CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914cd59c8ef29fd4',cH: 'idK1RVJdIA3OWUy4EefI0JSXWkqSL7JYYfUQlffSVBg-1740037078-1.2.1.1-Fd4LeqBuGEWYFIGJ9rZmzN.CnTf71iCk6h7cCWnRVRcKaQE.qMeC9E2mc7C9yL4w',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=perovskite%20solar%20cells&__cf_chl_tk=Y.rIgeMdp4cZB1xG7n4tR8cXQOBy7Bytlc5GR7rBSSM-1740037078-1.0.1.1-g.TOl2WyUT0IiiVVZsf4HotrWXRxovi_n6u6Rlsykhk",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740037078',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=perovskite%20solar%20cells&__cf_chl_f_tk=Y.rIgeMdp4cZB1xG7n4tR8cXQOBy7Bytlc5GR7rBSSM-1740037078-1.0.1.1-g.TOl2WyUT0IiiVVZsf4HotrWXRxovi_n6u6Rlsykhk",md: "FjZH5zwNOhfSIy_lPDomZJa2xG6U46WaG.NOi6cYjVg-1740037078-1.2.1.1-RjU5D3mtr3Pv5Sm76jj_9Iz3MfMxQB5QGgXJcgqjmIuhq1intNSVDLPGSV_.5k4CM8otGTa9lVD3DKIxSFi03BZYi1B73WSLG2pNaMmx5mRuE.E3MqegO12RZ.mnazjqxuUz7rmw35vyMtGvAM9fdfP9rooPW.1qk7xDe6xW.nZXz5Zf3XC5tlAvbvWxHLvK1_AolHjJB5NgDatJyr.UD_ymbl.1.msL4bGmtRk6y.EIQeXxdAeN4vAa2vd6DXjCHJM0g98HA.GzvJmh9Wh68GOHHKq3qkTbCJIsR_GKTXwxT7S2SKsakWdEOdPAnISCD4nu7H0TzlcmoboJFmxg.qfIRyIak9ZEJ0M0dilO9uhHCHMl8v23WEQhys3.L2STtzPoUsxhDrYI6L77ao1dtYJspuCuwgQeRhKxmIWpo2YrCH_Bpn1_nlX4kJrkwK42X40l0x_6Gnp7EUBXfVlzgZ350OYVdNWK26M2l3hVAKSL_5alWbxrCsZMZ4vvx2iiT8WJGUVSlqAzvWtMCPm9WhdE5q8uuxfvlzFEZ6F1ufok0L.oCdOMmVBitsDrRbewqFLJ7sKlIdnJs0r3kAUBMuzm8U78vpHpfRbuu9aoWim3e7RE4pPiciNgfIadQkTvS3pbcjGdVU01HSHCHHJln4Cs_nBauB.TSXr9abqoiopTavrnIMdge72PaxhVriuxOatp7kRCGT32mgl_1iJuLk_hM4u2TMBCpuCY5FMRVXYtk9EbEf.rg1IUzcqupLrqzZBNNDhBpz.H0A30wof7J0uJ45kSkVW4jTTlnWcWJtNTnjlq3avEjQo8iN3kONZwgLsai.9bnNR8jvvxFYs2KCXhnjobr6WBcqwfQv0oh.f_OZclr3H.YSRZNXWNGiHJQnTJH0fzsejW5HB36WZar18jFjH8MkYdbPat1iaqccdNomEI1lE6cJSG29KRjJiqD5nOw0FtF9YxKLFwBs4514KMoXC5FKUyQC03vXJrSTsvNSGqnoPVuqmijnb_8jQNmgoTxyQe0wyjyEf.fUagMvuK8M5eNnhmDihPlp9hF3s5nZVIkpFWHSG8jkAsNSCy3G1ZHg9uFx7lf.JxJT2EaNYWQegB9APSP.WoPj62TJxar8_7eyQD4uL.lr862BgqbrPqD9V9xCXkbR9spMJTCpAh5OzdWsFDh7UtgfiVBEtN0YiBC6YlPjoOLGq8OhaaePFYG73WYEe1TwPUP0.LDeBg_zsNMo8nbiN0HOOcZ.Z34OK4fwK0u10VnDNc9ehX_gHVbQ8xFjp1agLBHtfsRomhe4KQsxmuzFUamHSTHRGLn7bZ9V.u4sdfxPex6LloIr7QopJS7cQMwV0ah9x8gSwodQpvjlxHgQBcFdnaej_bBhxIQ5N3Rz_LqXgISemfbdUV1Ytx3vUKooPG543ZI_FoDb0b8Cvp4mwV2XAUsRDd6ucHUb4c4KyO.l_PEAiFguOROTdsw_AHoVWfvVh1ce0d4qU0BP0a6wW5_X5flvYHliVgAmgZUCsI3it_HLl3A3HdxzhJ5wwVo_QhT6ODaTb_4.pTINGxpvP0XuV8zG20RmLWyocvMKSBSzgOMJoPQbgOvN_vRdMtiatukxuCgoMfdZo.tY.boKrKnjGMdXJv7OvcYAG_CD5J8uKE5w0a6HVjr5Srl52IOmZGvWMlnHbuGazUQFA9a98Ce5OHAYwZ7c6o_ZMq2oGQyFCMbgIbyrr_IbNaiFYt71CFKK6jjl2ebEKowbjxI4Gsmj4q9WZzn2ymHQ.BH0qtxSzL60UEXCAxo2vNRpRuosHNJMClzzwxsNiDYQE5DmBWtgUhOhV_I0G8D6tAX1S8NZvCwcsPgT7GH5Ka3d8kiYqUf8OHcG7PtlxKDpZHPNu4h3brnsZdciRahw8cORNZi_hDHC3pSNtz_G6lt6IjcW9.7o.JedjboyO6yUaB9D_oyIYoxca.2kwvXpootOG767vKPK2o",mdrd: "NEnqEvDP9X.pxfW4NpiT29BqpQIC.k68_vHw3jH3iro-1740037078-1.2.1.1-K73KbGrlErATokuS.dO8nJ2S..ki2OtjKh3Aq.hM72P46eV8gz19C5_0J82wmUExLDz0NRJ.ttT.SrhCQ3ItAb4Em1Mi0ERTpp.Rn2uyNo7cmal.1cRqJUMzvXor9TO1zxMuGbSqYAMSEkHlfrP2fc0pnW9lfpMUIYTLmmhWAQ_hvCqdr5Cscj29YAHqH3lAcBrPl2Tiwh2hQaKbWXCUuRsNCXXtFUf748IOJaJYByPcAHtGOFYcl9Q0rwDf6AAYEFNivWJ.nAFHP6F3_zxdweYcchoMMFJy3JsEk8F0My_5aP7c8.tPvB.89sr3yTwDAbhrOwxVnbIj7nOYWfKQCzHVOWHWvO1AlL.M0Yu6SaR8faWqMbDfyUN91Ww_lWycQSNv3BsqhcMRAp5UqVbQLVS6Tv0036ZwMr.mH7ylVRFsIdMTa9t_opl18G9C32ezabAlomNvewakw0wgmBtlRZBET0aCssuyMe2c86aXpcuJZU3JZBWhdgR8YjqVYIHcWRdhVRBbDcPZhafNRmYAOksLEr2SXukk3DGYPP0j66c2_e9eSYNEjJ17K0PYzx03DOiMGEkvetpQYaJ0Ymi2X.8qqaP2e3WoXeT7Q2c2oVJKlnvXAtppTwxWZ9izzkNYTR4i1.7KqqP6.Xos3My3U4sIXVcC5JOQXp8LqLghnwGruV43abzv8QrEv8mqjkHaVB_grwogZdhabIHv5C.kMAXTAryg4eFwtyUC.9HIwAANzS8q1FiQLQJCBUQL8MoyoeSIxSb7SCoD71ahXJqqgbvBa0uIHSX9QFTz59uUT5QZj.eDpGRZ1ek74VwubuXgoz98zszACb489tq5vQXNpupe4ciN_ygOd0BIrmDdSP3h1mGUMsbz9MVpgo2L9e1cijOvGXU81y6k5E70QhqvjT9kWVswCkHXNT9HgO1T9iBrRj9Kv90oTP6XvQacrDeU1r8etIHIUBQq4f0Df0xhkjSkj1.70z1Dg5G7KZLREhBzx_FQlE.DdPibUt30Tf4XhZEURPUy6.HQwym5xd2248Ge1KXicQouUELolMNV8VVeItemqVuVJ9OVU88iy_c5AUgcjw7XEvfV8xvwBoDgXWlO0BoZuhHbF_nk6DLJq2iB9TwSSN2TD4ZrFTklA14x.Aea0RyxKSxu6MNfBY83QTMFCGYJLavqFV_UtLaZLiRXy78exoFasz.XloJIAciEvtUef4BsYWWnXIsXJzmXfz6_YaIcpybniNXhFUFmmEEKG2vFUKdACc19wRDPopizsCrmfuF8URuOuztge8AcHYcXVwNPm4M4cQkSpoBUmMuyLJkAkCfMtXyBP_OqlMxA6j2_Q3yinerbqzhhrFvCouv.6IF6PA1HpvWPRhiaaG52lMwKcjkIImjiPXeVv7_2pPYpYe1dx7OOYNPEOfG2SIALD_idBtOPSVjpeLjPPV06d1RrUJkLY_QDHz79OtRuOg7tlx5cJy6IINuxjHffNiIyybdchC6sIqwDVAG5J5rxD.yJbudpdvW2O5jrTBdF70W26R5raBYdf1OssEXOS0lSdCI3Qbw8e4w4s6fgKvTNKjUZk9_x5ctYhAEKRO8qK1HVy1u2vV3bTVSR.xw5kjP3TjMcDc6U03t0.T.L_MxwgwepTz0JF.OIwfZel6XoE6TGDmOcTes5zd1QCoPv8aLQNnRRibHuaTKBI1OgVtO2ojqhzSmI9wN58iVTcOAj0tdL6HICmgPYs8RPa6HTzDETdbIVtAxz6.o4ABhMtKqAqei9A7d.59Ic9Wp.WTuZzJxwxPTMVUOCtzyjsQ4DooNthzScwIQUlvQbHgnc4Z4kj8LigbO68v74dBINjMkjDe16GD0B99Lbyv_som0XwoNwPcK.d9yJzGoNIQ0pAoiKc.uoqUjc7L.zxbr_2ygyvoKaDYMRQ0NfrhGhUm0e_MK1xMxJL6vKd2t3V2.uW1GAZZH3Dac3rKXtfuGBNLde"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914cd59c8ef29fd4';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=perovskite%20solar%20cells&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Y.rIgeMdp4cZB1xG7n4tR8cXQOBy7Bytlc5GR7rBSSM-1740037078-1.0.1.1-g.TOl2WyUT0IiiVVZsf4HotrWXRxovi_n6u6Rlsykhk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>