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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgroup of the Austronesian language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Melanau–Kajang</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Central Sarawak</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Melanau–Kajang</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Kajang (Kayang)</li> <li>Melanau</li> <li>Punan–Müller-Schwaner</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sara1342">sara1342</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Melanau–Kajang languages</b> or <b>Central Sarawak languages</b> are a group of languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanau" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau">Melanau</a> and related peoples. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smith_(2017)"><span id="Smith_.282017.29"></span>Smith (2017)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Smith (2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses the term <i>Central Sarawak</i>, and puts it as an independent branch within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a> subgroup. He classifies the languages as follows. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a> (Dalat, Sarikei, Mukah, Balingian, Matu, Sibu, Kanowit)</li> <li>Kajang (<a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kejaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a>)</li> <li>Punan–Müller-Schwaner <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punan_languages" title="Punan languages">Punan</a> <ul><li>Punan Bah, Punan Tubu, Sajau</li> <li>Punan Lisum, Punan Aput, Beketan, Ukit, Buket</li></ul></li> <li>Müller-Schwaner <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Kereho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seputan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Seputan language">Seputan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austroasiatic_influence">Austroasiatic influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Austroasiatic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaufman (2018) notes that many Proto-Central Sarawak words (Smith 2017) are of likely <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> origin, including the following (<i>Note</i>: The Austroasiatic branch reconstructions are from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a>'s reconstructions; Proto-Pearic is from Headley (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-Headley1985_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headley1985-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>*siaw ‘chicken’ (cf. Proto-Khasic *sʔiar; Proto-Khmuic *(s)ʔiər)</li> <li>*tilaŋ ‘<a href="/wiki/Tiger_leech" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger leech">tiger leech</a>’ (cf. Proto-Katuic *ɟləəŋ)</li> <li>*(ə)liŋ ‘saliva’</li></ul> <p>Proto-Kajang words of likely Austroasiatic origin: </p> <ul><li>*diə̯k ‘chicken’ (cf. Proto-Pearic *hlɛːk)</li> <li>*(u)bəl ‘mute’ (cf. Proto-Bahnaric *kmlɔː)</li></ul> <p>Proto-Müller-Schwaner words of likely Austroasiatic origin: </p> <ul><li>*ənap ‘fish scale’</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Alexander. 2017. <i>The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification</i>. PhD Dissertation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headley1985-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Headley1985_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Headley, Robert K. 1985. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/headley1985proto.pdf">Proto-Pearic and the classification of Pearic</a>." In Suriya Ratanakult et al. (eds.), <i>Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Presented to Andre-G. Haudricourt</i>. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 428-478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, Daniel. 2018. <i>Between mainland and island Southeast Asia: Evidence for a Mon-Khmer presence in Borneo</i>. Ronald and Janette Gatty Lecture Series. Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia, Cornell University. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahasawan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cornell-Borneo-handout.pdf">handout</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahasawan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cornell-Borneo-slides.pdf">slides</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Rensch, Calvin R. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/47763"><i>Melanau and the Languages of Central Sarawak</i></a>. SIL Electronic Survey Report. SIL International.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit–Tanjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%CA%BC_language" title="Bakatiʼ language">Bakatiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%CA%BC_language" title="Nyaduʼ language">Benyaduʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malayo–Chamic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Aceh–Chamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iban–Malayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ibanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ibanic_languages" title="Ibanic languages">Ibanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan / Selako</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Orang Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%CA%BC_language" title="Urak Lawoiʼ language">Urak Lawoiʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Borneo *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawak</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Kenyah / Bakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lundayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BCban_language" title="Saʼban language">Saʼban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language" title="Wahau Kenyah language">Wahau Kenyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Northeast Sabah</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%CA%BCan_language" title="Idaʼan language">Idaʼan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Southwest Sabah</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Dusunic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bisaya–Lotud</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li>Kadazandusun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Central Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Coastal Kadazan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun / Rungus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paitanic_languages" title="Paitanic languages">Paitanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Abai Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Murutic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatana_language" title="Tatana language">Tatana</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murutic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Baukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunukan_Tidung" title="Nunukan Tidung">Nunukan Tidung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesayap_Tidung" title="Sesayap Tidung">Sesayap Tidung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a> ? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language" title="Old Sundanese language">Old Sundanese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon_Sundanese" title="Cirebon Sundanese">Cirebonese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_%281940%29.jpg/68px-Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_%281940%29.jpg/90px-Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" 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