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It is often confused with [[Lorraine Franconian]], a more distantly related [[Franconian languages|Franconian]] dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring [[Lorraine]]. Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of [[Yiddish]] origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies. Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable [[standard German]]. For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near the border with [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]], will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German [[Markgräflerland]]. Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially [[Strasbourg]] and [[Mulhouse]]). ==Speakers== {{image frame |content={{Graph:Chart | type = area | width = 400 | xAxisTitle = Year | xType = date | xAxisAngle = -40 | x = 1900, 1946, 1962, 1979, 1986, 1991, 1997, 2001, 2012 | yAxisTitle = Speakers (%) | yAxisMax = 100 | yAxisMin = 0 | yGrid= | y1 = 95, 91, 86.3, 74.7, 71.7, 67, 63, 61, 43 }} |align=none |caption=Fraction of Alsatian speakers in Alsace<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olcalsace.org/fr/observer-et-veiller/le-dialecte-en-chiffres|title=Le dialecte en chiffres|website=www.OLCAlsace.org|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2003-3-page-363.htm#|title=Le dialecte alsacien : état des lieux|last=Denis|first=Marie-Noële|date=2003|website=[[Cairn.info]]}}</ref> }} === Status of Alsatian in France === [[File:Rue du Sauvage.JPG|thumb|left|175px|A bilingual ([[French language|French]] and Alsatian) sign in [[Mulhouse]]]] [[File:WIKITONGUES- Dominique speaking Alsatian.webm|thumb|left|An Alsatian dialect speaker]] Since 1992, the constitution of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] states that [[French language|French]] is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other [[regional language]]s, is recognized by the [[French government]] in the official list of [[languages of France]]. France is a signatory to the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages the support that would be required by the charter. Alsatian has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 [[INSEE]] [[Statistical survey|survey]] counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in [[France]], making it the second-most-spoken regional language in the country (after [[Occitan language|Occitan]]). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations. In 2023 local French public schools began offering Alsatian immersion for the first time. The programs have proven popular with students and parents but after years of official state suppression of the language, struggle to find enough teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Alsatian: German dialect to be taught in French schools for the first time |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20231019/alsation-german-dialect-to-be-taught-in-french-schools-for-the-first-time |website=www.thelocal.de}}</ref> A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in the United States by a group known as the [[Swiss Amish]], whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in [[Allen County, Indiana]], with "daughter settlements"{{ref|a|[Note 1]}} elsewhere.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Chad |last=Thompson |title=The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |year=1994 |pages=69–91 |jstor=30028275 }}</ref> ==Orthography== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! [[Capital letters|Majuscule forms]] | [[A]] || [[B]] || [[C]] || [[D]] || [[E]] || [[F]] || [[G]] || [[H]] || [[I]] || [[J]] || [[K]] || [[L]] || [[M]] || [[N]] || [[O]] || [[P]] || [[Q]] || [[R]] || [[S]] || [[T]] || [[U]] || [[V]] || [[W]] || [[X]] || [[Y]] || [[Z]] || [[Ä]] || [[À]] || [[Ë]] || [[É]] || [[È]] || [[Ì]] || [[Ö]] || [[Ü]] || [[Ù]] |- ![[Lower case|Minuscule forms]] | a || b || c || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || v || w || x || y|| z || ä || à || ë || é || è || ì || ö || ü || ù |- ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}} || {{IPA|/b̥/}} || {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ̊/}} || {{IPA|/d̥/}} || {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} || {{IPA|/ɡ̊/}} || {{IPA|/h/}} || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|/j/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|/l/}} || {{IPA|/m/}} || {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|/ʁ/}}, {{IPA|/ʁ̞/}}, {{IPA|/ʀ/}} || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}|| {{IPA|/ʋ/}}, {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/ks/}} || {{IPA|/ʏ/, /yː/, /ɪ/, /iː/}} || {{IPA|/z/}} || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ɑː/}} || {{IPA|/æ/}} || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{IPA|/ɪ/}} || {{IPA|/ø/}} || {{IPA|/y/}} || {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |} ''C'', ''Q'', and ''X'' are only used in loanwords. '''Y''' is also used in native words, but is more common in loanwords. ===Orthal=== Orthal ({{lang|fr|italic=unset|Orthographe alsacienne}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide pour écrire et lire l'alsacien {{!}} www.OLCAlsace.org|url=http://www.olcalsace.org/fr/guide-pour-ecrire-et-lire-l-alsacien|access-date=2020-12-21|website=www.olcalsace.org}}</ref> is a revised orthography meant for use by all dialects of Alsatian promoted by the {{lang|fr|italic=unset|Office pour la Langue et les Cultures d'Alsace et de Moselle (OLCA)}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Langue et culture régionales en Alsace, tout savoir sur le dialecte alsacien, bienvenue à l'OLCA {{!}} www.OLCAlsace.org|url=http://www.olcalsace.org/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=www.olcalsace.org}}</ref> The latest version (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orthal|url=http://www.orthal.fr/ORTHAL_2016.pdf|website=www.orthal.fr}}</ref> of Orthal is described below. Not all dialects are expected to use all letters & diacritics. For example, Owerlandisch from Southern Alsace primarily uses the additional vowel letters, Ä À Ì Ü. Dialects from the north (Strasbourg region) make use of more letters including Ë, Ö, Ù and the diphthong ÈI. In general the principles of Orthal are to: # Follow standard German orthography for the regular vowels A, E, I, O, U and their umlauted Standard German forms Ä, Ö, Ü # For diphthongs & triphthongs that do not exist in Standard German Orthal combines standard German letters to create anew – e.g., ia, üe (or üa), öi, àui, äi (or èi) # For vowel sounds not represented in the Standard German orthography, it uses the French [[Acute accent|acute]] & [[Grave accent|grave]] accent marks to create new graphemes that can represent sounds unique to the Alsatian dialects # It also follows standard German orthography for consonants as well. The vowels are pronounced short or long based on their position in the syllable besides the letter type. A vowel at the end of a syllable, without a subsequent consonant, is a long vowel "V" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., hà, sì A vowel followed by a single consonant in a syllable is pronounced as a long vowel "V + C" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., Ros '''''Note''''' – A vowel followed by several consonants ("V + C + C") in a syllable is pronounced as a Short Vowel. e.g., Ross ==== Monophthong – short vowels ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule forms]]''' || A || Ä || À || E || É || È || Ë || I || Ì || O || Ö || U || Ü || Ù |- ! '''[[Lower case|Minuscule forms]]''' || a || ä || à || e || é || è || ë || i || ì || o || ö || u || ü || ù |- ! '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''' || {{IPA|/a/}} || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{IPA|/ɑ ~ ɒ/}} || {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}} || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{IPA|/æ/}} || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|/ɪ/}} || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{IPA|/ø/}} || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{IPA|/y/}} || {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |} ==== Monophthong – long vowels ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule forms]]''' || A , AH, AA || À , ÀH, ÀÀ || Ä , ÄH || E , EH, EE || Ë , ËH || È , ÈÈ ÈH || I , II, IH || Ì , ÌH || O , OO, OH || Ö , || U , UU, UH || Ü ,ÜÜ, ÜH || Ù , ÙÙ, ÙH || Œ || UE |- ! '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''' || {{IPA|/aː/}} || {{IPA|/ɒː/}} || {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || {{IPA|/eː/}} || {{IPA|/æː/}} || {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || {{IPA|/iː/}} || {{IPA|/ɪː/}} || {{IPA|/oː/}} || {{IPA|/øː/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}} || {{IPA|/yː/}} || {{IPA|/ʊː/}} || {{IPA|/œː/}} || {{IPA|/ʏ/}} |} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} || || |- ! [[Stop consonant|Stop]] | {{IPA|b̥}} || {{IPA|d̥}} || || || {{IPA|ɡ̊}}, {{IPA|kʰ}} || || |- ! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | {{IPA|pf}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || || || || |- ! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | {{IPA|f, v}}||{{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ç}} || ({{IPA|x}}) || rowspan="2" |{{IPA|ʁ}}||{{IPA|h}} |- ! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | {{IPA|ʋ}}||{{IPA|l}} || || {{IPA|j}} || || |} Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: {{IPA|/kʰ/}} and {{IPA|/h/}} only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; {{IPA|/ŋ/}} never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has [[lenition|lenited]] all [[obstruent]]s but {{IPA|[k]}}. Its [[lenis|lenes]] are, however, [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed {{IPA|/b̥/}}, {{IPA|/d̥/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ̊/}}. Speakers of French tend to hear them as their {{IPA|/p, t, k/}}, which also are voiceless and unaspirated. The phoneme {{IPA|/ç/}} has a velar allophone {{IPA|[x]}} after back vowels ({{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, and {{IPA|/a/}} in those speakers who do not pronounce this as {{IPA|[æ]}}), and palatal {{IPA|[ç]}} elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it {{IPA|/x/}} in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. A labiodental voiced fricative {{IPA|/v/}} sound is also present as well as an approximant {{IPA|/ʋ/}} sound. {{IPA|/ʁ/}} may have phonetic realizations as {{IPA|[ʁ]}}, {{IPA|[ʁ̞]}}, and {{IPA|[ʀ]}}. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA|i}} |{{IPA|y}} | |{{IPA|u}} |- ![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] |{{IPA|ɪ}} |{{IPA|ʏ}} | |{{IPA|ʊ}} |- ! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |{{IPA|e}} |{{IPA|ø}} |({{IPA|ə}}) |{{IPA|o}} |- ! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |{{IPA|ɛ}} |{{IPA|œ}} | |{{IPA|ɔ}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | colspan="2" |{{IPA|æ}} |{{IPA|a}} |{{IPA|ɑ ~ ɒ}} |} Short vowels: {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ɒ/}}, {{IPA|/a/}} ({{IPA|[æ]}} in Strasbourg), {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/y/}}. Long vowels: {{IPA|/ʊː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, {{IPA|/ɒː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ɛː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/yː/}} ===Diphthongs=== {{Empty section|date=January 2011}} == Grammar == Alsatian nouns inflect by case, gender and number: * Three [[grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], [[dative case|dative]]. Unlike [[German language|Standard German]], Alsatian does not have a [[genitive]] case and instead utilises the dative or the preposition {{lang|gsw|vu}} ("of", German "{{lang|de|von}}") plus the dative to fulfill that role in certain cases. * Three [[grammatical gender|genders]]: masculine, feminine and neuter. * Two numbers: singular and plural. ==Comparative vocabulary list== {| class="wikitable" !English || Southern Alsatian<br />([[Haut-Rhin]]) || Northern Alsatian<br />([[Bas-Rhin]]) || High Alemannic<br />([[Swiss German]]) || Standard German || Swabian German || Luxembourgish || Pennsylvania German || Standard French |-- | house || {{lang|gsw|'s Hüss}} || {{lang|gsw|s' Hüs}} || {{lang|gsw|Huus}} || {{lang|de|Haus}} || {{lang|swg|Hous}} || {{lang|lb|Haus}} || {{lang|pdc|Haus}} || {{lang|fr|maison}} |-- | loud || {{lang|gsw|lütt}} || {{lang|gsw|lüt}} || {{lang|gsw|luut}} || {{lang|de|laut}} || {{lang|swg|lout}} || {{lang|lb|haart}} || {{lang|pdc|laut}} || {{lang|fr|bruyant}} |-- | people || {{lang|gsw|d' Litt}} || {{lang|gsw|d' Lit}} || {{lang|gsw|Lüt}} || {{lang|de|Leute}} || {{lang|swg|Leid}} || {{lang|lb|Leit}} || {{lang|pdc|Leit}} || {{lang|fr|gens}}/{{lang|fr|peuple}} |-- | today || {{lang|gsw|hìtt}} || {{lang|gsw|hit}} || {{lang|gsw|hüt}} || {{lang|de|heute}} || {{lang|swg|heid}} || {{lang|lb|haut}} || {{lang|pdc|heit}} || {{lang|fr|aujourd'hui}} |-- | beautiful || {{lang|gsw|scheen}} || {{lang|gsw|scheen}} || {{lang|gsw|schö(n)}} || {{lang|de|schön}} || {{lang|swg|sche}} || {{lang|lb|schéin}} || {{lang|pdc|schee}} || {{lang|fr|beau}} |-- | Earth || {{lang|gsw|d' Arda}} || {{lang|gsw|d' Erd}} || {{lang|gsw|Ärd(e)}} || {{lang|de|Erde}} || {{lang|swg|Erd}} || {{lang|lb|Äerd}} || {{lang|pdc|Erd}} || {{lang|fr|terre}} |-- | Fog || {{lang|gsw|d'r Nawel}} || {{lang|gsw|de Näwwel}} || {{lang|gsw|Näbel}} || {{lang|de|Nebel}} || {{lang|swg|Nebl}} || {{lang|lb|Niwwel}} || {{lang|pdc|Newwel}} || {{lang|fr|brouillard}} |-- | water || {{lang|gsw|'s Wàsser}} || {{lang|gsw|'s Wàsser}} || {{lang|gsw|Wasser}} || {{lang|de|Wasser}} || {{lang|swg|Wasser}} || {{lang|lb|Waasser}} || {{lang|pdc|Wasser}} || {{lang|fr|eau}} |-- | man || {{lang|gsw|d'r Mànn}} || {{lang|gsw|de Mànn}} || {{lang|gsw|Maa}} || {{lang|de|Mann}} || {{lang|swg|Mà}} || {{lang|lb|Mann}} || {{lang|pdc|Mann}} || {{lang|fr|homme}} |-- | to eat || {{lang|gsw|assa}} || {{lang|gsw|esse}} || {{lang|gsw|ässe}} || {{lang|de|essen}} || {{lang|swg|essa}} || {{lang|lb|iessen}} || {{lang|pdc|esse}} || {{lang|fr|manger}} |-- | to drink || {{lang|gsw|trìnka}} || {{lang|gsw|trinke}} || {{lang|gsw|trinkche}} || {{lang|de|trinken}} || {{lang|swg|trenka}} || {{lang|lb|drénken}} || {{lang|pdc|drinke}} || {{lang|fr|boire}} |-- | little || {{lang|gsw|klei}} || {{lang|gsw|klein}}/{{lang|gsw|klaan}}/{{lang|gsw|klëën}} || {{lang|gsw|chl(e)i}} || {{lang|de|klein}} || {{lang|swg|kloi}} || {{lang|lb|kleng}} || {{lang|pdc|glee}} || {{lang|fr|petit}}, {{lang|fr|petite}} |-- | child || {{lang|gsw|'s Kìnd}} || {{lang|gsw|'s Kind}} || {{lang|gsw|Chind}} || {{lang|de|Kind}} || {{lang|swg|Kind}} || {{lang|lb|Kand}} || {{lang|pdc|Kind}} || {{lang|fr|enfant}} |-- | day || {{lang|gsw|d'r Tàg}} || {{lang|gsw|de Dàà}} || {{lang|gsw|Dag}} || {{lang|de|Tag}} || {{lang|swg|Dàg}} || {{lang|lb|Dag}} || {{lang|pdc|Daag}} || {{lang|fr|jour}} |-- | woman || {{lang|gsw|d' Fràui}} || {{lang|gsw|d' Frau}} || {{lang|gsw|Frou}}/{{lang|gsw|Frau}} || {{lang|de|Frau}} || {{lang|swg|Frau}} || {{lang|lb|Fra}} || {{lang|pdc|Fraa}} || {{lang|fr|femme}} |} ==See also== *[[Adolphe Stoeber]] ==Notes== #{{note|a}} When Amish communities become too big, a number of families move away and form a new settlement, which is referred to as a ''daughter settlement''. The settlement from which they leave is the ''mother settlement''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ontariomennonitehistory.org/2016/02/08/prince-edward-island-fever/|title=Prince Edward Island Fever|date=8 February 2016|website=ontariomennonitehistory.org|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecommonlife.com.au/c/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Let-Us-Reason-Together.wps_.pdf |title=Following are relevant excerpts from a letter written to the ministry at Aylmer |website=thecommonlife.com.au |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228193431/http://thecommonlife.com.au/c/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Let-Us-Reason-Together.wps_.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== * Marthe Philipp and Arlette Bothorel-Witz. 1990. Low Alemannic. In Charles V. J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of modern German: a linguistic survey, 313–336. Routledge. *{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_publication/65/publi_pdf1_pop_et_soc_francais_376.pdf] François Héran, et al. (2002) "La Dynamique des langues en France au fil du XX<sup>e</sup> siècle". ''Population et sociétés'' 376, Ined. *{{in lang|fr}} Le système ORTHAL 2016 – Orthographe alsacienne - Quelques règles de base pour faciliter l’écriture et la lecture de l’alsacien dans toutes ses variantes », Jérôme Do Bentzinger, 2016 *{{in lang|fr}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/alsace/rfc/docs/cpar12_1.pdf|title=L'Alsacien, deuxième langue régionale de France|publisher=INSEE|work=Chiffres pour l'Alsace|volume=12|date=December 2002}} *{{in lang|fr}} Brunner, Jean-Jacques. ''L'Alsacien sans peine''. ASSiMiL, 2001. {{ISBN|2-7005-0222-1}} *{{in lang|fr}} Jung, Edmond. Grammaire de L'Alsacien. Dialecte de Strasbourg avec indications historiques. 1983. Straßburg: Ed. Oberlin. *{{in lang|fr}} Laugel-Erny, Elsa. ''Cours d'alsacien''. Les Editions du Quai, 1999. *{{in lang|fr}} Matzen, Raymond, and Léon Daul. ''Wie Geht's ? Le Dialecte à la portée de tous'' La Nuée Bleue, 1999. {{ISBN|2-7165-0464-4}} *{{in lang|fr}} Matzen, Raymond, and Léon Daul. ''Wie Steht's ? Lexiques alsacien et français, Variantes dialectales, Grammaire'' La Nuée Bleue, 2000. {{ISBN|2-7165-0525-X}} *{{in lang|fr}} Steible, Lucie. ''Le contrôle temporel des consonnes occlusives de l’alsacien et du français parlé en Alsace''. Linguistique. Université de Strasbourg, 2014. *{{in lang|fr}} Rünneburger, Henri. ''Dictionnaire alsacien-francais.'' 3 vols. Hamburg: Baar 2021 (100.000 lemmata). == External links == {{Commons category}} <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|50px|none|Wikipedia]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;">'''''[[:als:Kategorie:Artikel uf Elsässisch|Articles in Alsatian]]''''' on the '''''[[:als:|Alemannic/Swiss German edition]]''''' of [[Wikipedia]]</div> </div> * [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/alemany/a/i3/i3.html Euromosaic:]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The status of Germanic languages in France (on website of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416181957/http://elsasser.free.fr/ElsNamme/index.html Alsatian placenames] * [https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/ElsWB Wörterbuch der elsässischen Mundarten] {{in lang|de}} * 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