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This block began on 15:12, 27 August 2023 and has been set to finish on: <b>15:12, 27 August 2028</b>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><big> </big><p><big><b>You are not blocked from reading pages, only from changing or creating them.</b></big><br /> If you have just clicked a <span style="color:#BA0000; text-decoration:underline;">red link</span>, you were blocked from creating a new page as no article on that topic is there yet. </p> </div> If you think you were not blocked fairly, you may make unblock requests or file appeals at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="meta:Steward requests/Global">meta:Steward requests/Global</a>.</div></div><hr /> <p>You can view and copy the source of this page. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[File:Sacramento River Levee.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The side of a levee in [[Sacramento, California]]]] [[File:River Levee Cross Section Figure.svg|thumb|Components of a levee: {{ordered list | 1 = Design high water level (HWL) | 2 = Low water channel | 3 = Flood channel | 4 = Riverside slope | 5 = Riverside banquette | 6 = Levee crown | 7 = Landside slope | 8 = Landside banquette | 9 = Berm | 10 = Low water revetment | 11 = Riverside land | 12 = Levee | 13 = Protected lowland | 14 = River zone }}]] A '''levee''', or levée, is a raised bank of a river. The levee or ''dyke'' is a protection against floods.<ref> Henry Petroski 2006. Levees and other raised ground. ''American Scientist'' '''94''' (1): 7–11. [https://www.americanscientist.org/article/levees-and-other-raised-ground]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/levee|title=levee – meaning of levee in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English |website=Ldoceonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/levee?a=british|title=levee Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=Dictionary.cambridge.org}}</ref> There are two types of levee: riverdykes and seadykes. The seadyke was invented in [[Holland]] in 1277. [[Rotterdam]] is largely below sea level, but is protected by its dykes. It is quite clear now that other coastal cities are going to need protection from the sea. The first dykes were built in ancient [[Mesopotamia]]. The levees they used were earth walls and gave protection against the meltwater. 3000 years ago levees were used in ancient [[Egypt]] for irrigation systems. 'Levée' comes from the [[French language|French]] [[verb]] ''lever'', "to raise". Other names are 'floodbank' or 'stopbank'. It is a natural or artificial wall, usually [[Soil|earthen]], and often [[Parallel (geometry)|parallels]] the course of a [[river]]. The term "levee" came into English use in [[New Orleans]] around 1672. The word 'dyke' or 'dike' comes from the Dutch word ''dijk''. The general term for devices such as dykes is "flood control". Another useful term is "embankment", which is used to build up banks of a river The lower [[River Thames]] was a broad, shallow waterway winding through [[mosquito|malarious]] [[marshland]]s. It has been transformed into a deep, narrow tidal canal. Floods from the [[North Sea]] are held back at the [[Thames Barrier]]. == A downside of levees == Artificial levees may lead to an elevation of the natural river bed over time. Alluvial rivers with intense accumulations of sediment may do this. The river bed may get higher than the adjacent ground surface behind the levees. This is so in the [[Yellow River]] in China, and the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] in the United States. == Earthworks == There are many earthworks. Some are not related to rivers or water. * [[Car Dyke]], a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] boundary ditch in Eastern England * [[Devil's Dyke]], one of several ancient embankments or ditches * [[Foss Dyke]], a Roman canal in England linking the [[River Trent]] to the River Witham at [[Lincolnshire|Lincoln]] * [[Offa's Dyke]], historic earthwork dividing [[Mercia]] from [[Wales]] * [[Wansdyke (earthwork)]], dividing [[Wessex]] from the lands south west of it * [[Wat's Dyke]], An earthwork running through the northern [[Welsh Marches]] from Basingwerk Abbey to Maesbury === Geological features === A separate page deals with [[Dyke (geology)]] * The [[Great Dyke]], a mineral-rich feature that runs through [[Zimbabwe]] * [[Mount Desire Dyke]], an [[Igneous rock|igneous]] intrusion in [[South Australia]] == Draining and reclaiming land == There is a long history of land being reclaimed from the sea (for example in [[Holland]]), and [[marshlands]] being drained to make them good farming land (southern [[England]]).<ref>Dunning R.W. 2004. History of the County of Somerset, volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels (Victoria County History). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-904356-33-8</ref> In many places water is held back by '''sluices'''. Sluice is a word for a channel controlled at its head by a movable gate. The gate is called a sluice gate. == Dredging: the alternative approach == Dredging is lowering the base of a river. It is another approach to the problem of rising water levels. Of course, it can and is used together with levees as a standard method. We all know that rivers drop sediment as they flow, and all main rivers are regularly dredged. Dredging has the disadvantage of disturbing the life at the bottom of rivers, but it will certainly be used more in future. == Other websites == * [http://www.levees.org Levees.Org (activist group in New Orleans to Hold the Corps Accountable)] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Landforms]] [[Category:Flood control]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Templates used on this page: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ordered_list" title="Template:Ordered list">Template:Ordered list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ordered_list&action=edit" title="Template:Ordered list">change</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:List" title="Module:List">Module:List</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:List&action=edit" title="Module:List">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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