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id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Radio services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radio_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Radio services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radio_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Home_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Home services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>External services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Television services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Television_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Television services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Television_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_television_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_television_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National television channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_television_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Television programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Soviet Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Satellite services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Satellite_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Satellite services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Satellite_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_timeshift_grid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_timeshift_grid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The timeshift grid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_timeshift_grid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Radio/TV_Orbita_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Radio/TV_Orbita_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>The Radio/TV Orbita system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Radio/TV_Orbita_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Double_Program"_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Double_Program"_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>The "Double Program" system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Double_Program"_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ITAR-TASS_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ITAR-TASS_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>ITAR-TASS broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ITAR-TASS_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcasting_post-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting_post-Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Broadcasting post-Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Broadcasting_post-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Broadcasting post-Soviet Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting_post-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span><i>1990</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span><i>2005</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span><i>1990</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span><i>2005</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span><i>1990</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span><i>2005</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1</span> <span><i>1990</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.2</span> <span><i>2005</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span><i>1990</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span><i>2005</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tajikistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tajikistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Tajikistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tajikistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Radio and television in the Marxist-Leninist Eurasian country</div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b> was owned by the Soviet state, and was under its tight control and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Soviet censorship</a>. Through the development of satellites and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>, controlled broadcasting was initialized as the main frequency for distributing information and entertainment. Under the control of the Soviet Union, censorship and limitation on information was filtered for the citizens to ensure the common culture and socialist ideals were maintained. </p><p>The USSR <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Soviet Union">State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Государственный комитет СССР по телевидению и радиовещанию</span>; abbreviated as Gosteleradio SSSR [<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Гостелерадио СССР</span>] or simply Gosteleradio [<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Гостелерадио</span>]), the Soviet Union's governing body of broadcasting, was in charge both of <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">television networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">radio stations</a>. During this time of political propaganda and war, controlling the large and spread out population meant censorship and lock downs on the freedom of public speaking. Soviet Russia did not tolerate "a slip of the tongue."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadcasting_problems">Broadcasting problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Broadcasting problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Size, geography, time, and censorship attributed many issues to the development of broadcasting. The Soviet Union's <i>size</i> caused several problems to overcome. The first was <i>geography</i>; the European area of the Soviet Union was typical East European. At its peak, almost 8,650,000 square miles (22,400,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land mass belonged to the U.S.S.R.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then there were the mountains such as the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>. There were also the taiga and steppes of the east and the north. Another problem was <i>time</i>; the Soviet Union encompassed 11 different <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>, and thus what would be shown at 18:00 in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> would be different from 18:00 in <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Frunze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population too was unevenly spread out, the overwhelming majority being west of the Urals. In addition, the Soviet Union also relayed their programming to other <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each population was then characterized by different economic and cultural elements. There were exclusively agricultural regions or industrial regions, needing their own satellite systems from broadcasting services.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Soviet television and Soviet radio required ingenuity to overcome the aforementioned problems as well as to transmit programming to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"With the entire apparatus of cultural and artistic practice under centralized control, and production across all media generated by one officially endorsed methodology, the Soviet leadership was in an ideal position to saturate the marketplace with its product. The nature of this product was complex and all-encompassing, and was marketed as a new form of civilization. In order for fundamental changes in behavior and massive transformation of the landscape to occur, the population had to be engaged and mobilized to adopt the ideology (and goals and vision) of the leadership as their own"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadcasting owned by the governing body ensured the right information and propaganda would be distributed in order to keep that vision intact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_standards">Soviet standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_radio">Broadcast radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Broadcast radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MathieuC_shortwave.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/MathieuC_shortwave.gif/220px-MathieuC_shortwave.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/MathieuC_shortwave.gif/330px-MathieuC_shortwave.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/MathieuC_shortwave.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Soviet domestic stations broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">MW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">LW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> wavebands, though the majority of stations were on medium and long wave. Neither the transmission sites nor the frequencies of domestic FM, MW, LW or SW stations were ever disclosed, thus leaving listeners having to memorize the frequencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTSC-PAL-SECAM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NTSC-PAL-SECAM.svg/220px-NTSC-PAL-SECAM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NTSC-PAL-SECAM.svg/330px-NTSC-PAL-SECAM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NTSC-PAL-SECAM.svg/440px-NTSC-PAL-SECAM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectre_SECAM_NICAM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Spectre_SECAM_NICAM.png/220px-Spectre_SECAM_NICAM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Spectre_SECAM_NICAM.png/330px-Spectre_SECAM_NICAM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Spectre_SECAM_NICAM.png/440px-Spectre_SECAM_NICAM.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet Union used <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> D (<a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a>) and K (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>) (also known as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%89CAM#SECAM_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="SÉCAM">CIS-SECAM</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union also used the OIRT VHF band (the "R" channels ranging from chs. R1 to R12) and the pan-European/African UHF band. </p><p>SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory) was initiated in 1956. Soviets involvement began with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drhdmi.eu/dictionary/secam.html#">NIR</a> which was covered by the Nautchno-Issledovatelski research institute. <i>Non-linear</i> in which a process analogous to gamma correction is used and <i>SECAM IV</i> that omits this process were the standards utilized initially.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_services">Radio services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radio services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_services">Home services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Home services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were four national radio channels. The first was the <i><a href="/wiki/All_Union_First_Programme" title="All Union First Programme">All-Union First Programme</a></i>. It broadcast items of national interest along with local opt-out programmes in each of the Republics. The second channel was called <i>Radio Mayak</i> (<i>Radio Beacon</i> in Russian) and was a music and speech entertainment channel intended to be the "beacon" of Soviet culture, similar to <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a> in the UK or <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a> in Australia. And the <i>All-Union Third Programme</i> carried the programme strands <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Yunost" title="Radio Yunost">Radio Yunost</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Orfey" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Orfey">Radio Orfey</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_services">External services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most people who have listened to shortwave are familiar with <b><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Radio Moscow</a></b>, the main Soviet shortwave radio station. However, that's only part of the picture. Soviet radio also had <b>Radio Station Peace and Progress</b>, officially called the "Voice of Soviet Public Opinion". Most republics also had an external service, relayed by Radio Moscow's transmitters. Radio Moscow also relayed other radio stations from their satellite states, such as Radio <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television_services">Television services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Television services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_television_channels">National television channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National television channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally there were five channels (called "programmes" in the typical European fashion then) under the banner of the unified brand of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television" title="Soviet Central Television">Soviet Central Television</a>. The first channel (<i>1st Programme</i>) was the main channel. It was also the most adaptable for the republics to utilize (see "Regional services" below). Other channels were the <i>All Union Programme</i> (the second channel), the <i>Moscow Programme</i> (the third channel aimed mostly at Moscow), the <i>Fourth Programme</i> (the fourth channel) and the "Leningrad Programme" (the 5th channel aimed at Leningrad viewers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_programming">Television programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Television programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">Soap operas</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_series" class="mw-redirect" title="TV series">TV series</a> of original cast were rare until the last decade; a notable example is <i><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Moments_of_Spring" title="Seventeen Moments of Spring">Seventeen Moments of Spring</a></i> which quickly became a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involved the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Stierlitz" title="Stierlitz">Stierlitz</a>, a Soviet super-spy in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, who inspired many jokes (see <a href="/wiki/Russian_humour" title="Russian humour">Russian humour</a>). However, in the later years quite a few of soap operas were brought in from the West (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, etc.), and a number of <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective</a> series were cast locally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Programs">Soviet Programs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period, the state used programs, films, and animations to redraw its citizens to the Soviet culture and away from the western ideas that were brought home during the war. Short animations were introduced that negatively portrayed western culture and reiterated the ideas of old Russia, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Stranger%27s_Voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Stranger's Voice (page does not exist)">The Stranger's Voice</a>, which aired in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, this segment targeted American Jazz, comparing it to a magpie's call. Comparing jazz and a magpie's lack of musical ability meant there was no true art as there was in Soviet music, and that this American music was all for show with no actual talent required. </p><p>With the initial release of filming worldwide, exciting American movies had almost no competition, which citizens of all classes in the Soviet State flocked into.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period, external influences began to shape the union. from its initial introduction, the Soviet take on films opposed western. In its creation, its prime focus was to maintain the socialist ideals and culture. In most of these cases the films encompassed these socialists values through fact-based films and documentary footage montage with exciting story lines and stunts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_services">Regional services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regional services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><b>Chechen-Ingush ASSR</b></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the national radio and television channels, each SSR and ASSR had its own state radio and television company or state broadcasting committees, although other regions were allowed regional state broadcasting companies/committees. Taking the <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush ASSR">Chechen-Ingush ASSR</a> as an example, one would see that there was a lot of flexibility in the Soviet radio and television system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like other areas of the Soviet Union, the four national television channels, Radio Mayak, the All-Union First and Third Programmes, and (if equipped with appropriate transmitters) Radio Moscow would be broadcast by either a Television and Radio Company of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic or by a State Committee on Radio and Television Broadcasting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in the First Programme (TV) and in the All-Union First Programme (radio), the Company/Committee was allowed to broadcast regional programming alongside the official First Programme/All-Union First Programme schedule. Depending on the political status of an administrative division, the Company/Committee would broadcast the regional programming in either <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> or the local language. In the Chechen-Ingush ASSR's case, the regional programmes would be broadcast in Russian, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>. </p><p>The Company/Committee would also broadcast additional channels for their coverage area only. Such cases were usually a second programme, known by a special name, in the main language of the SSR/ASSR. Other districts had their own local programming, and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> had special programs, broadcasting only in the evening and on FM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_services">Satellite services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Satellite services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anik_(satellite)" title="Anik (satellite)">ANIK</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>'s satellite system, the Soviet Union had the largest <a href="/wiki/Orbita_(TV_system)" title="Orbita (TV system)">domestic satellite system</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Time-shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-shifting">time-shifted</a> programmes in order to cover its 11 time zones. This involved several solutions to the Soviet Union's geography and time zone problems: </p> <ul><li>"Schedule. The national television channels were only on the air for part of the day. This would make it easy for transmitting the channels throughout the country. For instance, the Fourth Programme aired from 1300-1740 <a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a>. This would make it easy for the Fourth Programme to be aired by satellite.</li> <li>Time-shifting. This is the heart of the programming aspect of the Soviet television system. By time-shifting programmes, this allowed the Soviet Union and countries that relayed Soviet television (such as <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> states) to broadcast programming in their own time zone."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_timeshift_grid">The timeshift grid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The timeshift grid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were two types of timeshifting in the Soviet Union. The first was used by both the All-Union First Programme and the First Programme (TV). For simplicity, this system is denoted as the "Radio/TV Orbita" system (named after the editions of these 1st programmes when they are time-shifted). All other national television channels (the All-Union, Moscow, Fourth, Leningrad and Sixth Programmes), including Radio Mayak and the Third Programme, used the "Double program" composite time-shifting format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Radio/TV_Orbita_system"><span id="The_Radio.2FTV_Orbita_system"></span>The Radio/TV Orbita system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Radio/TV Orbita system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Radio/TV Orbita-1 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +11, +12, and +13 time zones or MSK +7, MSK +8, and MSK +9)</li> <li>Radio/TV Orbita-2 (UTC +9 and +10 time zones or MSK +6 and MSK +7)</li> <li>Radio/TV Orbita-3 (UTC +7 and +8 time zones or MSK +4 and MSK +5)</li> <li>Radio/TV Orbita-4 (UTC +5 and +6 time zones or MSK +2 and MSK +3)</li> <li>All-Union First Programme/First Programme (UTC +2, +3, and +4 time zones or MSK -1, MSK, and MSK +1)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_"Double_Program"_system"><span id="The_.22Double_Program.22_system"></span>The "Double Program" system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The "Double Program" system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "double program" system was the other system used for time-shifting programmes. Like the "Radio/TV Orbita" system, identical content would be broadcast on the time-shifted versions, and, in the case of the Third Programme (radio), followed the same type of editions as the All-Union First Programme. However, it was different in that, especially on TV, it was a composite time-shifting system. This means that multiple services could be broadcast on the same edition and thus reduce the cost of broadcasting several different editions of the channels. </p><p>Editions of the Third Programme (radio): </p> <ul><li>Third Double-1 (UTC +11 and +12 time zones)</li> <li>Third Double-2 (UTC +9 and +10 time zones)</li> <li>Third Double-3 (UTC +7 and +8 time zones)</li> <li>Third Double-4 (UTC +5 and +6 time zones)</li> <li>Third Programme (UTC +2, +3, and +4 time zones)</li></ul> <p>Composite editions of the All-Union, Moscow, and Fourth Programmes (TV): </p> <ul><li>Double 2 (UTC +9 and +10 time zones)</li> <li>Double 3 (UTC +7 and +8 time zones)</li> <li>Double 4 (UTC +5 and +6 time zones)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_satellites">The satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet Union set up the great space race that would lead to international technological, political, cultural, and scientific exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet domestic satellite system was also known as <a href="/wiki/Orbita_(TV_system)" title="Orbita (TV system)">Orbita</a> - in 1990 there were 90 Orbita satellites, supplying programming to 900 main transmitters and over 4,000 relay stations. The most famous Soviet satellites were the <a href="/wiki/Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a> satellites; other satellite groups were the <a href="/wiki/Gorizont" title="Gorizont">Gorizont</a>, Ekran, and Stasionar satellites. With the right equipment, people outside the Soviet Union who used <a href="/wiki/TVRO" class="mw-redirect" title="TVRO">TVRO</a> satellite television could receive Soviet television programming. </p><p>Since the 1970s, Russia has implemented the newer <i>geostationary orbit "Horizont"</i> satellites utilized by the Russian Space Television system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New satellites are released into orbit as older versions deteriorate and new technology becomes available. Operated by the State Enterprise <i>"<a href="/wiki/Russian_Satellite_Communications_Company" title="Russian Satellite Communications Company">Kosmicheskaya Svyaz</a>"</i> there was constant maintenance of satellites as well as revision, censorship, and management performed through this main facility.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak, the Soviet Space program, in competition with the United States, pushed for newer advancements and technologies, leading to the Space race. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ITAR-TASS_broadcasting">ITAR-TASS broadcasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ITAR-TASS broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Radio_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio news">radio news</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">television news</a> was provided almost entirely by the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Agency_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union">Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union</a>, commonly known as TASS until 1991. Under the rule of Emperor Nikolai II, the first broadcasting system began in 1904, and evolved into TASS in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TASS still exists today, transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Information_Telegraph_Agency_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Telegraph Agency of Russia">Information Telegraph Agency of Russia</a> (ITAR-TASS). It occupies a <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>-era building in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, characterised by a <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> sculpture above the main entrance. However, much like its counterparts in cinema and the press, it has suffered since the break-up of Soviet Union. ITAR now broadcasts domestic news, while TASS reports the world news and events abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadcasting_post-Soviet_Union">Broadcasting post-Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Broadcasting post-Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the broadcasting landscape also changed. Instead of one uniform system for radio and television broadcasting, there are now multiple systems, one for each country. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the republics themselves. Below is an incomplete list of the changes to the television system in the republics, in alphabetical order:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990"><i>1990</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Broadcasters</i>: <a href="/wiki/International_Public_Radio_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Public Radio of Armenia">Radio Yerevan</a> (radio), <a href="/wiki/Public_Television_company_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Television company of Armenia">Public Television company of Armenia</a> (TV) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005"><i>2005</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Main broadcasters</i>: Hayastani Azgain Radio (Armenian National Radio), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armtv.com">Armenian National Television</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armeniatv.am">Armenia TV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922141508/https://armeniatv.am/">Archived</a> 2020-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_2"><i>1990</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadcasters: Radio Baku (radio), <a href="/wiki/AzTV" title="AzTV">AzTV</a> (TV) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_2"><i>2005</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main broadcaster: Azärbaycan Dövlät Teleradio Verilisläri Sirkäti (State Radio and Television Company of Azerbaijan) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_3"><i>1990</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Broadcasters</i>: Radio Minsk (radio), Minskaja studija televidenija (TV) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_3"><i>2005</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main broadcaster: Nacyjanalnaja Dzjarzaúnaja Teleradyjokampanija Respubliki Belarus (State Television and Radio Company of Belarus) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_4"><i>1990</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadcasters: Eesti Raadio (radio), Eesti Televisioon (TV) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_4"><i>2005</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main broadcasters: Eesti Raadio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etv.ee">Eesti Televisioon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kanal2.ee">Kanal 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv3.ee">TV3 ViaSat</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_5"><i>1990</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadcasters: Radio Tbilisi (radio), Tbiliskaja studija televidenija (TV) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_5"><i>2005</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main broadcaster: Saqartvelos Teleradio Korporacia (Georgian National Broadcasting Corporation) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Media_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Media in Russia (page does not exist)">Category:Media in Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tajikistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1990 Broadcaster: State Committee for Broadcasting and Television of the Republic of Tajikistan </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Radio Dushanbe</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>2005 Main broadcaster: Tajik Radio </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_information_dissemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc information dissemination">Eastern Bloc information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLovell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lovell, Stephen (2013). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvmuseum.ru/">the original</a> on 2009-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tvmuseum.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+-+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvmuseum.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><i>NB: Some of the information in this article is from the 1990 edition of the <a href="/wiki/World_Radio_TV_Handbook" title="World Radio TV Handbook">World Radio TV Handbook</a>). Other information is from the <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television in the Soviet Union</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (February 2021)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio in the Soviet Union</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (February 2021)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> articles.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221115708/http://tvmuseum.ru/">Russian Museum of Radio and TV website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Media of the Soviet Union">Media of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Soviet Union">State Committee</a> (Gosteleradio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_newspapers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central newspapers of the Soviet Union">Central newspapers</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda" title="Komsomolskaya Pravda">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pionerskaya_Pravda" title="Pionerskaya Pravda">Pionerskaya Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trud_(Russian_newspaper)" title="Trud (Russian newspaper)"><i>Trud</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovetsky_Sport" title="Sovetsky Sport">Sovetsky Sport</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union#Republican_and_regional_newspapers" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Republican newspapers</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a></i> (Russian SFSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zvyazda" title="Zvyazda">Zvyazda</a></i> (Byelorussian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Latviya" title="Sovetskaya Latviya">Sovetskaya Latviya</a></i> (Latvian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neatkar%C4%ABg%C4%81_R%C4%ABta_Av%C4%ABze" title="Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze"><i>Cīņa</i></a> (Latvian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiesa" title="Tiesa">Tiesa</a></i> (Lithuanian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurier_Wile%C5%84ski" title="Kurier Wileński">Czerwony Sztandar</a></i> (Lithuanian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahva_H%C3%A4%C3%A4l" title="Rahva Hääl">Rahva Hääl</a></i> (Estonian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karjalan_Sanomat" title="Karjalan Sanomat">Neuvosto-Karjala</a></i> (Karelo-Finnish SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komunisti" title="Komunisti">Komunisti</a></i> (Georgian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yegemen_Qazaqstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegemen Qazaqstan">Sotsialistik Qazaqstan</a></i> (Kazakh SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_tuusu" title="Kyrgyz tuusu">Sovettik Kyrgyzstan</a></i> (Kirghiz SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moldova_Suveran%C4%83" title="Moldova Suverană">Moldova Socialistă</a></i> (Moldavian SSR)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borba_(newspaper)" title="Borba (newspaper)">Borba</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delo_(newspaper)" title="Delo (newspaper)">Delo</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnevnik_(Novi_Sad)" title="Dnevnik (Novi Sad)">Dnevnik</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esti_Budapest" title="Esti Budapest">Esti Budapest</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esti_H%C3%ADrlap" title="Esti Hírlap">Esti Hírlap</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freie_Erde" title="Freie Erde">Freie Erde</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haqiqat-e_Inquilab-e_Saur" title="Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur">Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur</a></i> (Afghanistan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiko_Vima" title="Laiko Vima">Laiko Vima</a></i> (Albania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_Dnes" title="Mladá fronta Dnes">Mladá fronta DNES</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pszabads%C3%A1g" title="Népszabadság">Népszabadság</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Makedonija" title="Nova Makedonija">Nova Makedonija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novi_list" title="Novi list">Novi list</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oslobo%C4%91enje" title="Oslobođenje">Oslobođenje</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pobjeda" title="Pobjeda">Pobjeda</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politika_Ekspres" title="Politika Ekspres">Politika Ekspres</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda_(Slovakia)" title="Pravda (Slovakia)">Pravda</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabotnichesko_delo" title="Rabotnichesko delo">Rabotnichesko Delo</a></i> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i> (Romania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slobodna_Dalmacija" title="Slobodna Dalmacija">Slobodna Dalmacija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DSL_Sport" title="DSL Sport">Sport</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sportske_novosti" title="Sportske novosti">Sportske novosti</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i> (Poland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_novosti" title="Večernje novosti">Večernje novosti</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list" title="Večernji list">Večernji list</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vjesnik" title="Vjesnik">Vjesnik</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%ABri_i_Popullit" title="Zëri i Popullit">Zëri i Popullit</a></i> (Albania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atze" title="Atze">Atze</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolgoz%C3%B3_n%C5%91" title="Dolgozó nő">Dolgozó nő</a></i> (Romania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duga_(magazine)" title="Duga (magazine)">Duga</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEuboks" title="Džuboks">Džuboks</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulenspiegel_(magazine)" title="Eulenspiegel (magazine)">Eulenspiegel</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femeia" title="Femeia">Femeia</a></i> (Romania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filmspiegel" title="Filmspiegel">Filmspiegel</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Form_und_Zweck" title="Form und Zweck">Form und Zweck</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FR%C3%96SI" title="FRÖSI">FRÖSI</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Dich_(magazine)" title="Für Dich (magazine)">Für Dich</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(magazine)" title="Galaksija (magazine)">Galaksija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guter_Rat" title="Guter Rat">Guter Rat</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izgled" title="Izgled">Izgled</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jugend_und_Technik" title="Jugend und Technik">Jugend und Technik</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jugoslavija_(magazine)" title="Jugoslavija (magazine)">Jugoslavija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevna_re%C4%8D" title="Književna reč">Književna reč</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kultur_im_Heim" title="Kultur im Heim">Kultur im Heim</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lak%C3%A1skult%C3%BAra" title="Lakáskultúra">Lakáskultúra</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Na%C5%A1a_%C5%BEena" title="Naša žena">Naša žena</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Berliner_Illustrierte" title="Neue Berliner Illustrierte">Neue Berliner Illustrierte</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Werbung" title="Neue Werbung">Neue Werbung</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuer_Weg_(magazine)" title="Neuer Weg (magazine)">Neuer Weg</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Leben" title="Neues Leben">Neues Leben</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NIN_(magazine)" title="NIN (magazine)">NIN</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novy_Vostok" title="Novy Vostok">Novy Vostok</a></i> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oktyabr_(magazine)" title="Oktyabr (magazine)">Oktyabr</a></i> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pogledi" title="Pogledi">Pogledi</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politikin_Zabavnik" title="Politikin Zabavnik">Politikin Zabavnik</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibylle_(magazine)" title="Sibylle (magazine)">Sibylle</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signal,_International_Review_of_Signalist_Research" title="Signal, International Review of Signalist Research">Signal</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(magazine)" title="Sputnik (magazine)">Sputnik</a></i> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Start_(Yugoslav_magazine)" title="Start (Yugoslav magazine)">Start</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svet_kompjutera" title="Svet kompjutera">Svet kompjutera</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svijet" title="Svijet">Svijet</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(Serbian_magazine)" title="Tempo (Serbian magazine)">Tempo</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tina_(magazine)" title="Tina (magazine)">Tina</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlasta_(magazine)" title="Vlasta (magazine)">Vlasta</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTSH" title="RTSH">Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (Albania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Television">ČST</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehfunk" title="Deutscher Fernsehfunk">DFF</a> (East Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3" title="Magyar Televízió">MTV</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR_(TV_network)" title="TVR (TV network)">TVR</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television" title="Soviet Central Television">Central Television</a> (USSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_One" title="Programme One">Programme One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Two" title="Programme Two">Programme Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Programme" title="Moscow Programme">Moscow Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5TV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="5TV (Russian TV channel)">Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR)</a></li> <li>Republican stations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Company_of_Armenia" title="Public Television Company of Armenia">Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AzTV" title="AzTV">AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus-1" title="Belarus-1">Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Televisioon" title="Eesti Televisioon">ETV (Estonian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Channel_(Georgian_TV_channel)" title="First Channel (Georgian TV channel)">First Channel (Georgian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Television" title="Latvian Television">Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_1" title="Moldova 1">Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershyi" title="Pershyi">Ukrainian Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Union Radio">All-Union Radio</a> (USSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Union_First_Programme" title="All Union First Programme">First Programme</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Raadio" title="Eesti Raadio">Eesti Raadio</a> (Estonian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Radio" title="Latvijas Radio">Latvijas Radio 1</a> (Latvian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">Lietuvos radijas</a> (Lithuanian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a> (Russian SFSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Peace_and_Progress" title="Radio Peace and Progress">Radio Peace and Progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_of_Armenia" title="Public Radio of Armenia">Public Radio of the Armenian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Belarus" title="Radio Belarus">Radio Belarus</a> (Byelorussian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Georgia" title="Radio Georgia">Radio Georgia</a> (Georgian SSR)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_der_DDR" title="Rundfunk der DDR">Rundfunk der DDR</a> (East Germany) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Rundfunk" title="Berliner Rundfunk">Berliner Rundfunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandsender" title="Deutschlandsender">Deutschlandsender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_DDR_1" title="Radio DDR 1">Radio DDR 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_DDR_2" title="Radio DDR 2">Radio DDR 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(radio_station)" title="Sputnik (radio station)">DT64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Berlin_International" title="Radio Berlin International">Radio Berlin International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTSH" title="RTSH">Radio Tirana</a> (Albania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bulgaria" title="Radio Bulgaria">Radio Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizont_(radio_station)" title="Horizont (radio station)">Horizont</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Magyar Rádió">Magyar Rádió</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Kossuth Rádió">Kossuth Rádió</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Poland" title="Radio Poland">Radio Polonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio_Program_I" title="Polskie Radio Program I">Program 1 Polskiego Radia</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company">Radio Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> (USSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Telegraph_Agency" title="Belarusian Telegraph Agency">BelTA</a> (Byelorussian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTA" title="ELTA">ELTA</a> (Lithuanian SSR)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">APN</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Information_Bureau" title="Soviet Information Bureau">Soviet Information Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Nachrichtendienst" title="Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst">ADN</a> (GDR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_News_Agency" title="Czech News Agency">Czech News Agency</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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