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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Papacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Papacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Papal election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Society of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallican_and_Febronian_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallican_and_Febronian_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gallican and Febronian protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallican_and_Febronian_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Liberal opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_death_under_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_death_under_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Arrest and death under Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_death_under_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reburial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reburial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Reburial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reburial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Representation in literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Pius_VI" title="Pous Pius VI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI." title="Pius VI. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pius VI." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="بيوس السادس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيوس السادس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Piy" title="VI Piy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VI Piy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Pius_6-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Pius 6-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Pius 6-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9_VI" title="Пій VI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пій VI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81_VI" title="Піюс VI – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піюс VI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_VI" title="Пий VI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пий VI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_VI" title="Pi VI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pi VI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI." title="Pius VI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pius VI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_P%C3%AFws_VI" title="Pab Pïws VI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Pïws VI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Pius_6." title="Pave Pius 6. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Pius 6." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI." title="Pius VI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pius VI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%84" title="Πάπας Πίος ΣΤ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Πίος ΣΤ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_VI" title="Pío VI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pío VI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_la_6-a" title="Pio la 6-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pio la 6-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_VI.a" title="Pio VI.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pio VI.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85" title="پیوس ششم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیوس ششم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_VI" title="Pie VI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pie VI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Piu_VI" title="Pape Piu VI – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Piu VI" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Pius_VI" title="Pápa Pius VI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Pius_VI" title="Pàpa Pius VI – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_VI,_papa" title="Pío VI, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pío VI, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Pius_6-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Pius 6-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Pius 6-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4_6%EC%84%B8" title="교황 비오 6세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 비오 6세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI." title="Pius VI. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pius VI." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_VI." title="Pio VI. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pio VI." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Pius_la_6ma" title="Papo Pius la 6ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Pius la 6ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_VI" title="Papa Pio VI – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Pio VI" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_VI" title="Paus Pius VI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_VI" title="Papa Pio VI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Pio VI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="פיוס השישי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיוס השישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_VI" title="Paus Pius VI – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Piu_VI" title="Papa Piu VI – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Piu VI" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_VI" title="პიუს VI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიუს VI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pius_VI" title="Papa Pius VI – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijs_VI" title="Pijs VI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pijs VI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijus_VI" title="Pijus VI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pijus VI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI._Piusz_p%C3%A1pa" title="VI. Piusz pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VI. Piusz pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98_VI" title="Папа Пиј VI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Пиј VI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप पायस सहावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप पायस सहावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="بيوس السادس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيوس السادس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_VI" title="Paus Pius VI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Pius_6-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Pius 6-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Pius 6-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_VI" title="Paus Pius VI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B96%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ピウス6世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピウス6世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_VI" title="Papa Pio VI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Pio VI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pius_al_VI-lea" title="Papa Pius al VI-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Pius al VI-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyu_VI" title="Piyu VI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Piyu VI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_VI" title="Пий VI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пий VI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_VI" title="Piu VI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piu VI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_VI" title="Piu VI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Piu VI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI." title="Pius VI. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pius VI." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Pij_VI." title="Papež Pij VI. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Pij VI." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_VI" title="Папа Пије VI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Пије VI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_VI" title="Pio VI – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pio VI" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_P%C3%ADo_VI" title="Papa Pío VI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Pío VI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI._Pius" title="VI. Pius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VI. Pius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9_VI" title="Пій VI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пій VI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_VI" title="Papa Pio VI – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Pio VI" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Pi%C3%B4_VI" title="Giáo hoàng Piô VI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Piô VI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_P%C3%ADo_VI" title="Papa Pío VI – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Pío VI" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%BA%87%E6%8A%A4%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="教宗庇护六世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="教宗庇护六世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Pius_6k" title="Pópù Pius 6k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Pius 6k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E5%B2%B3%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="碧岳六世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碧岳六世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pius VI" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="庇護六世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庇護六世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128019#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pope_Pius_VI" rel="discussion" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Pius VI</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeo_Batoni_-_Ritratto_di_Papa_Pio_VI_(National_Gallery_of_Ireland).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pompeo_Batoni_-_Ritratto_di_Papa_Pio_VI_%28National_Gallery_of_Ireland%29.jpg/220px-Pompeo_Batoni_-_Ritratto_di_Papa_Pio_VI_%28National_Gallery_of_Ireland%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pompeo_Batoni_-_Ritratto_di_Papa_Pio_VI_%28National_Gallery_of_Ireland%29.jpg/330px-Pompeo_Batoni_-_Ritratto_di_Papa_Pio_VI_%28National_Gallery_of_Ireland%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pompeo_Batoni_-_Ritratto_di_Papa_Pio_VI_%28National_Gallery_of_Ireland%29.jpg/440px-Pompeo_Batoni_-_Ritratto_di_Papa_Pio_VI_%28National_Gallery_of_Ireland%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni" title="Pompeo Batoni">Pompeo Batoni</a>, 1775</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">15 February 1775</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1799</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clement_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VII">Pius VII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura</a> (1758–1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">General Treasurer of the Apostolic Camera</a> (1766–1773)</li> <li>Commendatory Abbot of Santa Maria di Valdiponte (1767–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Commendatory Abbot of Subiaco</a> (1773–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Onofrio_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Onofrio (Rome)">Cardinal-Priest of Sant’Onofrio</a> (1773–1775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1758</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1775<br />by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Albani" title="Gian Francesco Albani">Gian Francesco Albani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">26 April 1773<br />by <a href="/wiki/Clement_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Giovanni Angelo Braschi</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1717-12-25</span>)</span>25 December 1717<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cesena" title="Cesena">Cesena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1799<span style="display:none">(1799-08-29)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Floret in Domo Domini</i> (It blossoms in the house of God)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Pope_Pius_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pius VI's signature"><img alt="Pius VI's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Signature_of_Pope_Pius_VI.svg/130px-Signature_of_Pope_Pius_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Signature_of_Pope_Pius_VI.svg/195px-Signature_of_Pope_Pius_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Signature_of_Pope_Pius_VI.svg/260px-Signature_of_Pope_Pius_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="146" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pius VI's coat of arms"><img alt="Pius VI's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg/50px-C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg/75px-C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg/100px-C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Pius (disambiguation)">Other popes named Pius</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Pius VI</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Pio VI</i>; born <b>Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi</b>, 25 December 1717 – 29 August 1799) was head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius VI condemned the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a> that resulted from it. French troops commanded by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> defeated the Papal army and occupied the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in 1796. In 1798, upon his refusal to renounce his temporal power, Pius was taken prisoner and transported to France. He died eighteen months later in <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a>. His reign of more than twenty-four years is the <a href="/wiki/Longest-reigning_popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest-reigning popes">fifth-longest</a> in papal history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IOANNES_ANGELUS_BRASCHIUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/IOANNES_ANGELUS_BRASCHIUS.jpg/160px-IOANNES_ANGELUS_BRASCHIUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/IOANNES_ANGELUS_BRASCHIUS.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Braschi c. 1773</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giovanni Angelo Braschi was born in <a href="/wiki/Cesena" title="Cesena">Cesena</a> on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a> in 1717 as the eldest of eight children to Count Marco Aurelio Tommaso Braschi and Anna Teresa <a href="/wiki/File:Coa_fam_ITA_bandi_guardini_khi.jpg" title="File:Coa fam ITA bandi guardini khi.jpg">Bandi</a>. His siblings were Felice Silvestro, Giulia Francesca, Cornelio Francesco, Maria Olimpia, Anna Maria Costanza, Giuseppe Luigi and Maria Lucia Margherita. His maternal grandmother was Countess <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Zangheri_Bandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelia Zangheri Bandi">Cornelia Zangheri Bandi</a>. His uncle was Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Carlo_Bandi" title="Giovanni Carlo Bandi">Giovanni Carlo Bandi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was baptized in Cesena two days later on 27 December and was given the baptismal name of Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing his studies in the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> college of Cesena and receiving his doctorate of both <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon</a> and civil law in 1734, Braschi continued his studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ferrara" title="University of Ferrara">University of Ferrara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_priest">The priest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The priest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braschi became the private secretary of <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Ruffo" title="Tommaso Ruffo">Tommaso Ruffo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ostia">Bishop of Ostia and Velletri</a>. Cardinal Ruffo took him as his <a href="/wiki/Conclavist" title="Conclavist">conclavist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1740_papal_conclave" title="1740 papal conclave">1740 papal conclave</a> and when the latter became the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> in 1740, Braschi was appointed as his <a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">auditor</a>, a post he held until 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His skill in the conduct of a mission to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">court of Naples</a> won him the esteem of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1753, following the death of Cardinal Ruffo, Benedict appointed Braschi one of his own secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1755, the pope appointed him as a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> of St Peter's Basilica. </p><p>In 1758, putting an end to an engagement to be married, Braschi was ordained to the priesthood. He was also appointed in 1758 <a href="/wiki/Referendary" title="Referendary">Referendary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a> and held that position until the following year. He also became the auditor and secretary to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rezzonico_(cardinal)" title="Carlo Rezzonico (cardinal)">Carlo Rezzonico</a>, the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a>. In 1766, Clement XIII appointed Braschi treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Camera_apostolica" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera apostolica">camera apostolica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_cardinal">The cardinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The cardinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braschi was a conscientious administrator, which was not good news for some. The latter managed to convince <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> to curb his zeal by promoting him to the cardinalate and accordingly on 26 April 1773 he was made Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Onofrio,_Rome" title="Sant'Onofrio, Rome">Sant'Onofrio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a brief period of time this rendered him innocuous to the less scrupulous. Left without any specific task, he retired to the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco</a>, of which he was <a href="/wiki/Commendatory_abbot" title="Commendatory abbot">commendatory abbot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papacy">Papacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_election">Papal election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Papal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1774%E2%80%931775" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1774–1775">Papal conclave, 1774–1775</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope Pius VI</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg/60px-C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg/90px-C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg/120px-C_o_a_Pius_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pope Clement XIV died in 1774 and in the ensuing conclave to choose a successor, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> dropped all objections to the election of Braschi, who was one of the more moderate opponents of the anti-<a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> stance of the late pope.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braschi received support from those who disliked the Jesuits and believed he would continue the policy of Clement XIV and maintain the provisions of Clement's brief <i><a href="/wiki/Dominus_ac_Redemptor" title="Dominus ac Redemptor">Dominus ac Redemptor</a></i> (1773) which had dissolved the order. On the other hand, the pro-Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Zelanti" title="Zelanti">Zelanti</a> faction believed him to be secretly sympathetic towards the order and expected him to remedy the wrongs the Jesuits suffered in the previous pontificate. These various expectations would face Braschi after his election with the virtual impossibility of satisfying either side.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardinal Braschi was elected pope on 15 February 1775 and took the name "Pius VI". He was consecrated bishop on 22 February 1775 by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Albani" title="Gian Francesco Albani">Gian Francesco Albani</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">crowned</a> that same day by the Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a> <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Albani" title="Alessandro Albani">Alessandro Albani</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_actions">First actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branschi-onesti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Branschi-onesti.jpg/155px-Branschi-onesti.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Branschi-onesti.jpg/233px-Branschi-onesti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Branschi-onesti.jpg/310px-Branschi-onesti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Pius VI elevated Romualdo Braschi-Onesti as the penultimate <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-nephew" title="Cardinal-nephew">cardinal-nephew</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pius VI first opened a <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Jubilee in the Catholic Church">jubilee</a> his predecessor had already convoked, the 1775 Jubilee Year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The early acts of Pius VI gave fair promise of reformist rule and tackled the problem of corruption in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. He reprimanded Prince Potenziani, the governor of Rome, for failing to adequately deal with corruption in the city, appointed a council of cardinals to remedy the state of the finances and relieve the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Tax#Tariff" title="Tax">imposts</a>, called to account <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%B2_Bischi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolò Bischi (page does not exist)">Nicolò Bischi</a> for the spending of funds intended for the purchase of grain, reduced the annual disbursements by denying pensions to many prominent people, and adopted a reward system to encourage agriculture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_of_Jesus">Society of Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Society of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon his election, Pius VI ordered the release of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ricci" title="Lorenzo Ricci">Lorenzo Ricci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a>, who was held prisoner in the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, but Ricci died before the decree of liberation arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is perhaps due to Pius VI that the Jesuits managed to escape dissolution in <a href="/wiki/White_Ruthenia" title="White Ruthenia">White Ruthenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. In 1792, the pope considered the universal re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> as a bulwark against the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, but did not carry this through.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallican_and_Febronian_protests">Gallican and Febronian protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallican and Febronian protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_VI,_Pont.Max._engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pius_VI%2C_Pont.Max._engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg/170px-Pius_VI%2C_Pont.Max._engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pius_VI%2C_Pont.Max._engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg/255px-Pius_VI%2C_Pont.Max._engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pius_VI%2C_Pont.Max._engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg/340px-Pius_VI%2C_Pont.Max._engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption>Pius VI</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides facing dissatisfaction with this temporising policy, Pius VI also faced elements of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinking which sought to limit papal authority. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_von_Hontheim" title="Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim">Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim</a>, since 1749 bishop of Myriophiri <i>in partibus</i> and auxiliary bishop and vicar-general to the archbishop-<a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz" title="Elector of Mainz">elector of Mainz</a>, wrote under the pseudonym of "Febronius", expounding <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallican</a> ideas of national Catholic Churches. Although Hontheim was himself induced (not without public controversy) publicly to retract his positions, they were nevertheless adopted in <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>. There the social and ecclesiastical reforms which had been undertaken by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> and his minister <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Kaunitz</a>, as a way of influencing appointments within the Catholic hierarchy, were seen as such a threat touched to papal authority that Pius VI adopted the exceptional course of travelling in person to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkley_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pope set out from Rome on 27 February 1782 and,<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though magnificently received by the Emperor, his mission proved a failure. Nevertheless, not many years later he did succeed in curbing the attempts of several German <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Ems" title="Congress of Ems">Congress of Ems</a> in 1786 to win greater independence.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_opposition">Liberal opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Liberal opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> the liberal minister <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Tanucci" title="Bernardo Tanucci">Bernardo Tanucci</a> agitated for certain concessions regarding <a href="/wiki/Chinea" title="Chinea">feudal homage</a> due to the papacy and some concessions were made. More serious disagreements arose with <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a>, later emperor, and <a href="/wiki/Scipione_de%27_Ricci" title="Scipione de' Ricci">Scipione de' Ricci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Pistoia_and_Prato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Pistoia and Prato">bishop of Pistoia and Prato</a>, upon the questions of proposed liberal reforms to the Church in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>. The papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Auctorem_fidei" title="Auctorem fidei">Auctorem fidei</a></i>, issued on 28 August 1794, is a condemnation of the Gallican and <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist</a> propositions and tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Pistoia" title="Synod of Pistoia">Synod of Pistoia</a> (1786).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_VI" title="Cardinals created by Pius VI">Cardinals created by Pius VI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIE_VI,_PAPE_(1717-1799)_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIE_VI%2C_PAPE_%281717-1799%29_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg/220px-PIE_VI%2C_PAPE_%281717-1799%29_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIE_VI%2C_PAPE_%281717-1799%29_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg/330px-PIE_VI%2C_PAPE_%281717-1799%29_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIE_VI%2C_PAPE_%281717-1799%29_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg/440px-PIE_VI%2C_PAPE_%281717-1799%29_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>Pope Pius VI, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1775–76</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 August 1775, Pope Pius VI promulgated with a Papal Decree the authenticity of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_%C5%A0iluva" title="Our Lady of Šiluva">Our Lady of Šiluva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius VI saw the development of the Catholic Church in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. He released the American clergy from the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicar Apostolic</a> in England,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and erected the first American episcopal see, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Baltimore" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore">Diocese of Baltimore</a> in November 1789. </p><p>Pius VI elevated 73 cardinals in 23 consistories. He canonized no saints during his pontificate but beatified a total of 39 individuals that included <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amato_Ronconi" title="Amato Ronconi">Amato Ronconi</a>. </p><p>The pope also set the Papal States' finances on much steadier ground. Pius is best remembered in connection with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Pio-Clementine Museum</a>, which was begun at the suggestion of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a>; and with an attempt to drain the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Pius VI did successfully drain the marshes near <a href="/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_della_Pieve" title="Città della Pieve">Città della Pieve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>. He also restored the <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">Via Appia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkley_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius VI also deepened and expanded the harbors of <a href="/wiki/Terracina" title="Terracina">Terracina</a> and Porto d'Anzio, a major center of Pontifical trade. Pius was a great patron of the arts and humanities; he also added a new sacristy to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morte_di_S._S._Pio_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Morte_di_S._S._Pio_VI.jpg/170px-Morte_di_S._S._Pio_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Morte_di_S._S._Pio_VI.jpg/255px-Morte_di_S._S._Pio_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Morte_di_S._S._Pio_VI.jpg/340px-Morte_di_S._S._Pio_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>The death of Pope Pius VI</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789, Pius VI witnessed the suppression of the old <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Gallican Church</a> as well as the confiscation of pontifical and ecclesiastical possessions in France. He saw the events as a sign of opposition against the social order ordained by God and also viewed it as a conspiracy against the church. The pope condemned both the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> and supported a league against the revolution. He issued two briefs – <i><a href="/wiki/Quod_aliquantum" title="Quod aliquantum">Quod aliquantum</a></i> (1791) and <i><a href="/wiki/Charitas_(papal_encyclical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitas (papal encyclical)">Caritas</a></i> (1791) – to condemn the ecclesiastical reforms that were proposed. </p><p>1791 marked the end of diplomatic relations with France and the papal <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a>, Antonio Dugnani, was recalled to Rome as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the reasons for the breach was the seizure by the revolutionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a>, ending 516 years of Papal rule in Avignon. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI of France</a> was <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">executed</a> via <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> on 21 January 1793, and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse</a> petitioned Rome for the canonization of her father. Pius VI hailed the late king as a martyr on 17 June 1793 in a meeting with cardinals, giving hope to a potential possibility of sainthood. In 1820, two decades following the death of Pius VI, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of Rites">Congregation of Rites</a> put an end to the possible sainthood since it was impossible to prove the king died for religious reasons rather than political ones. Pius VI argued that the main thrust of the revolution was against the Catholic religion and Louis XVI himself.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote that the French revolutionaries abolished "the monarchy, the best of all governments".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_death_under_Napoleon">Arrest and death under Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arrest and death under Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Napoleon and the Catholic Church</a></div> <p>In 1796, <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republican</a> troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded Italy and defeated the Papal troops. The French occupied <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Marche" title="Loreto, Marche">Loreto</a>. Pius VI sued for peace which was granted at <a href="/wiki/Tolentino" title="Tolentino">Tolentino</a> on 19 February 1797; but on 28 December 1797, in a riot blamed by papal forces on some Italian and French revolutionists, the popular brigadier-general Mathurin-<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_Duphot" class="mw-redirect" title="Léonard Duphot">Léonard Duphot</a>, who had gone to Rome with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> as part of the French embassy, was killed and a new pretext was furnished for invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a> marched to Rome, entered it unopposed on 10 February 1798, and, proclaiming a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (18th century)">Roman Republic</a>, demanded of the pope the renunciation of his temporal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his refusal, Pius was taken prisoner,<sup id="cite_ref-Berkley_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 20 February was escorted from the Vatican to <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, and thence to the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_del_Galluzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Certosa del Galluzzo">Certosa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. The French declaration of war against <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> led to his removal (he was escorted by the Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Pedro_G%C3%B3mez_Labrador,_Marquis_of_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador">Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador</a>) by way of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> to the citadel of <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a>, the chief town of <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a> where he died six weeks after his arrival, on 29 August 1799,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having then <a href="/wiki/List_of_10_longest-reigning_Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 10 longest-reigning Popes">reigned longer than any pope since Saint Peter</a>. </p><p>Pius VI's body was embalmed, but was not buried until 30 January 1800 after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> saw political advantage to burying the deceased Pope in efforts to bring the Catholic Church back into France. His entourage insisted for some time that his last wishes were to be buried in Rome, then behind the Austrian lines. They also prevented a <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Constitutional</a> bishop from presiding at the burial, as the laws of France then required, so no burial service was held. This return of the <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a> conflict was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>. </p><p>Pius VI's body was removed from Valence on 24 December 1801 and buried at Rome 19 February 1802, when Pius VI was given a Catholic funeral, attended by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a>, his successor. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Pius_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomb_of_Pius_VI.jpg/175px-Tomb_of_Pius_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomb_of_Pius_VI.jpg/263px-Tomb_of_Pius_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomb_of_Pius_VI.jpg/350px-Tomb_of_Pius_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Pope Pius VI</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reburial">Reburial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reburial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By decree of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1949, the remains of Pius VI were moved to the Chapel of the Madonna below St. Peter's in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a>. His remains were placed in an ancient marble sarcophagus. The inscription on the wall above the container reads: </p><p>"The mortal remains of Pius VI, consumed in unjust exile, by order of Pius XII were placed fittingly here and decorated by a marble ornament most excellent for its art and history in 1949". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_literature">Representation in literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Representation in literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A long audience with Pius VI is one of the most extensive scenes in the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>'s narrative <i><a href="/wiki/Juliette_(novel)" title="Juliette (novel)">Juliette</a></i>, published in 1798. Juliette shows off her learning to the Pope (whom she most often addresses as "Braschi") with a verbal catalogue of alleged immoralities committed by his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_VI" title="Cardinals created by Pius VI">Cardinals created by Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ignatius_Pe%C3%B1alver_y_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Luis Ignatius Peñalver y Cárdenas">Luis Ignatius Peñalver y Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ghini" title="Palazzo Ghini">Palazzo Ghini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romeartlover.tripod.com/PiusVI.html">"The Wind was too Strong"</a>. Rome Art Lover<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wind+was+too+Strong&rft.pub=Rome+Art+Lover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromeartlover.tripod.com%2FPiusVI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many sources indicate that he was born on 27 December 1717 but this is actually the date of his baptism, cf. Pastor, XXXIX, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a>, <i>Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes</i>, (Yale University Press, 2001), 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popehistory.com/popes/pope-pius-vi/">Pope History website, <i>Pope Pius VI</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miranda-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miranda_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miranda_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda" class="citation web cs1">Miranda, Salvador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1773-iii.htm">"Braschi, Giovanni Angelo (1717–1799)"</a>. Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braschi%2C+Giovanni+Angelo+%281717%E2%80%931799%29&rft.pub=Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Salvador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1773-iii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ott-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ott_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, Michael (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12131a.htm">"Pope Pius VI"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Pius+VI&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12131a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pius">Pius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eamon Duffy, <i>Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes</i>, 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBrien1997" class="citation book cs1">McBrien, Richard P. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofpopespont00mcbr"><i>Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI</i></a></span>. San Francisco: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofpopespont00mcbr/page/328">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060653033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060653033"><bdi>978-0060653033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Popes%3A+The+Pontiffs+from+St.+Peter+to+Benedict+XVI&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0060653033&rft.aulast=McBrien&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofpopespont00mcbr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1773-iii.htm">"Braschi, Giovanni Angelo (1717–1799)"</a>. Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braschi%2C+Giovanni+Angelo+%281717%E2%80%931799%29&rft.pub=Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1773-iii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkley-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berkley_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkley_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkley_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094240/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/pope-pius-vi">"Pope Pius VI"</a>. Berkley Center, Georgetown University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/pope-pius-vi">the original</a> on 27 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Pius+VI&rft.pub=Berkley+Center%2C+Georgetown+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fpeople%2Fpope-pius-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601155729/https://zenit.org/articles/envoy-named-for-centenary-of-lithuania-apparitions/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Envoy Named for Centenary of Lithuania Apparitions', <i>Zenit</i>"</a>. 22 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenit.org/articles/envoy-named-for-centenary-of-lithuania-apparitions/">the original</a> on 1 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Envoy+Named+for+Centenary+of+Lithuania+Apparitions%27%2C+Zenit&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenit.org%2Farticles%2Fenvoy-named-for-centenary-of-lithuania-apparitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicsaints.info/new-catholic-dictionary-pope-pius-vi/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pope Pius VI'. New Catholic Dictionary. CatholicSaints.Info. 2 June 2017"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Pope+Pius+VI%27.+New+Catholic+Dictionary.+CatholicSaints.Info.+2+June+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsaints.info%2Fnew-catholic-dictionary-pope-pius-vi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejosias.com/2015/01/29/pius-vi-quare-lacrymae/">"Pius VI: Quare Lacrymae"</a>. 29 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pius+VI%3A+Quare+Lacrymae&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthejosias.com%2F2015%2F01%2F29%2Fpius-vi-quare-lacrymae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius VI, <i>Pourquoi Notre Voix</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulombe2003" class="citation book cs1">Coulombe, Charles A. (2003). <i>A History of the Popes: Vicars of Christ</i>. MJF Books. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Popes%3A+Vicars+of+Christ&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Coulombe&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sade2007" class="citation book cs1">de Sade, Marquis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlYrDQQvPSwC"><i>Juliette</i></a>. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802199027" title="Special:BookSources/9780802199027"><bdi>9780802199027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juliette&rft.pub=Open+Road+%2B+Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780802199027&rft.aulast=de+Sade&rft.aufirst=Marquis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlYrDQQvPSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Browne-Olf, Lillian. <i>Their Name Is Pius</i> (1941) pp 3–58 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheirNameIsPius">online</a></li> <li>Collins, Jeffrey. <i>Papacy and politics in eighteenth-century Rome: Pius VI and the arts</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2004).</li> <li>Hales, E.E.Y. <i>Revolution and Papacy, 1769–1846</i> (Hanover House, 1960).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Pastor, Ludwig von</a>, 1952. <i>The History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages,</i> (St. Louis : Herder) vols. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesfr39past">XXXIX</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesfr40past">XL</a>.</li> <li>Sampson, Donat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic31philuoft#page/220/mode/2up">"Pius VI and the French Revolution,”</a> <i>The American Catholic Quarterly Review</i> 31, January – October 1906; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic31philuoft#page/n433/mode/2up">Part II</a>, Ibid., p. 413; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic31philuoft#page/n625/mode/2up">Part III</a>, p. 601; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic32philuoft#page/94/mode/2up">Part IV</a> and Ibid., Vol. 32, N°. 125, p. 94, January 1907; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic32philuoft#page/312/mode/2up">Part V</a>, Ibid., p. 313.</li> <li>Souvay, Charles L. "The French Papal States during the Revolution." <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> 8.4 (1923): 485–496. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25011902.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_VI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pius_VI" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pius VI">Pius VI</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pius_VI" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pius VI">Pius VI</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Pius_VI" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1773-iii.htm">Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church:</a> Giovanni Angelo Cardinal Braschi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030319/http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20VI..html">Pope Pius VI</a> on Damian-hungs.de <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> </b><br />15 February 1775 – 29 August 1799 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128019#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128019#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128019#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121029468">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89089872">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/126365/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594710">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82256873">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12074862m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12074862m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pius VI <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV232324">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an47753454">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020124014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1167715">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07248294X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2002713">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000235742&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000391477&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=161753">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9dhpjh1x596jw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659467205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/49783">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266532505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521481306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15435197?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500324155">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/456695">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1488764">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="PIO VI, papa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-pio-vi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118594710.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118594710">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029038944">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mp56mr">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/457761">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a 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data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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