_0.9788%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_149%2C$y_208/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/1f0d190431759e153ca271d55e08de7c1702550f, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.351%2C$multiply_1.9577%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_149%2C$y_208/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/1f0d190431759e153ca271d55e08de7c1702550f 2x" height="494" width="740"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.351%2C$multiply_1.0159%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_149%2C$y_208/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/1f0d190431759e153ca271d55e08de7c1702550f, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.351%2C$multiply_2.0317%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_149%2C$y_208/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/1f0d190431759e153ca271d55e08de7c1702550f 2x" height="512" width="768"/><img alt="Actor Zac Efron, pictured here on the red carpet in 2022, is building a home in northern NSW out of hempcrete." loading="lazy" src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.351%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_149%2C$y_208/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/1f0d190431759e153ca271d55e08de7c1702550f" height="390" width="584" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.351%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_149%2C$y_208/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/1f0d190431759e153ca271d55e08de7c1702550f, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.351%2C$multiply_1.545%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_149%2C$y_208/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/1f0d190431759e153ca271d55e08de7c1702550f 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">Actor Zac Efron, pictured here on the red carpet in 2022, is building a home in northern NSW out of hempcrete.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span>NNA / Kate Rafferty</cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>X-Hemp founder and managing director Andi Lucas says the innovation is making prefabricated building materials from hemp.</p><p>“Commercial customers are coming to us, and they want us to be giving them [a] finished product,” Lucas says. “They want to have hemp blocks arriving on site. They want hemp timber substitutes arriving on site. They want hemp wall insulation arriving on site.”</p><p>The company is based in Tasmania, close to a supply of hemp from both agricultural waste and purpose-grown crops. Lucas is raising capital to expand nationally.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>Lucas lost her home to a bushfire in Tasmania in 2013 and an apartment in Colorado to a flood later the same year. She was drawn to hempcrete because of its fire-retardant properties, became interested in its ability to sequester carbon, and started a business.</p><figure class="_3ujPS _3x3-4 RMwbY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.188%2C$multiply_0.9788%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/7c97e62ac6b2b1a1d155d810f9524baa6ff079d0, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.188%2C$multiply_1.9577%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/7c97e62ac6b2b1a1d155d810f9524baa6ff079d0 2x" height="494" width="740"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.188%2C$multiply_1.0159%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/7c97e62ac6b2b1a1d155d810f9524baa6ff079d0, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.188%2C$multiply_2.0317%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/7c97e62ac6b2b1a1d155d810f9524baa6ff079d0 2x" height="512" width="768"/><img alt="X-Hemp founder and managing director Andi Lucas became interested in hemp after losing two homes, one to a bushfire and one to a flood." loading="lazy" src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.188%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/7c97e62ac6b2b1a1d155d810f9524baa6ff079d0" height="390" width="584" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.188%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/7c97e62ac6b2b1a1d155d810f9524baa6ff079d0, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.188%2C$multiply_1.545%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/7c97e62ac6b2b1a1d155d810f9524baa6ff079d0 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">X-Hemp founder and managing director Andi Lucas became interested in hemp after losing two homes, one to a bushfire and one to a flood.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span> </cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>Lucas says a hectare of hemp should sequester about 15 tonnes of carbon through its growth cycle of about 120 days, and there are peer-reviewed studies that suggest a hempcrete building will continue sucking in carbon dioxide for several years after construction.</p><p>An average-sized hempcrete house will lock up 5.5 tonnes of carbon over the course of the building’s lifespan, she says, making it not just carbon-neutral but even carbon-negative if the hemp is locally grown.</p><p>So far, X-Hemp has supplied materials for 35 homes, plus a $131 million project with the University of Tasmania.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>Hempcrete also has insulating properties to keep a house passively warm and cool, and anti-mould properties. Asked for the downside, Lucas admits it’s not the cheapest material, but she adds that you don’t have to be Zac Efron.</p><figure class="_3ujPS _3x3-4 RMwbY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_0.9788%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_1.9577%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4 2x" height="494" width="740"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_1.0159%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_2.0317%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4 2x" height="512" width="768"/><img alt="Hempcrete was used in the construction of a project for the University of Tasmania." loading="lazy" src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4" height="390" width="584" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_1.545%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">Hempcrete was used in the construction of a project for the University of Tasmania.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span> </cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>“We have solidly middle-class folks who are building houses that they’re planning to live in and that’s our client base,” Lucas says.</p><h3>Brewing palm oil from yeast</h3><p>When Thomas Collier was 21, his then-girlfriend and now-wife went to Borneo to work on a documentary about how the palm oil industry was fuelling deforestation and threatening orangutans and other wildlife.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>“When she came back, she told me about all the things she saw first-hand, which were quite upsetting,” Collier says. “I couldn’t do too much about it at the time, but it stuck with me.”</p><p>Collier completed a PhD at Macquarie University that focused on how to sustainably produce palm oil, a common ingredient used in food and in 70 per cent of cosmetic products, including soaps. He also visited Borneo himself.</p><figure class="_3ujPS _3x3-4 RMwbY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_0.9788%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_5%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/634b4c6b9d264c3c8b90efb91150d896a5f9ae44, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_1.9577%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_5%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/634b4c6b9d264c3c8b90efb91150d896a5f9ae44 2x" height="494" width="740"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_1.0159%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_5%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/634b4c6b9d264c3c8b90efb91150d896a5f9ae44, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_2.0317%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_5%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/634b4c6b9d264c3c8b90efb91150d896a5f9ae44 2x" height="512" width="768"/><img alt="Synthetic biologist Tom Collier has invented a palm oil substitute using yeast." loading="lazy" src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_5%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/634b4c6b9d264c3c8b90efb91150d896a5f9ae44" height="390" width="584" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_5%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/634b4c6b9d264c3c8b90efb91150d896a5f9ae44, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_1.545%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_5%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/634b4c6b9d264c3c8b90efb91150d896a5f9ae44 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">Synthetic biologist Tom Collier has invented a palm oil substitute using yeast.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span>Janie Barrett</cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>Rather than trying to improve plantations, Collier wanted to find a replacement that didn’t cause deforestation in the first place.</p><p>After years of research, he has cracked the goal of producing palm oil that is indistinguishable from that found in nature – only it doesn’t come from a palm tree, it is made by genetically modified yeast.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>Collier has founded a company, Levur, and won backing from Main Sequence Ventures to focus on palm oil for the cosmetics industry.</p><p>Using a technique similar to brewing beer, Collier is feeding the yeast with sugar, though he hopes to move to compost to make it part of the circular economy. The yeast organisms are physically separated and removed, leaving behind an isolated oil.</p><figure class="_3ujPS _3x3-4 RMwbY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.096%2C$multiply_0.9788%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_8/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/714e70b01ce8cc2e88ca9c072dfe0d69c7581349, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.096%2C$multiply_1.9577%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_8/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/714e70b01ce8cc2e88ca9c072dfe0d69c7581349 2x" height="494" width="740"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.096%2C$multiply_1.0159%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_8/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/714e70b01ce8cc2e88ca9c072dfe0d69c7581349, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.096%2C$multiply_2.0317%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_8/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/714e70b01ce8cc2e88ca9c072dfe0d69c7581349 2x" height="512" width="768"/><img alt="Levur will focus initially on palm oil used in cosmetics. The picture shows the yeast growing, the oil, and moisturiser containing the oil." loading="lazy" src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.096%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_8/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/714e70b01ce8cc2e88ca9c072dfe0d69c7581349" height="390" width="584" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.096%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_8/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/714e70b01ce8cc2e88ca9c072dfe0d69c7581349, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.096%2C$multiply_1.545%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_8/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/714e70b01ce8cc2e88ca9c072dfe0d69c7581349 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">Levur will focus initially on palm oil used in cosmetics. The picture shows the yeast growing, the oil, and moisturiser containing the oil.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span>Janie Barrett</cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>He would love for his technology to be used in the communities that produce palm oil to ensure a livelihood for people “just trying to put food on the table”.</p><h3>Splitting solar between apartments</h3></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>More than 4 million Australian households have rooftop solar, but <a href="/link/follow-20170101-p5kifl">most of the 2 million people living in apartments are missing out</a> or only have it to power lights in common areas.</p><p>Melbourne-based Allume is trying to change that, with smart hardware called SolShare.</p><figure class="_3ujPS _3x3-4 RMwbY _2XZQH" data-testid="image"><div aria-label="enlarge image" class="_1lwW_" role="button" tabindex="0"><picture class=""><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_0.9788%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_1.9577%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8 2x" height="494" width="740"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_1.0159%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_2.0317%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8 2x" height="512" width="768"/><img alt="Mirvac’s Tullamore apartments in Doncaster, Melbourne with solar panels and Allume’s SolShare." loading="lazy" src="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8" height="390" width="584" srcSet="https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8, https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.094%2C$multiply_1.545%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_0%2C$y_31/t_crop_custom/q_62%2Cf_auto/130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8 2x"/></picture></div><figcaption class="_3CZmy"><p><span class="_2Li3P">Mirvac’s Tullamore apartments in Doncaster, Melbourne with solar panels and Allume’s SolShare.</span><cite class="ojLwA"><span class="_30ROC">Credit: </span> </cite></p></figcaption></figure><p>The company recently received a federal government grant of $3.77 million to help develop the technology, which has been installed in 4000 apartments in Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Britain so far.</p><p>Founder and chief executive Cameron Knox says SolShare can split solar between five and 60 dwellings, but the average size was about 12 purely because of the prevalence of older blocks of flats.</p></div><div class="_1lC_G"></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p>As the electricity is piped down from the solar system, it enters the SolShare box, an inverter power-sharing device that physically splits the energy and divides it between various dwellings. An algorithm dynamically decides where and when to send the energy, ensuring every apartment receives a fair share over a month.</p><div class="ymInT _3uJpn _3by58 noPrint"><span class="_2wzgv D5idv _3lVFK"><span class="_29Qt8"></span><span class="_3qqDc">Loading</span></span></div><p>“If we’re neighbours in an apartment building, and I switch on my kettle whilst you go out to walk the dog, SolShare will send me proportionally more of my solar allocation at that point in time than it will yourself,” Knox says.</p><p>“Then you might get home and switch your microwave on. At that point in time, you’ll be prioritised above me to catch back up.”</p><p>Knox says the NSW government will follow Victoria’s lead and introduce an incentive for solar on apartment buildings next year.</p></div><div class="_1665V _2q-Vk" data-testid="body-content"><p><em><strong>Get to the heart of what’s happening with climate change and the environment. <a href="/link/follow-20170101-p592px">Sign up for our fortnightly Environment newsletter.</a></strong></em></p></div></div><div class="noPrint"><div></div><div></div></div><div id="embedded-feedback"></div><div class="_22FRK _2spQv"><section class="aKWhn noPrint" id="endOfArticle"><div class="dLGbc"><div class="hLTvJ"><button aria-checked="false" aria-describedby="saveTooltip" aria-label="Save article to read later" class="_31ZN0" role="switch" type="button"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="QMY9O _11R7m" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em"><use xlink:href="#icon-save"></use></svg><span class="_3-fU6">Save</span></button><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lwFz uXbxr" id="saveTooltip" role="tooltip"><button>Log in</button>, <a data-testid="login-register" href="https://smh.myfairfax.com.au/channel/zHE9EWDHf1XPuz3Phk0YIg/members/signups/new?callback_uri=">register</a> or <a href="https://subscribe.smh.com.au/?promote_channel=HI_HL_GNL">subscribe</a> to save articles for later.</div></div><div class="_8Cum8"><a class="_4oUp_" href="https://professional.licensing-publishing.nine.com.au/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=FXJFXT_3">License this article</a></div><div class="ZFgNO"><ul class="_3Nz34"><li><a class="_2Tz1_" href="/topic/climate-solutions-6gy2">Climate solutions</a></li><li><a class="_2Tz1_" href="/topic/start-ups-629">Start-ups</a></li><li><a class="_2Tz1_" href="/topic/farming-hnd">Farming</a></li><li><a class="_2Tz1_" href="/subscriber-centre">For subscribers</a></li><li><a class="_2Tz1_" href="/topic/innovation-5yn">Innovation</a></li><li><a class="_2Tz1_" href="/topic/features-6h6o">Features</a></li><li><button class="_3Fcyd">More…</button></li></ul></div></div></section><div class="_2Cg_3"><div class="iQMz1" hidden=""><div class="_1Oml5"><a class="_3NFLJ" title="Articles by Caitlin Fitzsimmons" href="/by/caitlin-fitzsimmons-j7gbf">Caitlin Fitzsimmons</a> is the environment and climate reporter for The Sydney Morning Herald. 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It would be much more land intensive and probably impossible to feed 8 billion people with organic farming.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"335350cd209e05d281c882e73785f80e7dc11a05\\\"></x-placeholder><p>The key ingredient is ammonia, which is mostly made using a century-old industrial method called the Haber-Bosch process in hugely polluting, centralised factories and then shipped around the world. It can be turned into fertiliser directly or further processed to make urea or nitrates.</p><p>Ammonia production is a $US100 billion ($154 billion) global industry, and 70 per cent of that is for agriculture. The synthesis and transport of ammonia accounts for about 2 per cent of global emissions from both energy usage and the chemical process itself.</p><p>The true impact on greenhouse emissions is many times greater because once the fertiliser is applied to the soil, it releases nitrogen oxides \\u2013 potent greenhouse gases that also cause smog and acid rain.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"018784401327cb5c73542da1f85d6993421d1649\\\"></x-placeholder><p>There have been many attempts to create green ammonia, and one of the most promising is happening in Sydney\\u2019s inner west at the headquarters of PlasmaLeap.</p><p>The start-up, which grew out of University of Sydney and University of NSW research, claims it can make fertiliser out of renewable electricity, air and water at significantly lower cost and energy intensity than traditional methods. The technology can also be distributed and deployed on location.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"6a81916110dd856d826704b84a683cc3790219d0\\\"></x-placeholder><p>PlasmaLeap chief executive Frere Byrne says the researchers made a breakthrough discovery about two years ago and have been scaling it to something that could disrupt the entire fossil fuel-driven fertiliser market. It uses plasma, which is a \\u201Chighly excited gas\\u201D, and occurs naturally in lightning.</p><p>\\u201CWhat we\\u2019re doing is replicating the process when lightning hits soil, which is a plasma-driven process that fixes nitrogen to the soil through electricity,\\u201D Byrne says.</p><p>\\u201CThe technology captures very, very tiny lightning strikes \\u2013 electrical discharges. We capture those discharges inside bubbles, the bubbles that are made of plasma, and then we proliferate them through liquids.\\u201D</p><p>In a nutshell, PlasmaLeap uses renewable electricity to make plasma and then employs the plasma to fix nitrogen and oxygen out of the air to make nitrates. In a second conversion, it can use plasma to turn the nitrate into ammonia, by replacing the oxygen with hydrogen.</p><p>For every kilogram of nitrogen put on a crop, the Haber-Bosch process generates the equivalent of just under 11 kilograms of carbon dioxide. The PlasmaLeap process, Byrne says, generates closer to 0.1 kilograms of carbon dioxide.</p><p>Graham Gall of Dawson River Pastoral Co. says the technology could offer greater self-reliance and sustainability for the agricultural industry.</p><p>\\u201CIn Australia, almost all our nitrogen fertilisers are sourced from overseas, leaving us vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions and price fluctuations,\\u201D Gall says. \\u201CPlasmaLeap\\u2019s solution allows us to produce nitrogen on-farm using green energy sources, which is a game-changer.\\u201D</p><h3>Building homes with hemp</h3><p>Expect to hear a lot more about hemp as a building material since actor Zac Efron recently revealed he is using it to construct an eco-home in northern NSW near Tweed Heads.</p><p>\\u201CHempcrete\\u201D \\u2013 concrete made from hemp fibres \\u2013 is not new. Archaeologists have confirmed it was used in a bridge in sixth century France, back when it was still Gaul. The Romans used hemp in the mortar for Hadrian\\u2019s Wall. It\\u2019s in buildings in South-East Asia that have stood for 1000 years. And it has been used in modern times for several decades, with a builder mixing a pallet of hemp and a pallet of binder on site and casting it in a frame.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"b45cfebec30f57608fc46a5b3d8e269987107ec7\\\"></x-placeholder><p>X-Hemp founder and managing director Andi Lucas says the innovation is making prefabricated building materials from hemp.</p><p>\\u201CCommercial customers are coming to us, and they want us to be giving them [a] finished product,\\u201D Lucas says. \\u201CThey want to have hemp blocks arriving on site. They want hemp timber substitutes arriving on site. They want hemp wall insulation arriving on site.\\u201D</p><p>The company is based in Tasmania, close to a supply of hemp from both agricultural waste and purpose-grown crops. Lucas is raising capital to expand nationally.</p><p>Lucas lost her home to a bushfire in Tasmania in 2013 and an apartment in Colorado to a flood later the same year. She was drawn to hempcrete because of its fire-retardant properties, became interested in its ability to sequester carbon, and started a business.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"d2dd403c1c0b64f53da88d234ede0f9693763505\\\"></x-placeholder><p>Lucas says a hectare of hemp should sequester about 15 tonnes of carbon through its growth cycle of about 120 days, and there are peer-reviewed studies that suggest a hempcrete building will continue sucking in carbon dioxide for several years after construction.</p><p>An average-sized hempcrete house will lock up 5.5 tonnes of carbon over the course of the building\\u2019s lifespan, she says, making it not just carbon-neutral but even carbon-negative if the hemp is locally grown.</p><p>So far, X-Hemp has supplied materials for 35 homes, plus a $131 million project with the University of Tasmania.</p><p>Hempcrete also has insulating properties to keep a house passively warm and cool, and anti-mould properties. Asked for the downside, Lucas admits it\\u2019s not the cheapest material, but she adds that you don\\u2019t have to be Zac Efron.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"865058c2ed062cf910008bee66c9a8012ca16f9f\\\"></x-placeholder><p>\\u201CWe have solidly middle-class folks who are building houses that they\\u2019re planning to live in and that\\u2019s our client base,\\u201D Lucas says.</p><h3>Brewing palm oil from yeast</h3><p>When Thomas Collier was 21, his then-girlfriend and now-wife went to Borneo to work on a documentary about how the palm oil industry was fuelling deforestation and threatening orangutans and other wildlife.</p><p>\\u201CWhen she came back, she told me about all the things she saw first-hand, which were quite upsetting,\\u201D Collier says. \\u201CI couldn\\u2019t do too much about it at the time, but it stuck with me.\\u201D</p><p>Collier completed a PhD at Macquarie University that focused on how to sustainably produce palm oil, a common ingredient used in food and in 70 per cent of cosmetic products, including soaps. He also visited Borneo himself.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"c55df697f27d0a8f75d90b087498bb4d1839e75b\\\"></x-placeholder><p>Rather than trying to improve plantations, Collier wanted to find a replacement that didn\\u2019t cause deforestation in the first place.</p><p>After years of research, he has cracked the goal of producing palm oil that is indistinguishable from that found in nature \\u2013 only it doesn\\u2019t come from a palm tree, it is made by genetically modified yeast.</p><p>Collier has founded a company, Levur, and won backing from Main Sequence Ventures to focus on palm oil for the cosmetics industry.</p><p>Using a technique similar to brewing beer, Collier is feeding the yeast with sugar, though he hopes to move to compost to make it part of the circular economy. The yeast organisms are physically separated and removed, leaving behind an isolated oil.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"36875ccfdc9eaaebbc11ce1d159b772eee4620f5\\\"></x-placeholder><p>He would love for his technology to be used in the communities that produce palm oil to ensure a livelihood for people \\u201Cjust trying to put food on the table\\u201D.</p><h3>Splitting solar between apartments</h3><p>More than 4 million Australian households have rooftop solar, but <x-placeholder id=\\\"60af5338eb50227b2c9beefbf8a5e7a0851e0cd9\\\"></x-placeholder> or only have it to power lights in common areas.</p><p>Melbourne-based Allume is trying to change that, with smart hardware called SolShare.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"8ec8a2f2998ffd398364229973bbfe06c7cdf84f\\\"></x-placeholder><p>The company recently received a federal government grant of $3.77 million to help develop the technology, which has been installed in 4000 apartments in Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Britain so far.</p><p>Founder and chief executive Cameron Knox says SolShare can split solar between five and 60 dwellings, but the average size was about 12 purely because of the prevalence of older blocks of flats.</p><p>As the electricity is piped down from the solar system, it enters the SolShare box, an inverter power-sharing device that physically splits the energy and divides it between various dwellings. An algorithm dynamically decides where and when to send the energy, ensuring every apartment receives a fair share over a month.</p><x-placeholder id=\\\"6cc496557233a3043fe535f769fb10e2410f376f\\\"></x-placeholder><p>\\u201CIf we\\u2019re neighbours in an apartment building, and I switch on my kettle whilst you go out to walk the dog, SolShare will send me proportionally more of my solar allocation at that point in time than it will yourself,\\u201D Knox says.</p><p>\\u201CThen you might get home and switch your microwave on. At that point in time, you\\u2019ll be prioritised above me to catch back up.\\u201D</p><p>Knox says the NSW government will follow Victoria\\u2019s lead and introduce an incentive for solar on apartment buildings next year.</p><p><em><strong>Get to the heart of what\\u2019s happening with climate change and the environment. <x-placeholder id=\\\"11b16dd91118418e4f3de93d020381efc5b2bd98\\\"></x-placeholder></strong></em></p>\",\"bodyPlaceholders\":{\"018784401327cb5c73542da1f85d6993421d1649\":{\"data\":{\"altText\":\"\",\"animated\":false,\"aspect\":1.5,\"autoCrop\":false,\"caption\":\"From left: PlasmaLeap co-founder Samantha Cullen, chief executive Frere Byrne and co-founder P.J. 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\",\"cropWidth\":756,\"fileName\":\"3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4\",\"id\":\"3effe0f364fa13bfa63ce8db2a49fe712657bac4\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"offsetX\":70,\"offsetY\":0,\"originalHeight\":null,\"originalWidth\":null,\"source\":\"Supplied\",\"zoom\":0.467},\"type\":\"image\"},\"8ec8a2f2998ffd398364229973bbfe06c7cdf84f\":{\"data\":{\"altText\":\"\",\"animated\":false,\"aspect\":1.5,\"autoCrop\":false,\"caption\":\"Mirvac\\u2019s Tullamore apartments in Doncaster, Melbourne with solar panels and Allume\\u2019s SolShare.\",\"credit\":\" \",\"cropWidth\":756,\"fileName\":\"130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8\",\"id\":\"130dccb0acab89eb4cf4afed048f764d455e1fb8\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"offsetX\":0,\"offsetY\":31,\"originalHeight\":null,\"originalWidth\":null,\"source\":\"Supplied\",\"zoom\":0.094},\"type\":\"image\"},\"b45cfebec30f57608fc46a5b3d8e269987107ec7\":{\"data\":{\"altText\":\"Zac Efron poses for a photograph on the red carpet for the film, \\\"Greatest 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