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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Species of fungus}} {{Speciesbox | image = Black spot.jpg | genus = Diplocarpon | species = rosae | authority = [[F.A.Wolf]] (1912) }} '''''Diplocarpon rosae''''' is a [[fungus]] that creates the [[rose]] black spot disease.<ref>McMaugh, J. ''What plants pest or disease is that?'', New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2006, {{ISBN|1-86436-699-0}}, page 231</ref> Because it was observed by people of various countries around the same time (around 1830), the nomenclature for the fungus varied with about 25 different names.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Spot of Rose |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/insects-pests-and-problems/diseases/fungal-spots/black-spot |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> The asexual stage is now known to be ''[[Marssonina]] rosae'', while the sexual and most common stage is known as ''Diplocarpon rosae''. ''Diplocarpon rosae'' grows over seasons as [[mycelia]], [[ascospore]]s, and [[conidia]] in infected leaves and canes. In the spring during moist, humid conditions, ascospores and conidia are wind-borne and rain-splashed to newly emerging leaf tissue. ==Diagnosis== The black spots are circular with a perforated edge, and reach a diameter of {{convert|14|mm|abbr=in|frac=2}}. Badly affected plants, however, will not show the circular patterning, as they combine to cause a large, black mass. The common treatment of the disease is to remove the affected leaves and spray with antifungal solutions. Some [[Plant stem|stems]] of the roses may become affected if untreated, and will cause progressive weakening of the rose. == Disease cycle == ''Diplocarpon rosae'' tends to overwinter in both lesions of infected canes and fallen foliage. Conidia are produced in the diseased stem tissues and dispersed via water—most commonly by rain or wind—into the openings of leaves in the spring season. The conidia then produce germ tubes (and sometimes appressoria) to penetrate the tissues of the leaves.<ref>Gachomo E.W. & Kotchoni S.O. (2007). Detailed description of developmental growth stages of ''Diplocarpon'' ''rosae'' in ''Rosa'': a core building block for efficient disease management. ''Annals of Appl. Bio.'' 10:11 (1744–1748)</ref> Mycelia develop on the underside of the leaf cuticle and lesions appear. As these lesions appear, acervuli continuously produce conidia asexually as long as the climate remains optimally wet and warm. These conidia can then be dispersed to new uninfected leaves as a source of secondary inoculum, adding more cycles of infection. Once defoliation occurs in the fall season, the hyphae of the ''Diplocarpon'' ''rosae'' invade the dead leaf tissue and form pycnidia lined with conidiophores under the old acervuli.<ref>University of Illinois (1987). Plant Disease: Black Spot of Rose. ''Dep. Of Crop Sci'' (610).</ref> The pycnidia then overwinter in the lesions of infected tissue and burst in the spring, releasing conidia to be dispersed by water and effectively completing the disease cycle. ''Diplocarpon rosae'' also has a sexual stage, although this is rarely observed in North America due to unfavorable environmental conditions.<ref>Dodge R.B. (1931) A further study of morphology and life history of the rose black spot fungus. ''Mycologia'', '''23''', 446–462.</ref> In this stage, the sexual spores (ascospores) are formed in the apothecium. If the weather conditions are favorable for the formation of ascocarps, the apothecia that contain asci can be observed in the spring. However, this rarely occurs, and the fruiting bodies are typically filled with conidia that enable the asexual life cycle of the pathogen to occur. == Environment == ''Diplocarpon rosae'' typically favor environments with a warm and wet climate. Conidiospores involved with infection are only dispersed via water, making the disease most active in the late spring and early fall seasons, or other periods that experience similar climate conditions. The development of the black spot disease itself is ideal at temperatures ranging from {{convert|68|-|80|F|C|order=flip}}.<ref name=":0">Drewes-Alvarez R.(2003) Disease/black spot. In: ''Encyclopedia of Rose Science'' pp 148–153.Eds A.V.Roberts, T.Debener and S.Gudin. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Academic Press.</ref> No infection will develop if the leaf surfaces dry out within 7 hours of the initial conidial germination.<ref name=":0" /> Similarly, temperatures above {{convert|85|F|C|order=flip}} also halt the spread of disease. ==Treatment== {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2024}} Removing infected leaves from the plant and fallen leaves from the ground will slow the spread of the infection, as does avoiding wetting the leaves of plants during watering. An infected plant can be removed from the area, which will slow the spread of infection to other plants, but this often is not desirable. Fungicides, such as [[mancozeb]], chlorothalonil, flutriafol, penconazole, or a copper-based product, applied upon new leaf emergence or first appearance of black spot, can be used to control the disease. {{citation needed span|date=April 2024|If a more natural and nontoxic approach is desired, diluted [[neem oil]] is effective both against black spot and as an insecticide against [[aphids]], or cows milk diluted 1:3 with water is effective if sprayed on to the leaves. It is usually necessary to repeat the spraying at seven- to 10-day intervals throughout the warmest part of the growing season, as the fungus is most active at temperatures from {{convert|24|to|32|C|F}}.|reason=It is well documented that neem oil can be toxic to bees}} == Importance == Black spot of rose is the single most impactful disease of roses globally. Every year around 8 billion flowering stems, 80 million potted plants and 220 million garden rose plants are sold commercially.<ref>Roberts AV, Debener T, Gudin S, 2003. Introduction. In: Roberts AV, Debener T, Gudin S, eds. Encyclopedia of Rose Science. Oxford, UK: Elsevier, vi–vii.</ref> All species of roses (''Hulthemia, Hesperrhodos, Platyrhodon'' and Rosa) are affected by black spot disease. The disease is found everywhere roses are planted, typically in epidemic proportions.<ref>Walker S, Mandegaran, Roberts AM (1996) Screening roses for resistance to Diplocarpon rosae. Acta Hortic 209–213.</ref> The water-borne dispersal methods allow it to infect a plethora of plants every growing season and increase the overall incidence of disease. Although ''Diplocarpon'' ''rosae'' does not kill the rose itself, it is known to completely defoliate the leaves of the rose plant. This is a huge issue when dealing with such an aesthetically commercialized crop such as the rose. Additionally, the weakened rose plant will become more susceptible to other pathogens and disease following infection.<ref>Gachomo E.W. (2005) ''Studies of the Life Cycle of'' Diplocarpon rosae Wolf on Roses and the Effectiveness of Fungicides on Pathogenesis. Goettingen, Germany: Cuvillier Verlag.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071201211729/http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Spotrose.htm Black spot of roses at the University of Maine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060905040657/http://nu-distance.unl.edu/homer/disease/Hort/Rose/RoBlkSpt.html Black spot of roses at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln] {{Taxonbar|from=Q1608118}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Helotiales]] [[Category:Fungi described in 1912]] [[Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases]] [[Category:Rose diseases]] [[Category:Fungus species]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:;" title="Template:;">Template:;</a> (<a 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