Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1739885660"> <meta name="title" content="Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications"> <meta name="description" content="The use of metallic nanoparticles in engineering and biomedicine disciplines has gained considerable attention. Scientists are exploring new synthesis protocols of these substances considering their small size and lucrative antimicrobial potential. Among the most economical techniques of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via chemical routes, which includes the use of chemicals as metal reducing agents, is considered to generate nanoparticles possessing toxicity and biological risk. This limitation of chemically synthesized nanoparticles has engendered the exploration for the ecofriendly synthesis process. Biological or green synthesis approaches have emerged as an effective solution to address the limitations of conventionally synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized via biological entities obtained from plant extracts exhibit superior effect in comparison to chemical methods. Recently, conifer extracts have been found to be effective in synthesizing metallic nanoparticles through a highly regulated process. The current review highlights the importance of conifers and its extracts in synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. It also discusses the different applications of the conifer extract mediated metallic nanoparticles." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/ijms-logo.png?41930e44070e4940" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kanchan Bhardwaj"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Daljeet Singh Dhanjal"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Anirudh Sharma"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Eugenie Nepovimova"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Anu Kalia"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Shabnam Thakur"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sonali Bhardwaj"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chirag Chopra"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Reena Singh"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Rachna Verma"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dinesh Kumar"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Prerna Bhardwaj"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kamil Kuča"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Review"> <meta name="dc.source" content="International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, Vol. 21, Page 9028"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2020-11-27"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/ijms21239028"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="The use of metallic nanoparticles in engineering and biomedicine disciplines has gained considerable attention. Scientists are exploring new synthesis protocols of these substances considering their small size and lucrative antimicrobial potential. Among the most economical techniques of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via chemical routes, which includes the use of chemicals as metal reducing agents, is considered to generate nanoparticles possessing toxicity and biological risk. This limitation of chemically synthesized nanoparticles has engendered the exploration for the ecofriendly synthesis process. Biological or green synthesis approaches have emerged as an effective solution to address the limitations of conventionally synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized via biological entities obtained from plant extracts exhibit superior effect in comparison to chemical methods. Recently, conifer extracts have been found to be effective in synthesizing metallic nanoparticles through a highly regulated process. The current review highlights the importance of conifers and its extracts in synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. It also discusses the different applications of the conifer extract mediated metallic nanoparticles." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="anticancer" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="antimicrobial" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="antioxidant" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="catalytic" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="conifer extract" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="green synthesis" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="metallic nanoparticles" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="thrombolytic" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="1422-0067"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="International Journal of Molecular Sciences"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2020-11-27"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="21"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="23"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Review" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="9028" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="1422-0067"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Molecular Sciences"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/1"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2020/11/27"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="21"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="23"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="9028"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bhardwaj, Kanchan"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dhanjal, Daljeet Singh"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sharma, Anirudh"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nepovimova, Eugenie"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kalia, Anu"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Thakur, Shabnam"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bhardwaj, Sonali"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chopra, Chirag"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Singh, Reena"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Verma, Rachna"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kumar, Dinesh"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bhardwaj, Prerna"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kuča, Kamil"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/ijms21239028"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-ijms21239028"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/pdf?version=1606485163"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/pdf?version=1606485163"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/pdf?version=1606485163"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/ijms-logo-social.png?41930e44070e4940" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The use of metallic nanoparticles in engineering and biomedicine disciplines has gained considerable attention. Scientists are exploring new synthesis protocols of these substances considering their small size and lucrative antimicrobial potential. Among the most economical techniques of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via chemical routes, which includes the use of chemicals as metal reducing agents, is considered to generate nanoparticles possessing toxicity and biological risk. This limitation of chemically synthesized nanoparticles has engendered the exploration for the ecofriendly synthesis process. Biological or green synthesis approaches have emerged as an effective solution to address the limitations of conventionally synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized via biological entities obtained from plant extracts exhibit superior effect in comparison to chemical methods. Recently, conifer extracts have been found to be effective in synthesizing metallic nanoparticles through a highly regulated process. The current review highlights the importance of conifers and its extracts in synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. It also discusses the different applications of the conifer extract mediated metallic nanoparticles." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001-550.jpg?1606485263" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,†</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772364" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#517e323f357c3236387e3d7e343c30383d7c21233e25343225383e3f72616161306733616461696162613061646161613061646164603464306463646364686333613261676130616361666564616961656167"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-6395" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772365' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Daljeet Singh Dhanjal</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772365" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1101163/thumb/Daljeet_Dhanjal.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Daljeet Singh Dhanjal</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1101163?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Daljeet%20Singh%20Dhanjal" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Daljeet%20Singh%20Dhanjal&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daljeet%20Singh%20Dhanjal" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2,†</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772365" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#46692528226b25212f692a69232b272f2a6b363429322325322f292865767676737072767e7623767776777776767676257673762776237673767e7322737074727675767f76737622767e722776717624767f"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4791-7388" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772366' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Anirudh Sharma</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772366" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Anirudh Sharma</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1350985?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Anirudh%20Sharma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Anirudh%20Sharma&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anirudh%20Sharma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772366" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#3a1559545e17595d531556155f575b5356174a48554e5f594e535554190a0a0a5c0c0b0a020b090a0a0a020f080f0b0f090f0f080b0a0c0a590a0a0a020a5e0e5c0a080a5f0a59"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772367' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Eugenie Nepovimova</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772367" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/524382/thumb/Eugenie__Nepovimova.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Eugenie Nepovimova</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/524382?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Eugenie%20Nepovimova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Eugenie%20Nepovimova&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eugenie%20Nepovimova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 4</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772367" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#78571b161c551b1f115714571d1519111455080a170c1d1b0c1117165b484849484e4d484a4848481a481b48484c1a481a4848494d4819494b481b48404819494b484c4a4d4948481c481d4c1a484e491e"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772368' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Anu Kalia</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772368" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Anu Kalia</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1259612?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Anu%20Kalia" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Anu%20Kalia&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anu%20Kalia" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 5</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772368" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#99b6faf7fdb4fafef0b6f5b6fcf4f8f0f5b4e9ebf6edfcfaedf0f6f7baa9a9a9f8affba9aea9aba9f8a9f8a9aca8fcabfba8fba9f8a8fcadaca9fca9ffa8fc"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-1923" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772369' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Shabnam Thakur</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772369" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Shabnam Thakur</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1360050?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Shabnam%20Thakur" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Shabnam%20Thakur&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Shabnam%20Thakur" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772369" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#af80ccc1cb82ccc8c680c380cac2cec6c382dfddc0dbcaccdbc6c0c18c9f9f9ecd989c9e9d9e9e9ecb9e9d9eca9f989ecd9e9d9e979f999f9e9b9b9bcd9b9c9c9c9e9b9eca9e9d9ece9ec99acb9e9f9ecc9eca"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772370' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Sonali Bhardwaj</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772370" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1121934/thumb/Sonali_Bhardwaj.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Sonali Bhardwaj</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1121934?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Sonali%20Bhardwaj" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Sonali%20Bhardwaj&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sonali%20Bhardwaj" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772370" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0d226e6369206e6a6422612268606c6461207d7f6279686e796462632e3d3d3c6e3a3e3c693c3f3c6b3c6c38693c3c3c6f3c3f3d3c3c3a3d393c3f3c34393f393a393f393a3e3e3c393c683c3f3c6c3c6b38693c3d3c6e3c68"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2783-3822" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772371' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Chirag Chopra</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772371" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Chirag Chopra</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1497502?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Chirag%20Chopra" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Chirag%20Chopra&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chirag%20Chopra" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772371" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#9fb0fcf1fbb2fcf8f6b0f3b0faf2fef6f3b2efedf0ebfafcebf6f0f1bcafafaffda9acaffeaeaeafadafababfbaaadaafdaaaeaafeaafdadacaff9aeacaea9abfbafafaffcabfbaffeaffb"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772372' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Reena Singh</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772372" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Reena Singh</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/4103525?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Reena%20Singh" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Reena%20Singh&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Reena%20Singh" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772372" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#3a1559545e17595d531556155f575b5356174a48554e5f594e535554190a0a0b0d0d080b0d0b590b090f590e090e580e0c0e080e5b09080b5f0a080a0d0f590b0b0b5e0f590b580b59"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772373' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Rachna Verma</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772373" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1055901/thumb/Rachna_Verma.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Rachna Verma</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1055901?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Rachna%20Verma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Rachna%20Verma&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rachna%20Verma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772373" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#755a161b115816121c5a195a1018141c195805071a011016011c1a1b5645454446424744444414441644464541444245454413444646474544441444114411441044174416441745424416441745414442454545444417454345174016444444114413"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5321-9450" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772374' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Dinesh Kumar</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772374" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1014438/thumb/Dinesh_Kumar.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Dinesh Kumar</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1014438?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Dinesh%20Kumar" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Dinesh%20Kumar&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dinesh%20Kumar" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 6</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772374" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#68470b060c450b0f014704470d0509010445181a071c0d0b1c0107064b5858580c5e5c58095859595f580b580e59595851585d595e5a5c595f580b580a580a5850580c5809580c59595809580c595a5859595e595f580c5958590c5c09585f580a5851"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3485-6408" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772375' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Prerna Bhardwaj</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772375" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Prerna Bhardwaj</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1290062?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Prerna%20Bhardwaj" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Prerna%20Bhardwaj&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Prerna%20Bhardwaj" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="3772375" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#143b777a703977737d3b783b7179757d783964667b607177607d7b7a3724242426232425212426257125252526252c2525242625202423252525752025202720212724252325702525252d25772171252725722570"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop3772376' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Kamil Kuča</div><div id="profile-card-drop3772376" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/259531/thumb/Kamil_Kuca.png" style="width: 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href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#4d622e2329602e2a2462216228202c2421603d3f2239282e392422236e7d7d7d2c7b2f7d7b7d7f7d7a79787d7d7c287d757d2c7f2f7c287d7e7d7d79787d757c7c"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9664-1109" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Botany, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>4</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>5</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>6</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>7</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>†</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">These authors contributed equally to this work.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>21</em>(23), 9028; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239028">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239028</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 10 October 2020</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 13 November 2020</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 25 November 2020</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 27 November 2020</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijms/special_issues/metal_particles ">Metal Nano/Microparticles for Bioapplications</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-452462" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-452462" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-452462" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/1422-0067/21/23/9028/pdf?version=1606485163" data-name="Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications" data-journal="ijms">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/1422-0067/21/23/9028/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/1422-0067/21/23/9028/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/1422-0067/21/23/9028/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001.png?1606485263" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Graphical overview of the green synthesis protocol using conifer extracts for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g002.png?1606485263" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Graphical illustration of conifer sources used for the production of metallic nanoparticles with potential biological activities.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g003.png?1606485263" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Graphical illustration of the antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g004.png?1606485263" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Graphical illustration of the anticancer mechanism of nanoparticles.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g005.png?1606485263" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Graphical illustration of the antioxidant mechanism of nanoparticles.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/1422-0067/21/23/9028/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">The use of metallic nanoparticles in engineering and biomedicine disciplines has gained considerable attention. Scientists are exploring new synthesis protocols of these substances considering their small size and lucrative antimicrobial potential. Among the most economical techniques of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via chemical routes, which includes the use of chemicals as metal reducing agents, is considered to generate nanoparticles possessing toxicity and biological risk. This limitation of chemically synthesized nanoparticles has engendered the exploration for the ecofriendly synthesis process. Biological or green synthesis approaches have emerged as an effective solution to address the limitations of conventionally synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized via biological entities obtained from plant extracts exhibit superior effect in comparison to chemical methods. Recently, conifer extracts have been found to be effective in synthesizing metallic nanoparticles through a highly regulated process. The current review highlights the importance of conifers and its extracts in synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. It also discusses the different applications of the conifer extract mediated metallic nanoparticles.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=anticancer">anticancer</a>; <a href="/search?q=antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a>; <a href="/search?q=antioxidant">antioxidant</a>; <a href="/search?q=catalytic">catalytic</a>; <a href="/search?q=conifer+extract">conifer extract</a>; <a href="/search?q=green+synthesis">green synthesis</a>; <a href="/search?q=metallic+nanoparticles">metallic nanoparticles</a>; <a href="/search?q=thrombolytic">thrombolytic</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-ijms-21-09028' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Nanobiotechnology has had an enormous impact on all life forms, which has intrigued researchers currently [<a href="#B1-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Richard Feynman a physicist, in the year 1959 described the theoretical concept of miniaturization with hidden hints for nanotechnology for the first time, which implies a technological advancement utilizing materials with dimensions of about 1–100 nm [<a href="#B2-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have diverse applications in agriculture, biomedicine as antimicrobial agents, catalysis, biolabeling, sensors, electronics, fiber optics and other areas [<a href="#B4-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. NPs bear properties that are different as compared to their bulk materials due to variation in their shapes, particle size and increased surface area. Studies on biomedical science invigorate interest in identifying the application of NPs in varied fields. The NPs can be synthesized, and stabilizing formulation can be developed through chemical and physical synthesis methods [<a href="#B5-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. However, the use of environment-corrosive chemicals in the former synthesis process has ecodeterring potentials and can lead to the generation of toxic byproducts. Therefore, the desirability of the green synthesis approaches for NPs involves superior control over no or decreased use of ecotoxic chemicals [<a href="#B6-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. Nanoparticles of desired size shape and functionality can be generated through two different fundamental approaches, viz., bottom-up and top-down methods [<a href="#B7-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. Previously, nanomaterials/nanoparticles were synthesized using physical forces/agencies, such as ball milling, etching, lithography and sputtering [<a href="#B8-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The continuous developments in the timber industry have compelled scientists to opt for biological approaches to protect the environment. Generally, the natural ecofriendly synthesis of NPs involves the utilization of plant extracts and microbes [<a href="#B9-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B11-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B12-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. These NPs can be prepared under different synthesis conditions and characterized by various analytical techniques [<a href="#B13-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. The NPs derived from plant extracts dominate over NPs synthesized from microorganisms as the former is synthesized via a single-step, non-hazardous method. This type of synthesis is cost-effective and eco-friendly [<a href="#B7-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. The conifer trees produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites, including polyphenols and terpenes, to overcome stress conditions [<a href="#B14-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. These secondary metabolites have the potential to reduce metal ions into NPs [<a href="#B7-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. This review intends to summarize the literature related to metallic NPs synthesized via conifers extracts, characteristics of the synthesized NPs and their biological properties like anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, etc.</div></section><section id='sec2-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Importance of Conifers</h2><div class='html-p'>Conifers are evergreen woody gymnosperms characterized by single veined leaves in the form of blade, scales and needle, and unisexual female and male cones having bract scales [<a href="#B15-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. The conifers encompass two formerly known classes or orders viz Coniferopsida (Coniferales) and Taxopsida (Taxales) but exclude other gymnosperms like <span class='html-italic'>Cycads</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Ephedras</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Gnetums</span> and two unique gymnosperms <span class='html-italic'>Welwitschia</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Ginkgo.</span> There are eight families: Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Pinaceae, Phyllocladaceae, Podocarpaceae, Sciadopityaceae and Taxaceae [<a href="#B16-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Conifers have been stated as the reservoir of different natural products like essential oils (EOs), gums, resins and terpenes [<a href="#B17-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Conifer trees are abundantly found all over the world and have highly diverse natural compounds. Secondary metabolites such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenes found different part such as in leaves, bark, stem, seed and root tissues show structural and chemical diversity [<a href="#B14-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Therefore, conifers are considered as an essential source of biologically active agents possessing important medicinal attributes that have been utilized for the treatment of various ailments since ancient times [<a href="#B18-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. These natural substances are known to exhibit the potential to influence the growth of insects and plants [<a href="#B20-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">20</a>]. Natural compounds as EOs and extracts of genera <span class='html-italic'>Pinus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Cedrus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Juniperus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Taxus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Picea</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Abies</span> are effective against diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, liver and kidney disorders, cardiovascular-related problems and many other bacterial and fungal infections [<a href="#B18-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. The species, <span class='html-italic'>Araucaria angustifolia</span> and <span class='html-italic'>A. excelsa</span>, have ethno pharmaceutical values due to the presence of bioflavonoids, lignans while <span class='html-italic'>A. araucana</span> is rich in terpenes [<a href="#B21-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. It has been reported that in vitro and in vivo studies of an extract compound from <span class='html-italic'>A. angustifolia</span>, <span class='html-italic'>A. bidwillii</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Cupressus sempervirens</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Podocarpus</span> spp. and <span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span> possess biological activities like allelopathic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antiedematogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antiviral, cytotoxic and entomotoxic, neuroprotective activities, gastro protective activity, hypocholesterolemic and antifeedant activities [<a href="#B20-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Acetone, dichloromethane, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and cones of <span class='html-italic'>C. sempervirens</span> var. <span class='html-italic'>horizantalis</span> (CSH) and var. <span class='html-italic'>pyramidalis</span> (CSP) exhibit inhibitory activity against tyrosinase (TYRO), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes [<a href="#B25-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>Thuja</span> (Esberitox) has been used for treating the common cold and many bacterial infections. In various in vivo and in vitro test models, <span class='html-italic'>Thuja</span> immunopharmacological potential has also been studied [<a href="#B26-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. In Korea, <span class='html-italic'>Torreya nucifera</span> is known for its ethnopharmacological use against constipation, diabetes, hemorrhoids and infection caused by helminths. Additionally, in Asia, <span class='html-italic'>T. nucifera</span> reported as having antioxidant activity (L.) seeds are used in treating various diseases [<a href="#B27-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. Amentoflavone, a biflavonoid compound naturally occurring in Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae shows good anti-inflammation, antidiabetes, antioxidation and antisenescence effects on many essential processes of the central nervous and cardiovascular system [<a href="#B29-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. Reports suggest that <span class='html-italic'>Taxus yunnanensis</span> extracts and their purified compounds displayed cytotoxicity against HeLa, MCF-7, HT1080 and K562 cell lines. Many researchers have found that the extracts of <span class='html-italic'>T. yunnanensis</span> can be used as an antiosteoporotic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic agent for diabetes [<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. As per the literature, it has been found that conifers are abundantly found and have much importance in our daily life [<a href="#B14-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. So, now a day’s keeping these things in mind, new research of interest is growing to develop more uses of conifers by deriving metallic NPs, which helps in dealing problems, diseases related to human beings plants pathogens agriculture, promoting plant growth by enhancing the quality of soil and industrial uses [<a href="#B31-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B32-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B34-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Mediated by Conifers Extract Synthesis Mechanism, Characterization</h2><div class='html-p'>Plants are considered as bioreactors for the synthesis of metallic NPs. Different physical and chemical approaches are used to synthesize metal NPs, which allow one to obtain particles with the desired characteristics [<a href="#B35-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. Conifers exhibit unique metal NPs synthesis properties (<a href="#ijms-21-09028-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>). Green-synthesis of metallic NPs is an efficient, trouble-free, economical and environmental-friendly biological synthesis approach [<a href="#B36-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. Metallic NPs include both types of pure metals and metal oxides, which have various applications [<a href="#B37-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. The critical factor, which needs to be considered during the synthesis of NPs, is the selection of a solvent medium, which needs to be a non-toxic material for NPs stabilization and an ecofriendly reducing agent [<a href="#B38-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</div><section id='sec3dot1-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Mechanism</h4><div class='html-p'>For the synthesis of metallic NPs from conifers, plant samples were collected, washed and dried to form a powder. The powdered sample was mixed with 250 mL double distilled water and boiled for 5 min. The heated materials were filtered and centrifuged to obtain a clear extract. The metallic salt solution was added dropwise into extract under sonication and then incubated for different time intervals (10–120 min), pH ranges (7–11) and temperatures. The color change indicates the formation of NPs due to the reduction of metal ions into metal atoms by excitation of surface plasmon vibrations [<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Additionally, compounds such as polyphenolics, peptides, vitamins, sugars and water present in extracts of conifers are effective for synthesizing NPs [<a href="#B39-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. Interestingly, plant metal bioaccumulation studies have shown that metals are usually aggregated in the form of NPs. The polyphenol compounds are responsible for the reduction process by the abstraction of hydrogen [<a href="#B35-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. Further, these compounds also act as capping agents to avert the coalescence of colloidal particles through the interplay of electrostatic forces [<a href="#B45-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">45</a>]. The metal ion reduction was monitored by measuring the absorbance from 300 to 600 nm using UV–vis spectrophotometer to find the absorbance peak. The solution was then centrifuged, and the pellet was dried by lyophilization [<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Characterization Techniques</h4><div class='html-p'>Metallic NPs synthesized from various conifers extracts had diverse shape, size and surface area; and were categorized using different approaches as shown in <a href="#ijms-21-09028-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. The synthesized metallic NPs structural composition, size, shape and crystal phase were deduced using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), FTIR, SEM, HRTEM, UV–Vis [<a href="#B46-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">46</a>], XRD, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) [<a href="#B47-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">48</a>]. The range of absorption of the UV spectra from wavelength 300 to 800 nm illustrates the existence of several metallic NPs of varying size, i.e., from 6 to 200 nm [<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B47-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. DLS analysis entails estimation of the size of synthesized NPs and the quantification of the charges on the surface of the NPs. The composition of the element is determined through the EDX analysis [<a href="#B49-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. XRD is functionalized to recognize crystallite size. FT-IR spectroscopy detects the surface residues and the functional groups such as flavonoids, hydroxyls and phenols, which bond with the surface of the NPs throughout the process of the synthesis for an effective reduction and stabilization [<a href="#B50-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">50</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec4-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Types of Nanoparticles</h2><section id='sec4dot1-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.1. Metal Nanoparticles</h4><section id='sec4dot1dot1-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 4.1.1. Silver Nanoparticles</h4><div class='html-p'>In nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-known. They have gained significant attention because of their extraordinary antimicrobial ability against several microorganisms and role in combating the drug resistance menace in multidrug resistant microbes. These properties of AgNPs can be effectively utilized in food packaging, agriculture for eradication/ management of crop diseases, biomedicine, drug resistivity and pharmacology to formulate novel drug carrier systems and in decontamination of water [<a href="#B76-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">77</a>]. AgNPs derived MNPs from various conifers, and their applications are in <a href="#ijms-21-09028-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>Synthesis of gold and silver NPs from different plant organ extracts such as bark, needle, cone, callus and berry of a variety of coniferous plant species are shown in <a href="#ijms-21-09028-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Due to better adaptability and easy down streaming to nanosystems, AgNPs synthesis supports better control on the shape and dimensions of NPs [<a href="#B78-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. In the presence of aqueous medium and oxygen, silver atoms found in Ag2O NPs release Ag+ ions. Ag+ ions are a potent oxidant, which can oxidize microbial biomolecules non-specifically. In water-treatment systems, this potential makes AgNPs, suitable alternative disinfectants [<a href="#B33-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. However, Das et al., in 2018 reported in their studies that AgNPs are toxic to numerous organisms, mammalian cells and humans [<a href="#B79-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">79</a>]. The novel AgNPs synthesis via two-step procedure initiates via the reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag, followed by aggregation and stabilization of nanoparticles [<a href="#B80-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">80</a>]. The agricultural and biomedical applications of AgNPs obtained from different coniferous plants are shown in <a href="#ijms-21-09028-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</div></section><section id='sec4dot1dot2-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 4.1.2. Gold</h4><div class='html-p'>Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) display many unique biological, favorable chemical and optical properties, which make them safe for more comprehensive applications [<a href="#B82-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">82</a>]. Due to their significant biocompatibility, Au NPs are widely reported in different varieties of conifers, as shown in <a href="#ijms-21-09028-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Many studies proved that catalytic, optical, physical and thermal properties of AuNPs depend on their shape and size, which has drawn attention towards the development of an optimized protocol for the synthesis of monodisperse AuNPs formulation. Currently, biological synthesis approach involving plant extracts without the use of toxic chemicals during synthesis has gained enormous attention due to the benefit of avoidance or minimization of adverse impact on the application [<a href="#B83-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">83</a>]. Synthesis of gold NPs from different types of extracts of various conifers such as <span class='html-italic'>Pinus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Taxus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Juniperus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Abies</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Thuja</span> has been reported [<a href="#B54-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B73-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">73</a>]. AuNPs synthesized from plant extracts exhibit several advantages with primary includes the biocompatible or less-toxic nature of the generated NPs. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of drugs can be potentially enhanced by significantly reducing the particle size to the nanoscale. Use of such formulations will enhance the interaction of the active drug molecule with a specific protein and increases the efficiency of the formulated drug [<a href="#B84-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">84</a>]. High purity AuNPs can be utilized for anticancer applications and also have the potential to bind to the human serum albumin (HSA) protein [<a href="#B85-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">85</a>]. Application of gold NPs synthesized from various conifers is shown in <a href="#ijms-21-09028-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</div></section></section><section id='sec4dot2-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.2. Nanoparticles of Metallic Oxides</h4><div class='html-p'>Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) are non-toxic, biosafe, ecofriendly and have an easy amendable nature that makes them the targeted candidate for biological applications [<a href="#B86-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. Zn NPs derived from plant extract have been applied for varied biomedical benefits such as the treatment of chronic disorders like cancers, and diabetes, as a potent antimicrobial agent to kill pathogenic bacteria, fungi and for use as a photocatalyst for decontamination of contaminant dyes from water and sediments [<a href="#B72-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B87-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">87</a>,<a href="#B88-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">88</a>]. Additionally, studies suggested that Zn NPs have significance in eradicating hardy, persistent aquatic weed resistant to chemical and physical means of eradication. <span class='html-italic'>Taxus baccata</span> extracts have been used to synthesize Zn NPs. UV–Vis spectrophotometry analysis of the <span class='html-italic'>T. baccata</span> extracts derived Zn NPs exhibited in the range of 250–400 nm. Zn NPs obtained were crystalline and hexagonal shaped, showing an average particle size of 20–25 nm [<a href="#B72-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have unique properties like high chemical reactivity, mechanical strength and antimicrobial potential, which made them useful for diverse applications. Additionally, due to a high surface area–volume ratio, CuNPs can easily interact and react with other NPs [<a href="#B89-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. Studies revealed excellent antibacterial activity of Cu-NPs derived from <span class='html-italic'>P. merkusii</span> flower extract against <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span> and <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span> as compared to Ag-NPs [<a href="#B53-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">53</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) have unique biological and physicochemical characteristics, which make it the most applicable nanostructures in a different field of science. Additionally, FeNPs are biocompatible and easy to handle and have sturdy magnetic properties. FeNPs synthesized from <span class='html-italic'>P. eldarica</span> needle extract had a size range of 8–34 nm [<a href="#B61-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. FeNPs has transpired antibacterial characteristics against bacterial strains like <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>, <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, <span class='html-italic'>P. aeruginosa</span>, <span class='html-italic'>K. pneumonia</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Streptococcus pyogenes</span> [<a href="#B33-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. In environmental sciences, FeNPs have been used both as a catalyst and nanosorbent [<a href="#B90-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. Additionally, they are efficient in removing and detoxifying chemical toxic agents and organic pollutants like arsenic, chromium, carbon monoxide, mercury and toxic ions [<a href="#B91-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">91</a>,<a href="#B92-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">92</a>,<a href="#B93-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">93</a>,<a href="#B94-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">94</a>]. Additionally, FeNPs have been stated to be operative as a Fenton-like catalyst for the removal of contaminant toxic dyes from aqueous environments [<a href="#B95-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">95</a>]. Metal derived NPs and their application in are presented in <a href="#ijms-21-09028-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</div></section></section><section id='sec5-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles Potential Applications</h2><section id='sec5dot1-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 5.1. Biomedical Applications</h4><section id='sec5dot1dot1-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.1.1. Antimicrobial Action</h4><div class='html-p'>Metal NPs synthesized from different conifer extracts possess good antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal potentials. Plant extracts show mild activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. At the same time, MNPs synthesized from plant extracts are known to exhibit high potential against yeast and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It also has been reported that MNPs derived from conifers found in high altitude show good fungal and bacterial inhibitory activity [<a href="#B65-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">65</a>].</div><section id='MechanismofActionTowardsMicrobes' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Mechanism of Action Towards Microbes</h4><div class='html-p'>Despite several approaches, technologies and formulations had been made over the years; still, the precise mechanism of action of MNPs toward bacteria and fungi has not been fully understood. However, several reports are available in the literature, which comes in favor that the mechanism of action of MNPs in bacteria and fungi is almost similar. The antimicrobial action of MNPs is related to the following four-step mechanism; (a) direct contact with the cell membrane, (b) destabilization of the cell membrane, change in its permeability and release of metal ions, (c) production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals and (d) signal transduction pathways modulation (<a href="#ijms-21-09028-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>) [<a href="#B96-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">96</a>].</div></section><section id='DirectContactwiththeCellMembrane' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Direct Contact with the Cell Membrane</h4><div class='html-p'>The size and zeta potential of the MNPs influence their adhesion on the bacterial surface. Depending on the technique used for their fabrication, MNPs may possess positive, negative or neutral charges. Since both bacteria and fungi have a partial negative charge on their surfaces, positively charged MNPs gets strongly attracted to the negatively charged cell surface, resulting in improved antimicrobial activity as compared to negatively charged or neutral MNPs [<a href="#B97-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">97</a>].</div></section><section id='DestabilizationoftheCellMembraneChangesinItsPermeabilityandMetalIonsRelease' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Destabilization of the Cell Membrane, Changes in Its Permeability and Metal Ions Release</h4><div class='html-p'>After adhesion, MNPs with smaller size penetrate directly into the cell, whereas larger NPs are retained outside the cell surface. In both cases, MNPs continue to release their ions and destabilize cell membrane. Cell wall destabilization causes bacterial permeability, allowing entry of large-sized NPs into the cell. Inside the cell, improved production of ions leads to interaction with proteins, lipids, and DNA, resulting in cell dysfunction and cell death [<a href="#B98-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">98</a>].</div></section><section id='ProductionofReactiveOxygenSpeciesROSandFreeRadicals' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Free Radicals</h4><div class='html-p'>Furthermore, MNPs are well known to produce ROS and free radicals such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and OH<sup>•</sup>. The ROS and free radicals are highly reactive species that are responsible for the production of extreme oxidative stress inside the cell resulting in cell apoptosis, proteins destruction, DNA damage and finally cell death [<a href="#B99-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">99</a>].</div></section><section id='SignalTransductionPathwaysModulation' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Signal Transduction Pathways Modulation</h4><div class='html-p'>It has been noticed that under normal conditions, ROS occurs naturally in microbes. Antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase and catalase protect the microbes from the effects of ROS. These enzymes are efficient in eliminating some toxic species at a low concentration, but when the oxidative stress becomes high, they are rendered ineffective in neutralizing toxic species at a high concentration. At high concentration, oxidative species interact with respiratory proteins and inactivate these antioxidant enzymes because of their high affinity toward thiol, carboxyl and phosphates groups present in respiratory proteins [<a href="#B100-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">100</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Reported study on antimicrobial (bacteria and fungi) activity by different parts of the conifers derived MNPs were discussed. The antibacterial activity of <span class='html-italic'>Picea abies</span> bark extract synthesized AgNPs was investigated in vitro against <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, <span class='html-italic'>K. pneumoniae</span> and <span class='html-italic'>P. aeruginosa</span> with an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.25, 3.25 and 7.5 mg/mL [<a href="#B101-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. AgNPs synthesized from <span class='html-italic'>T. yunnanensis</span> callus had a significant growth inhibitory activity against human pathogenic bacteria with an MIC of 8 for <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, 1 for <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>, 1 for <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span> and 4 μg/mL for <span class='html-italic'>S. paratyphi</span>, however, the growth of bacteria was inhibited by AgNPs 2 µg/mL [<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. The MIC values shown by AgNPs obtained from the cone extract of <span class='html-italic'>Pinus thunbergii</span> were low for the Gram-negative bacterial strains, <span class='html-italic'>Xanthomonas oryzae</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Burkholderia glumae</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas syringae</span> were 11.9 and 6 μL/mL respectively while the MIC for the Gram-positive <span class='html-italic'>Bacillus megaterium</span> and <span class='html-italic'>B. thuringiensis</span> were 11.9 μL/mL [<a href="#B81-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. The <span class='html-italic'>Pinus densiflora</span> cone extract mediated AgNPs at a working concentration of 40 µg per mL effectively inhibited skin pathogen bacteria such as <span class='html-italic'>Brevibacterium linens</span> (zone of inhibition: 7 mm) compared to commercial AgNPs <span class='html-italic'>Propionibacterium acnes</span> (14 mm), <span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus epidermidis</span> (10 mm) and <span class='html-italic'>B. cereus</span> (9 mm) [<a href="#B56-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. The antibacterial activity was evaluated on <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span> by aqueous extract, and copper NPs derived from the <span class='html-italic'>P. merkusii</span> cone. The bacterial growth–inhibition was recorded to be substantially high (29.67 ± 0.01 mm) at 100% concentration [<a href="#B53-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. The researcher advocated the use of this formulation as a natural fungicide. AgNPs mediated from the gum of <span class='html-italic'>A. heterophylla</span> have been reported to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria <span class='html-italic'>Streptococcus</span> sp. [<a href="#B48-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The zone of inhibition of AgNPs by leaves extract of <span class='html-italic'>C. torulosa</span> against <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span> was observed and found to be 5 mm for 50 µL, 6 mm for 100 µL, 6 mm for 150 µL and 3 mm for 200 µL whereas <span class='html-italic'>Salmonella enterica</span> showed 6 mm for 50 µL, 7 mm for 100 µL, 8 mm for 150 µL and 10 mm for 200 µL. AgNP’s showed the zone of inhibition against <span class='html-italic'>P. aeruginosa</span> as 4 mm for 50 µL, 6 mm for 100 µL, 6 mm for 150 µL and 6 mm for 200 µL [<a href="#B64-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Few researchers have stated that <span class='html-italic'>Juniperus procera</span>; obtained from a high altitude possess both antibacterial and antifungal activity [<a href="#B102-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">102</a>]. <span class='html-italic'>J. procera</span> leaf extract derived AgNPs showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>, K. <span class='html-italic'>pneumonia</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Micrococcus luteus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Proteus mirabilis</span> and <span class='html-italic'>C. albicans</span> with the formation of inhibition zones of 28 ± 1.2, 18 ± 0.9, 28 ± 1.1, 29 ± 1.3 and 24 ± 0.1.2 mm respectively [<a href="#B65-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. Studies reported that <span class='html-italic'>T. occidentalis</span> mediated AgNPs exhibited an inhibitory effect on <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Listeria monocytogenes</span>, <span class='html-italic'>P. aeruginosa</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Salmonella typhimurium</span> and <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span> at 5–10 g/mL concentrations. The AgNPs biosynthesized by using <span class='html-italic'>T. occidentalis</span> (L.) leaves extract exhibits improved inhibitory activity against microbes [<a href="#B70-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. The AgNPs concentration 30 µg/mL made an inhibitory growth zone for <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span> (15.6 mm), <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span> (16 mm) and <span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas putida</span> (16.3 mm). Besides, at a concentration of 10 µg/mL growth of all the fungal strains used in the study was considerably reduced with the medium showing no signs of proliferation. The study showed that these biosynthesized AgNPs could serve as antibiotic agents and can be used in combination with other antibiotics [<a href="#B66-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Studies suggested that the leaves extract of <span class='html-italic'>T. occidentalis</span> synthesized AgNPs showed significant larvicidal activity against the <span class='html-italic'>Culex quinquefasciatus</span> mosquito with an LC<sub>50</sub> value of 39.90 ppm and LC<sub>90</sub> value of 129.48 ppm. Additionally, as it is dose-dependent, the increase in concentration from 100 to 300 ppm increased the mortality rate to 100% after 72 h of treatment [<a href="#B68-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. Pine pollen derived AgNPs efficiently exhibited quantitative inhibition and disruption of growth of fungus <span class='html-italic'>Neofusicoccum parvum</span> [<a href="#B103-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">103</a>]. AuNPs synthesized from <span class='html-italic'>P. kesiya</span> pollen exhibited fungicidal activity against <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span>, at 500 μg/mL concentration with 17.51 zones of inhibition [<a href="#B73-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">73</a>]. The AgNPs generated from the <span class='html-italic'>P. wallichiana</span> stem displayed good antibacterial activity than antifungal activity against <span class='html-italic'>Acinetobacter baumannii</span>, <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Morganella morganii</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Proteus vulgaris</span>, <span class='html-italic'>P. aeruginosa</span> and <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span>. <span class='html-italic'>A. baumannii</span> showed activity 60% with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.36 mg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5.0 mg/mL. Additionally, AgNPs showed moderate antifungal potential against <span class='html-italic'>Aspergillus niger</span> (40%), <span class='html-italic'>Penicillium notatum</span> (45%) and <span class='html-italic'>P. chrysogenum</span> (50%), whereas it displayed minimum activity against <span class='html-italic'>A. parasiticus</span> (13%), <span class='html-italic'>Hemimycena pseudocrispula</span> (30%) and <span class='html-italic'>Verticillium longisporum</span> (21%) [<a href="#B74-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">74</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec5dot1dot2-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.1.2. Anticancer</h4><div class='html-p'>According to the WHO (World Health Organization) report of 2018, cancer has emerged as a leading cause of death, accounting for an estimated death of 9.6 million people globally. In males, cancers such as colorectal, liver, lung, prostate and stomach are predominant while cervical, breast, colorectal, lung, and thyroid cancer are most common in females [<a href="#B104-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">104</a>]. Different types of natural bioactive compounds present in plants are believed to have medicinal value and are potential candidates to develop anticancer drugs. Various classes of heterocyclic compounds (alkaloids and flavonoids) have been isolated from several conifer plants showing cytotoxic efficacy against multiple types of cancerous cells both in vitro and in vivo [<a href="#B74-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B105-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">105</a>]. The field of nanotechnology holds the potential to transform cancer diagnostic methods and therapeutic technologies [<a href="#B106-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">106</a>].</div><section id='Mechanismbehindanticanceractivity' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Mechanism behind anticancer activity</h4><div class='html-p'>In literature, numerous reports are available describing the mechanism behind the action of MNPs toward cancer cells (<a href="#ijms-21-09028-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>). However, the precise mechanism of anticancer activity is till not well understood. It is suggested that the interaction between MNPs and cancer cells may take place in various ways like electrostatic interaction between the cell surface and metallic nanoparticles, nanoparticles captured by cell receptors and internalization of nanoparticles via endocytosis. It is well known that MNPs can easily generate reactive species inside the cell system leading to DNA damage, mitochondrial disruption, protein oxidation and, finally, cell death [<a href="#B106-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">106</a>,<a href="#B107-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">107</a>]. Additionally, the ability of MNPs to generate the hyperthermia effect inside the cancer cell functions as a drug carrier and regulate pH-dependent release makes it a superior candidate for anticancer activity [<a href="#B108-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">108</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Cancer is a lethal threat to humankind [<a href="#B109-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">109</a>,<a href="#B110-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">110</a>]. Regrettably, despite the success in designing various anticancer therapeutics, this disease remains relentless because of the toxic nature of the drugs towards normal cells. Therefore, the treatment of cancer with the help of NPs can be an effective approach. The nanosize of NPs makes them distinctive and reconcilable for penetration within the cells. This attribute of NPs contributes to its efficacy against tumor cells even at a low dosage while also reducing the toxic effects to the adjacent normal cells [<a href="#B101-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. NPs derived using conifer extracts have gained significant attention due to their adaptable properties and easy synthesizing procedure [<a href="#B78-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">78</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The pine barks extract derived AuNPs have shown concentration-dependent cytotoxicity towards non-malignant HEK293 kidney cells and malignant A549 lung cells with a decrease in cell viability to 23% and 35% respectively. Additionally, it also increases the death rate of lung cancer cells and reduces the toxic effects on non-malignant human embryonic kidney cells. Whereas, pine bark derived oleamide capped AuNPs have been reported to decrease the viability of the cancerous cells with an insignificant cytotoxic effect on non-malignant cells. Thus, the pine extracts mediated AuNPs exhibited the potential of anticancer agents [<a href="#B85-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">85</a>]. Studies have unveiled that <span class='html-italic'>Pinus sylvestris</span> bark extract contains high amounts of phenols and shows cytotoxic effects towards HeLa cells by inducing apoptosis after 48 h of exposure [<a href="#B111-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">111</a>]. Additionally, the biosynthesized AgNPs from callus of <span class='html-italic'>T</span>. <span class='html-italic'>yunnanensis</span> showed significant inhibition in a dose-dependent manner in four human malignant cells. For the A549 cell line, the half maximal inhibitory concentration i.e., IC<sub>50</sub> of AgNPs was recorded to be 40.3 µg/mL while it was reported to be 42.2 µg/mL for the MCF-7cell line, which indicated a moderate cytotoxic effect on both the cell lines [<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. On the increase in concentration from 0.2 to 1 mg/mL of biologically synthesized AgNPs using the gum of <span class='html-italic'>A. heterophylla</span> has been reported to reduce the cell viability rate of the MCF 7 cell line [<a href="#B48-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">48</a>]. ZnNPs synthesized from <span class='html-italic'>T. baccata</span> showed a cytotoxicity effect on the breast cancer cell line. Zn has the efficiency to prevent cell change to cancer cells. The MTT test by the MCF-7 cell line proved that the anticancer activity of Zn nanoparticles from <span class='html-italic'>T. baccata</span> leaves ethanolic and alcoholic extract was expected to be higher than that of extract alone as the ZnNPs concentration up to 50 mM decreased cell viability (24.83%) with a maximum cell inhibition of 75.17% [<a href="#B72-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">72</a>]. It has been found that AgNPs synthesized from the aqueous extract of <span class='html-italic'>T. baccata</span> needles having an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.25 µg mL<sup>-1</sup> showed significant mortality of malignant cells of the MCF-7 cell line after 48 h of exposure. The cytotoxic effect of NPs substantially improved with the increase in dosage and incubation time with the killing of more than 50% of the cells after exposure for 72 h [<a href="#B34-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. Additionally, it has been reported that the <span class='html-italic'>T. baccata</span> needles ethanolic extract synthesized AuNPs displayed gradually higher anticancer activity on all the three cancer cell lines, i.e., MCF7, HeLa and Caov-4 in contrast to the aqueous extracts derived AuNPs [<a href="#B59-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">59</a>].</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>T. occidentalis</span> leaves mediated AgNPs have also been accorded for anticancer potential against HeLa, MDA-MB 231, MCF 7 and KB cell lines at a dosage of 6.25–50 g/mL. AgNPs exhibited 45% cell death in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which is significantly less than the cytotoxicity exhibited in the anticancer study with an equal dose. Cytotoxicity of <span class='html-italic'>Thuja</span> extracted AgNPs was significantly much higher in cancer cells compared to other normal cells [<a href="#B70-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. The MTT assay showed that the antiproliferative action of the <span class='html-italic'>T. occidentalis</span> leaves AgNPs against the HeLa cell line is dose-dependent. However, with the increase in AgNPs concentration, there was a gradual appearance of toxicity. Furthermore, Coincubation of the AgNPs with the concentration of 50 g/mL results in the reduction of 70% viability of the cancerous cells. Whereas, treating by AgNPs up to a 50 g/mL concentration on L929 cells showed no statistically significant change in cell proliferation. However, on the elevation of AgNPs concentration to 65 g/mL showed a significant reduction in cell viability [<a href="#B69-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">69</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec5dot1dot3-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.1.3. Antioxidant</h4><div class='html-p'>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide dismutase, hydrogen peroxides and hydrogen radicals are highly reactive and toxic species, overproduction of which may cause damage to lipids, DNA, carbohydrate, proteins and build oxidative stress, thereby resulting in the formation of different diseases [<a href="#B112-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">112</a>]. Antioxidants molecules have emerged as potential candidates that scavenge these free radicals and ROS and prevent associated problems [<a href="#B113-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">113</a>]. MNPs act as an antioxidant agent via two possible mechanisms; (1) via single electron transfer and (2) hydrogen transfer. Single-electron transfer refers to the reduction of oxidative compounds by an electron donation, whereas hydrogen transfer includes total oxyradical scavenging using a hydrogen atom [<a href="#B114-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">114</a>,<a href="#B115-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">115</a>]. During the oxidation process, the generation of free radicals takes place in the cells. The formation of free radicals disturbs the normal cellular processes and causes cellular damage (<a href="#ijms-21-09028-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>). Antioxidants are required to prevent cellular, and DNA damage and oxidative stress besides help prevent chronic disorders such as cancer, malignant transformations and heart diseases [<a href="#B116-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">116</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The AgNPs mediated from <span class='html-italic'>P. abies</span> stem bark extract possessed free radical scavenging activity against both 2, 20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and DPPH radicals [<a href="#B51-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. The study revealed that instead of metal oxides, the noble metal NPs (AgNPs and AuNPs) are strong scavengers of superoxide ions, nitric oxide radicals, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. The biosynthesized AgNPs from the <span class='html-italic'>P. wallichiana</span> stem has been stated to have the proficient antioxidant potential of 70.25 ± 0.56% and 61.77 ± 0.828% at a concentration of 400 and 500 µg/mL respectively [<a href="#B74-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">74</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec5dot2-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 5.2. Other Activities</h4><div class='html-p'>Different development parameters like biomass accumulation, growth, germination and biochemical activities have been evaluated in plants, which shows varied effects of these metallic NPs in diverse plants [<a href="#B37-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. Zero valent iron coated silver nanoparticles (ZVI@AgNPs derived using leaf extract of <span class='html-italic'>C. sempervirens</span> have been reported to show significant catalytic potential as they can remove 98.5% initial dye in 4 h [<a href="#B33-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. Decolorization of Congo red, Orange G and Rhodamine B dyes have been reported by use of AgNPs derived using <span class='html-italic'>Cupressus torulosa</span> D.Don leaf extract [<a href="#B64-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Green synthesized MNPs derived using <span class='html-italic'>T. occidentalis</span> leaves (GSNPs) have demonstrated considerable improvement in plant growth and soil quality. Total nitrogen, and nitrate leaching assays, revealed that GSNPs reduces the leaching of nitrate from the soil, which substantially improves the total nitrogen (N) content. The GSNPs amended soil has shown an adequate yield of <span class='html-italic'>Proteus vulgaris.</span> Moreover, high chlorophyll content and enzyme activation have been recorded in GSNPs exposed plants. Of GSNP a 50 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> concentration has been claimed to be advantageous for improving plant growth and soil quality. However, a higher dosage of green synthesized nanoparticles (GSNPs) might be detrimental to plants. <span class='html-italic'>T. occidentalis</span>-derived NPs have been reported to enhance the N availability in soil, thus significantly advancing the nitrogen-driven growth potential of crop plants by acting as growth promoters [<a href="#B79-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">79</a>]. Pine needle extract mediated palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been developed in which palladium/residue of the pine needle (Pd/RPN) are reused as a catalyst. The Pd/RPN nanocomposite shows high catalytic activity for the Suzuki coupling reaction. Moreover, the catalyst can be easily recovered through centrifugation and reutilized for at least six-folds without losing its viability [<a href="#B32-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Clotting of blood within the blood vessels often leads to thrombotic diseases such as myocardial infarction. Diverse agents are employed to dissolve blood clots in vessels, which may otherwise have serious and fatal consequences. Studies have reported that <span class='html-italic'>P. wallichiana</span> stem mediated AgNPs shows effective thrombolytic activity in contrast to the crude extract. The thrombolytic potential of crude leaves extract, and AgNPs exclusively were 15.9% and 25.8%, respectively [<a href="#B74-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. The <span class='html-italic'>P. wallichiana</span> stem mediated AgNPs have also shown a significant antipyretic effect in mice after 1, 2 and 3 h of administration. AgNPs cause the reduction in temperature (36.40 ± 3.11°C at 10 mg/kg) and bodyweight of mice in contrast to paracetamol (50 mg/kg) [<a href="#B74-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">74</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec6-ijms-21-09028' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 6. Conclusions and Future Outlook</h2><div class='html-p'>Nature has an ingenious way to synthesize highly effective miniature functionalized materials. Additionally, the increasing interest towards green chemistry and its utilization for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles lead an aspiration to develop an economical and environment-friendly approach. The primary benefit of synthesizing these metallic nanoparticles with conifer plant extract is that it is cost-effective, economical, energy-efficient and healthier, as it protects the environment and human health by producing less waste and safe products. Besides, the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles from conifer extracts has an advantage over other biological entities such as microbes, which require maintenance of culture and consume a lot of time. Moreover, microbes also lose their ability to synthesize nanoparticles with time. Hence, metallic nanoparticles synthesized via plant extract will have an immense impact in the coming future. Green synthesized metallic nanoparticles have significant features of nanotechnology with unmatched applications.</div><div class='html-p'>Various reports have been recorded about the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using conifer extracts. However, there is a need to explore commercial, economic and ecofriendly approaches. Moreover, reproducibility of NPs in a high amount also poses a challenge in the green synthesis of conifer-derived MNPs. It has been observed that there is substantial variation in the composition of conifer extracts of the same species when procured from different regions, which is an attribute for the different result during in vitro evaluation. Moreover, subsequent interaction with metal ions is believed to contribute to the variability in size and shape of nanoparticles. This imposes a major challenge for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles with the help of conifer extracts as the stabilizing and reducing agent. Therefore, the selection among plants with the season in which the biological material is collected is an essential requirement aiming the reproducibility of the synthesis. Additionally, in MNP synthesis, the reaction time and temperature influence the shape and size of synthesized MNPs. Many studies do not report the time of the year when the plant material for the MNPs synthesis is collected, the conditions of growth wherein the plant was cultivated or collected, and the quantification of major metabolites present in the extract. All that information must be considered essential for the reproducibility of the process and to understand the mechanisms culminating in the formation of MNPs. Furthermore, there is a need to identify biomolecules responsible for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and develop a single-step method to surpass the above-discussed challenges and pave the way for new opportunities for green chemistry to create ecofriendly metallic nanoparticles.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization P.B., R.S., and K.K.; Manuscript writing, K.B. and D.S.D.; Manuscript editing, A.K., E.N., S.B., A.S., S.T., C.C., and R.V.; Critical revising, D.K., P.B., R.S., and K.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was funded by the University of Hradec Kralove (Faculty of Science VT2019-2021). This study was partially supported by grants from the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (FN HK 00179906).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</div></section><section id='html-glossary'><h2 >Abbreviations</h2><table class='html-array_table'><tbody ><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >A549</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Human Lung Carcinoma Epithelial Cells</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >ABTS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >AChE</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Acetylcholinesterase </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >AFM</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Atomic force microscopy</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Ag+</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Silver Ions</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >AgNPs</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Silver Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >ATR-FTIR</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >AuNPs</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Gold Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >BChE</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Butyrylcholinesterase</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Caov-4</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >CSH</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressus Sempervirens</span> Var. Horizantalis </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >CSP </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressus Sempervirens</span> Var. Pyramidalis </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >CuNPs</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Copper Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >DLS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Dynamic Light Scattering </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >DNA</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Deoxyribonucleic Acid</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >DPPH</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >EDX</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Eos </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Essential Oils</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >FeNPs </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Iron Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >FESEM</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Field Emission Electron Microscope</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >FT-IR</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >GSH </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Glutathione</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >GSNPs </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Green Synthesized Nanoparticles </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Hydrogen peroxide</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >HEK293</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Human Embryonic Kidney Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >HeLa</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Human Cells Derived From Cervical Cancer Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >HRTEM</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >HSA </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Human Serum Albumin</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >HT1080</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Human Fibrosarcoma Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >IC50</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >K562</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Immortalised Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >KB </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Ubiquitous KERATIN-Forming Tumour Cell Line Hela</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >L929 </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >LS174T </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Human Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma cell line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >MDA-MB231 </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Epithelial, Human Breast Cancer Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >MCF-7 </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Breast Cancer Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >MIC </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Minimum Inhibitory Concentration</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >MNPs </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Metal Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >MTT </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >ND</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Not determined</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >NPs </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >NS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Not Specified </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >O2<sup>−</sup> </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Superoxide Ion </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >OH• </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Hydroxyl Radical </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >PBMCs </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Pd/RPN </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Palladium/Residue of the Pine Needle</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >ROS </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Reactive Oxygen Species </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >RT</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Room Temperature </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >SEM</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Scanning Electron Microscopy </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >SMMC-7721 </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >TEM</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Transmission Electron Microscopy </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >TYRO </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Tyrosinase </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >UV–Vis</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >WHO </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >World Health Organization</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >XRD</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >X-Ray Powder Diffraction </td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >ZnO NPs </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >ZVI@AgNPs </td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Zero Valent Iron Coated Silver Nanoparticles</td></tr></tbody></table></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xxx'><li id='B1-ijms-21-09028' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Bhattacharyya, D.; Singh, S.; Satnalika, N.; Khandelwal, A.; Jeon, S.-H. 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<div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f001"> <img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g001 550" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Graphical overview of the green synthesis protocol using conifer extracts for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f001" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 1.</b> Graphical overview of the green synthesis protocol using conifer extracts for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g001" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g001.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="ijms-21-09028-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f002"> <img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g002 550" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g002.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g002.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Graphical illustration of conifer sources used for the production of metallic nanoparticles with potential biological activities.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f002" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 2.</b> Graphical illustration of conifer sources used for the production of metallic nanoparticles with potential biological activities.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g002" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g002.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g002.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g002.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="ijms-21-09028-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f003"> <img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g003 550" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g003.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g003.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Graphical illustration of the antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f003" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 3.</b> Graphical illustration of the antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g003" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g003.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g003.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g003.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="ijms-21-09028-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f004"> <img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g004 550" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g004.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g004.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Graphical illustration of the anticancer mechanism of nanoparticles.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f004" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 4.</b> Graphical illustration of the anticancer mechanism of nanoparticles.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g004" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g004.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g004.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g004.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="ijms-21-09028-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f005"> <img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g005 550" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g005.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g005.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Graphical illustration of the antioxidant mechanism of nanoparticles.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_ijms-21-09028-f005" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 5.</b> Graphical illustration of the antioxidant mechanism of nanoparticles.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Ijms 21 09028 g005" data-large="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g005.png" data-original="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g005.png" data-lsrc="/ijms/ijms-21-09028/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-21-09028-g005.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="ijms-21-09028-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href='#table_body_display_ijms-21-09028-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#table_body_display_ijms-21-09028-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles synthesized from conifer extracts and their characterization through different analytical techniques. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_ijms-21-09028-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles synthesized from conifer extracts and their characterization through different analytical techniques.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Types of Conifer</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Family</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Parts of Plant Used</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Types of Metallic NPs</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reducing Agent</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stabilizing Agent</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reaction Time</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Reaction Temp</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Characterization</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Shape</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Size (nm)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stability</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Picea abies</span> L.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bark</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic compounds</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic compounds</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >FTIR, UV–Vis, TEM </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere and Polygonal</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >44</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B51-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">51</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus eldarica</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bark</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bark extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bark extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, TEM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10–40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B52-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">52</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxus yunnanensis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Callus</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Callus extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Callus extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >XRD, TEM, FTIR, </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.4–27.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >More than 2 weeks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus merkusii</span> Jungh Et De Vriese</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cone/Flower</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Copper</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >FTIR, SEM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20–35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B53-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">53</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Juniperus communis</span> L.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > Berry/Cone</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gold</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Carbonyl, Carboxyl and Hydroxyl groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Polyphenols</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >AFM, ATR-FTIR, EDX, UV–Vis, TEM, </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere and Triangle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10–50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B54-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">55</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus densiflora</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cone</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hydroxyl and Carbonyl groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >15 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, TEM, FTIR, XRD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oval and Triangular</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >40–70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B56-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">56</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus merkusii</span> Jungh Et De Vriese</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cone </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic hydroxyl groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cone flower</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, TEM, FTIR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8–23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B57-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">57</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Araucaria heterophylla</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Araucariaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gum</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gum extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gum extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >AFM, EDX, FTIR, SEM, UV–Vis </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B48-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">48</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Araucaria heterophylla</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Araucariaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gum</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gum extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gum extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, AFM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B58-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">58</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxus baccata</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gold</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Needle extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Needle extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, HRTEM, EDX, AFM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere, Semi-sphere, Hexagonal and Triangle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Several months</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B59-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">59</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja orientalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gold</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >EDX, FTIR, XRD, TEM, UV–Vis, </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5–94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B60-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">60</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus eldarica</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Iron Oxide</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TEM, FTIR, XRD, EDX</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8–34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B61-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">61</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressus goveniana</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Carboxyl and Hydroxyl and Amine groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >80 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >67–200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4 months</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B62-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">62</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressus sempervirens</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Carbonyl and Hydroxyl groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, TEM, XRD, FTIR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere, Hexahedral, Oval and Triangle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10–80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B63-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">63</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressus torulosa</span> D. Don</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, SEM, XRD, TEM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B64-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">64</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Juniperus procera</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaves</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, caffeoylquinic acids</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis SEM, FTIR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Spherical, cubical</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30–90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B65-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">65</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Juniperus chinensis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Proteins</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >EDX, XRD, HRTEM, UV–Vis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >18–25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B46-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">46</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxus baccata</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Proteins and Terpenoids </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10 and 30 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, TEM, AFM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Triangular and Hexagonal</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Six months</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B34-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">34</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span> L.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Aliphatic and Aromatic amine groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Aliphatic and Aromatic amine groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >35–40 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >FTIR, UV–Vis, SEM, XRD, TEM </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B66-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">66</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hydroxyl and Carbonyl groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3–4 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >XRD, FTIR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >41.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B67-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">67</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3–4 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, FTIR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B68-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">68</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, XRD, HRTEM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7–14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B69-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">69</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, XRD, TEM</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10–15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B70-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">70</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Torreya nucifera</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Proteins</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Proteins</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24 hrs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >FTIR, XRD, TEM, UV–Vis, </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10–125</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B71-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">71</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxus baccata</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Leaf/Needle </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Zinc Oxide</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Proteins</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Proteins</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hexagonal</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20–27.64</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B72-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus kesiya</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pollen</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gold</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pollen extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pollen extract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UV–Vis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3 months</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B73-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">73</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus wallichiana</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stem</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hydroxyl groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Phytochemicals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >55 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >EDX, FTIR, SEM, UV–Vis, XRD </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10–30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B74-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">74</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Abies spectabilis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gold</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Polyphenols</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Polyphenols</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24 h</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >AFM, DLS, EDX, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20–200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B47-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">47</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Silver</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Carbonyl groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Flavonoids, Terpenoids and Thiamines</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10 min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >27 °C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DLS, TEM, XRD, UV–Vis, </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sphere</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >122.8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ND</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B75-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">75</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>NS—not specified; AFM—Atomic force microscopy; ATR-FTIR—Attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; DLS—Dynamic light scattering; EDX—Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; FESEM—Field emission electron microscope; HRTEM—High-resolution transmission electron microscopy; FT-IR—Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; RT—room temperature; SEM—Scanning electron microscopy; TEM—Transmission electron microscopy; UV–Vis—Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; XRD—X-ray powder diffraction. ND—Not determined.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="ijms-21-09028-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href='#table_body_display_ijms-21-09028-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9028/display" href="#table_body_display_ijms-21-09028-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Agricultural and biomedical applications of conifer plant extract derived metal (Ag and Au) nanoparticles. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_ijms-21-09028-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> Agricultural and biomedical applications of conifer plant extract derived metal (Ag and Au) nanoparticles.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Types of Conifer</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Family</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Applications</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Silver NPs</b></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Juniperus chinensis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>, <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, <span class='html-italic'>P. aeruginosa</span>, and <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B46-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">46</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Juniperus procera</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antimicrobial, cellular proliferation/cytotoxicity </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B65-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">65</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus densiflora</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>Bacillus cereus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Brevibacterium linens</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Propionibacterium acnes</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus epidermidis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B56-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">56</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus thunbergii</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>Bacillus t</span><span class='html-italic'>huringiensis</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Bacillus megaterium</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Burkholderia glumae</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas syringae</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Xanthomonas oryzae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B81-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">81</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus wallichiana</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>Acinetobacter baumannii</span>; Antioxidant activity; Antipyretic activity</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B74-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">74</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxus baccata</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Anti-cancerous activity against human breast (MCF-7) cell line </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B72-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxus yunnanensis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Salmonella paratyphi</span> and <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>; Anti-cancerous activity against SMMC-7721, A549, LS174T andMCF-7 cell line</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B30-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">30</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Plant growth promoter and soil conditioner</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B79-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">79</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>, <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, and <span class='html-italic'>Pseudomonas putida</span>; Antifungal activity against <span class='html-italic'>Aspergillus niger</span>, <span class='html-italic'>Alternaria alternata</span> and <span class='html-italic'>Fusarium</span> spp.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B66-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">66</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>E. coli</span>, <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span>; Anti-cancerous activity against HeLa, MDA-MB 231, and MCF 7 cell line</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B69-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">69</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Thuja occidentalis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Cupressaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antibacterial activity against <span class='html-italic'>B. subtilis</span>, <span class='html-italic'>S. aureus</span>, <span class='html-italic'>S. typhimurium</span>, <span class='html-italic'>L. monocytogenes</span> and <span class='html-italic'>P. aeruginosa</span>; </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B70-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">70</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Gold NPs</b></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Abies spectabilis</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Anti-cancerous activity against bladder cancer (T24) cell line</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B47-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">47</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinus kesiya</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Pinaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Antifungal activity against <span class='html-italic'>Candida albicans</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B73-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">73</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxus baccata</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>Taxaceae</span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Anti-cancerous activity against MCF-7, HeLa and Caov-4 cell lines </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B59-ijms-21-09028" class="html-bibr">59</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>NS—not specified.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div></section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Publisher’s Note:</b> MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2020 by the authors. 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margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Bhardwaj, K.; Dhanjal, D.S.; Sharma, A.; Nepovimova, E.; Kalia, A.; Thakur, S.; Bhardwaj, S.; Chopra, C.; Singh, R.; Verma, R.; et al. Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications. <em>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>21</em>, 9028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239028 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Bhardwaj K, Dhanjal DS, Sharma A, Nepovimova E, Kalia A, Thakur S, Bhardwaj S, Chopra C, Singh R, Verma R, et al. Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications. <em>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</em>. 2020; 21(23):9028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239028 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Bhardwaj, Kanchan, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Anirudh Sharma, Eugenie Nepovimova, Anu Kalia, Shabnam Thakur, Sonali Bhardwaj, Chirag Chopra, Reena Singh, Rachna Verma, and et al. 2020. 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Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications. <em>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>21</em>, 9028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239028 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Bhardwaj K, Dhanjal DS, Sharma A, Nepovimova E, Kalia A, Thakur S, Bhardwaj S, Chopra C, Singh R, Verma R, et al. Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications. <em>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</em>. 2020; 21(23):9028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239028 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Bhardwaj, Kanchan, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Anirudh Sharma, Eugenie Nepovimova, Anu Kalia, Shabnam Thakur, Sonali Bhardwaj, Chirag Chopra, Reena Singh, Rachna Verma, and et al. 2020. 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Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications